38:
80:
292:
closing. In 2009, the U.S. auto safety administration tentatively decided against requiring all cars to have automatic reversing power windows if they sense an obstruction while closing. Proposed requirements concern automatic ("one-touch up") window systems, but most vehicles with this feature already have automatic-reversing. The federal government made a written contract that all automakers should make the lever switches (as opposed to the rocker and toggle switches) standard on all new vehicles by 1 October 2010.
92:
1320:
1340:
161:, Buick, and Cadillac. It was only available as a package; that is, power assisted windows, front seat, and convertible top (where applicable). This feature can be identified in 1948 and later General Motors model numbers with an "X" at the end, such as the 1951 Cadillac Sixty Special sedan, model 6019X. The electrically operated hydraulic pump system was shared by
1330:
267:
holding the switch down until the window retracts. Many luxury vehicles during the 1990s expanded on this feature, to include "express-up" on the driver's window, and recently, some manufacturers have added the feature on all window switches for all passengers' convenience. This is done by activating the switch until a "click" response is felt.
284:
window. To prevent this, many vehicles feature a driver-controlled lockout switch, preventing rear-seat passengers (usually smaller children) from accidentally triggering the switches. This also prevents children from playing with them and pets riding with their heads out windows from activating the power window switch.
236:
Power windows are usually inoperable when the car is not running. This is primarily a security feature. It would be a simple thing to allow electric power windows to be operable when the ignition is turned off, however it would also make the car much easier to steal. Some systems offer the compromise
156:
The "Hydro-Electric" system (windows, front seat adjustment and convertible top) was standard on 1947 model year. The seat and window assist system became available on GM closed cars (standard on some
Cadillac Series 75 models and all Series 60 Specials, commonly called "Fleetwood" beginning with the
270:
Power windows have become so common that by 2008, some automakers eliminated hand crank windows from all their models. So many vehicles now have power windows that some people no longer understand the (formerly) common sign from another driver of using their hand to simulate moving a window crank to
283:
Power windows have come under some scrutiny after several fatal accidents in which children's necks have become trapped, leading to suffocation. Some designs place the switch in a location on a hand rest where it can be accidentally triggered by a child climbing to place his or her head out of the
144:
developed a central hydraulic pump for working convertible tops. This system was introduced on 1942 convertibles built by GM. Previously, GM had used a vacuum system which did not have the power to handle increasingly larger and complex (four side-windows vs. only two) convertible top mechanisms.
181:
and
Packard) until Chrysler introduced the all-electric operation on the 1951 Imperial. The availability of power windows increased with the use of small, high-torque electric motors. General Motors also followed with full electric operation in 1954. This included four-way and then six-way seats,
291:
Starting with the 2008 model year, U.S. government regulations required automakers to install safety mechanisms to improve child safety. However, the rules do not prevent all potential injuries to a hand, finger, or even a child's head, if someone deliberately holds the switch when the window is
266:
in the 1980s, called "retained accessory power". This allows operation of the windows and some other accessories for ten minutes or so after the engine is stopped. Another feature is the "express-down" window, which allows the window to be fully lowered with one tap on the switch, as opposed to
287:
A power window lockout switch is a popular convenience that allows the driver to prevent passengers, usually children, from using the windows. Many cars have a feature called "courtesy power on" which allows the windows to remain operational for a brief period after the key is taken out of the
204:
In a typical auto/light truck installation, there is an individual switch at each window and a set of switches in the driver's door or a-frame pillar, so the driver can operate all the windows. These switches took on many different appearances, from heavy chrome plate to inexpensive plastic.
152:
Division, Charles A. Chayne, "...had introduced an electrically controlled hydraulic system into the 1946 Buick convertibles that provided fingertip operation of the top, door windows, and front seat adjustment". These systems were based on major hydraulic advances made in military weapons in
200:
Modern heavy-duty highway tractors frequently have an option for power window controls; however, these are generally what is referred to as "straight air". That is, the compressed air system used for air brakes is also used for the windows. These types of trucks have long used compressed air
201:
cylinders for seat height adjustment. In a similar fashion to the electro-hydraulic system, the compressed air is merely released to lower the window and/or seat. The compressed air is then admitted to the respective cylinder to raise the window or seat.
228:, where they are accessible to all the occupants. In this case, the door-mounted switches can be omitted. This also removes the need to produce separate door components and wiring for left and right-hand drive variants.
168:
Ford also had a similar electro-hydraulic system on higher-end convertibles. Mercury and Ford
Sportsman convertibles (with wood trim) were equipped with power windows on four windows from 1946 through 1948 and
182:
which were introduced in 1956. Chevrolet introduced the oddity of power front windows (only) in the 1954 model. Ford also introduced full four-door power windows in sedans in 1954. The full-sized 1955
591:
288:
ignition, so that adjustments can be made without putting the key back in. Additionally, some vehicles offer the option to operate the windows from outside the car using a remote.
197:
came standard with power front and rear vent windows, in addition to standard power side windows, for a total of eight power window controls on the driver's door panel.
243:
could lower the windows at rest, since pressure from the hydraulic system was merely released to lower the window. Raising the windows required an electrically operated
474:
37:
694:
403:
726:
275:
sold in Europe, however, still has roll-up windows for the rear doors although its counterpart sold in the U.S. has power windows for all doors.
317:
79:
165:
and
Packard for their 1948 through 1950 models. The driver's door contained four buttons in addition to the remaining individual windows.
1198:
129:
body-style tops up and down by some means other than human effort. The earliest power assists were vacuum-operated and were offered on
458:
1379:
1364:
1223:
31:
1301:
1218:
1135:
617:
1374:
1082:
719:
525:
225:
642:
237:
of leaving power applied to the windows until a passenger door is opened at which time the window power is removed.
1284:
251:. These systems also required pressure lines to each cylinder (in the doors, as well as on certain cars, to the
162:
1039:
1333:
1256:
902:
712:
240:
777:
407:
178:
134:
1369:
1203:
174:
170:
271:
indicate that they wish to speak with someone when stopped at a light or in a parking lot. The 2008
1296:
1190:
1165:
1145:
1097:
865:
500:
343:
190:
42:
1339:
643:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Power-Operated Window, Partition, and Roof Panel Systems"
592:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Power-Operated Window, Partition, and Roof Panel Systems"
91:
1102:
976:
248:
194:
111:
84:
551:
1004:
735:
454:
423:
313:
256:
126:
68:
1268:
1251:
1044:
1009:
819:
809:
772:
688:
1213:
1140:
956:
885:
435:
244:
209:
664:
577:
106:
had introduced hydraulic window lifts (power windows) in fall of 1940, for its new 1941
1160:
1062:
966:
961:
141:
115:
1358:
1323:
1112:
1077:
1072:
1024:
996:
971:
897:
880:
829:
792:
782:
764:
1289:
1246:
1228:
1014:
981:
875:
870:
851:
836:
824:
814:
799:
787:
755:
122:
had a straight-electric divider window (but not side windows) on their series 75.
699:
157:
1948). The full system was standard only on the high-end GM convertibles made by
1343:
1155:
1150:
1087:
1067:
938:
183:
107:
1117:
1034:
986:
933:
846:
841:
252:
158:
57:
17:
1263:
917:
890:
860:
41:
Typical window switches with remote disable control on driver's door (1993
189:
Electrically-operated vent windows were available as early as 1956 on the
1208:
1092:
948:
907:
700:
Nice, Karim. "How Power
Windows Work." 29 January 2001. HowStuffWorks.com
272:
263:
130:
119:
96:
1029:
912:
804:
103:
221:
64:
60:
704:
259:
top). Because of the complexity, the system could also leak fluid.
552:"2008 BMW M3 vs. 2007 Audi RS 4, 2008 M-B C63 AMG Comparison Tests"
217:
213:
149:
90:
78:
36:
1107:
262:
Many modern cars have a time delay feature, first introduced by
708:
746:
177:
by 1951. These systems were used by other luxury car models (
110:
series cars. This was a hydro-electric system. In 1941, the
95:
Window controls on center console between front seats (2005
383:"Buick adds electrically controlled hydraulic systems".
125:
Power assists originated in the need and desire to move
63:
which can be raised and lowered by pressing a button or
667:. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. November 2009
532:. Vol. 38, no. 16. 18 April 1955. p. 93
332:
1941 Packard Super 8 series 180 Sales
Brochure, page 2
247:
to operate and introduce pressure at the appropriate
618:"Safety agency: Reversible auto windows unnecessary"
1277:
1239:
1189:
1178:
1128:
1055:
995:
947:
926:
763:
754:
186:"Airflyte" models featured optional power windows.
494:
492:
118:(only the limousine and seven-passenger sedans).
645:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
720:
114:followed with the first power windows on the
8:
1186:
760:
727:
713:
705:
665:"Q&As: Power windows and child safety"
578:"What is a Power Window? (With picture)"
300:
431:
421:
477:. www.oldcarbrochures.com. p. 67
404:"1947 Cadillac Series 62 Convertible"
368:"GM convertible windows powered up".
310:The Fall of Packard Motor Car Company
7:
1329:
344:"Needing a Lift, (Maybe) Finding It"
133:vehicles, particularly the low-cost
1302:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
526:"Nash steals march in 'dream cars'"
406:. HowStuffWorks com. Archived from
224:have used switches located in the
25:
616:Kroll, Kathryn (28 August 2009).
137:convertibles in the late 1930s.
1338:
1328:
1319:
1318:
745:Part of a series of articles on
153:preparation for World War II.
499:Donnelly, Jim (January 2009).
451:Cadillac, The Complete History
32:Power windows (disambiguation)
1:
1136:Approach and departure angles
312:. Stanford University Press.
140:Shortly before World War II,
83:Inside driver's door showing
342:Donelly, Jim (August 2008).
1199:Automotive light bulb types
475:"1949 Hudson Owners Manual"
308:Ward, James Arthur (1995).
1396:
689:Power Windows Are Perilous
208:However, some models like
29:
27:Feature of a motor vehicle
1314:
742:
1219:high-intensity discharge
449:Hendry, Maurice (1975).
67:, as opposed to using a
1380:20th-century inventions
241:Hydraulic drive systems
1365:Automotive electronics
903:Stressed member engine
385:Collectible Automobile
370:Collectible Automobile
148:Chief Engineer of the
100:
88:
46:
1035:Windshield/windscreen
255:and a power operated
94:
82:
40:
1204:Daytime running lamp
695:Fixing Power Windows
505:Hemmings Classic Car
348:Hemmings Classic Car
131:Chrysler Corporation
30:For other uses, see
1375:American inventions
1166:Weight distribution
1098:Omniview technology
410:on 20 February 2011
191:Continental Mark II
43:Jeep Grand Cherokee
1285:Registration plate
558:: 2. December 2007
434:has generic name (
402:(8 October 2007).
195:Cadillac Fleetwood
112:Ford Motor Company
101:
89:
85:hydraulic cylinder
47:
1352:
1351:
1310:
1309:
1174:
1173:
1005:Glass run channel
939:Trunk/boot/dickie
736:Automotive design
387:: 48. April 2010.
319:978-0-8047-2457-9
16:(Redirected from
1387:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1269:Window deflector
1252:Side-view mirror
1187:
810:Continental tire
773:Backbone chassis
761:
729:
722:
715:
706:
677:
676:
674:
672:
661:
655:
654:
652:
650:
639:
633:
632:
630:
628:
622:The Plain Dealer
613:
607:
606:
604:
602:
596:Federal Register
588:
582:
581:
574:
568:
567:
565:
563:
548:
542:
541:
539:
537:
522:
516:
515:
513:
511:
496:
487:
486:
484:
482:
471:
465:
464:
453:. Random House.
446:
440:
439:
433:
429:
427:
419:
417:
415:
398:Auto Editors of
395:
389:
388:
380:
374:
373:
372:: 14. June 2008.
365:
359:
358:
356:
354:
339:
333:
330:
324:
323:
305:
87:for power window
54:electric windows
21:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1306:
1273:
1235:
1183:
1181:
1170:
1141:Breakover angle
1124:
1051:
991:
943:
922:
750:
738:
733:
685:
680:
670:
668:
663:
662:
658:
648:
646:
641:
640:
636:
626:
624:
615:
614:
610:
600:
598:
590:
589:
585:
576:
575:
571:
561:
559:
550:
549:
545:
535:
533:
524:
523:
519:
509:
507:
498:
497:
490:
480:
478:
473:
472:
468:
461:
448:
447:
443:
430:
420:
413:
411:
397:
396:
392:
382:
381:
377:
367:
366:
362:
352:
350:
341:
340:
336:
331:
327:
320:
307:
306:
302:
298:
281:
234:
77:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1326:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1240:Other elements
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1161:Turning radius
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1063:Bumper sticker
1059:
1057:
1056:Other elements
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1001:
999:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
953:
951:
945:
944:
942:
941:
936:
930:
928:
924:
923:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
894:
893:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
857:
856:
855:
854:
839:
834:
833:
832:
827:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
796:
795:
785:
780:
775:
769:
767:
758:
752:
751:
743:
740:
739:
734:
732:
731:
724:
717:
709:
703:
702:
697:
692:
684:
683:External links
681:
679:
678:
656:
634:
608:
583:
580:. 6 June 2023.
569:
556:Car and Driver
543:
517:
488:
466:
459:
441:
400:Consumer Guide
390:
375:
360:
334:
325:
318:
299:
297:
294:
280:
277:
233:
230:
226:center console
142:General Motors
116:Lincoln Custom
76:
73:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1392:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1177:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:Hood ornament
1076:
1074:
1073:Front-end bra
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:Quarter glass
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
952:
950:
946:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
929:
925:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
892:
889:
888:
887:
884:
882:
881:Quarter panel
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
853:
850:
849:
848:
845:
844:
843:
840:
838:
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
794:
791:
790:
789:
786:
784:
783:Body-on-frame
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
768:
766:
762:
759:
757:
753:
749:
748:
741:
737:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
710:
707:
701:
698:
696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
682:
666:
660:
657:
644:
638:
635:
623:
619:
612:
609:
597:
593:
587:
584:
579:
573:
570:
557:
553:
547:
544:
531:
527:
521:
518:
506:
502:
501:"A Cut Above"
495:
493:
489:
476:
470:
467:
462:
460:9780517422816
456:
452:
445:
442:
437:
432:|author=
425:
409:
405:
401:
394:
391:
386:
379:
376:
371:
364:
361:
349:
345:
338:
335:
329:
326:
321:
315:
311:
304:
301:
295:
293:
289:
285:
278:
276:
274:
268:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
231:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
198:
196:
192:
187:
185:
180:
176:
172:
166:
164:
160:
154:
151:
146:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
98:
93:
86:
81:
74:
72:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
50:Power windows
44:
39:
33:
19:
18:Power windows
1290:vanity plate
1229:trafficators
1040:washer fluid
1020:Power window
1019:
1015:Opera window
927:Compartments
815:Crumple zone
800:Cabrio coach
744:
669:. Retrieved
659:
647:. Retrieved
637:
625:. Retrieved
621:
611:
599:. Retrieved
595:
586:
572:
560:. Retrieved
555:
546:
534:. Retrieved
529:
520:
508:. Retrieved
504:
479:. Retrieved
469:
450:
444:
412:. Retrieved
408:the original
399:
393:
384:
378:
369:
363:
351:. Retrieved
347:
337:
328:
309:
303:
290:
286:
282:
269:
261:
239:
235:
207:
203:
199:
193:. The 1960s
188:
167:
155:
147:
139:
124:
102:
69:crank handle
53:
49:
48:
1370:Car windows
1224:sealed beam
1156:Roll center
1151:Ride height
1088:Japan black
1083:Instruments
1068:Curb feeler
934:Hood/bonnet
627:26 December
562:26 December
536:26 December
510:26 December
481:26 December
353:26 December
257:convertible
127:convertible
108:Packard 180
1359:Categories
1010:Greenhouse
691:(CBS News)
601:2 November
296:References
253:power seat
159:Oldsmobile
58:automobile
1264:Tow hitch
1182:equipment
1108:Tire/tyre
967:Gull-wing
957:Butterfly
918:Trunk lid
861:Monocoque
765:Framework
232:Operation
1324:Category
1209:Headlamp
1191:Lighting
1180:Exterior
1146:Overhang
1129:Geometry
1113:run-flat
1093:Nerf bar
908:Subframe
876:Platform
866:Overhang
778:Beltline
424:cite web
273:Audi RS4
264:Cadillac
249:cylinder
179:Imperial
135:Plymouth
120:Cadillac
97:Saab 9-5
1334:Commons
1030:Sunroof
982:Suicide
977:Sliding
972:Scissor
913:Tonneau
898:Spoiler
805:Chassis
175:Lincoln
171:Mercury
104:Packard
75:History
61:windows
1344:Portal
1214:hidden
962:Canopy
871:Pillar
852:shaker
837:Grille
830:skirts
825:ponton
820:Fender
793:Dagmar
788:Bumper
671:5 July
649:5 July
457:
414:5 July
316:
279:Safety
222:Holden
163:Hudson
65:switch
1297:Theft
1278:Legal
1257:power
1118:spare
1103:Parts
1045:wiper
997:Glass
949:Doors
847:scoop
218:Mazda
214:Volvo
150:Buick
1247:Horn
987:Swan
891:rack
886:Roof
842:Hood
756:Body
747:cars
673:2010
651:2010
629:2012
603:2018
564:2012
538:2012
530:Life
512:2012
483:2012
455:ISBN
436:help
416:2010
355:2012
314:ISBN
245:pump
220:and
210:Saab
184:Nash
173:and
56:are
52:or
1361::
620:.
594:.
554:.
528:.
503:.
491:^
428::
426:}}
422:{{
346:.
216:,
212:,
99:)
71:.
45:)
728:e
721:t
714:v
675:.
653:.
631:.
605:.
566:.
540:.
514:.
485:.
463:.
438:)
418:.
357:.
322:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
