219:
467:
1415:
increases both the volume and pressure of the chamber. As the pressure differences are compensated, a turbine is spun creating energy. This method is being specifically studied by the
Norwegian utility Statkraft, which has calculated that up to 25 TWh/yr would be available from this process in Norway. Statkraft has built the world's first prototype osmotic power plant on the Oslo fjord which was opened on 24 November 2009. In January 2014, however, Statkraft announced not to continue this pilot.
1284:
1011:
1305:. Many different designs have been used in the past, but almost all modern turbines being produced today use a three-bladed, upwind design. Grid-connected wind turbines now being built are much larger than the units installed during the 1970s. They thus produce power more cheaply and reliably than earlier models. With larger turbines (on the order of one megawatt), the blades move more slowly than older, smaller, units, which makes them less visually distracting and safer for birds.
993:
741:
1424:
250:
725:
1786:
1225:
1164:
711:
3028:
1401:
591:
3607:
1885:
1799:
685:
1516:, where water in the upper reservoir is allowed to flow back to a lower reservoir through a turbine and generator. Unlike coal power stations, which can take more than 12 hours to start up from cold, a hydroelectric generator can be brought into service in a few minutes, ideal to meet a peak load demand. Two substantial pumped storage schemes are in South Africa,
693:
1603:
235:
1414:
Salinity gradient energy is called pressure-retarded osmosis. In this method, seawater is pumped into a pressure chamber that is at a pressure lower than the difference between the pressures of saline water and fresh water. Freshwater is also pumped into the pressure chamber through a membrane, which
1029:
energy as a byproduct of the useful electrical energy produced. The amount of waste heat energy equals or exceeds the amount of energy converted into useful electricity. Gas-fired power plants can achieve as much as 65% conversion efficiency, while coal and oil plants achieve around 30–49%. The waste
977:
Non-dispatchable plants include such sources as wind and solar energy; while their long-term contribution to system energy supply is predictable, on a short-term (daily or hourly) base their energy must be used as available since generation cannot be deferred. Contractual arrangements ("take or pay")
1268:
to direct sunlight onto a pipe containing a heat transfer fluid, such as oil. The heated oil is then used to boil water into steam, which turns a turbine that drives an electrical generator. The central tower type of solar thermal power plant uses hundreds or thousands of mirrors, depending on size,
920:
are used to provide power for isolated communities and are frequently used for small cogeneration plants. Hospitals, office buildings, industrial plants, and other critical facilities also use them to provide backup power in case of a power outage. These are usually fuelled by diesel oil, heavy oil,
462:
eventually resolved in favor of AC distribution and utilization, although some DC systems persisted to the end of the 20th century. DC systems with a service radius of a mile (kilometer) or so were necessarily smaller, less efficient of fuel consumption, and more labor-intensive to operate than much
1080:
In areas with restricted water use, a dry cooling tower or directly air-cooled radiators may be necessary, since the cost or environmental consequences of obtaining make-up water for evaporative cooling would be prohibitive. These coolers have lower efficiency and higher energy consumption to drive
966:
meet the daily peak load, which may only be for one or two hours each day. While their incremental operating cost is always higher than base load plants, they are required to ensure security of the system during load peaks. Peaking plants include simple cycle gas turbines and reciprocating internal
959:
run nearly continually to provide that component of system load that does not vary during a day or week. Baseload plants can be highly optimized for low fuel cost, but may not start or stop quickly during changes in system load. Examples of base-load plants would include large modern coal-fired and
1089:
Power plants can use an air-cooled condenser, traditionally in areas with a limited or expensive water supply. Air-cooled condensers serve the same purpose as a cooling tower (heat dissipation) without using water. They consume additional auxiliary power and thus may have a higher carbon footprint
637:
The efficiency of a thermal power cycle is limited by the maximum working fluid temperature produced. The efficiency is not directly a function of the fuel used. For the same steam conditions, coal-, nuclear- and gas power plants all have the same theoretical efficiency. Overall, if a system is on
478:
depending on the type of load; lighting load using higher frequencies, and traction systems and heavy motor load systems preferring lower frequencies. The economics of central station generation improved greatly when unified light and power systems, operating at a common frequency, were developed.
1506:
is a reversible hydroelectric plant. They are a net consumer of energy but provide storage for any source of electricity, effectively smoothing peaks and troughs in electricity supply and demand. Pumped storage plants typically use "spare" electricity during off peak periods to pump water from a
912:
plants have both a gas turbine fired by natural gas, and a steam boiler and steam turbine which use the hot exhaust gas from the gas turbine to produce electricity. This greatly increases the overall efficiency of the plant, and many new baseload power plants are combined cycle plants fired by
504:
planned what would have reciprocating steam engine ever built for a proposed new central station, but scrapped the plans when turbines became available in the necessary size. Building power systems out of central stations required combinations of engineering skill and financial acumen in equal
1700:
is even higher—they have relatively high marginal costs. Operators keep power plants turned off ("operational reserve") or running at minimum fuel consumption ("spinning reserve") most of the time. Operators feed more fuel into load following power plants only when the demand rises above what
1076:
to provide air movement upward through down coming water and are not hyperboloid chimney-like structures. The induced or forced-draft cooling towers are typically rectangular, box-like structures filled with a material that enhances the mixing of the upflowing air and the down-flowing water.
901:
plants use the dynamic pressure from flowing gases (air and combustion products) to directly operate the turbine. Natural-gas fuelled (and oil fueled) combustion turbine plants can start rapidly and so are used to supply "peak" energy during periods of high demand, though at higher cost than
490:
Throughout the first few decades of the 20th century central stations became larger, using higher steam pressures to provide greater efficiency, and relying on interconnections of multiple generating stations to improve reliability and cost. High-voltage AC transmission allowed
2463:
American
Association for the Advancement of Science. AAAS Annual Meeting 17 - 21 Feb 2011, Washington DC. "Sustainable or Not? Impacts and Uncertainties of Low-Carbon Energy Technologies on Water." Dr Evangelos Tzimas, European Commission, JRC Institute for Energy, Petten,
499:
in central station service, around 1906, allowed great expansion of generating capacity. Generators were no longer limited by the power transmission of belts or the relatively slow speed of reciprocating engines, and could grow to enormous sizes. For example,
2403:, 181 (2d Cir. 2004) ("A single power plant might impinge a million adult fish in just a three-week period, or entrain some 3 to 4 billion smaller fish and shellfish in a year, destabilizing wildlife populations in the surrounding ecosystem.").
1114:, to limit intake of organisms into the cooling machinery. These screens are only partially effective and as a result billions of fish and other aquatic organisms are killed by power plants each year. For example, the cooling system at the
1763:
generated by a power plant that is transmitted and distributed for consumer use. Net generation is less than the total gross power generation as some power produced is consumed within the plant itself to power auxiliary equipment such as
2416:
894:
plants use the dynamic pressure generated by expanding steam to turn the blades of a turbine. Almost all large non-hydro plants use this system. About 90 percent of all electric power produced in the world is through use of steam
1859:
Operating staff at a power station have several duties. Operators are responsible for the safety of the work crews that frequently do repairs on the mechanical and electrical equipment. They maintain the equipment with periodic
1868:
depending on need. They are able to synchronize and adjust the voltage output of the added generation with the running electrical system, without upsetting the system. They must know the electrical and mechanical systems to
1118:
in New York kills over a billion fish eggs and larvae annually. A further environmental impact is that aquatic organisms which adapt to the warmer discharge water may be injured if the plant shuts down in cold weather.
1666:
The rated capacity of a power station is nearly the maximum electrical power that the power station can produce. Some power plants are run at almost exactly their rated capacity all the time, as a non-load-following
1709:
Not all of the generated power of a plant is necessarily delivered into a distribution system. Power plants typically also use some of the power themselves, in which case the generation output is classified into
1507:
lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. Because the pumping takes place "off peak", electricity is less valuable than at peak times. This less valuable "spare" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and
1701:
lower-cost plants (i.e., intermittent and base load plants) can produce, and then feed more fuel into peaking power plants only when the demand rises faster than the load following power plants can follow.
649:
from a gas turbine are used to generate steam for a boiler and a steam turbine. The combination of a "top" cycle and a "bottom" cycle produces higher overall efficiency than either cycle can attain alone.
1511:
power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low. During daytime peak demand, when electricity prices are high, the storage is used for
614:, into rotational energy. Most thermal power stations produce steam, so they are sometimes called steam power stations. Not all thermal energy can be transformed into mechanical power, according to the
479:
The same generating plant that fed large industrial loads during the day, could feed commuter railway systems during rush hour and then serve lighting load in the evening, thus improving the system
1434:
energy can be produced from combustion of waste green material to heat water into steam and drive a steam turbine. Bioenergy can also be processed through a range of temperatures and pressures in
1550:(10 watts). Power stations vary greatly in capacity depending on the type of power plant and on historical, geographical and economic factors. The following examples offer a sense of the scale.
2442:
2413:
2242:
419:
boiler powered a 93 kW (125 horsepower) steam engine that drove a 27-tonne (27-long-ton) generator. This supplied electricity to premises in the area that could be reached through the
638:
constantly (base load) it will be more efficient than one that is used intermittently (peak load). Steam turbines generally operate at higher efficiency when operated at full capacity.
458:
to step up voltage for long-distance transmission and then stepped it back down for indoor lighting, a more efficient and less expensive system which is similar to modern systems. The
2763:
2371:
1985:
2645:
2512:
483:
and reducing the cost of electrical energy overall. Many exceptions existed, generating stations were dedicated to power or light by the choice of frequency, and rotating
446:
was established by Edison to provide electric lighting in the lower
Manhattan Island area. The station ran until destroyed by fire in 1890. The station used reciprocating
2103:
1873:
problems in the facility and add to the reliability of the facility. Operators must be able to respond to an emergency and know the procedures in place to deal with it.
641:
Besides use of reject heat for process or district heating, one way to improve overall efficiency of a power plant is to combine two different thermodynamic cycles in a
1388:
have a tremendous amount of energy and are close to many if not most concentrated populations. Ocean energy has the potential of providing a substantial amount of new
2602:
1580:
In 2021, the worldwide installed capacity of power plants increased by 347 GW. Solar and wind power plant capacities rose by 80% in one year. As of 2022, the
1261:
change the direct current into alternating current for connection to the electrical grid. This type of plant does not use rotating machines for energy conversion.
809:
process) to create steam which then operates a steam turbine and generator. About 20 percent of electric generation in the USA is produced by nuclear power plants.
2879:
1924:
1052:
However, the mechanical induced-draft or forced-draft wet cooling towers in many large thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, fossil-fired power plants,
3552:
1955:
902:
base-loaded plants. These may be comparatively small units, and sometimes completely unmanned, being remotely operated. This type was pioneered by the UK,
203:
2542:
138:
2434:
1098:
Electric companies often prefer to use cooling water from the ocean or a lake, river, or cooling pond instead of a cooling tower. This single pass or
973:
can economically follow the variations in the daily and weekly load, at lower cost than peaking plants and with more flexibility than baseload plants.
1210:
is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use.
2265:
2234:
2708:"What is the difference between electricity generation capacity and electricity generation? - FAQ - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
2482:
2347:
1965:
967:
combustion engines, which can be started up rapidly when system peaks are predicted. Hydroelectric plants may also be designed for peaking use.
450:
to turn direct-current generators. Because of the DC distribution, the service area was small, limited by voltage drop in the feeders. In 1886
378:
100:
1864:
and log temperatures, pressures and other important information at regular intervals. Operators are responsible for starting and stopping the
3631:
2294:
396:. The electricity supplied power to lights, heating, produced hot water, ran an elevator as well as labor-saving devices and farm buildings.
3610:
1944:
1269:
to direct sunlight onto a receiver on top of a tower. The heat is used to produce steam to turn turbines that drive electrical generators.
744:
626:
power plant or CHP (combined heat-and-power) plant. In countries where district heating is common, there are dedicated heat plants called
2845:
2833:
2300:
1458:) that can then be fed into an accompanying engine to produce electricity at a much lower emission rate when compared with open burning.
3449:
2400:
2189:
2073:
1581:
863:
688:
Modular block overview of a power station. Dashed lines show special additions like combined cycle and cogeneration or optional storage.
524:
1655:
simple-cycle, or open cycle gas turbine (OCGT), peaking power station in
Cornwall UK, with a single gas turbine is rated 140 megawatts.
815:
plants use steam extracted from hot underground rocks. These rocks are heated by the decay of radioactive material in the Earth's core.
435:, but this could not be reached through the culverts. Johnson arranged for the supply cable to be run overhead, via Holborn Tavern and
3557:
3027:
2872:
2221:
2213:
2637:
1662:, a combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power station in Kent, UK, with two gas turbines and one steam turbine, is rated 700 megawatts.
1614:
Large coal-fired, nuclear, and hydroelectric power stations can generate hundreds of megawatts to multiple gigawatts. Some examples:
3177:
2759:
2694:
1846:
2793:
2711:
2572:
2504:
2385:(Includes cooling tower material balance for evaporation emissions and blowdown effluents. Available in many university libraries)
2040:
2823:
618:; therefore, there is always heat lost to the environment. If this loss is employed as useful heat, for industrial processes or
3340:
3265:
3136:
2737:
2095:
1626:
1503:
1497:
1473:
1000:
487:
and rotating converters were particularly common to feed electric railway systems from the general lighting and power network.
196:
218:
2625:
Future Marine Energy. Results of the Marine Energy
Challenge: Cost competitiveness and growth of wave and tidal stream energy
1824:
1820:
1533:
20:
1206:. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010.
3512:
3444:
3434:
3310:
3210:
2865:
2594:
1909:
1619:
1607:
1517:
1485:
1102:
system can save the cost of a cooling tower and may have lower energy costs for pumping cooling water through the plant's
404:
3365:
3325:
2902:
2155:
1595:
1521:
1110:
as the water is discharged. Power plants using natural bodies of water for cooling are designed with mechanisms such as
615:
27:
2324:
1689:
is practically zero, but the available power varies widely—in particular, it may be zero during heavy storms at night.
3592:
3587:
3305:
3280:
3270:
3246:
3241:
2947:
1949:
1682:
501:
1809:
423:
of the viaduct without digging up the road, which was the monopoly of the gas companies. The customers included the
3507:
3225:
3195:
2972:
1693:
1678:
1115:
978:
with independent power producers or system interconnections to other networks may be effectively non-dispatchable.
970:
300:
189:
37:
1828:
1813:
1045:-like structures (as seen in the image at the right) that release the waste heat to the ambient atmosphere by the
3562:
3051:
3012:
1934:
1247:
875:
760:
714:
66:
52:
2818:
2159:
466:
3537:
3345:
3285:
2942:
1228:
627:
480:
400:
2534:
1732:
by a power plant over a specific period of time. It is measured at the generating terminal and is measured in
3641:
3636:
3476:
3466:
3456:
1980:
1481:
3397:
3260:
3043:
2932:
1960:
1939:
1919:
1729:
1477:
1355:
939:
and internal combustion reciprocating engines are low-cost solutions for using opportunity fuels, such as
669:
514:
412:
281:
71:
2414:"Final Regulations to Establish Requirements for Cooling Water Intake Structures at Existing Facilities."
3532:
3300:
3295:
3275:
2151:
1692:
In some cases operators deliberately produce less power for economic reasons. The cost of fuel to run a
1668:
1283:
1069:
1039:
1010:
956:
903:
871:
764:
696:
585:
223:
109:
854:
is occasionally concentrated enough to use for power generation, usually in a steam boiler and turbine.
318:
The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. Most power stations in the world burn
2341:
3126:
2888:
1865:
1659:
1347:
1254:
1099:
917:
857:
661:
443:
424:
308:
2125:
1446:
reactions. Depending on the desired end product, these reactions create more energy-dense products (
992:
3497:
3330:
3230:
3205:
3158:
2967:
2957:
2922:
1990:
1970:
1697:
1513:
1467:
1370:
963:
798:
506:
492:
459:
451:
432:
416:
2018:
239:
3371:
2982:
1195:
776:
771:. A coal-fired power station produces heat by burning coal in a steam boiler. The steam drives a
296:
81:
76:
1677:
In some cases a power plant produces much less power than its rated capacity because it uses an
1030:
heat produces a temperature rise in the atmosphere, which is small compared to that produced by
2828:
1129:, has been used in cooling towers. The Calpine Riverside and the Calpine Fox power stations in
3522:
3402:
3007:
2850:
2838:
2474:
2376:
2290:
2284:
1585:
1562:
1107:
845:
740:
484:
475:
152:
61:
45:
2181:
2063:
1253:
A solar photovoltaic power plant converts sunlight into direct current electricity using the
3471:
3412:
3116:
3111:
3088:
2997:
2937:
2829:
Database of carbon emissions of power plants worldwide (Carbon
Monitoring For Action: CARMA)
2786:"What is the difference between electricity generation capacity and electricity generation?"
1975:
1914:
1640:
1570:
1423:
1389:
1183:
1167:
1158:
1146:
1073:
1061:
812:
619:
371:
359:
355:
343:
335:
312:
249:
177:
2210:
1748:(TW·h). It includes the electricity used in the plant auxiliaries and in the transformers.
1198:. The amount of power available is a combination of height and water flow. A wide range of
724:
3502:
3461:
3439:
3320:
3290:
3255:
3215:
3017:
2420:
2328:
2266:"Ready for the Energy Transition: Hydrogen Considerations for Combined Cycle Power Plants"
2217:
1785:
1752:
Gross generation = net generation + usage within the plant (also known as in-house loads)
1554:
1224:
1163:
936:
806:
802:
788:
710:
665:
374:
invented a generator powerful enough to produce power on a commercial scale for industry.
289:
254:
129:
119:
2667:
1553:
Many of the largest operational onshore wind farms are located in China. As of 2022, the
2785:
2707:
2012:
887:
A prime mover is a machine that converts energy of various forms into energy of motion.
684:
3527:
3517:
3315:
2927:
2564:
2185:
1929:
1574:
1566:
1400:
1351:
1258:
1103:
1031:
1004:
952:
Power plants that can be dispatched (scheduled) to provide energy to a system include:
909:
867:
860:
electric plants use sunlight to boil water and produce steam which turns the generator.
792:
784:
642:
630:. An important class of power stations in the Middle East uses by-product heat for the
603:
590:
304:
285:
157:
147:
124:
91:
2032:
1674:
However, many power plants usually produce much less power than their rated capacity.
3625:
3547:
3220:
3200:
3131:
3121:
3078:
2962:
2917:
2068:
1904:
1890:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1686:
1652:
1409:
1314:
1292:
1191:
1057:
1035:
1019:
996:
987:
891:
772:
704:
654:
528:
510:
496:
408:
339:
258:
2733:
1647:
Gas turbine power plants can generate tens to hundreds of megawatts. Some examples:
495:
to be conveniently moved from distant waterfalls to city markets. The advent of the
3567:
3542:
3407:
3376:
3190:
2992:
1899:
1870:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1378:
1298:
1239:
1053:
940:
926:
851:
826:
729:
631:
623:
447:
1472:
It is possible to store energy and produce electrical power at a later time as in
1301:
can be used to generate electricity in areas with strong, steady winds, sometimes
3392:
3360:
3153:
3141:
3061:
2987:
2977:
2907:
1798:
1760:
1366:
1219:
1111:
1046:
1038:
at many nuclear power plants and large fossil-fuel-fired power plants use large
1015:
960:
nuclear generating stations, or hydro plants with a predictable supply of water.
932:
922:
898:
780:
768:
646:
599:
455:
347:
331:
319:
3355:
3350:
3163:
3146:
3002:
1880:
1861:
1362:
1335:
1278:
1243:
1179:
1026:
841:
607:
470:
Dynamos and engine installed at Edison
General Electric Company, New York 1895
428:
390:
351:
943:, digester gas from water treatment plants and waste gas from oil production.
795:. Some of the gases can be removed from the waste stream to reduce pollution.
3071:
3066:
2952:
2912:
2321:
1884:
1633:
1569:
is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 1218 MW, followed by
1508:
1439:
1265:
1203:
1187:
1134:
1130:
1126:
327:
227:
86:
1561:
of power, followed by the Zhang Jiakou (3000 MW). As of
January 2022, the
1186:. Power is captured from the gravitational force of water falling through
692:
3185:
1558:
1343:
700:
382:
243:
172:
167:
3106:
3096:
2857:
1602:
1538:
The power generated by a power station is measured in multiples of the
1431:
1065:
1042:
834:
830:
822:
818:
748:
436:
420:
386:
1350:. The movement of water in the world's oceans creates a vast store of
3101:
2096:"History of Power: The Evolution of the Electric Generation Industry"
1447:
1232:
733:
673:
393:
162:
2435:"Fire Prompts Renewed Calls to Close the Indian Point Nuclear Plant"
1591:
Solar thermal power stations in the U.S. have the following output:
1178:
In a hydroelectric power station water flows through turbines using
234:
2014:
Dynamo-electric
Machinery: A Manual for Students of Electrotechnics
1557:
is the largest onshore wind farm in the world, producing 8000
1369:—obtained from the kinetic energy of large bodies of moving water.
668:
planned to build an 8-GW thermal power plant, which's the largest
1784:
1765:
1601:
1547:
1543:
1422:
1399:
1385:
1373:
is not a form of marine energy, as wind power is derived from the
1302:
1288:
1282:
1223:
1207:
1171:
1162:
1009:
991:
739:
723:
718:
709:
691:
683:
589:
465:
248:
233:
217:
2412:
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC (May 2014).
763:
may also use a steam turbine generator or in the case of natural
377:
In 1878, a hydroelectric power station was designed and built by
3056:
2380:
1539:
1374:
1339:
611:
323:
2861:
2182:"Inter RAO UES cooperates with State Grid Corporation of China"
1643:
hydro-electric plant in China has a capacity of 22.5 gigawatts.
2760:"Glossary:Gross electricity generation - Statistics Explained"
2505:"Conversion from sunlight to electricity – Solar photovoltaic"
1792:
1636:
hydro-electric plant in Egypt has a capacity of 2.1 gigawatts.
1199:
2535:"The Best Places to Put Wind Turbines to Produce Electricity"
1772:
Net generation = gross generation − usage within the plant (
1202:
may be built to raise the water level, and create a lake for
598:
In thermal power stations, mechanical power is produced by a
431:. Another important customer was the Telegraph Office of the
2033:"Hydro-electricity restored to historic Northumberland home"
1502:
The world's largest form of storage for excess electricity,
1081:
fans, compared to a typical wet, evaporative cooling tower.
1671:, except at times of scheduled or unscheduled maintenance.
1598:
is the largest of the country with an output of 392 MW
1264:
Solar thermal power plants use either parabolic troughs or
1122:
Water consumption by power stations is a developing issue.
2638:"Is PRO economically feasible? Not according to Statkraft"
658:
2734:"Glossary - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
2286:
Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use
454:
began building an alternating current system that used a
594:
Rotor of a modern steam turbine, used in a power station
505:
measure. Pioneers of central station generation include
2152:"China and Russia accelerate pace of power cooperation"
1622:
in South Africa has a rated capacity of 1860 megawatts.
1354:, or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to
1034:
emissions from the same power plant. Natural draft wet
299:, rotating machine that converts mechanical power into
2595:"New "Bird-Friendly" Wind Turbines Come to California"
2372:
Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants
1696:
may be relatively high, and the cost of fuel to run a
1358:
electricity to power homes, transport and industries.
2668:"PERFORMANCE OF THE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DIVISION"
3576:
3486:
3423:
3385:
3239:
3176:
3087:
3042:
3035:
2895:
1582:
largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world
1145:Power stations can generate electrical energy from
1250:plant by focusing the light to run a heat engine.
1242:can be turned into electricity either directly in
389:. It used water from lakes on his estate to power
26:"Power plant" redirects here. For other uses, see
848:is a low-cost, although low-energy-density, fuel.
2235:"Geothermal energy is poised for a big breakout"
1404:Osmotic Power Prototype at Tofte (Hurum), Norway
1133:as well as the Calpine Mankato power station in
783:. The waste products of combustion include ash,
288:. Power stations are generally connected to an
2819:Identification System for Power Stations (KKS)
1925:Environmental impact of electricity generation
1768:, motors and pollution control devices. Thus
1629:in the UK has a rated capacity of 2 gigawatts.
906:being the world's first, commissioned in 1959.
2873:
197:
8:
1956:List of largest power stations in the world
1827:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
699:, a large coal-fired generating station in
3039:
2880:
2866:
2858:
2423:Fact sheet. Document no. EPA-821-F-14-001.
2346:(2nd ed.). SPX Cooling Technologies.
204:
190:
32:
1847:Learn how and when to remove this message
1125:In recent years, recycled wastewater, or
1090:compared to a traditional cooling tower.
399:In January 1882 the world's first public
1361:The term marine energy encompasses both
295:Many power stations contain one or more
2017:. London: E. & F. N. Spon. p.
2003:
1744:(GW·h) or for the largest power plants
874:to help balance supply and demand from
463:larger central AC generating stations.
137:
99:
51:
44:
2790:U.S. Energy Information Administration
2445:from the original on 11 September 2019
1966:List of thermal power station failures
1685:from such power plants, because their
622:, the power plant is referred to as a
2375:(4th ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
2264:Mulder, Sebastian (29 October 2021).
2043:from the original on 29 December 2019
1773:
7:
2796:from the original on 4 February 2023
2766:from the original on 4 February 2023
2740:from the original on 4 February 2023
2714:from the original on 4 February 2023
2648:from the original on 18 January 2017
2605:from the original on 4 February 2023
2575:from the original on 4 February 2023
2565:"WINDExchange: Small Wind Guidebook"
2545:from the original on 4 February 2023
2515:from the original on 4 February 2023
2485:from the original on 4 February 2023
2303:from the original on 23 January 2023
2245:from the original on 4 February 2023
2192:from the original on 4 February 2023
2162:from the original on 4 February 2023
2106:from the original on 28 January 2023
2076:from the original on 4 February 2023
2011:Thompson, Silvanus Phillips (1888).
1945:Gravitation water vortex power plant
1825:adding citations to reliable sources
1106:. However, the waste heat can cause
852:Waste heat from industrial processes
745:Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station
728:A large gas and coal power plant in
407:, was built in London, a project of
280:, is an industrial facility for the
1728:is the total amount of electricity
527:by source. Total generation was 28
513:in the United States, Ferranti and
442:In September 1882 in New York, the
3558:Renewable energy commercialization
2697:, by Power Plants Around the World
2233:Roberts, David (21 October 2020).
2222:International Atomic Energy Agency
1334:) refers to the energy carried by
16:Facility generating electric power
14:
2824:Largest Power Plants in the World
2433:McGeehan, Patrick (12 May 2015).
2350:from the original on 18 June 2013
1588:in India, rated at 2245 MW.
1025:All thermal power plants produce
139:Electric power systems components
3606:
3605:
3026:
2211:Nuclear Power Plants Information
2062:Harris, Jack (14 January 1982).
1883:
1797:
1520:and another in the Drakensberg,
474:AC systems used a wide range of
303:. The relative motion between a
2834:Net vs Gross Output Measurement
1627:Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station
1498:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
1474:pumped-storage hydroelectricity
1365:—power from surface waves, and
1326:(also sometimes referred to as
1001:Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station
370:In early 1871 Belgian inventor
253:Hydroelectric power station at
238:Hydroelectric power station at
1534:List of largest power stations
1:
3553:Renewable Energy Certificates
3513:Cost of electricity by source
3435:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
3311:High-voltage shore connection
2396:Riverkeeper, Inc. v. U.S. EPA
1910:Cost of electricity by source
1789:Control room of a power plant
1620:Koeberg Nuclear Power Station
1608:Koeberg Nuclear Power Station
1518:Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme
1486:battery storage power station
1348:ocean temperature differences
999:showing evaporating water at
405:Edison Electric Light Station
101:Electric power infrastructure
3632:Chemical process engineering
3568:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
3366:Transmission system operator
3326:Mains electricity by country
2903:Automatic generation control
2695:CCGT Plants in South England
2322:SWEB's Pocket Power Stations
2064:"The electricity of Holborn"
1596:Ivanpah Solar Power Facility
1522:Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme
1137:are among these facilities.
1094:Once-through cooling systems
819:Biomass-fuelled power plants
801:use the heat generated in a
616:second law of thermodynamics
525:world electricity generation
28:Power plant (disambiguation)
3593:List of electricity sectors
3588:Electric energy consumption
3306:High-voltage direct current
3281:Electric power transmission
3271:Electric power distribution
2948:Energy return on investment
2475:"Concentrating Solar Power"
2369:Beychok, Milton R. (1967).
2340:J. C. Hensley, ed. (2006).
2289:. Birkhäuser. p. 190.
1950:Grid-tied electrical system
1153:Hydroelectric power station
1141:Power from renewable energy
971:Load following power plants
502:Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti
3658:
3508:Carbon offsets and credits
3226:Three-phase electric power
2846:Measuring power generation
2343:Cooling Tower Fundamentals
2283:Wiser, Wendell H. (2000).
1694:load following power plant
1679:intermittent energy source
1531:
1495:
1465:
1427:Metz biomass power station
1407:
1312:
1276:
1217:
1156:
1116:Indian Point Energy Center
1085:Air-cooled condenser (ACC)
985:
761:Fossil-fuel power stations
583:
301:three-phase electric power
25:
18:
3601:
3563:Renewable Energy Payments
3052:Fossil fuel power station
3024:
2126:"Yearly electricity data"
1935:Fossil-fuel power station
1248:concentrating solar power
876:Variable renewable energy
846:blast furnace exhaust gas
715:Ikata Nuclear Power Plant
628:heat-only boiler stations
334:to generate electricity.
67:Electric power conversion
53:Electric power conversion
3346:Single-wire earth return
3286:Electrical busbar system
2943:Energy demand management
2841:(pdf) on 21 October 2012
2216:13 February 2005 at the
1681:. Operators try to pull
1229:Nellis Solar Power Plant
672:construction project in
664:21 December 2021 at the
517:in UK, and many others.
401:coal-fired power station
268:, also referred to as a
3477:Residual-current device
3467:Power system protection
3457:Generator interlock kit
2853:(pdf) on 2 October 2012
2569:windexchange.energy.gov
1986:Unit commitment problem
1981:Public utility building
1683:maximum available power
1482:flywheel energy storage
1381:are placed over water.
543: Natural gas (23%)
379:William, Lord Armstrong
3261:Distributed generation
2933:Electric power quality
1961:List of power stations
1940:Geothermal electricity
1920:Electricity generation
1790:
1611:
1478:thermal energy storage
1462:Storage power stations
1428:
1405:
1295:
1236:
1175:
1070:waste-to-energy plants
1022:
1007:
957:Base load power plants
765:gas-fired power plants
751:
737:
721:
707:
689:
670:coal-fired power plant
645:plant. Most commonly,
595:
580:Thermal power stations
515:Charles Hesterman Merz
471:
261:
246:
231:
72:HVDC converter station
3533:Fossil fuel phase-out
3301:Electricity retailing
3296:Electrical substation
3276:Electric power system
1788:
1726:gross electric output
1669:base load power plant
1605:
1426:
1403:
1286:
1227:
1166:
1013:
995:
918:reciprocating engines
864:Hydrogen power plants
827:municipal solid waste
823:waste from sugar cane
743:
727:
713:
697:St. Clair Power Plant
695:
687:
593:
586:Thermal power station
469:
252:
237:
224:Athlone Power Station
221:
110:Electric power system
2889:Electricity delivery
2419:19 June 2020 at the
2401:358 F.3d 174
2156:Ministry of Commerce
2039:. 27 February 2013.
1821:improve this section
1660:Medway Power Station
1528:Typical power output
1255:photoelectric effect
1100:once-through cooling
1058:petrochemical plants
1054:petroleum refineries
1018:" natural draft wet
964:Peaking power plants
916:Internal combustion
833:, or other forms of
799:Nuclear power plants
444:Pearl Street Station
417:Babcock & Wilcox
19:For other uses, see
3498:Availability factor
3450:Sulfur hexafluoride
3331:Overhead power line
3231:Virtual power plant
3206:Induction generator
3159:Sustainable biofuel
2968:Home energy storage
2958:Grid energy storage
2923:Droop speed control
2792:. 4 February 2020.
2644:. 22 January 2014.
2509:sites.lafayette.edu
1991:Virtual power plant
1971:Nuclear power plant
1698:peaking power plant
1468:Grid energy storage
1371:Offshore wind power
779:that then produces
555: Nuclear (10%)
507:George Westinghouse
493:hydroelectric power
460:war of the currents
452:George Westinghouse
433:General Post Office
3372:Transmission tower
2983:Nameplate capacity
2642:ForwardOsmosisTech
2601:. 14 August 2014.
2439:The New York Times
2327:4 May 2006 at the
2102:. 1 October 2022.
1791:
1612:
1429:
1406:
1392:around the world.
1296:
1237:
1176:
1023:
1008:
821:may be fuelled by
769:combustion turbine
752:
738:
722:
708:
690:
596:
485:frequency changers
472:
274:generating station
262:
247:
232:
82:DC-to-DC converter
77:AC-to-AC converter
3619:
3618:
3523:Environmental tax
3403:Cascading failure
3172:
3171:
3008:Utility frequency
2296:978-0-387-98744-6
2132:. 6 December 2023
2130:ember-climate.org
1952:mini-power plants
1857:
1856:
1849:
1759:is the amount of
1586:Bhadla Solar Park
1577:at 1026 MW.
1563:Hornsea Wind Farm
1287:Wind turbines in
1108:thermal pollution
549: Hydro (15%)
214:
213:
153:Grid-tie inverter
62:Voltage converter
46:Power engineering
3649:
3609:
3608:
3518:Energy subsidies
3472:Protective relay
3413:Rolling blackout
3040:
3030:
2998:Power-flow study
2938:Electrical fault
2882:
2875:
2868:
2859:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2430:
2424:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2337:
2331:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2230:
2224:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2158:. 24 July 2018.
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2008:
1976:Plant efficiency
1915:District heating
1893:
1888:
1887:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1801:
1793:
1775:
1722:Gross generation
1712:gross generation
1641:Three Gorges Dam
1571:Walney Wind Farm
1555:Roscoe Wind Farm
1390:renewable energy
1184:hydroelectricity
1168:Three Gorges Dam
1159:Hydroelectricity
1147:renewable energy
813:Geothermal power
805:'s core (by the
620:district heating
602:that transforms
573: Other (5%)
572:
567: Solar (4%)
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
537: Coal (36%)
536:
338:sources include
336:Low-carbon power
313:electric current
278:generating plant
206:
199:
192:
178:Protective relay
33:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3597:
3581:
3579:
3572:
3503:Capacity factor
3491:
3489:
3482:
3462:Numerical relay
3440:Circuit breaker
3428:
3426:
3419:
3381:
3321:Load management
3291:Electrical grid
3256:Demand response
3249:
3244:
3235:
3216:Microgeneration
3168:
3083:
3031:
3022:
3018:Vehicle-to-grid
2891:
2886:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2421:Wayback Machine
2411:
2407:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2329:Wayback Machine
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2218:Wayback Machine
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2188:. 4 June 2018.
2180:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1818:
1802:
1783:
1776:in-house loads)
1707:
1705:Output metering
1625:The coal-fired
1536:
1530:
1500:
1494:
1470:
1464:
1421:
1412:
1398:
1317:
1311:
1281:
1275:
1235:, United States
1222:
1216:
1161:
1155:
1143:
1104:heat exchangers
1096:
1087:
990:
984:
950:
937:Stirling engine
885:
803:nuclear reactor
789:nitrogen oxides
757:
682:
666:Wayback Machine
588:
582:
577:
576:
575:
574:
570:
568:
564:
562:
561: Wind (7%)
558:
556:
552:
550:
546:
544:
540:
538:
534:
368:
290:electrical grid
255:Glen Canyon Dam
210:
130:Demand response
120:Electrical grid
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3655:
3653:
3645:
3644:
3642:Infrastructure
3639:
3637:Power stations
3634:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3578:Statistics and
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3528:Feed-in tariff
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Interconnector
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:Dynamic demand
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:Combined cycle
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2973:Load-following
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2928:Electric power
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2849:Archived from
2843:
2837:Archived from
2831:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2813:External links
2811:
2808:
2807:
2777:
2751:
2725:
2699:
2687:
2659:
2629:
2627:, January 2006
2623:Carbon Trust,
2616:
2586:
2556:
2526:
2496:
2466:
2456:
2425:
2405:
2387:
2361:
2332:
2314:
2295:
2275:
2256:
2225:
2203:
2186:Reference News
2173:
2143:
2117:
2087:
2054:
2024:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1930:Flue-gas stack
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1878:
1875:
1855:
1854:
1805:
1803:
1796:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1757:Net generation
1754:
1753:
1746:terawatt-hours
1742:gigawatt-hours
1738:megawatt-hours
1734:kilowatt-hours
1716:net generation
1706:
1703:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1610:, South Africa
1600:
1599:
1575:United Kingdom
1567:United Kingdom
1546:(10 watts) or
1529:
1526:
1504:pumped-storage
1496:Main article:
1493:
1492:Pumped storage
1490:
1466:Main article:
1463:
1460:
1420:
1417:
1408:Main article:
1397:
1394:
1377:, even if the
1352:kinetic energy
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1277:Main article:
1274:
1271:
1218:Main article:
1215:
1212:
1192:water turbines
1157:Main article:
1154:
1151:
1142:
1139:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1036:cooling towers
1032:greenhouse-gas
1005:United Kingdom
997:Cooling towers
986:Main article:
983:
982:Cooling towers
980:
975:
974:
968:
961:
949:
946:
945:
944:
930:
914:
910:Combined cycle
907:
896:
884:
883:By prime mover
881:
880:
879:
868:green hydrogen
861:
855:
849:
840:In integrated
838:
816:
810:
796:
793:carbon dioxide
785:sulfur dioxide
756:
755:By heat source
753:
681:
680:Classification
678:
643:combined cycle
604:thermal energy
584:Main article:
581:
578:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
529:petawatt-hours
521:
520:
519:
413:Edward Johnson
367:
364:
305:magnetic field
286:electric power
272:and sometimes
230:, South Africa
212:
211:
209:
208:
201:
194:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
158:Energy storage
155:
150:
148:Ring main unit
142:
141:
135:
134:
133:
132:
127:
125:Interconnector
122:
117:
112:
104:
103:
97:
96:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
56:
55:
49:
48:
42:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3654:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3612:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Pigouvian tax
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3485:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Earth-leakage
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:Failure modes
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Power station
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:Rankine cycle
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:Cooling tower
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3044:Non-renewable
3041:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Grid strength
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:Demand factor
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2604:
2600:
2599:www.aiche.org
2596:
2590:
2587:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2362:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2069:New Scientist
2065:
2058:
2055:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Cooling tower
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1891:Energy portal
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1851:
1848:
1840:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1806:This section
1804:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1687:marginal cost
1684:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1653:Indian Queens
1650:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:peaking power
1510:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1410:Osmotic power
1402:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1379:wind turbines
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:Marine energy
1316:
1315:Marine energy
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1299:Wind turbines
1294:
1293:United States
1290:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:storing water
1201:
1197:
1194:connected to
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1020:cooling tower
1017:
1012:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
988:Cooling tower
981:
979:
972:
969:
965:
962:
958:
955:
954:
953:
947:
942:
938:
934:
933:Microturbines
931:
928:
924:
919:
915:
911:
908:
905:
900:
897:
893:
892:Steam turbine
890:
889:
888:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:
859:
858:Solar thermal
856:
853:
850:
847:
843:
839:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
804:
800:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:steam turbine
770:
766:
762:
759:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
731:
726:
720:
716:
712:
706:
705:United States
702:
698:
694:
686:
679:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:
656:
655:Inter RAO UES
651:
648:
647:exhaust gases
644:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
606:, often from
605:
601:
592:
587:
579:
532:
530:
526:
518:
516:
512:
511:Samuel Insull
508:
503:
498:
497:steam turbine
494:
488:
486:
482:
477:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:steam engines
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:organized by
410:
409:Thomas Edison
406:
402:
397:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
372:Zénobe Gramme
365:
363:
361:
360:hydroelectric
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:, and use of
341:
340:nuclear power
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:power station
260:
259:Page, Arizona
256:
251:
245:
241:
240:Gabčíkovo Dam
236:
229:
225:
220:
216:
207:
202:
200:
195:
193:
188:
187:
185:
184:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
144:
143:
140:
136:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
115:Power station
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
105:
102:
98:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
58:
57:
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:
29:
22:
21:Power Station
3543:Net metering
3490:and policies
3408:Power outage
3377:Utility pole
3341:Pumped hydro
3335:
3247:distribution
3242:Transmission
3191:Cogeneration
2993:Power factor
2851:the original
2848:
2839:the original
2836:
2798:. Retrieved
2789:
2780:
2768:. Retrieved
2754:
2742:. Retrieved
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2702:
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2674:
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2641:
2632:
2624:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2598:
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2568:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2538:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2508:
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2478:
2469:
2464:Netherlands.
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2438:
2428:
2408:
2395:
2390:
2370:
2364:
2354:13 September
2352:. Retrieved
2342:
2335:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2285:
2278:
2269:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2238:
2228:
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2129:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2099:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2067:
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2036:
2027:
2013:
2006:
1900:Cogeneration
1871:troubleshoot
1858:
1843:
1834:
1819:Please help
1807:
1756:
1755:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1691:
1676:
1673:
1665:
1646:
1613:
1590:
1579:
1552:
1542:, typically
1537:
1501:
1471:
1452:wood pellets
1444:torrefaction
1436:gasification
1430:
1413:
1383:
1360:
1331:
1328:ocean energy
1327:
1324:marine power
1323:
1319:
1318:
1297:
1263:
1252:
1240:Solar energy
1238:
1182:to generate
1177:
1144:
1124:
1121:
1112:fish screens
1097:
1088:
1079:
1051:
1024:
976:
951:
941:landfill gas
927:landfill gas
913:natural gas.
886:
872:electrolysis
730:Martinlaakso
652:
640:
636:
632:desalination
624:cogeneration
597:
522:
489:
473:
441:
398:
376:
369:
320:fossil fuels
317:
294:
277:
273:
269:
265:
263:
215:
114:
3538:Load factor
3393:Black start
3361:Transformer
3062:Natural gas
3013:Variability
2988:Peak demand
2978:Merit order
2908:Backfeeding
2770:24 December
2744:24 December
2718:24 December
2307:21 November
2136:23 December
2110:27 February
2080:21 November
1862:inspections
1761:electricity
1584:are led by
1488:and so on.
1367:tidal power
1336:ocean waves
1332:ocean power
1244:solar cells
1220:Solar power
1047:evaporation
1040:hyperboloid
1016:Camouflaged
923:natural gas
899:Gas turbine
842:steel mills
829:, landfill
781:electricity
600:heat engine
481:load factor
476:frequencies
456:transformer
425:City Temple
332:natural gas
311:creates an
270:power plant
3626:Categories
3580:production
3425:Protective
3356:Super grid
3351:Smart grid
3178:Generation
3112:Geothermal
3003:Repowering
2680:31 October
2652:18 January
2479:Energy.gov
1998:References
1866:generators
1781:Operations
1532:See also:
1363:wave power
1279:Wind power
1266:heliostats
1246:, or in a
1196:generators
1180:hydropower
1127:grey water
1062:geothermal
1049:of water.
1027:waste heat
904:Princetown
767:may use a
659:State Grid
634:of water.
608:combustion
429:Old Bailey
356:geothermal
344:renewables
297:generators
282:generation
3488:Economics
3211:Micro CHP
3089:Renewable
3072:Petroleum
3067:Oil shale
2953:Grid code
2913:Base load
2539:Sciencing
1837:July 2021
1808:does not
1730:generated
1634:Aswan Dam
1548:gigawatts
1544:megawatts
1509:base load
1440:pyrolysis
1259:Inverters
1188:penstocks
1149:sources.
1135:Minnesota
1131:Wisconsin
895:turbines.
777:generator
736:, Finland
653:In 2018,
309:conductor
228:Cape Town
87:Rectifier
3611:Category
3398:Brownout
3186:AC power
2896:Concepts
2794:Archived
2764:Archived
2738:Archived
2712:Archived
2646:Archived
2603:Archived
2573:Archived
2543:Archived
2513:Archived
2483:Archived
2443:Archived
2417:Archived
2381:67019834
2348:Archived
2325:Archived
2301:Archived
2249:13 April
2243:Archived
2214:Archived
2190:Archived
2160:Archived
2104:Archived
2074:Archived
2041:Archived
2037:BBC News
1877:See also
1740:(MW·h),
1736:(kW·h),
1356:generate
1344:salinity
1303:offshore
878:sources.
866:can use
701:Michigan
662:Archived
427:and the
421:culverts
383:Cragside
346:such as
322:such as
244:Slovakia
173:Recloser
168:Bus duct
92:Inverter
38:a series
36:Part of
3427:devices
3137:Thermal
3132:Osmotic
3127:Current
3107:Biomass
3097:Biofuel
3079:Nuclear
3036:Sources
2675:Rosatom
2449:3 March
2196:29 July
2166:29 July
2047:21 July
1829:removed
1814:sources
1456:biocoal
1432:Biomass
1419:Biomass
1396:Osmosis
1174:, China
1066:biomass
1043:chimney
948:By duty
835:biomass
831:methane
807:fission
749:Iceland
437:Newgate
394:dynamos
391:Siemens
387:England
366:History
3122:Marine
3102:Biogas
2800:29 May
2399:,
2379:
2293:
1774:a.k.a.
1714:, and
1448:syngas
1386:oceans
1346:, and
1309:Marine
1233:Nevada
925:, and
791:, and
734:Vantaa
674:Russia
571:
565:
559:
553:
547:
541:
535:
403:, the
358:, and
330:, and
307:and a
163:Busbar
3479:(GFI)
3368:(TSO)
3154:Solar
3142:Tidal
3117:Hydro
2671:(PDF)
2609:7 May
2579:7 May
2549:7 May
2519:7 May
2489:7 May
2270:Power
2220:, by
2100:Power
1766:pumps
1340:tides
1289:Texas
1214:Solar
1208:China
1172:Hubei
870:from
719:Japan
610:of a
523:2021
348:solar
3245:and
3164:Wind
3147:Wave
3057:Coal
2802:2020
2772:2020
2746:2020
2720:2020
2682:2023
2654:2017
2611:2020
2581:2020
2551:2020
2521:2020
2491:2020
2451:2017
2377:LCCN
2356:2007
2309:2015
2291:ISBN
2251:2022
2198:2020
2168:2020
2138:2023
2112:2023
2082:2015
2049:2018
1812:any
1810:cite
1658:The
1651:The
1639:The
1632:The
1618:The
1606:The
1540:watt
1384:The
1375:wind
1273:Wind
1200:Dams
1074:fans
1072:use
1068:and
775:and
657:and
612:fuel
509:and
415:. A
352:wind
324:coal
222:The
2239:Vox
2019:140
1823:by
1724:or
1573:in
1565:in
1442:or
1330:or
1322:or
1231:in
1190:to
381:at
328:oil
284:of
276:or
226:in
3628::
2788:.
2762:.
2736:.
2710:.
2673:.
2640:.
2597:.
2571:.
2567:.
2541:.
2537:.
2511:.
2507:.
2481:.
2477:.
2441:.
2437:.
2299:.
2268:.
2241:.
2237:.
2184:.
2154:.
2128:.
2098:.
2072:.
2066:.
2035:.
1718:.
1559:MW
1524:.
1484:,
1480:,
1476:,
1454:,
1450:,
1438:,
1342:,
1338:,
1291:,
1257:.
1170:,
1064:,
1060:,
1056:,
1003:,
935:,
844:,
825:,
787:,
747:,
732:,
717:,
703:,
676:.
531:.
439:.
385:,
362:.
354:,
350:,
326:,
315:.
292:.
264:A
257:,
242:,
40:on
2881:e
2874:t
2867:v
2804:.
2774:.
2748:.
2722:.
2684:.
2656:.
2613:.
2583:.
2553:.
2523:.
2493:.
2453:.
2383:.
2358:.
2311:.
2272:.
2253:.
2200:.
2170:.
2140:.
2114:.
2084:.
2051:.
2021:.
1850:)
1844:(
1839:)
1835:(
1831:.
1817:.
1014:"
929:.
837:.
205:e
198:t
191:v
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
