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1058:. In less than two months the virus had spread from a single index case (a 52-year-old man returning to Chicago) to infect 110 million Americans; 7.7 million patients would require hospitalization, and 586,000 people would die from the novel virus. The 70-page report issued at the conclusion of the exercise outlined the government's limited capacity to respond to a pandemic. States experienced "multiple challenges" requesting resources from the federal government "due to a lack of standardized, well-understood, and properly executed resource request processes," the report said. Federal agencies lacked the funds, coordination, and capacities to implement an effective response to the virus. (
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combination of case-fatality ratio and cumulative incidence. In addition, the background color transitions from blue to yellow to red as the estimated absolute number of deaths increases. Case-fatality ratio is an example of a clinical severity measure and cumulative incidence of infection is an example of a transmissibility measure in the
Pandemic Severity Assessment Framework. (from
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disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates
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Though typhus has been responsible for millions of deaths throughout history, it is still considered a rare disease that occurs mainly in populations that suffer unhygienic extreme overcrowding. Typhus is most rare in industrialized countries. It occurs primarily in the colder, mountainous regions of
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in history. The pandemic killed about 1 million people out of a world population of about 1.5 billion (0.067% of population). The most reported effects of the pandemic took place from
October 1889 to December 1890, with recurrences in March to June 1891, November 1891 to June 1892, the northern
1997:
Estimates of hypothetical influenza deaths in the 2010 United States population (308,745,538 persons) across varying values of case-fatality ratio and the cumulative incidence of infection in the population. Selected estimated numbers of deaths are indicated with a black line, across each relevant
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Epidemics of infectious disease are generally caused by several factors including a change in the ecology of the host population (e.g., increased stress or increase in the density of a vector species), a genetic change in the pathogen reservoir or the introduction of an emerging pathogen to a host
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2010:
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was a joint exercise conducted from
January to August 2019, in which numerous national, state and local, private and public organizations in the US participated, in order to test the capacity of the federal government and twelve states to respond to a severe pandemic of
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The difference between the influenza mortality age-distributions of the 1918 epidemic and normal epidemics. Deaths per 100,000 persons in each age group, United States, for the interpandemic years 1911–1917 (dashed line) and the pandemic year 1918 (solid line). (from
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causing bubonic plague. In 2022, it was discovered that there was a sudden surge of deaths in what is today
Kyrgyzstan from the Black Death in the late 1330s; when combined with genetic evidence, this implies that the initial spread may not have been due to
1050:, which was conducted by the Department of Health and Human Services in a series of exercises that ran from January to August 2019, involved a scenario in which a group of about 30 tourists returning from China spread a novel influenza A respiratory
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1973:
Scaled examples of past influenza pandemics and past influenza seasons. Color scheme included to represent corresponding estimates of hypothetical influenza deaths in the 2010 US population, with the same color scale as the previous figure. (from
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Based on the death toll, this outbreak is often referred to as the worst epidemic in the history of Mexico. Subsequent outbreaks continued to baffle both
Spanish and native doctors, with little consensus among modern researchers on the
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could potentially have helped, but such medications did not become available until after the disease was eradicated. The risk of death was about 30%, with higher rates among babies. Often, those who survived had extensive
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1272:. Killing approximately one third (around 1 million individuals) of the entire Japanese population, the epidemic had significant social, economic, and religious repercussions throughout the country. (
586:, 25% of those who were affected. The total death count has been estimated at 5–10 million, roughly 10% of the population of the empire. The disease was particularly deadly in the cities and in the
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the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and recognize further and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
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has also been suggested, and recent genetic evidence strongly suggests that the most severe form of smallpox only arose in Europe much later. In AD 169 the plague may have claimed the life of the
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1950:(NA) proteins are shown on the surface of the particle. The viral RNAs that make up the genome are shown as red coils inside the particle and bound to Ribonuclear Proteins (RNPs). (from
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and through the air. One of the most significant events in
European history, the Black Death had far-reaching population, economic, and cultural impacts. It was the beginning of the
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to the official eradication in 1951. It was brought to what is now Mexico by the
Spanish, then spread to the center of Mexico, where it became a significant factor in the fall of
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over and fell off, leaving scars. The disease was transmitted from one person to another primarily through prolonged face-to-face contact with an infected person or (rarely) via
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factsheet in March 2022. Additionally, there have been many documented major local cholera outbreaks, such as a 1991–1994 outbreak in South
America and, more recently, the
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viruses in humans. Solid squares show the appearance of a new strain, causing recurring influenza pandemics. Broken lines indicate uncertain strain identifications. (from
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An epidemic may be restricted to one location; however, if it spreads to other countries or continents and affects a substantial number of people, it may be termed as a
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It had high fatalities among populations in Asia, Europe, Africa and North
America. In 1854, which was considered the worst year, 23,000 people died in Great Britain. (
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1453:. During the colonial period, there were major epidemic outbreaks which led to the implementation of sanitary and preventive policy. The introduction of smallpox
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Sporadic cases, small clusters, and large outbreaks have been reported in 24 countries, with over 2,600 cases of the virus and over 900 deaths, as of 2021. (
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By 12 February 2009, the number of cases of infection by cholera in sub-Saharan Africa had reached 128,548 and the number of fatalities, 4,053. (from
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depicted an unfortunate person with influenza bowled along by a parade of physicians, druggists, skeleton musicians, and dancing women representing
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172:, due to their existing infrastructure (electrical, water, sewage). Hotels and dormitories were also considered appropriate because they can use
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1206:, this has not led to a full understanding of what makes cholera outbreaks happen in some places and not others. Lack of treatment of human
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417:) would not. An epidemic can cause enormous damage through financial and economic losses in addition to impaired health and loss of life. (
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following wars and natural disasters where civil life is disrupted. Epidemic typhus is spread to people through contact with infected
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1171:, 1832. The outdated public health advice demonstrates the lack of understanding of the disease and its actual causative factors.
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stated that a large proportion of the empire's population died from this outbreak. According to the contemporary Roman historian
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caused by the pandemic is estimated to be 1–4 million around the world (1957–1958 and probably beyond), making it one of the
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800:. The immediate territorial origins of the Black Death and its outbreak remain unclear, with some evidence pointing towards
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for the period 1889–1890 could be from 60,000 to 90,000 people, with lethality from the virus, a little more than 0.2%. (
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785:. The plague created religious, social and economic upheavals, with profound effects on the course of European history.
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was an outbreak of a mysterious illness characterized by high fevers and bleeding which caused 5–15 million deaths in
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are generally excluded as they occur simultaneously in large regions of the globe rather than being spread worldwide.
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and lack of treatment of drinking water greatly facilitate its spread. Bodies of water have been found to serve as a
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864:, thus explaining the quick inland spread of the epidemic, which was faster than would be expected if the primary
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that occurred in 1968 and 1969 and which killed between one and four million people globally. It is among the
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1130:. In 1853–1854, the epidemic in London claimed over 10,000 lives, and there were 23,000 deaths for all of
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in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.
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860:. There is evidence that once it came ashore, the Black Death mainly spread from person-to-person as
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296:. Almost all these diseases still circulate among humans though their impact now is often far less.
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known as
Paratyphi C, was at least partially responsible for this initial outbreak. Others believe
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originating in India in the 19th century that reached far beyond its borders, which researchers at
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The following are images from various pandemic- and epidemic-related articles on Knowledge (XXG).
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536:. These two emperors had risen to the throne by virtue of being adopted by the previous emperor,
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people perished, perhaps 50% of Europe's 14th century population. The disease is caused by the
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to a large number of hosts in a given population within a short period of time. For example, in
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of the disease in 1980, making smallpox the only human disease to have been eradicated to date.
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Ancient sources agree that the plague is likely to have appeared during the Roman siege of the
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The angel of death striking a door during the plague of Rome: an engraving by Levasseur after
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in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic.
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that has a sudden increase in cases and spreads across a large region, for instance multiple
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1134:. This pandemic was considered to have the highest fatalities of the 19th-century epidemics.
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513:. It was possibly contracted and spread by soldiers who were returning from campaign in the
268:, caused the deaths of up to half of the population of Europe in the 14th century. The term
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central and east Africa, as well as Central and South America. The causative organism is
540:, and as a result, their family name, Antoninus, has become associated with the pandemic.
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and the work of Ignacio Bartolache reduced the mortality and morbidity of the disease. (
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population (by movement of pathogen or host). Generally, an epidemic occurs when host
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released an official policy to more safely manage medical research projects involving
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According to researchers' estimates, excess mortality from Russian influenza in the
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may be classified as an epidemic, while many cases of a common disease (such as the
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1560:. Over a number of days, the skin rash turned into the characteristic fluid-filled
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is officially a current pandemic and has been ongoing since 1961, according to a
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808:, and Europe. The pandemic was reportedly first introduced to Europe during the
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1122:(UCLA) believe may have started as early as 1837 and lasted until 1863. In the
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Example of an epidemic showing the number of new infections over time. (from
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for his study of contaminated water as a likely source of cholera during the
796:, with flea-mediated strains emerging around 3,800 years ago during the late
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had not been used then, but was used for later epidemics, including the 1918
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diseases with a stable number of infected individuals such as recurrences of
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Register of Patients Gosport Naval Hospital August 1832 cholera cases (from
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397:. The declaration of an epidemic usually requires a good understanding of a
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505:, the Greek physician who described it), was a prolonged and destructive
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bacteria evolved approximately 7,000 years ago, at the beginning of the
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or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals. Widespread
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684:). Untreated typhus cases have a fatality rate of approximately 40%. (
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Example of an epidemic showing the number of new infections over time.
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International Treaty on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response
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1834:", was a worldwide respiratory viral pandemic. It was the last great
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The origin of the Black Death is disputed. Genetic analysis suggests
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Influenza intervals in the CDC's Pandemic Intervals Framework (from
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to affect that region in 500 years and poor living conditions for
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Although much is known about the mechanisms behind the spread of
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1102:'s painting shows a death from cholera in the mid-19th century.
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has affected several countries, primarily in its namesake, the
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In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, 194 member states of the
1214:, and seafood shipped long distances can spread the disease. (
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pandemics have occurred in the past 200 years, with the first
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The 12 January 1890 edition of the Paris satirical magazine
256:, there have been a number of pandemics of diseases such as
1529:(often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus
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who died during the cholera epidemic, October 1994 (from
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equilibrium and the transmission threshold is exceeded.
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during its 2024 convention. Further, on 6 May 2024, the
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Possibilities for zoonotic disease transmissions (from
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Disposal of dead bodies during the cholera epidemic in
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1677:(to fight a disease that has already occurred, such as
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68:
Knowledge (XXG) portal for content related to Pandemics
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in 1347. From Crimea, it was most likely carried by
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to either an established pathogen or newly emerging
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168:(pictured here) were deemed to be ideal sites for
2092:devastating epidemic that struck Athens in 430 BC
1665:(to prevent or alleviate the effects of a future
2345:Anopheles mosquito, the vector of malaria (from
1552:and vomiting. This was followed by formation of
877:in the 14th century, as previously speculated. (
1253:
3716:sister projects provide more on this subject:
2322:Patients suffering from cholera in 1854 (from
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1572:. Prevention was achieved mainly through the
1548:The initial symptoms of the disease included
8:
993:that was first identified in a patient from
979:Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
517:. Scholars generally believe the plague was
386:is suddenly reduced below that found in the
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1585:of their skin, and some were left blind. (
1576:. Once the disease had developed, certain
1564:with a dent in the center. The bumps then
810:siege of the Genoese trading port of Kaffa
650:so named because the disease often causes
405:; epidemics for certain diseases, such as
2767:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
284:. The most recent pandemics include the
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1900:
1878:
1537:was diagnosed in October 1977, and the
1445:spans approximately 430 years from the
1126:, more than one million people died of
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327:, that may pose a risk of a pandemic. (
58:update the maintenance information here
2001:Pandemic Severity Assessment Framework
1977:Pandemic Severity Assessment Framework
1942:Structure of the influenza viron. The
1838:of the 19th century, and is among the
2834:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
1120:University of California, Los Angeles
760:from 1346 to 1353. It was one of the
551:in the winter of 165–166, during the
7:
1843:winter of 1893–1894, and early 1895.
1685:, in which infection is prevented. (
497:of AD 165 to 180, also known as the
276:pandemic—more commonly known as the
1388:, perhaps exacerbated by the worst
1054:in the United States, beginning in
562:reported that the plague spread to
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2529:
2518:
2507:
2449:, in Washington, D.C., during the
2027:1854 Broad Street Cholera outbreak
1629:and equipment for administering it
1242:735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic
150:The Pandemics and Epidemics Portal
52:when editing, especially if using
14:
2489:
920:in history, and was caused by an
725:The spread of the Black Death in
362:"people") is the rapid spread of
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3539:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
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2009:
1985:
1961:
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1903:
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1284:
1268:epidemic that afflicted much of
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1197:2016–2021 Yemen cholera outbreak
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1016:
987:Middle East respiratory syndrome
964:
889:
696:
662:which is usually transmitted by
602:
453:
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20:
3886:Discover Knowledge (XXG) using
3317:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
2614:List of epidemics and pandemics
1346:for pestilence. It ravaged the
928:. The virus was descended from
317:potentially hazardous pathogens
1740:in history. A decade later, a
1722:influenza A virus subtype H2N2
631:Rash caused by epidemic typhus
1:
2642:
2481:Select to view subcategories
2368:First cholera pandemic (from
2228:New York City Board of Health
2080:
1535:last naturally occurring case
1442:history of smallpox in Mexico
1401:
1334:during the 16th century. The
1169:New York City Board of Health
848:, and the rest of Europe via
836:ships, spreading through the
764:in human history; as many as
282:deadliest pandemic in history
44:by an editor, and are needed.
1826:, often referred to as the "
1713:1957–1958 Asian flu pandemic
1681:). Some vaccines offer full
1394:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
1384:was caused by an indigenous
1366:studies have suggested that
1254:
977:Since 2012, an outbreak of
948:from multiple subtypes are
4163:
3757:Free textbooks and manuals
3427:2024 Latin American dengue
3207:Western African meningitis
3021:Pacific Northwest smallpox
1463:Francisco Javier de Balmis
1114:(1846–1860) was the third
985:. The virus, which causes
682:Pediculus humanus corporis
532:, who was co-regnant with
358:"upon or above" and δῆμος
54:automated editing software
29:Portal maintenance status:
3033:Buenos Aires yellow fever
2931:Philadelphia yellow fever
2901:Great Plague of Marseille
2895:Great Northern War plague
2889:Iceland smallpox epidemic
2609:
2149:A Court for King Cholera.
2121:1892 cholera outbreak in
1539:World Health Organization
1506:A child with smallpox in
1255:Tenpyō no ekibyō dairyūkō
1248:
1193:World Health Organization
1116:major outbreak of cholera
303:began negotiations on an
301:World Health Organization
3877:Dictionary and thesaurus
3817:Collection of quotations
3597:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
3591:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
3551:Seventh cholera pandemic
1189:seventh cholera pandemic
556:campaign of Lucius Verus
368:meningococcal infections
3509:Fourth cholera pandemic
3491:Second cholera pandemic
3337:Équateur province Ebola
2925:North American smallpox
2840:Great Plague of Seville
1669:by a natural or "wild"
1386:viral hemorrhagic fever
290:2009 swine flu pandemic
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3527:Sixth cholera pandemic
3515:Fifth cholera pandemic
3497:Third cholera pandemic
3485:First cholera pandemic
3467:Second plague pandemic
3027:Barcelona yellow fever
2872:Great Plague of Vienna
2858:Great Plague of London
2828:Massachusetts smallpox
2477:
2125:, hospital ward (from
1866:More selected articles
1787:
1750:Hong Kong flu pandemic
1620:
1500:
1447:arrival of the Spanish
1435:
1434:Aztec smallpox victims
1316:
1172:
1111:third cholera pandemic
1093:
952:to form a new virus. (
936:in 1957–1958) through
783:second plague pandemic
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3503:Third plague pandemic
3461:First plague pandemic
3255:Western African Ebola
3165:Chikungunya outbreaks
3117:Malaysian Nipah virus
2985:Great Plains smallpox
2475:
2418:The various types of
2021:A pump memorializing
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1645:that provides active
1619:
1578:antiviral medications
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676:, transmitted by the
673:Rickettsia prowazekii
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509:, which impacted the
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309:World Health Assembly
159:
3837:Free-content library
3714:Wikimedia Foundation
3706:Associated Wikimedia
3563:Russian flu pandemic
3305:Angolan yellow fever
3056:San Francisco plague
3009:Broad Street cholera
2907:Great Plague of 1738
2447:Walter Reed Hospital
2077:The Plague of Athens
1683:sterilizing immunity
1570:contaminated objects
1541:(WHO) certified the
1352:epidemic proportions
1328:the Great Pestilence
1315:(compiled 1540–1585)
908:, also known as the
762:most fatal pandemics
560:Ammianus Marcellinus
431:Selected articles -
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3908:List of all portals
3857:Free learning tools
3777:Free knowledge base
3469:(1348–19th century)
3397:New Zealand measles
3225:Darfur yellow fever
3068:LA pneumonic plague
2685:Plague of Justinian
2533:Influenza pandemics
2226:Hand bill from the
2090:, illustrating the
1840:deadliest pandemics
1748:further caused the
1738:deadliest pandemics
1724:that originated in
1556:in the mouth and a
1377:Salmonella enterica
1323:Cocoliztli Epidemic
1258:, "Epidemic of the
1167:Hand bill from the
918:deadliest pandemics
838:Mediterranean Basin
484:Jules-Elie Delaunay
170:temporary hospitals
56:. Learn how to
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3479:Influenza pandemic
3473:Influenza pandemic
3421:Bangsamoro measles
3403:Singaporean dengue
3367:Pacific NW measles
3361:Philippine measles
3349:Madagascar measles
3331:Kerala Nipah virus
3324:Saudi Arabian MERS
3237:Singaporean dengue
3183:Zimbabwean cholera
3153:Singaporean dengue
2997:Copenhagen cholera
2979:Groningen epidemic
2773:Influenza pandemic
2755:Influenza pandemic
2478:
2456:Influenza pandemic
2445:Influenza ward at
2425:Influenza pandemic
2398:History of cholera
2371:History of cholera
2325:History of cholera
2279:Influenza pandemic
2256:History of cholera
2233:History of cholera
2183:History of cholera
2151:Illustration from
2128:History of cholera
2056:Influenza pandemic
2032:History of cholera
1953:Influenza pandemic
1922:History of cholera
1823:1889–1890 pandemic
1788:
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1543:global eradication
1525:caused by variola
1523:infectious disease
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1362:. However, recent
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934:Asian flu pandemic
932:(which caused the
832:that travelled on
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644:louse-borne typhus
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3141:Midwest monkeypox
3092:Yugoslav smallpox
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3003:Stockholm cholera
2940:
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2727:Sweating sickness
2715:Japanese smallpox
2664:Plague of Cyprian
2603:disease outbreaks
2511:COVID-19 pandemic
2500:Cholera pandemics
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1875:General images -
1661:Vaccines can be
1647:acquired immunity
1370:, specifically a
1364:bacterial genomic
1338:people called it
1031:Crimson Contagion
991:novel coronavirus
944:process in which
926:influenza A virus
910:1968 flu pandemic
858:Italian Peninsula
658:, in contrast to
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294:COVID-19 pandemic
286:HIV/AIDS pandemic
174:negative pressure
162:COVID-19 pandemic
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3275:Odisha hepatitis
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3219:Pakistani dengue
3171:Pakistani dengue
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3086:Wrocław smallpox
3039:Hong Kong plague
2973:Caragea's plague
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2761:Mexican smallpox
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2697:Plague of Sheroe
2652:Plague of Athens
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989:(MERS), is a
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905:Hong Kong flu
892:
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863:
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855:
851:
847:
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840:and reaching
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807:
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756:occurring in
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160:Early in the
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26:
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18:
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3409:Uganda Ebola
3128:21st century
3110:Surat plague
3080:NYC smallpox
3049:20th century
2954:19th century
2882:18th century
2803:17th century
2769:(1545, 1576)
2748:16th century
2691:Roman Plague
2660:(165–180 AD)
2654:(429–426 BC)
2601:and notable
2454:
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1920:
1894:
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1821:
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1711:
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1663:prophylactic
1636:
1586:
1516:
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1451:Tenochtitlan
1440:
1405:
1381:
1375:
1360:pathogenesis
1339:
1327:
1321:
1310:
1273:
1264:was a major
1240:
1215:
1138:
1109:
1059:
1029:
1005:
999:Saudi Arabia
953:
914:flu pandemic
909:
903:
878:
842:North Africa
818:Golden Horde
802:Central Asia
789:
772:
744:
731:North Africa
685:
681:
671:
643:
637:
591:
545:Mesopotamian
530:Lucius Verus
511:Roman Empire
498:
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437:
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392:
376:
359:
355:
345:
343:
328:
319:, including
298:
269:
251:
181:
179:
41:
33:(March 2020)
28:
4127:All portals
3853:Wikiversity
3599:(2023–2024)
3593:(2022–2023)
3577:(2009–2010)
3565:(1977–1979)
3559:(1968–1970)
3553:(1961–1975)
3547:(1957–1958)
3541:(1919–1930)
3535:(1918–1920)
3533:Spanish flu
3529:(1899–1923)
3523:(1889–1890)
3521:Russian flu
3517:(1881–1896)
3511:(1863–1879)
3505:(1855–1860)
3499:(1852–1860)
3493:(1829–1851)
3487:(1816–1826)
3481:(1557–1559)
3411:(2022–2023)
3399:(2019–2020)
3393:(2019–2020)
3391:DRC measles
3345:(2018–2020)
3313:(2016–2022)
3301:(2015–2016)
3257:(2013–2016)
3251:(2013–2014)
3249:Chikungunya
3215:(2010–2019)
3209:(2009–2010)
3191:(2008–2017)
3185:(2008–2009)
3149:(2003–2005)
3137:(2002–2004)
3119:(1998–1999)
3100:(1972–1973)
3064:(1910–1911)
3058:(1900–1904)
3023:(1862–1863)
2993:(1847–1848)
2987:(1837–1838)
2969:(1813–1814)
2963:(1812–1819)
2933:(1793–1798)
2927:(1780–1782)
2915:(1770–1772)
2903:(1720–1722)
2897:(1710–1712)
2891:(1707–1708)
2867:(1675–1676)
2860:(1665–1666)
2842:(1647–1652)
2836:(1633–1644)
2824:(1629–1631)
2793:(1592–1593)
2787:(1592–1593)
2781:(1563–1564)
2775:(1557–1559)
2729:(1485–1551)
2723:(1346–1353)
2721:Black Death
2646: 1330
2084: 1652
1832:Russian flu
1828:Asiatic flu
1799: [
1675:therapeutic
1643:preparation
1455:vaccination
983:Middle East
806:Middle East
746:Black Death
737:(1346–1353)
580:Cassius Dio
566:and to the
521:, although
415:common cold
372:attack rate
313:White House
278:Spanish flu
262:Black Death
252:Throughout
176:technology.
106:Mathematics
4121:Categories
3873:Wiktionary
3833:Wikisource
3343:Kivu Ebola
3098:London flu
2467:Categories
2391:Bodies of
2096:Thucydides
2086:–1654) by
1812:antipyrine
1742:reassorted
1651:infectious
1508:Bangladesh
1382:cocoliztli
1368:Salmonella
1340:cocoliztli
1303:Indigenous
1048:simulation
950:reassorted
856:, and the
830:black rats
798:Bronze Age
766:50 million
733:, and the
588:Roman army
570:along the
239:continents
226:pan-DEM-ik
136:Technology
121:Philosophy
81:Activities
4147:Pandemics
3813:Wikiquote
3753:Wikibooks
3575:Swine flu
3545:Asian flu
3463:(541–767)
3432:Argentina
2717:(735–737)
2711:(664–689)
2705:(638–639)
2699:(627–628)
2687:(541–542)
2677:classical
2666:(250–266)
2599:epidemics
2595:Pandemics
2493:Pandemics
2420:influenza
2023:John Snow
1946:(HA) and
1796:Le Grelot
1667:infection
1655:malignant
1558:skin rash
1459:New Spain
1332:New Spain
1212:reservoir
1037:influenza
870:rat fleas
846:West Asia
794:Neolithic
770:bacterium
735:Near East
656:body lice
652:epidemics
576:Eutropius
515:Near East
407:influenza
403:incidence
91:Geography
50:take care
3793:Wikinews
3773:Wikidata
3694:COVID-19
3658:Medicine
3581:COVID-19
3569:HIV/AIDS
3147:Bird flu
2522:HIV/AIDS
2451:1918 flu
2442:Image 21
2415:Image 20
2388:Image 19
2365:Image 18
2348:Epidemic
2342:Image 17
2319:Image 16
2302:Epidemic
2296:Image 15
2273:Image 14
2250:Image 13
2223:Image 12
2206:Epidemic
2200:Image 11
2177:Image 10
2160:Epidemic
2101:Epidemic
1836:pandemic
1773:Image 15
1718:pandemic
1706:Image 14
1671:pathogen
1606:Image 13
1583:scarring
1562:blisters
1518:Smallpox
1486:Image 12
1425:Image 11
1404:1519). (
1390:droughts
1372:serotype
1307:smallpox
1293:Image 10
1266:smallpox
1249:天平の疫病大流行
1181:pandemic
912:, was a
822:Jani Beg
820:army of
754:pandemic
553:Parthian
549:Seleucia
547:city of
519:smallpox
507:epidemic
401:rate of
399:baseline
395:pandemic
380:immunity
347:epidemic
325:bacteria
292:and the
270:pandemic
258:smallpox
231:epidemic
229:) is an
183:pandemic
126:Religion
39:subpages
3888:portals
3733:Commons
3682:Viruses
3670:Science
3646:Biology
2631:Ancient
2145:Image 9
2123:Hamburg
2118:Image 8
2073:Image 7
2049:Image 6
2018:Image 5
1994:Image 4
1970:Image 3
1939:Image 2
1917:Palermo
1912:Image 1
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131:Society
101:History
86:Culture
48:Please
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3453:Global
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288:, the
266:Plague
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2738:Early
2693:(590)
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2623:Local
2154:Punch
1803:]
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1527:virus
1336:Aztec
1270:Japan
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