1659:
53:
1781:. Portia is portrayed as being, first a rabid unthinking follower of republican values, then as a raving maniac, and then as perhaps totally insane. Servilia, who abuses her constantly, later writes to Brutus before the battle of Philippi to inform him that Portia went mad and killed herself by swallowing live coals. Brutus, however, recognizes that it is more likely that Servilia murdered Portia by forcing burning coals down her throat. Given the vicious character of Servilia in the novel, this murder is perfectly believable.
531:
illness. As
Plutarch states, if the letter was genuine Brutus lamented her death and blamed their friends for not looking after her. There is also an earlier letter from Brutus to Atticus, which hints at Porcia's illness and compliments him for taking care of her. Cicero later wrote his surviving letter to Brutus, consoling him in his grief, calling Porcia "one such as never before has been in the world." This is probably the most accurate account of Porcia's death.
473:
made away with herself. And yet there is extant a letter of Brutus to his friends in which he chides them with regard to Porcia and laments her fate, because she was neglected by them and therefore driven by illness to prefer death to life. It would seem, then, that NicolaĂĽs was mistaken in the time of her death, since her distemper, her love for Brutus, and the manner of her death, are also indicated in the letter, if, indeed, it is a genuine one.
416:
244:
was against natural law to keep a girl of Porcia's youth and beauty from producing children for his allies and impractical for her to overproduce for
Bibulus. Nonetheless, Bibulus refused to divorce her. Cato disliked the idea of marrying his daughter to a man who was four times her age, and was refused to break an arranged contract he held with Biblius. Instead, Cato divorced his wife, Porcia's stepmother
581:
1611:
346:. In order to prove herself to him, she secretly inflicted a wound upon her own thigh with a barber's knife to see if she could endure the pain. As a result of the wound, she suffered from violent pains, chills and fever. Some believe that she endured the pain of her untreated wound for at least a day. As soon as she overcame her pain, she returned to Brutus and said:
2137:, 25.3. "According to the opinion of men, he argued, such a course was absurd, but according to the law of nature it was honourable and good for the state that a woman in the prime of youth and beauty should neither quench her productive power and lie idle, nor yet, by bearing more offspring than enough, burden and impoverish a husband who does not want them."
185:
2720:, 1.9, saying "You have suffered indeed a great loss (for you have lost that which had not left its fellow on earth), and must be allowed to grieve under so cruel a blow, lest to want all sense of grief should be thought more wretched than grief itself: but do it with moderation, is both useful to others and necessary to yourself."
342:
conspiracy itself. Plutarch claims that she happened upon Brutus while he was pondering over what to do about Caesar and asked him what was wrong. When he did not answer, she suspected that he distrusted her on account of her being a woman, for fear she might reveal something, however unwillingly, under
467:
says it happened before Brutus' death, however, saying she died following the first battle of
Philippi, claiming that she only thought he was dead, and that Brutus wrote a letter to their friends in Rome, blaming them for Porcia's suicide. Plutarch dismisses Nicolaus' claims of a letter stating that
360:
that he might succeed in his undertaking and thus show himself a worthy husband. Yet Brutus never got the chance as they were interrupted and never had a moment's privacy before the conspiracy was carried out. On the day of Caesar's assassination, Porcia was extremely disturbed with anxiety and sent
472:
As for Porcia, the wife of Brutus, NicolaĂĽs the philosopher, as well as
Valerius Maximus, relates that she now desired to die, but was opposed by all her friends, who kept strict watch upon her; whereupon she snatched up live coals from the fire, swallowed them, kept her mouth fast closed, and thus
431:
Porcia's death has been a fixation for many historians and writers. It was believed by a majority of contemporary historians that Porcia committed suicide in 42 BC, reputedly by swallowing hot coals. Modern historians find this tale implausible, however, and one popular speculation has Porcia
318:
Brutus, Porcia's first cousin, divorced his wife
Claudia and married Porcia in 45 BC when she was still very young. The marriage was scandalous as Brutus did not state any reasons for divorce despite having been married to Claudia for many years. Claudia was very popular for being a woman of great
243:
applied to Cato, asking for Porcia's hand in marriage. Bibulus, who was infatuated with his wife, was unwilling to let her go. Hortensius offered to marry her and then return her to
Bibulus once she had given birth to a male heir. Such an arrangement was not uncommon at the time. He argued that it
530:
1.42." The claim that Porcia's death occurred before that of Brutus is backed up by a letter sent by Cicero. This letter would have been sent in late June or early July 43 BC, before either battle of
Philippi. It further suggests that Porcia did not commit suicide, but died of some lingering
350:
You, my husband, though you trusted my spirit that it would not betray you, nevertheless were distrustful of my body, and your feeling was but human. But I found that my body also can keep silence... Therefore fear not, but tell me all you are concealing from me, for neither fire, nor lashes, nor
1802:
speaks of her as the only person that Brutus loves. Portia and
Servilia exchange several letters, hinting towards Servilia's dislike of her. Caesar later sends a letter to Portia informing her that Brutus is returning to Rome, and Portia replies with a polite thank you; Caesar later confesses to
503:
also presents similarities to
Plutarch's Porcia – with both women expressing to their husbands that they are truly devoted, and are willing to harm themselves to prove themselves – being another possible inspiration for Plutarch's portrayal of Porcia. In totality,
341:
Brutus, along with many other co-conspirators, murdered Caesar in 44 BC. He promised to share the "heavy secrets" of his heart with his wife but it is unclear if he ever got the chance. Some historians believe Porcia may have known about the plot, and may have even been involved in the
338:. The marriage was Brutus's way of honouring his uncle. Nonetheless, it appears that Porcia deeply loved Brutus and was utterly devoted to him. She resolved not to inquire into Brutus's secrets before she had made a trial of herself and that she would bid defiance to pain.
1724:, she is the heroine of the play, which describes her suicide. In the play, she is devastated to hear of the death of her husband and kills herself. Her servant announces to the Romans that Portia died swallowing live coals, before taking her own life with a dagger.
477:
Plutarch also acknowledges the false image that Porcia displays, explaining that she was "frightened with every little noise and cry," "possessed with the fury of the
Bacchantes," and had passed out and carried into her home. Plutarch's description of
2733:, 1.9.2 includes a contemporary letter, which Cicero sent to Brutus, consoling him over Porcia's death. As this is addressed to her husband it is fair to assume this is one of the more accurate accounts of Porcia Catonis' death.
1656:, she appears in fictionalised form as Brutus' wife. She makes only two appearances. Portia and Calpurnia are the only two substantial female roles in the play. It is reported in the fourth act that she died by swallowing fire.
355:
Brutus marveled when he saw the gash on her thigh and after hearing this he no longer hid anything from her, but felt strengthened himself and promised to relate the whole plot. Lifting his hands above him, he is said to have
232:(born around 59 BC) was possibly one of them, although most modern historians believe Porcia was too young to have mothered Lucius, and that he was Bibulus' son by his previous marriage, as he was old enough to fight in the
351:
goads will force me to divulge a word; I was not born to that extent a woman. Hence, if you still distrust me, it is better for me to die than to live; otherwise let no one think me longer the daughter of Cato or your wife.
1816:. As part of his revenge, Simon Cotter gives Oliver Delft, the policeman who had him imprisoned, an alternative to being imprisoned himself. The alternative is for Delft to kill himself, with hot coals, as Portia did in
522:) a year before the battle of Philippi"...“but Valerius Maximus wrote that she killed herself at news of Brutus’s death in that battle. This was the version of the story celebrated in works like
406:...Though the natural weakness of her body hinders her from doing what only the strength of men can perform, she has a mind as valiant and as active for the good of her country as the best of us.
228:
faction, and adamantly opposed Julius Caesar. Porcia embraced these ideals, and did not outwardly object to the arranged marriage. With Bibulus she had two children, at least one of them a son.
323:, who had been Brutus's ally for many years. She was also related to Pompey by marriage through her younger sister. The divorce was not well received by some, including Brutus's mother,
386:, however, she burst into tears, feeling it reflected her own sorrow. She would go on to visit this painting multiple times per day. Brutus' friend Acilius heard of this, and quoted
327:, who despised her half-brother, and appears to have been jealous of Brutus's affection for Porcia. Therefore, Servilia supported Claudia's interests against those of Porcia.
845:
2976:
2460:
3033:
1233:
307:
361:
messengers to the Senate to check that Brutus was still alive. She worked herself up to the point whereupon her fainting, her maids feared that she was dying.
559:
860:
1140:
3124:
1803:
Lucius Mamilius Turrinus (the chief character) that he greatly envies Brutus his marriage to her and often wishes he could have married her himself.
602:
287:
against Caesar. Though both Boni hated Pompey, he did not pose the threat to their faction that Caesar did. Bibulus commanded Pompey's navy in the
3119:
320:
263:'s demands that he lay down his arms. Cato personally detested Caesar, and was his greatest enemy in the Senate; Cato's political faction, the
490:
and with both works being written around the same time period, Plutarch's anecdotes concerning Camma might have influenced those about Porcia
372:. Porcia was overcome with grief to part from Brutus, but tried hard to conceal it. When she came across a painting depicting the parting of
1110:
2079:
330:
On the other hand, Porcia was highly favoured with the followers of both Pompey and Cato, so the marriage was favoured by people such as
3104:
1549:
35:
1658:
518:, although Shakespeare has Porcia die by the method Plutarch repeats, but rejects, "the historical Porcia died of illness (possibly of
468:
too much was disclosed in the letter for it to be genuine. Plutarch also repeats the story of swallowing charcoal, but disbelieves it:
291:. He captured a part of Caesar's fleet, although this was generally insignificant as Caesar went on to decisively defeat Pompey at the
3053:
2871:
2846:
2821:
2792:
2416:
2089:
1850:
1360:
236:
in 42 BC. He died in 32 BC. It is possible that a son of Porcia and Bibulus was the man who wrote the biography of Brutus.
2038:
628:
245:
3074:
1798:, describing the events leading up to the death of Julius Caesar. Portia is one of the main characters in fourth part of the book.
552:
1125:
977:
868:
194:
3109:
743:
736:
606:
164:
750:
424:
2999:
2743:
1688:
1133:
1118:
545:
324:
52:
591:
1808:
444:
610:
595:
3114:
2556:
1786:
1771:
1628:
433:
229:
221:
90:
3129:
335:
225:
3079:
1866:
3094:
3069:
1683:
1271:
853:
284:
3099:
2592:
2543:
331:
280:
1735:, Portia is one of the suicides spoken of in the poem. Here Portia's life is compared to the death of
1732:
1652:
1623:
1247:
508:
464:
189:
160:
94:
1666:
292:
3027:
2659:
1938:
1760:
460:
240:
233:
168:
2640:
3049:
2988:
2867:
2842:
2817:
2788:
2584:
2412:
2085:
1846:
1777:
1765:
303:
58:
398:
Brutus smiled, saying he would never say to Porcia what Hector said to Andromache in return (
2960:
2941:
1791:
955:
452:
394:
But Hector, you to me are father and are mother too, my brother, and my loving husband true.
224:, her father's political ally, between 58 BC and 53 BC. Porcia's father was a member of the
209:
describes her as being prime of youth and beauty. When she was still very young, her father
152:
115:
31:
3003:
1795:
1751:
295:. Bibulus died in 48 BC from influenza following Pompey's defeat, leaving Porcia a widow.
459:) claim that she killed herself after hearing that Brutus had died following the second
1717:
1556:
665:
519:
420:
365:
148:
17:
3088:
1586:
1353:
504:
Plutarch accentuates Porcia's role as loyal wife using his portrayal of her suicide.
447:
assert that she died in the summer of 43 BC. Most contemporary historians, however, (
252:
2630:, p. 138 and “Porcia’s illness and death are reported in Cicero’s correspondence.”:
415:
3041:
1615:
1264:
288:
260:
2596:
3080:
Plutarch's Life of Brutus and the Play of Its Repetitions in Shakespearean Drama
2950:
1813:
1647:
1619:
1255:
580:
515:
448:
432:
taking her life by burning charcoal in an unventilated room, thus succumbing to
256:
201:
Porcia was born around 73 BC. She had an affectionate nature, was interested in
1610:
2572:
2409:
Does the New Testament Imitate Homer? Four Cases from the Acts of the Apostles
512:
499:
377:
202:
2535:
1756:
264:
184:
2993:
2810:
2588:
2904:
2895:
2626:
495:
440:
214:
206:
2771:
These, side by side,– Portia and Arria, –o'er the plain, conversing hied
1942:
1926:
672:
657:
523:
343:
299:
276:
210:
121:
1996:
Porcia, being of an affectionate nature... and full of sensible pride.
248:, and gave her to Hortensius; he remarried her after Hortensius died.
2931:
2922:
2913:
2635:
2539:
1799:
1444:
947:
456:
373:
357:
156:
1736:
1657:
1609:
1448:
479:
439:
The exact timing of Porcia's death is also a problem. Some modern
414:
387:
382:
369:
275:, and permanently exile Caesar. In 49 BC, Caesar crossed the
183:
310:, Porcia's brother, was pardoned by Caesar and returned to Rome.
2510:
2508:
2315:
2313:
2060:
2058:
2007:
2005:
2003:
268:
267:(also known as the Boni), believed that Caesar should return to
2430:
2428:
151:
woman who lived in the 1st century BC. She was the daughter of
574:
271:, in order for the Optimates to strip him of his property and
259:
came to an end, but he refused to return to Rome, despite the
3044:; Hanselman, Stephen (2020). "Porcia Cato the Iron Woman".
1845:. Vol. 91. Harvard University Press. p. 198.
279:
with his army, thus declaring war, beginning the Great
147:, especially in 18th-century English literature, was a
2995:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
2411:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 72–73.
3020:
The Noblest Roman: Marcus Brutus and his Reputation
2665:
A Commentary on Book One of the Epigrams of Martial
108:
100:
86:
78:
65:
43:
2809:
2614:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 199–218.
2612:The Discourse of Marriage in the Greco-Roman World
2461:Roman Life in the Days of Cicero, Alfred J. Church
1900:in Lempriere's Classical Dictionary (19th century)
1681:Portia is also briefly mentioned in Shakespeare's
3048:. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. pp. 152–160.
400:Ply loom and distaff and give orders to thy maids
364:When Brutus and the other assassins fled Rome to
159:. She is best known for being the second wife of
2705:History of the Life of Marcus Tullus Cicero, The
2694:Valetudinem Porcia meæ tibi curæ esse, non minor
2226:History of the Life of Marcus Tullus Cicero, The
404:
392:
348:
2965:Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri iv.6.5
486:is similar to his interpretation of Porcia in
205:, and was "full of an understanding courage."
2116:
2114:
1687:in regards to the character of her namesake,
553:
8:
1702:Of wondrous virtues: sometimes from her eyes
1699:And she is fair, and, fairer than that word,
3011:Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World
2985:History of the Life of Marcus Tullus Cicero
609:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
368:, it was agreed that Porcia should stay in
3032:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
560:
546:
538:
51:
40:
27:1st-century BC Roman woman, wife of Brutus
629:Learn how and when to remove this message
2663:, 4.6.5. Also see: Peter Howell (1989),
2489:Valerius Maximus, De factis mem. iv.6.5.
220:At a young age she was married first to
1830:
1708:Her name is Portia, nothing undervalued
1705:I did receive fair speechless messages:
3025:
2769:, Book 9. Cooper, Thomas. p. 239. 26.
1843:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
1836:
1834:
155:(Cato the Younger) and his first wife
2081:The Fragments of the Roman Historians
1555:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1455:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1270:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1202:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1156:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1051:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
961:
959:
954:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
932:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
912:
910:
908:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
872:
867:
865:
859:
852:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
806:
780:
778:
776:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
749:
747:
742:
740:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
717:
711:
709:
707:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
671:
664:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
7:
2471:Cassius Dio, Roman History. 47.49.3.
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
607:adding citations to reliable sources
283:. Both Cato and Bibulus allied with
143:– June 43 BC), occasionally spelled
2480:Appian, The Civil Wars, Book 5.136.
1711:To Cato's daughter, Brutus' Portia.
390:where Andromache speaks to Hector:
36:Portia (sister of Cato the Younger)
3075:The Purgatory of Suicides: Book IX
2757:. Shakespeare, William. 1.1.161–66
2573:"Lord Brutus' Wife: A Modern View"
1755:, a series of seven novels by the
1361:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)
25:
2529:Rome and Rhetoric: Shakespeare's
1696:In Belmont is a lady richly left;
2978:Roman Life in the Days of Cicero
579:
319:virtue, and was the daughter of
3125:Female Shakespearean characters
2667:(London: Athlone), pp. 199–203.
2527:See also: Wills, Garry (2011),
1968:Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 7.4
1763:, Portia appears as a child in
978:Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus
167:, and appears primarily in the
3120:Family of Marcus Junius Brutus
744:Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus
737:Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus
195:Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum
1:
1670:
425:Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes
153:Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis
137:
69:
2837:McCullough, Colleen (2003).
2808:McCullough, Colleen (2003).
2783:McCullough, Colleen (1997).
2657:, citing: Valerius Maximus,
494:The character of Panthea in
302:following his defeat in the
2707:. Middleton, Conyers. p 278
2084:. Oxford University Press.
3146:
3105:1st-century BC Roman women
2407:MacDonald, Dennis (2003).
29:
3009:Salisbury, J. E. (2001).
2862:Wilder, Thornton (2003).
2610:Beneker, Jeffrey (2020).
1606:Portia in popular culture
1518:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1453:
1408:
1406:
1357:
1316:
1314:
1280:
1278:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1244:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1011:
1007:
965:
963:
952:
930:
928:
916:
914:
906:
904:
857:
850:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
804:
800:
798:
796:
790:
788:
786:
774:
772:
715:
713:
705:
703:
669:
662:
434:carbon monoxide poisoning
298:In 46 BC, Cato committed
230:Lucius Calpurnius Bibulus
222:Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus
165:Julius Caesar's assassins
91:Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus
50:
2742:Not to be confused with
1927:"Porcia's First Husband"
1775:and as a young woman in
1729:The Purgatory of Suicide
861:Quintus Servilius Caepio
2039:"Portia (c. 70–43 BCE)"
1841:Tarrant, R. J. (1987).
1809:The Stars' Tennis Balls
1550:Manius Aemilius Lepidus
1141:Gnaeus Servilius Caepio
419:The suicide of Porcia,
336:Titus Pomponius Atticus
321:Appius Claudius Pulcher
82:June 43 BC (aged 29–30)
3018:Clarke, M. L. (1981).
2755:The Merchant of Venice
1925:Collins, John (1955).
1867:"Cicero ad Brutum 1.9"
1684:The Merchant of Venice
1677:
1663:Portia, Wife of Brutus
1632:
1272:Gaius Cassius Longinus
1126:Decimus Junius Silanus
475:
428:
408:
396:
353:
285:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
198:
18:Portia (Julius Caesar)
3110:1st-century BC Romans
3070:Cicero: ad Brutum I.9
2767:Purgatory of Suicides
2599:– via ProQuest.
2577:Psychoanalytic Review
2544:Yale University Press
2250:Cassius Dio, 44.13.1.
2078:Cornell, Tim (2013).
1931:The Classical Journal
1806:She is referenced in
1661:
1613:
470:
418:
402:), saying of Porcia:
332:Marcus Tullius Cicero
187:
163:, the most famous of
2927:Epistulae ad Atticum
2866:. Harper Perennial.
2644:, I.9.2 and I.17.7.
2345:Cassius Dio, 44.14.1
2307:Cassius Dio, 44.13.4
2224:Middleton, Conyers.
1624:Marcus Junius Brutus
1248:Marcus Junius Brutus
1111:Marcus Junius Brutus
869:Marcus Livius Drusus
751:Marcus Livius Drusus
603:improve this section
509:political journalist
161:Marcus Junius Brutus
95:Marcus Junius Brutus
3046:Lives of the Stoics
2918:Epistulae ad Brutum
2634:, Note 18, p. 174:
2259:Cassius Dio, 44.13.
1769:, as a teenager in
1667:John William Wright
1626:, in the 1953 film
1234:Marcus Porcius Cato
846:Marcus Porcius Cato
293:Battle of Pharsalus
239:A few years later,
3002:2005-11-30 at the
2980:, Alfred J. Church
1945:– via JSTOR.
1761:Colleen McCullough
1678:
1633:
1614:Portia, played by
568:Brutus family tree
461:battle of Philippi
429:
314:Marriage to Brutus
241:Quintus Hortensius
234:Battle of Philippi
199:
30:For the sister of
2989:Conyers Middleton
2971:Secondary sources
2864:The Ides of March
2839:The October Horse
2438:, vi.429 f.; 491.
1787:The Ides of March
1778:The October Horse
1603:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1565:
1564:
639:
638:
631:
507:According to the
304:battle of Thapsus
190:Guillaume Rouillé
169:letters of Cicero
131:
130:
59:Elisabetta Sirani
16:(Redirected from
3137:
3115:Cato the Younger
3059:
3037:
3031:
3023:
3014:
2961:Valerius Maximus
2942:Valerius Maximus
2909:Cato the Younger
2878:
2877:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2815:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2780:
2774:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2674:
2668:
2651:
2645:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2568:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2503:
2500:Cato the Younger
2496:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2445:
2439:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2317:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2283:Cato the Younger
2279:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2148:Cato the Younger
2144:
2138:
2135:Cato the Younger
2131:
2125:
2122:Cato the Younger
2118:
2109:
2106:Cato the Younger
2102:
2096:
2095:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2043:Encyclopedia.com
2035:
2029:
2026:Cato the Younger
2022:
2016:
2009:
1998:
1988:
1982:
1979:Cato the Younger
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:Cato the Younger
1953:
1947:
1946:
1922:
1901:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1838:
1792:epistolary novel
1675:
1672:
1580:(2): 2nd spouse
1575:(1): 1st spouse
1572:
1571:
1451:
983:
956:Cato the Younger
646:
645:
634:
627:
623:
620:
614:
583:
575:
562:
555:
548:
539:
484:Dialogue of Love
453:Valerius Maximus
142:
139:
116:Cato the Younger
74:
71:
55:
41:
32:Cato the Younger
21:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3085:
3084:
3066:
3056:
3040:
3024:
3017:
3008:
3004:Wayback Machine
2997:, William Smith
2973:
2892:
2890:Primary sources
2887:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2728:
2724:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2688:
2684:
2675:
2671:
2652:
2648:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2554:
2550:
2526:
2522:
2513:
2506:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2442:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2362:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2163:, Book II, 100.
2158:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2112:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1924:
1923:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1796:Thornton Wilder
1784:She appears in
1752:Masters of Rome
1746:
1673:
1643:
1638:
1608:
1585:†: assassin of
1566:
1443:
1441:
981:
976:
635:
624:
618:
615:
600:
584:
569:
566:
537:
445:John H. Collins
413:
316:
281:Roman Civil War
213:her mother for
182:
177:
140:
127:
93:
72:
61:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3143:
3141:
3133:
3132:
3130:Porcii Catones
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3064:External links
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:978-0525541875
3054:
3038:
3015:
3006:
2991:
2982:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2958:
2948:
2939:
2936:The Civil Wars
2929:
2920:
2911:
2902:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2873:978-0060088903
2872:
2854:
2848:978-0099280521
2847:
2829:
2823:978-0099460435
2822:
2800:
2794:978-0380710843
2793:
2785:Caesar's Women
2775:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2722:
2709:
2697:
2682:
2669:
2646:
2624:Wills (2011),
2617:
2602:
2583:(4): 109–115.
2571:Faber (1965).
2563:
2548:
2520:
2504:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2453:
2440:
2424:
2418:978-0300129892
2417:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2360:
2347:
2338:
2325:
2309:
2300:
2287:
2274:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2178:
2165:
2161:The Civil Wars
2152:
2139:
2126:
2110:
2097:
2091:978-0199277056
2090:
2070:
2054:
2030:
2017:
1999:
1983:
1970:
1961:
1948:
1937:(4): 261–270.
1902:
1889:
1876:
1858:
1852:978-0674379398
1851:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1804:
1782:
1766:Caesar's Women
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:, PĹ“tus' wife.
1725:
1718:Robert Garnier
1713:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1679:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1557:Aemilia Lepida
1554:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
985:
984:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
953:
951:
945:
943:
941:
939:
936:
934:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
884:
883:
881:
879:
877:
874:
873:
871:
866:
864:
858:
856:
851:
849:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
830:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
808:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
756:
754:
753:
748:
746:
741:
739:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
721:
719:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
687:
686:
684:
682:
680:
677:
676:
670:
668:
666:Cato the Elder
663:
661:
655:
653:
651:
649:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
587:
585:
578:
571:
570:
567:
565:
564:
557:
550:
542:
536:
533:
421:Pierre Mignard
412:
409:
315:
312:
226:Roman Optimate
181:
178:
176:
173:
129:
128:
126:
125:
119:
112:
110:
106:
105:
104:2 (by Bibulus)
102:
98:
97:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
67:
63:
62:
56:
48:
47:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3142:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:70s BC births
3093:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:Holiday, Ryan
3039:
3035:
3029:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2955:Roman History
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:De factis mem
2943:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Marcus Brutus
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2531:Julius Caesar
2530:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2516:Marcus Brutus
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2449:Marcus Brutus
2444:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:Marcus Brutus
2390:
2387:
2383:
2382:Marcus Brutus
2377:
2374:
2370:
2369:Marcus Brutus
2364:
2361:
2357:
2356:Marcus Brutus
2351:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2334:Marcus Brutus
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:Marcus Brutus
2316:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2296:Marcus Brutus
2291:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2270:Marcus Brutus
2265:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2066:Marcus Brutus
2061:
2059:
2055:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:Marcus Brutus
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:Marcus Brutus
1987:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:Marcus Brutus
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1818:Julius Caesar
1815:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1733:Thomas Cooper
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:Julius Caesar
1649:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1629:Julius Caesar
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1523:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1442:Descendant of
1415:
1413:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1355:
1354:Junia Secunda
1323:
1321:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1094:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1009:
1005:
1003:
992:
989:
987:
986:
979:
957:
949:
937:
935:
885:
882:
880:
878:
876:
875:
870:
862:
855:
847:
831:
828:
812:
810:
809:
802:
794:
792:
784:
782:
757:
755:
752:
745:
738:
722:
720:
688:
685:
683:
681:
679:
678:
674:
667:
659:
647:
643:
642:
633:
630:
622:
612:
608:
604:
598:
597:
593:
588:This section
586:
582:
577:
576:
573:
572:
563:
558:
556:
551:
549:
544:
543:
541:
540:
534:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:
510:
505:
502:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
474:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
426:
422:
417:
410:
407:
403:
401:
395:
391:
389:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
359:
352:
347:
345:
339:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:Julius Caesar
249:
247:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
197:
196:
191:
186:
179:
174:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
135:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
68:
64:
60:
54:
49:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3100:43 BC deaths
3045:
3019:
3010:
2994:
2984:
2977:
2964:
2954:
2945:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2863:
2857:
2838:
2832:
2811:
2803:
2784:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2738:
2730:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2620:
2611:
2605:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2557:
2551:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2499:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2408:
2402:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2303:
2295:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2238:
2233:
2225:
2220:
2212:
2207:
2199:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2105:
2100:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2012:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1978:
1973:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1934:
1930:
1897:
1892:
1884:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1842:
1817:
1807:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1750:
1728:
1721:
1682:
1662:
1651:
1627:
1616:Deborah Kerr
1597:
1265:Junia Tertia
1240:
625:
616:
601:Please help
589:
527:
506:
498:
491:
487:
483:
476:
471:
438:
430:
405:
399:
397:
393:
381:
363:
354:
349:
340:
329:
317:
297:
289:Adriatic Sea
272:
250:
238:
219:
200:
193:
188:Porcia from
144:
141: 73 BC
133:
132:
73: 73 BC
57:Painting by
2951:Cassius Dio
2660:Libri Novem
1871:www.uvm.edu
1814:Stephen Fry
1674: 1849
1648:Shakespeare
1620:James Mason
1256:Junia Prima
982:adopted son
619:April 2015
516:Garry Wills
449:Cassius Dio
441:classicists
308:Marcus Cato
257:Gallic Wars
3089:Categories
2885:References
2597:1310156004
2560:; 53: 5–7.
2555:Plutarch,
2514:Plutarch,
2498:Plutarch,
2447:Plutarch,
2393:Plutarch,
2380:Plutarch,
2367:Plutarch,
2354:Plutarch,
2332:Plutarch,
2319:Plutarch,
2294:Plutarch,
2281:Plutarch,
2268:Plutarch,
2146:Plutarch,
2133:Plutarch,
2120:Plutarch,
2104:Plutarch,
2064:Plutarch,
2048:2022-09-25
2024:Plutarch,
2011:Plutarch,
1990:Plutarch,
1977:Plutarch,
1955:Plutarch,
1883:Plutarch,
1757:Australian
1636:Literature
513:classicist
500:Cyropaedia
496:Xenophon's
378:Andromache
251:In 52 BC,
203:philosophy
180:Early life
3028:cite book
3022:. London.
2938:, Book II
2841:. Arrow.
2731:Ad Brutum
2718:Ad Brutum
2678:Ad Brutum
2641:Ad Brutum
2546:, p. 137.
2536:New Haven
590:does not
265:Optimates
175:Biography
87:Spouse(s)
3000:Archived
2905:Plutarch
2896:Plutarch
2816:. Avon.
2787:. Avon.
2729:Cicero,
2716:Cicero,
2690:Ad Brut.
2680:, 1.9.2.
2676:Cicero,
2655:Op. cit.
2632:Op. cit.
2627:Op. cit.
2593:ProQuest
2358:, 13.11.
2237:Cicero,
2215:, 13. 22
2211:Cicero,
2202:, 13. 10
2198:Cicero,
2189:, 13. 16
2185:Cicero,
2176:, 77. 94
2172:Cicero,
2159:Appian,
1994:, 13.4.
1896:Spelled
1720:'s play
1650:'s play
1134:Servilia
1119:Servilia
465:Nicolaus
325:Servilia
273:dignitas
215:adultery
211:divorced
207:Plutarch
124:(mother)
118:(father)
101:Children
2653:Wills,
2589:5322117
2518:, 53.7.
2502:, 53.5.
2451:, 23.6.
2434:Homer,
2397:, 23.4.
2384:, 23.2.
2371:, 15.6.
2336:, 13.8.
2323:, 13.7.
2285:, 73.4.
2241:, 13. 9
2239:Atticus
2228:. p 208
2213:Atticus
2200:Atticus
2187:Atticus
2150:, 54.4.
2108:, 25.2.
2068:, 13.3.
2028:, 25.3.
2015:, 13.4.
1943:3293805
1887:, 53.5.
1759:writer
1641:Classic
673:Licinia
658:Salonia
611:removed
596:sources
528:Epigram
524:Martial
488:Brutus,
380:in the
344:torture
300:suicide
277:Rubicon
122:Attilia
109:Parents
3052:
2932:Appian
2923:Cicero
2914:Cicero
2870:
2845:
2820:
2812:Caesar
2791:
2744:Portia
2692:, 17,
2636:Cicero
2595:
2587:
2558:Brutus
2540:London
2415:
2298:, 13.5
2272:, 14.4
2174:Brutus
2124:, 25.3
2088:
1981:, 24.3
1959:, 7.3.
1941:
1898:Portia
1849:
1800:Cicero
1772:Caesar
1744:Modern
1722:Porcie
1689:Portia
1618:, and
1598:Notes:
1587:Caesar
1445:Pompey
1241:Porcia
948:Atilia
535:Family
520:plague
457:Appian
455:, and
374:Hector
366:Athens
358:prayed
306:while
261:Senate
246:Marcia
157:Atilia
145:Portia
134:Porcia
45:Porcia
34:, see
2957:44–47
2436:Iliad
1939:JSTOR
1825:Notes
1790:, an
1737:Arria
1449:Sulla
854:Livia
480:Camma
443:like
411:Death
388:Homer
383:Iliad
376:from
370:Italy
149:Roman
3050:ISBN
3034:link
2868:ISBN
2843:ISBN
2818:ISBN
2789:ISBN
2585:PMID
2538:and
2413:ISBN
2086:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1447:and
594:any
592:cite
511:and
334:and
269:Rome
79:Died
66:Born
1812:by
1794:by
1749:In
1731:by
1727:In
1716:In
1646:In
1622:as
1456:son
1128:(2)
1113:(1)
950:(1)
863:(1)
848:(2)
675:(1)
660:(2)
605:by
526:'s
482:in
255:'s
192:'s
3091::
3030:}}
3026:{{
2987:,
2963:,
2953:,
2944:,
2934:,
2925:,
2916:,
2907:,
2898:,
2638:,
2591:.
2581:52
2579:.
2575:.
2542::
2534:;
2507:^
2427:^
2312:^
2113:^
2057:^
2041:.
2002:^
1935:50
1933:.
1929:.
1905:^
1869:.
1833:^
1671:c.
1665:,
1559:II
463:.
451:,
436:.
423:.
217:.
171:.
138:c.
70:c.
3058:.
3036:)
3013:.
2876:.
2851:.
2826:.
2797:.
2773:.
2421:.
2094:.
2051:.
1873:.
1855:.
1820:.
1691::
1676:)
1669:(
1274:x
1250:â€
980:,
632:)
626:(
621:)
617:(
613:.
599:.
561:e
554:t
547:v
492:.
427:.
136:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
