62:
436:
921:
on the
Wednesday before Thanksgiving, they go to the Virginia Governor's house in Richmond to make their yearly payment. A ceremony is held in which a deer, turkey, or fish and some pottery are presented to the governor. Before the ceremony a brunch is held where the tribes can converse with the governor. It has not always been easy for the Mattaponi and the Pamunkey to get the necessary items for their yearly payment, but they have made it a point of honor to uphold their end of the bargain.
956:
574:
1005:
Powhatan men were warriors and hunters, who traveled on foot through forests in pursuit of enemies or game. Women controlled agricultural fields and gardens. Women tended crops, and processed food, such as grinding cornmeal, and gathered wild plants, including nuts. The women also constructed hunting
920:
are the only tribes that still maintain their reservations from the 17th century. As such, these two tribes still make their yearly tribute payments, of fish and game, as stipulated by the 1646 and 1677 treaties. As far as anyone knows, the tribes have not missed a "payment" in 331 years. Every year,
1122:
The
Mamanatowick let their district and subordinate weroances make the final decision on how to handle hostile situations. This was made apparent with the events that took place in 1607 and the hostility with the newcomers (English colonists). Weroances and Priest were the only ones allowed to enter
877:
long respected its southern boundary established by this treaty, refusing to recognize settlements beyond it as late as 1705. However, the ban on settling north of the York River was lifted on
September 1, 1649, and a wave of new immigrants quickly flooded the northern tribes, leaving them scattered
1018:
was the creator of life. Oke was the lesser twin god who accepted sacrifices and was prayed to for help. Beneath these two were many other spirits. The
Powhatan tried to appease Oke with various offerings such as jewelry and tobacco. Religious leaders were advisors to tribal leaders. It is believed
896:
In 1650, another treaty reserved land for the creation of Indian towns, where 50 acres (200,000 m) of land was granted per warrior. These lands became smaller and smaller in the following years. Tracts were surveyed for the remaining tribes in the following decades, but these quickly shrank as
806:
As part of the treaty of 1646, the size of
Tsenacommacah was reduced. The boundaries specified in the treaty separated Virginia Indian lands from those that were considered colonial territory, and restricted crossings to those on official business. Badges were required for all visitors. The treaty
1130:
and other sources. The names of their respective chieftaincies were also commonly used as titles, exactly analogous to
European peerages, so that the Weroance of Arrohattec (whose given name was Ashaquid) was often referred to simply as "Arrohattec", much as the Earl of Essex would be referred to
1051:
period) through the early contact period. Work since then has added to their belief that this is the location of
Werowocomoco. The site is on a farm bordering on Purtan Bay of the York River, about 12 nautical miles (22 km) from Jamestown. The more than 50 acres (200,000 m) residential
904:, the Treaty of Middle Plantation was signed by many Virginia Indian leaders in 1677, limiting Tsenocommacah even further. The treaty set up six reservations, reinforced the annual tribute payment to the English, and more fully acknowledged the Virginia tribes' subjection to the King of England.
934:
The population of
Tsenacommacah was 14,000 to 21,000 people by 1607. The tribes shared mutually intelligible dialects of the Powhatan language. The language, however, died out by the 1790s after the people switched to English. Much of the language has been forgotten, and is only known from two
1052:
settlement extends up to 1,000 feet (300 m) back from the river. In 2004, researchers excavated two curving ditches of 200 feet (60 m) at the far edge, which were constructed about 1400 CE. In addition to extensive artifacts from hundreds of years of
1648:
1123:
into religious temples. A weroance did not go to meet any visitor, visitors were escorted to see a weroance. The weroance, their wives, and councilors often dressed in the finest jewels, and tanned deer skin.
986:. A village became unusable as soil productivity gradually declined and local fish and game were depleted, so they periodically moved their villages from site to site. Villagers cleared the fields by felling,
1001:
The
Powhatan primarily used fires to heat their sleeping rooms. As a result, less bedding was needed, and bedding materials could be easily stored during daytime hours. Couples typically slept head to foot.
1047:, measurements which conflict with each other. In 2003, archaeologists initiated excavations at a site in Gloucester County that revealed an extensive Indigenous settlement from about 1200 CE (the late
994:
and stumps. The natives also used fire to maintain extensive areas of open game habitat throughout the East, later called "barrens" by
European colonists. The Powhatan also had rich fishing grounds.
1638:
1198:; and after their decease to his sisters. First to the eldest sister, then to the rest: and after them to the heires male and female of the eldest sister; but never to the heires of the males.
748:
The Accawmacke, located on the Eastern Shore across the Chesapeake Bay, were paid nominal tribute to the Powhatan Chiefdom, but enjoyed autonomy under their own Paramount Chief or "Emperor",
1043:
The English colonists described Werowocomoco as only 15 miles (24 km) as the crow flies from Jamestown, but they also described as 25 miles (40 km) downstream from present-day
1006:
camps in advance of the men. Women were also likely barbers. They decorated homes and produced embellished clothing. The Powhatan domestic economy depended on the labor of both sexes.
1623:
1235:
Waugaman, Sandra F. and Danielle Moretti-Langholtz, Ph.D. We're Still Here: Contemporary Virginia Indians Tell Their Stories. Richmond: Palri Publishing, 2006 (revised edition)
1036:, located in present-day Gloucester County. The second capital, the village of Powhatan was believed to be in the present-day Powhatan Hill section of the eastern part of
1273:
Rountree, Helen C. and E. Randolph Turner III. Before and After Jamestown: Virginia's Powhatans and Their Predecessors. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.
1643:
1618:
912:
All of the reservations, save two, were lost over the next two centuries. Even so, many of the remaining tribes still live in or near their ancestral lands. The
694:, had originally controlled only six tribes, but throughout the late 16th century, he added more tribes to his nation, through diplomacy or force. He added the
1056:
settlement, researchers have found a variety of trade goods related to the brief interaction of Native Americans and English in the early years of Jamestown.
799:
A peace treaty, signed in 1646, brought an end to the conflicts between the Powhatan and the English. The treaty was signed by Opechancanough's successor
1633:
1461:"Excerpt from the National Park Service Approved Statement of Significance for the Proposed Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Water Trail"
61:
1471:
762:
By early 1609, relations had begun to sour between the Powhatan and English colonists. As a result, Wahunsenacawh moved his primary residence from
1613:
1224:
1496:
439:
John Smith's map of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. The map details the location of numerous villages within Tsenacommacah ca. 1612
537:. More precisely, its boundaries spanned 100 miles (160 km) by 100 miles (160 km) from near the south side of the mouth of the
1537:
1519:
701:
By 1607, Wahunsenacawh controlled more than 30 tribes. The original six tribes under Wahunsenacawh were: the Powhatan (proper), the
691:
657:
493:
221:
146:
975:, were constructed by bending saplings and laying woven mats or bark over top of the saplings. All of Virginia's natives practiced
1285:
773:
By 1614, Wahunsenacawh had again moved his primary residence, this time further northwest to a location on the north bank of the
807:
also established the payment of a yearly tribute to the English, as well as delineating a number of tribal land reservations.
419:
394:
380:
366:
352:
338:
324:
1628:
595:
591:
1245:
638:
1592:
1608:
1084:
610:
870:, occupying the peninsulas north of the York, were cut off from the southern tribes by the English colonial authorities.
1134:
When the first English colonists arrived in Virginia, some of the weroances subject to the paramount chief Powhatan, or
943:. However, there have been attempts to reconstruct the language, particularly from linguists like Frank T. Siebert and
546:
617:
1153:, was also a son of the paramount chief, whom he had appointed there after slaying their previous ruler in ca. 1598.
803:β Opechancanough himself was captured by English colonists and killed by a settler assigned to guard him in 1646.
584:
1074:
534:
1146:("little") Powhatan, said by Strachey to be a son of the paramount chief Powhatan, and often confused with same.
624:
435:
112:
1557:
1186:
His kingdome descendeth not to his sonnes nor children: but first to his brethren, whereof he hath 3 namely
1460:
1179:
793:
606:
1562:
A map of Virginia. With a description of the countrey, the Commodities, People, Government and Religions
1014:
The original Powhatan religion was documented by Europeans. The Powhatans believed in two primary Gods.
886:, received 5,000 acres (20 km) for his tribe along both sides of the upper Pamunkey River, and the
1321:
1163:, but increased in power, and came to be the effective ruler of the entire Powhatan Confederacy after
1044:
960:
901:
742:
695:
274:
835:
261:
248:
235:
208:
1587:
788:
Wahunsenacawh died in 1618, after which the chiefdom was ultimately passed to his younger brother
1561:
1442:
1066:
1053:
1037:
968:
940:
867:
839:
782:
767:
722:
530:
412:
1187:
1195:
863:
796:
as well as a second attack in 1644. Both attacks provoked retaliations from English colonists.
158:
1515:
1434:
1417:
Rountree, Helen C. (1998). "Powhatan Indian Women: The People Captain John Smith Barely Saw".
1220:
1061:
684:
557:
102:
45:
1568:. Ed. Philip L. Barbour. Chapel Hill: University Press of Virginia, 1983. Vol. 1, pp. 305-63.
1079:
823:
1426:
1127:
936:
449:
631:
1541:
1534:
1289:
991:
874:
676:
1581:
1282:
1191:
1156:
1116:
1088:
995:
976:
944:
789:
778:
774:
287:
170:
690:
The paramount chief of the Powhatan people in the late 16th and early 17th centuries,
1602:
1164:
1070:
766:, off the York River, to Orapax (or Orapakes), located in a swamp at the head of the
542:
122:
745:, but they managed to preserve their autonomy from the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom.
1512:
Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough : three Indian lives changed by Jamestown
1033:
955:
763:
734:
75:
1171:
In Tsenacommacah, women could inherit power, because the inheritance of power was
1252:
17:
1395:
Brown, Hutch (Summer 2000). "Wildland Burning by American Indians in Virginia".
1385:
Kimberlain, Joanne. "We're Still Here." Virginian-Pilot. June 7β9, 2009: Print.
1172:
979:
883:
800:
706:
573:
538:
194:
182:
1032:
Tsenacommacah originally had two capitals. The main capital was the village of
1150:
851:
847:
811:
750:
702:
357:
343:
1438:
1305:
Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough: Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown
917:
859:
855:
831:
815:
738:
730:
718:
714:
385:
1403:(3). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 30β33.
1514:. Charlottesville (Va.): University of Virginia press. p. Chapter 2.
1160:
1126:
Several of the weroances' personal names were known and some recorded by
1111:
if female), and Tsenacommacah as a whole was ruled by a paramount chief (
1048:
1019:
that Powhatans would make offerings and pray to the sun during sunrises.
987:
913:
887:
843:
827:
726:
710:
526:
399:
371:
329:
878:
and isolated on ever-shrinking patches of land. That year, the Pamunkey
822:
retreated to the south, becoming independent of Necotowance, as did the
777:
known as Matchut, which was not far from where Wahunsenacawh's brother
598: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1446:
1040:, or perhaps nearby in a location that became part of Tree Hill Farm.
897:
they were either sold off or in some cases actually seized outright.
893:, Ossakican was reserved 5,000 acres (20 km) on the Piankatank.
819:
1059:
Around 1609, Wahunsenacawh shifted his capital from Werowocomoco to
1430:
741:. Another closely related tribe of the same language group was the
1374:
We're Still Here: Contemporary Virginia Indians Tell Their Stories
1015:
983:
954:
810:
Among the surviving tribes of the now-dissolved confederacy, the
990:, or firing trees at the base and then using fire to reduce the
567:
529:
people to their native homeland, the area encompassing all of
1219:, University of California Press; New Edition (January 1982)
1077:. Sometime between 1611 and 1614, he moved further north to
1649:
Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America
485:
479:
464:
458:
1159:, Chief Powhatan's younger brother, was a weroance of the
675:
The Powhatan were part of a powerful political network of
473:
1372:
Waugaman, Sandra F. and Danielle-Moretti Langholtz, PhD.
1142:
Parahunt, Weroance of the Powhatan (proper), also called
1332:
Wood, Karenne. The Virginia Indian Heritage Trail, 2007.
1497:"How did the Powhatan express their religious beliefs?"
1283:
Virginia Secretary of Natural Resources β Doug Domenech
1376:. Richmond: Palari Publishing, 2006 (revised edition).
1138:(Wahunsenacawh) were his own nearest male relatives:
998:
had migrated to this area by the early 15th century.
494:
482:
470:
461:
455:
452:
1639:
Former regions and territories of the United States
476:
467:
284:
271:
258:
245:
232:
218:
204:
188:
176:
164:
152:
140:
128:
118:
108:
98:
71:
32:
1246:"The Chesapeake Bay Region and Its People in 1607"
1368:
1366:
1364:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1299:
1297:
1269:
1267:
1265:
37:
545:and from the Eastern Shore west to about the
8:
1624:Former territorial entities in North America
1595:, Historic Jamestowne, National Park Service
1566:The Complete Works of John Smith (1580-1631)
1131:just as "Essex" instead of a personal name.
541:all the way north to the south end of the
60:
29:
1217:Struggle and Survival in Colonial America
1115:) named Wahunsenacawh, or more popularly
658:Learn how and when to remove this message
1468:The Chesapeake Bay Region and Its People
1065:, located in a swamp at the head of the
434:
1470:. National Park Service. Archived from
1208:
1099:Each tribe had its own name and chief (
721:. Other affiliated groups included the
1593:Chronology of Powhatan Indian Activity
1535:List of weroances recorded by Strachey
959:Reconstructed Powhatan village at the
560:, and means βdensely inhabited land.β
27:Native homeland of the Powhatan people
1644:Cultural regions of the United States
1619:Former countries of the United States
1412:
1410:
1307:. University of Virginia Press, 2005.
1069:, near the modern-day interchange of
283:
270:
257:
244:
231:
217:
213:
187:
175:
163:
151:
139:
135:
127:
7:
596:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1634:Former countries in North America
1215:David G. Sweet and Gary B. Nash:
224:creates the Powhatan Confederacy
66:The Powhatan Confederacy ca. 1607
572:
448:
417:
392:
378:
364:
350:
336:
322:
583:needs additional citations for
1:
1614:Pre-Columbian cultural areas
1510:Rountree, Helen C. (2005).
754:(aka "The Laughing King").
525:) is the name given by the
1665:
1149:Pochins, Weroance of the
1087:on the north bank of the
505:in English; also written
301:
297:
249:Second Anglo-Powhatan War
214:
200:
142:β’ late 16th c.β1618
136:
59:
54:
1322:Powhatan Indian Lifeways
826:or Powhatan proper. The
262:Third Anglo-Powhatan War
236:First Anglo-Powhatan War
113:Native American religion
1588:The Anglo-Powhatan Wars
1180:John Smith of Jamestown
794:Indian Massacre of 1622
38:
1354:Helen Rountree, 1990,
1341:Helen Rountree, 1990,
1200:
971:. Their homes, called
967:The Powhatan lived in
964:
963:living-history museum.
440:
1629:Former confederations
1584:, The Other Jamestown
1397:Fire Management Today
1184:
958:
438:
99:Common languages
1609:Powhatan Confederacy
1540:May 9, 2008, at the
961:Jamestown Settlement
683:. Members spoke the
681:Powhatan Confederacy
679:tribes known as the
592:improve this article
34:Powhatan Confederacy
1356:Pocahontas's People
1343:Pocahontas's People
1303:Rountree, Helen C.
1085:King William County
908:Contemporary tribes
671:Origins and contact
209:Early modern period
1554:A Map of Virginia.
1288:2012-02-24 at the
1067:Chickahominy River
1038:Richmond, Virginia
969:Tidewater Virginia
965:
941:Captain John Smith
935:wordlists made by
768:Chickahominy River
531:Tidewater Virginia
441:
413:Colony of Virginia
1225:978-0-520-04501-9
1177:A Map of Virginia
1167:'s death in 1618.
1083:, in present-day
982:, and cultivated
902:Bacon's Rebellion
685:Powhatan language
668:
667:
660:
642:
558:Powhatan language
533:and parts of the
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
405:
404:
275:Bacon's Rebellion
190:β’ 1646β1657
178:β’ 1646β1655
166:β’ 1619β1646
154:β’ 1618β1619
94:
88:
82:
81:(late 1500sβ1609)
55:Late 16th c.β1677
18:Powhatan Chiefdom
16:(Redirected from
1656:
1569:
1564:, also Repr. in
1550:
1544:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1477:on 26 March 2009
1476:
1465:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1319:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1251:. Archived from
1250:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1213:
1128:William Strachey
937:William Strachey
663:
656:
652:
649:
643:
641:
600:
576:
568:
519:Attanoughkomouck
501:
497:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
421:
420:
409:
408:
396:
395:
382:
381:
368:
367:
354:
353:
340:
339:
326:
325:
319:
318:
303:
302:
91:
85:
79:
64:
49:
41:
30:
21:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1599:
1598:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1551:
1547:
1542:Wayback Machine
1533:
1529:
1522:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1295:
1290:Wayback Machine
1281:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1097:
1030:
1025:
1012:
953:
932:
927:
910:
875:Virginia Colony
760:
677:Virginia Indian
673:
664:
653:
647:
644:
607:"Tsenacommacah"
601:
599:
589:
577:
566:
556:comes from the
549:of the rivers.
499:
495:
451:
447:
418:
393:
379:
365:
351:
337:
323:
290:
277:
264:
251:
238:
225:
191:
179:
167:
155:
143:
92:
86:
80:
67:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1662:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1577:
1576:External links
1574:
1571:
1570:
1545:
1527:
1520:
1502:
1488:
1452:
1431:10.2307/483170
1406:
1387:
1378:
1360:
1347:
1334:
1325:
1309:
1293:
1275:
1261:
1258:on 2016-06-01.
1237:
1228:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1192:Opechancanough
1169:
1168:
1157:Opechancanough
1154:
1147:
1117:Chief Powhatan
1096:
1093:
1089:Pamunkey River
1075:Interstate 295
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1011:
1008:
977:slash-and-burn
952:
949:
945:Blair A. Rudes
931:
928:
926:
923:
909:
906:
792:, who led the
790:Opechancanough
779:Opechancanough
775:Pamunkey River
759:
756:
672:
669:
666:
665:
580:
578:
571:
565:
562:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
415:
406:
403:
402:
397:
389:
388:
383:
375:
374:
369:
361:
360:
355:
347:
346:
341:
333:
332:
327:
315:
314:
309:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
288:Treaty of 1677
285:
282:
281:
278:
272:
269:
268:
265:
259:
256:
255:
252:
246:
243:
242:
239:
233:
230:
229:
226:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
206:
205:Historical era
202:
201:
198:
197:
192:
189:
186:
185:
180:
177:
174:
173:
171:Opchanacanough
168:
165:
162:
161:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
73:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
52:
51:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1661:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:Tsenacommacah
1580:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:Joseph Barnes
1555:
1552:Smith, John.
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1521:0-8139-2323-9
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1165:Wahunsenacawh
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1071:Interstate 64
1068:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
978:
974:
970:
962:
957:
950:
948:
946:
942:
938:
929:
924:
922:
919:
915:
907:
905:
903:
898:
894:
892:
889:
885:
881:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
804:
802:
797:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
757:
755:
753:
752:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:Rappahannocks
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
692:Wahunsenacawh
688:
686:
682:
678:
670:
662:
659:
651:
648:November 2022
640:
637:
633:
630:
626:
623:
619:
616:
612:
609: β
608:
604:
603:Find sources:
597:
593:
587:
586:
581:This section
579:
575:
570:
569:
563:
561:
559:
555:
554:Tsenacommacah
550:
548:
544:
543:Potomac River
540:
536:
535:Eastern Shore
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:
490:
445:
444:Tsenacommacah
437:
416:
414:
411:
410:
407:
401:
398:
391:
390:
387:
384:
377:
376:
373:
370:
363:
362:
359:
356:
349:
348:
345:
342:
335:
334:
331:
328:
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
279:
276:
266:
263:
253:
250:
240:
237:
227:
223:
222:Wahunsenacawh
210:
207:
203:
199:
196:
193:
184:
181:
172:
169:
160:
157:
148:
147:Wahunsenacawh
145:
131:
124:
123:Confederation
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
89:
77:
74:
70:
63:
58:
53:
47:
40:
39:Tsenacommacah
31:
19:
1565:
1553:
1548:
1530:
1511:
1505:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1472:the original
1467:
1455:
1422:
1419:Ethnohistory
1418:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1373:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1328:
1304:
1278:
1253:the original
1240:
1231:
1216:
1211:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1143:
1136:mamanatowick
1135:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:mamanatowick
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1078:
1060:
1058:
1042:
1034:Werowocomoco
1031:
1013:
1004:
1000:
972:
966:
933:
911:
899:
895:
890:
879:
872:
840:Rappahannock
836:Chickahominy
809:
805:
798:
787:
772:
764:Werowocomoco
761:
749:
747:
743:Chickahominy
735:Warraskoyack
700:
689:
680:
674:
654:
645:
635:
628:
621:
614:
602:
590:Please help
585:verification
582:
553:
551:
523:Attan-Akamik
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:Tscenocomoco
506:
446:(pronounced
443:
442:
312:Succeeded by
311:
306:
228:Late 16th c.
129:Mamanatowick
83:
76:Werowocomoco
1425:(1): 1β29.
1173:matrilineal
1107:if male or
980:agriculture
884:Totopotomoi
868:Onawmanient
848:Wiccocomico
812:Appomattocs
801:Necotowance
783:Youghtanund
707:Appamattuck
539:James River
515:Tenakomakah
511:Tsenacomoco
307:Preceded by
195:Totopotomoi
183:Necotowance
87:(1609β1614)
78:, Powhatan
1603:Categories
1203:References
1188:Opitchapan
1151:Kecoughtan
1109:weroansqua
1095:Leadership
1054:Indigenous
1045:West Point
1023:Government
930:Population
900:Following
852:Patawomeck
816:Nansemonds
751:Debedeavon
717:, and the
703:Arrohateck
696:Kecoughtan
618:newspapers
358:Appomattoc
344:Arrohattoc
119:Government
1481:6 January
1439:0014-1801
1358:, p. 116.
1345:, p. 110.
1196:Catataugh
1182:explains:
1101:werowance
951:Lifestyle
918:Mattaponi
864:Sekakawon
860:Nanzatico
856:Morattico
832:Mattaponi
820:Weyanokes
781:ruled at
739:Nansemond
731:Paspahegh
719:Chiskiack
715:Mattaponi
698:by 1598.
552:The term
547:Fall Line
386:Mattaponi
267:1644-1646
254:1622-1626
241:1610-1614
159:Opichapum
109:Religion
84:Orapakes
1560:, 1612.
1556:Oxford:
1538:Archived
1286:Archived
1161:Pamunkey
1105:weroance
1062:Orapakes
1049:Woodland
1028:Capitals
1010:Religion
988:girdling
973:yehakins
914:Pamunkey
891:weroance
888:Kiskiack
880:weroance
844:Kiskiack
828:Pamunkey
824:Powhites
727:Weyanoak
711:Pamunkey
527:Powhatan
400:Kiskiack
372:Pamunkey
330:Powhatan
103:Powhatan
93:(1614β?)
90:Matchut
46:Powhatan
1080:Matchut
925:Society
758:Warfare
632:scholar
564:History
286:β’
273:β’
260:β’
247:β’
234:β’
220:β’
72:Capital
1518:
1447:483170
1445:
1437:
1223:
1194:, and
866:, and
818:, and
737:, and
713:, the
709:, the
705:, the
634:
627:
620:
613:
605:
521:, and
132:
42:
1475:(PDF)
1464:(PDF)
1443:JSTOR
1256:(PDF)
1249:(PDF)
1175:. In
1016:Ahone
996:Bison
992:slash
984:maize
639:JSTOR
625:books
502:-Ι-kΙ
1516:ISBN
1483:2024
1435:ISSN
1221:ISBN
1144:Tanx
1073:and
939:and
916:and
873:The
611:news
293:1677
280:1676
1427:doi
594:by
500:KOM
498:-Ι-
496:SEN
1605::
1466:.
1441:.
1433:.
1423:45
1421:.
1409:^
1401:60
1399:.
1363:^
1312:^
1296:^
1264:^
1190:,
1119:.
1091:.
947:.
882:,
862:,
858:,
854:,
850:,
846:,
842:,
838:,
834:,
830:,
814:,
785:.
770:.
733:,
729:,
725:,
687:.
517:,
513:,
509:,
1524:.
1499:.
1485:.
1449:.
1429::
1103:/
661:)
655:(
650:)
646:(
636:Β·
629:Β·
622:Β·
615:Β·
588:.
489:/
486:Ι
483:k
480:Ι
477:m
474:Ι
471:k
468:Λ
465:Ι
462:n
459:Ι
456:s
453:Λ
450:/
48:)
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
