2846:; Zody, Michael; Jiang, Rays; Handsaker, Robert; Cano, Liliana; Grabherr, Manfred; Kodira, Chinnappa; Raffaele, Sylvain; Torto-Alalibo, Trudy; Bozkurt, Tolga; Ah-Fong, Audrey; Alvarado, Lucia; Anderson, Vicky; Armstrong, Miles; Avrova, Anna; Baxter, Laura; Beynon, Jim; Boevink, Petra; Bollmann, Stephanie; Bos, Jorunn; Bulone, Vincent; Cai, Guohong; Cakir, Cahid; Carrington, James; Chawner, Megan; Conti, Lucio; Costanzo, Stefano; Ewan, Richard; Fahlgren, Noah; Fischbach, Michael; Fugelstad, Johanna; Gilroy, Eleanor; Gnerre, Sante; Green, Pamela; Grenville-Briggs, Laura; Griffith, John; GrĂŒnwald, Niklaus; Horn, Karolyn; Horner, Neil; Hu, Chia-Hui; Huitema, Edgar; Jeong, Dong-Hoon; Jones, Alexandra; Jones, Jonathan; Jones, Richard; Karlsson, Elinor; Kunjeti, Sridhara; Lamour, Kurt; Liu, Zhenyu; Ma, LiJun; MacLean, Daniel; Chibucos, Marcus; McDonald, Hayes; McWalters, Jessica; Meijer, Harold; Morgan, William; Morris, Paul; Munro, Carol; O'Neill, Keith; Ospina-Giraldo, Manuel; PinzĂłn, AndrĂ©s; Pritchard, Leighton; Ramsahoye, Bernard; Ren, Qinghu; Restrepo, Silvia; Roy, Sourav; Sadanandom, Ari; Savidor, Alon; Schornack, Sebastian; Schwartz, David; Schumann, Ulrike; Schwessinger, Ben; Seyer, Lauren; Sharpe, Ted; Silvar, Cristina; Song, Jing; Studholme, David; Sykes, Sean; Thines, Marco; van de Vondervoort, Peter; Phuntumart, Vipaporn; Wawra, Stephan; Weide, Rob; Win, Joe; Young, Carolyn; Zhou, Shiguo; Fry, William; Meyers, Blake; van West, Pieter; Ristaino, Jean; Govers, Francine; Birch, Paul; Whisson, Stephen; Judelson, Howard; Nusbaum, Chad (2009).
1238:
1464:
371:
1882:
1357:. Then in 1980 suddenly greater diversity and A2 appeared in Europe. In 1981 it was found in the Netherlands, United Kingdom, 1985 in Sweden, the early 1990s in Norway and Finland, 1996 in Denmark, and 1999 in Iceland. In the UK new A1 lineages only replaced the old lineage by end of the '80s, and A2 spread even more slowly, with Britain having low levels and Ireland (north and Republic) having none-to-trace detections through the '90s. Many of the strains that appeared outside of Mexico since the 1980s have been more aggressive, leading to increased crop losses. In Europe since 2013 the populations have been tracked by the EuroBlight network (see links below). Some of the differences between strains may be related to variation in the RXLR effectors that are present.
339:
353:
346:
360:
44:
1681:
66:
1508:, and Romano. Some so-called resistant varieties can resist some strains of blight and not others, so their performance may vary depending on which are around. These crops have had polygenic resistance bred into them, and are known as "field resistant". New varieties such as Sarpo Mira and Sarpo Axona show great resistance to blight even in areas of heavy infestation. Defender is an American cultivar whose parentage includes
1452:
1348:
from Mexico appears to be the predominant cause of genetic diversity, as opposed to sexual recombination within potato or tomato fields. In 1976 â due to a summer drought in Europe â there was a potato production shortfall and so eating potatoes were imported to fill the shortfall. It is thought that
468:
where they infect young tubers, and the spores can also travel long distances on the wind. The early stages of blight are easily missed. Symptoms include the appearance of dark blotches on leaf tips and plant stems. White mold will appear under the leaves in humid conditions and the whole plant may
4229:
Socaciu, Andreea Iulia; IonuĆŁ, RÄzvan; Socaciu, Mihai Adrian; Ungur, Andreea Petra; BĂąrsan, Maria; Chiorean, Angelica; Socaciu, Carmen; RĂąjnoveanu, Armand
Gabriel (2020-07-21). "Melatonin, an ubiquitous metabolic regulator: functions, mechanisms and effects on circadian disruption and degenerative
2731:
Cooke, David E. L.; Cano, Liliana M.; Raffaele, Sylvain; Bain, Ruairidh A.; Cooke, Louise R.; Etherington, Graham J.; Deahl, Kenneth L.; Farrer, Rhys A.; Gilroy, Eleanor M.; Goss, Erica M.; GrĂŒnwald, Niklaus J.; Hein, Ingo; MacLean, Daniel; McNicol, James W.; Randall, Eva; Oliva, Ricardo F.; Pel,
479:
survives poorly in nature apart from on its plant hosts. Under most conditions, the hyphae and asexual sporangia can survive for only brief periods in plant debris or soil, and are generally killed off during frosts or very warm weather. The exceptions involve oospores, and hyphae present within
1331:
have occurred several times throughout history, probably linked to the movement of tubers. Until the 1970s, the A2 mating type was restricted to Mexico, but now in many regions of the world both A1 and A2 isolates can be found in the same region. The co-occurrence of the two mating types is
1479:
Breeding for resistance, particularly in potato plants, has had limited success in part due to difficulties in crossing cultivated potato to its wild relatives, which are the source of potential resistance genes. In addition, most resistance genes only work against a subset of
1495:
Potato and tomato varieties vary in their susceptibility to blight. Most early varieties are very vulnerable; they should be planted early so that the crop matures before blight starts (usually in July in the
Northern Hemisphere). Many old crop varieties, such as
1932:, Flanders, in the June 1845, and resulted in the Flemish potato harvest failing that summer, yields declining 75-80%, leading to an estimated forty thousand deaths in the locale. All of the potato-growing countries in Europe would be affected, within a year.
1590:. An example of such took place in the United States during the 2009 growing season. As colder than average for the season and with greater than average rainfall, there was a major infestation of tomato plants, specifically in the eastern states. By using
5336:
Fry, W. E.; Birch, P. R. J.; Judelson, H. S.; GrĂŒnwald, N. J.; Danies, G.; Everts, K. L.; Gevens, A. J.; Gugino, B. K.; Johnson, D. A.; Johnson, S. B.; McGrath, M. T.; Myers, K. L.; Ristaino, J. B.; Roberts, P. D.; Secor, G.; Smart, C. D. (2015).
3844:
Cooke, L. R.; Schepers, H. T. A. M.; Hermansen, A.; Bain, R. A.; Bradshaw, N. J.; Ritchie, F.; Shaw, D. S.; Evenhuis, A.; Kessel, G. J. T.; Wander, J. G. N.; Andersson, B.; Hansen, J. G.; Hannukkala, A.; NĂŠrstad, R.; Nielsen, B. J. (2011-05-24).
1424:
If infected tubers make it into a storage bin, there is a very high risk to the storage life of the entire bin. Once in storage, there isn't much that can be done besides emptying the parts of the bin that contain tubers infected with
1237:
459:
completes its life cycle on potato or tomato foliage in about five days. Sporangia develop on the leaves, spreading through the crop when temperatures are above 10 °C (50 °F) and humidity is over 75â80% for 2 days or more.
2011:. Whether a weapon based on the pathogen would be effective is questionable, due to the difficulties in delivering viable pathogen to an enemy's fields, and the role of uncontrollable environmental factors in spreading the disease.
5507:
Haverkort, A. J.; Boonekamp, P. M; Hutten, R.; Jacobsen, E; Lotz, L.; Kessel, G.; Van der Vossen, E.; et al. (2008), "Societal costs of late blight in potato and prospects of durable resistance through cisgenic modification",
1667:
of airborne sporangia collected in air samplers. Whilst these methods show potential to allow detection of sporangia in advance of occurrence of detectable disease symptoms on plants, and would thus be useful in enhancing existing
4073:
3953:
Ghislain, Marc; Byarugaba, Arinaitwe Abel; Magembe, Eric; Njoroge, Anne; Rivera, Cristina; RomĂĄn, MarĂa Lupe; Tovar, JosĂ© Carlos; Gamboa, Soledad; Forbes, Gregory A.; Kreuze, Jan F.; Barekye, Alex; Kiggundu, Andrew (2018-12-21).
1336:, however, is oospore formation thought to play a role in overwintering. In other parts of Europe, increasing genetic diversity has been observed as a consequence of sexual reproduction. This is notable since different forms of
1725:
became resistant to metalaxyl, but in subsequent years many populations shifted back to sensitivity. To reduce the occurrence of resistance, it is strongly advised to use single-target fungicides such as metalaxyl along with
1463:
480:
tubers. The persistence of viable pathogen within tubers, such as those that are left in the ground after the previous year's harvest or left in cull piles is a major problem in disease management. In particular,
1260:, which is also the origin of potatoes. A recent study evaluated these two alternate hypotheses and found conclusive support for central Mexico being the center of origin. Support for Mexico â specifically the
3202:
GrĂŒnwald, N. J.; Flier, W. G.; Sturbaum, A. K.; Garay-Serrano, E.; Van Den Bosch, T. B. M.; Smart, C. D.; Matuszak, J. M.; Lozoya-Saldaña, H.; Turkensteen, L. J.; Fry, W. E. (2001). "Population
Structure of
4121:
Song, Junqi; Bradeen, James M.; Naess, S. Kristine; Raasch, John A.; Wielgus, Susan M.; Haberlach, Geraldine T.; Liu, Jia; Kuang, Hanhui; Austin-Phillips, Sandra; Jiang, Jiming (2003), "Gene RB cloned from
5238:
Fones, Helen N.; Bebber, Daniel P.; Chaloner, Thomas M.; Kay, William T.; Steinberg, Gero; Gurr, Sarah J. (2020-06-02). "Threats to global food security from emerging fungal and oomycete crop pathogens".
1429:
To increase the probability of successfully storing potatoes from a field where late blight was known to occur during the growing season, some products can be applied just prior to entering storage (e.g.
1519:
Genetic engineering may also provide options for generating resistance cultivars. A resistance gene effective against most known strains of blight has been identified from a wild relative of the potato,
1172:
toxins. Overall the genome was found to have an extremely high repeat content (around 74%) and to have an unusual gene distribution in that some areas contain many genes whereas others contain very few.
3248:
Flier, W. G.; GrĂŒnwald, N. J.; Kroon, L. P. N. M.; Sturbaum, A. K.; Van Den Bosch, T. B. M.; Garay-Serrano, E.; Lozoya-Saldaña, H.; Fry, W. E.; Turkensteen, L. J. (2003). "The population structure of
1349:
this was the vehicle for mating type A2 to reach the rest of the world. In any case, there had been little diversity, consisting of the US-1 strain, and of that only one type of: mating type, mtDNA,
4710:
4182:
Jacobsen, E.; Schouten, H. J. (2008). "Cisgenesis, a New Tool for
Traditional Plant Breeding, Should be Exempted from the Regulation on Genetically Modified Organisms in a Step by Step Approach".
4738:
4074:
https://www.uidaho.edu/-/media/UIdaho-Responsive/Files/cals/programs/potatoes/Storage/storage-mangement-options-for-disease-control-05.pdf?la=en&hash=4D7C3002141D9F3C6040C66B5286E75A2DC8203C
276:
production is favored at temperatures below 15 °C (59 °F). Lesion growth rates are typically optimal at a slightly warmer temperature range of 20 to 24 °C (68 to 75 °F).
4628:
1705:. In susceptible varieties, sometimes fungicide applications may be needed weekly. An early spray is most effective. The choice of fungicide can depend on the nature of local strains of
3538:
CĂĄrdenas, M.; Grajales, A.; Sierra, R.; Rojas, A.; GonzĂĄlez-Almario, A.; Vargas, A.; MarĂn, M.; FermĂn, G.; Lagos, L. E.; GrĂŒnwald, N. J.; Bernal, A.; Salazar, C.; Restrepo, S. (2011).
469:
quickly collapse. Infected tubers develop grey or dark patches that are reddish brown beneath the skin, and quickly decay to a foul-smelling mush caused by the infestation of secondary
1652:
Based on these conditions and other factors, several tools have been developed to help growers manage the disease and plan fungicide applications. Often these are deployed as part of
370:
2014:
Late blight (A2 type) has not yet been detected in
Australia and strict biosecurity measures are in place. The disease has been seen in China, India and south-east Asian countries.
3767:
Nowakowska, Marzena; et al. (3 October 2014), "Appraisal of artificial screening techniques of tomato to accurately reflect field performance of the late blight resistance",
4049:
1881:
1421:
similar to what occurs in some plant-viral interactions whereby cells surrounding the initial point of infection are killed in order to prevent proliferation of the pathogen.
2939:
4693:
1939:
in
Ireland in 1845â52 was one of the factors which caused over one million to starve to death and forced another two million to emigrate. Most commonly referenced is the
6304:
3036:
2732:
Mathieu A.; Shaw, David S.; Squires, Julie N.; Taylor, Moray C.; Vleeshouwers, Vivianne G. A. A.; Birch, Paul R. J.; Lees, Alison K.; Kamoun, Sophien (4 October 2012).
444:
produce dark green, then brown then black spots on the surface of potato leaves and stems, often near the tips or edges, where water or dew collects. The sporangia and
272:. The pathogen is favored by moist, cool environments: sporulation is optimal at 12â18 °C (54â64 °F) in water-saturated or nearly saturated environments, and
3956:"Stacking three late blight resistance genes from wild species directly into African highland potato varieties confers complete field resistance to local blight races"
3379:
Spielman, L. J.; Drenth, A.; Davidse, L. C.; Sujkowski, L. J.; Gu, W.; Tooley, P. W.; Fry, W. E. (1991). "A second world-wide migration and population displacement of
1831:
to control potato blight. According to the Soil
Association, the total copper that can be applied to organic land is 6 kilograms per hectare (5.4 lb/acre)/year.
5100:
Suffert, FrĂ©dĂ©ric; Latxague, Ămilie; Sache, Ivan (2009), "Plant pathogens as agroterrorist weapons: assessment of the threat for
European agriculture and forestry",
6170:
4128:
3601:
3147:
3027:
1649:, with different criteria developed by growers in other regions. The Smith period has been the preferred system used in the UK since its introduction in the 1970s.
2007:
in the 1940s and 1950s. Potato blight was one of more than 17 agents that the United States researched as potential biological weapons before the nation suspended
4664:
3420:
Flier, W. G.; GrĂŒnwald, N. J.; Kroon, L. P. N. M.; Van Den Bosch, T. B. M.; Garay-Serrano, E.; Lozoya-Saldaña, H.; Bonants, P. J. M.; Turkensteen, L. J. (2002). "
1966:
and therefore none was available for making copper sulfate to spray potatoes. A major late blight outbreak on potato in
Germany therefore went untreated, and the
437:
on water films found on leaves or soils. Both sporangia and zoospores are short-lived, in contrast to oospores which can persist in a viable form for many years.
6235:
1264:â comes from multiple observations including the fact that populations are genetically most diverse in Mexico, late blight is observed in native tuber-bearing
4232:
1516:
potatoes resistant to late blight. It is a long white-skinned cultivar with both foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. Defender was released in 2004.
6005:
1472:
4721:
5957:
4742:
4213:
4085:
Novy, R. G.; Love, S. L.; et al. (2006), "Defender: A high-yielding, processing potato cultivar with foliar and tuber resistance to late blight",
3334:
Forbes, G. A.; Escobar, X. C.; Ayala, C. C.; Revelo, J.; Ordoñez, M. E.; Fry, B. A.; Doucett, K.; Fry, W. E. (1997). "Population genetic structure of
6144:
3860:
2008:
1350:
196:
1409:
If adequate field scouting occurs and late blight is found soon after disease development, localized patches of potato plants can be killed with a
6196:
4639:
1641:
days where min temperature is 10 °C (50 °F) or above and on each day at least 11 hours when the relative humidity is greater than 90%.
4502:
4029:
1500:
are also very susceptible but are grown because they are wanted commercially. Maincrop varieties which are very slow to develop blight include
401:), and the re-establishment of hyphal growth. There is also a sexual cycle, which occurs when isolates of opposite mating type (A1 and A2, see
5498:
5466:
2993:
2947:
2148:
5745:
Goss, E. M.; Tabima, J. F.; Cooke, D. E. L.; Restrepo, S.; Fry, W. E.; Forbes, G. A.; Fieland, V. J.; Cardenas, M.; GrĂŒnwald, N. J. (2014).
3137:
Goss, E. M.; Tabima, J. F.; Cooke, D. E. L.; Restrepo, S.; Fry, W. E.; Forbes, G. A.; Fieland, V. J.; Cardenas, M.; GrĂŒnwald, N. J. (2014).
2225:
5589:
1971:
5009:
4596:
3864:
3398:
4962:
1943:, during the late 1840s. Implicated in Ireland's fate was the island's disproportionate dependency on a single variety of potato, the
1332:
significant due to the possibility of sexual recombination and formation of oospores, which can survive the winter. Only in Mexico and
6015:
5636:
5356:
5068:
4775:
4399:
4302:
4053:
3349:
3267:
3218:
2099:
5660:
2273:
Nowicki, Marcin; et al. (15 May 2013), "A simple dual stain for detailed investigations of plant-fungal pathogen interactions",
4854:
4764:
Glass, J. R.; Johnson, K. B.; Powelson, M. L. (2001), "Assessment of
Barriers to Prevent the Development of Potato Tuber Blight",
4241:
5983:
5049:
Njoroge, Anne W.; Andersson, Björn; Lees, Alison K.; Mutai, Collins; Forbes, Gregory A.; Yuen, Jonathan E.; Pelle, Roger (2019).
4984:
4905:
838:'s Mexican Agriculture Program. Published in Niederhauser 1956. A2 produces a mating hormone α2. Clonal lineages of A2 include:
5867:
5554:
4690:
3097:
2546:
1751:
5458:
3252:
from the Toluca valley of central Mexico suggests genetic differentiation between populations from cultivated Potato and wild
1271:
2234:
2029:
6201:
5971:
1406:
not just for resistance management but also because the potato plants will be attacked by other pathogens at the same time.
6222:
3297:
Flier, W. G.; GrĂŒnwald, N. J.; Fry, W. E.; Turkensteen, L. J. (2001). "Formation, production and viability of oospores of
2400:
2377:
2325:
338:
4087:
1488:
only results when the pathogen expresses a RXLR effector gene that matches the corresponding plant resistance (R) gene;
6011:
2275:
65:
6314:
6183:
5482:
4805:
3960:
3920:
2350:
1876:
1242:
352:
345:
1730:
compounds. A combination of other compounds are recommended for managing metalaxyl-resistant strains. These include
6073:
5490:
4914:
2796:
2555:
2409:
1489:
1232:
2935:
6240:
4583:
3385:
2787:
2684:
2480:
2307:
1492:
gene interactions trigger a range of plant defenses, such as the production of compounds toxic to the pathogen.
1104:. These proteins are split into two main groups depending on whether they are produced by the water mold in the
6309:
5916:
5347:
5059:
4354:
4293:
4291:(1998), "Development of potato late blight epidemics: Disease foci, disease gradients, and infection sources",
4034:
3340:
3258:
3209:
1505:
1501:
1485:
1446:
1855:
has farther to travel to get to the tuber. Another approach is to destroy the canopy around five weeks before
3823:
2248:
5627:
5102:
4766:
4390:
4210:
2090:
1669:
1653:
1418:
1317:
1288:
1137:
1030:
253:
5214:
1294:
6035:
5519:
4470:
3729:"Oospores of Phytphthora infestans in soil provide an important new source of primary inoculum in Finland"
3465:
Goss, E. M.; Cardenas, M. E.; Myers, K.; Forbes, G. A.; Fry, W. E.; Restrepo, S.; GrĂŒnwald, N. J. (2011).
1940:
1820:
1816:
1743:
835:
327:
261:
257:
200:
5911:
3656:
Yoshida, K.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Cano, L. M.; Pais, M.; Mishra, B.; Sharma, R.; Lanz, C.; Martin, F. N.;
1304:
6299:
1763:
1684:
1522:
1034:
514:
of their own. Pathogen populations are grouped into clonal lineages of these mating types and includes:
374:
179:
1952:
1721:
issues when used on its own. In some regions of the world during the 1980s and 1990s, most strains of
1578:. The recommended sterilisation temperature for oomycetes is 120 °F (49 °C) for 30 minutes.
1417:) through the use of a backpack sprayer. This management technique can be thought of as a field-scale
6250:
6136:
6105:
5815:
5762:
5290:"Author Correction: Threats to global food security from emerging fungal and oomycete crop pathogens"
4918:
4669:
4137:
3778:
3610:
3492:
3430:
3307:
3156:
3040:
2872:
1718:
1398:. All of the aforementioned fungicides need to be tank mixed with a broad-spectrum fungicide such as
1076:
650:
634:
618:
503:
5524:
4388:
MacKenzie, D. R. (1981), "Scheduling fungicide applications for potato late blight with Blitecast",
511:
5907:
2981:
2678:
Guha Roy, Sanjoy; Dey, Tanmoy; Cooke, David E. L.; Cooke, Louise R. (2021-02-27). "The dynamics of
2320:
1948:
1731:
1591:
1526:, and introduced by genetic engineering into cultivated varieties of potato. This is an example of
1395:
4739:"Links to forms permitting application of copper fungicide on the website of the Soil Association"
4573:
Fall, M. L.; Van der Heyden, H.; Brodeur, L.; Leclerc, Y.; Moreau, G.; Carisse, O. (6 June 2014).
2216:
488:) at the start of a growing season. This can have devastating effects by destroying entire crops.
5703:
5537:
5435:
5386:
5278:
5144:
5119:
4944:
4875:
4374:
4269:
4201:
4104:
3886:
3679:
3447:
2906:
2824:
2713:
2198:
2154:
1867:
to burn off the foliage. Eliminating infected foliage reduces the likelihood of tuber infection.
1779:
1775:
1497:
1468:
1070:
470:
60:
4331:
2847:
1697:
for the control of potato blight are normally only used in a preventative manner, optionally in
1680:
359:
6175:
1595:
502:
are broadly divided into A1 and A2. Until the 1980s populations could only be distinguished by
43:
6271:
6092:
5894:
5841:
5790:
5733:
5648:
5610:
5571:
5494:
5462:
5378:
5370:
5317:
5270:
5262:
5196:
5178:
5082:
5013:
4936:
4787:
4610:
4529:
4369:
4314:
4261:
4253:
4165:
3999:
3981:
3878:
3806:
3709:
3638:
3577:
3520:
3361:
3279:
3230:
3184:
3114:
3068:
2999:
2989:
2953:
2943:
2898:
2890:
2816:
2808:
2785:
Yang, Meng; Ismayil, Asigul; Liu, Yule (2020-09-29). "Autophagy in Plant-Virus Interactions".
2767:
2705:
2577:
2569:
2507:
2429:
2421:
2144:
2111:
2004:
1811:
1795:
1625:
1431:
1391:
1212:
1181:
1149:
827:
248:
5598:
1977:
Since 1941, Eastern Africa has been suffering potato production losses because of strains of
1839:
Ridging is often used to reduce tuber contamination by blight. This normally involves piling
1387:
6276:
5921:
5884:
5876:
5831:
5823:
5780:
5770:
5723:
5713:
5675:
5640:
5602:
5563:
5529:
5427:
5360:
5307:
5254:
5186:
5170:
5111:
5072:
4926:
4779:
4717:
4600:
4548:
4519:
4511:
4403:
4306:
4245:
4193:
4155:
4145:
4096:
3989:
3973:
3969:
3868:
3796:
3786:
3740:
3699:
3689:
3628:
3618:
3567:
3557:
3510:
3500:
3439:
3402:
3353:
3316:
3271:
3222:
3174:
3164:
3106:
3058:
3048:
2880:
2868:
2859:
2800:
2757:
2747:
2697:
2559:
2497:
2489:
2413:
2355:
2284:
2190:
2136:
2103:
1828:
1824:
1799:
1787:
1783:
1599:
1471:(right) next to King Edward which has not been genetically modified (left). Research field,
1165:
1097:
5567:
4830:
3110:
2804:
2734:"Genome Analyses of an Aggressive and Invasive Lineage of the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen"
1215:
difficulties in the United States. It occurs only sporadically and usually has significant
6258:
5997:
5987:
5510:
5418:
5303:
5250:
5010:"The Origin of Plant Pathology and The Potato Famine, and Other Stories of Plant Diseases"
4697:
4592:
4445:
4217:
4184:
3851:
3394:
2693:
2181:
1791:
1755:
1688:
1366:
1340:
vary in their aggressiveness on potato or tomato, in sporulation rate, and sensitivity to
1279:
646:
630:
614:
481:
146:
5804:"Reconstructing genome evolution in historic samples of the Irish potato famine pathogen"
322:, meaning "attacking, destroying", from which the word "to infest" is derived. The name
5819:
5766:
5621:
Nowicki, Marcin; et al. (17 August 2011), "Potato and tomato late blight caused by
4931:
4922:
4900:
4579:: characterization and initiatives towards improving potato late blight risk estimation"
4141:
3782:
3614:
3496:
3160:
3044:
2876:
2564:
2537:
2417:
2398:
Judelson, Howard S. (2017-09-08). "Metabolic Diversity and Novelties in the Oomycetes".
2084:
Nowicki, Marcin; et al. (17 August 2011), "Potato and tomato late blight caused by
6131:
5889:
5854:
5836:
5803:
5785:
5746:
5728:
5687:
5191:
5158:
4357:, Division of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Experiment Station Extension Service.
3994:
3955:
3801:
3704:
3661:
3657:
3572:
3539:
3515:
3466:
3406:
3179:
3138:
3063:
3018:
2843:
2762:
2738:
2733:
2502:
2471:
1921:
1735:
1660:
1646:
1628:
at a given place have not been less than 10 °C (50 °F) and 75%, respectively.
1403:
1216:
1129:
506:
and mating types, but since then more detailed analysis has shown that mating type and
445:
422:
136:
103:
90:
5980:
5920:. Factsheets for Farmers. CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International).
4524:
4493:
4160:
3320:
413:. The different types of spores play major roles in the dissemination and survival of
6293:
5282:
4948:
4273:
3633:
3597:"Panglobal distribution of a single clonal lineage of the Irish potato famine fungus"
3596:
2828:
2717:
2493:
1992:
1967:
1963:
1901:
1864:
1806:
1509:
1437:
Around the world the disease causes around $ 6 billion of damage to crops each year.
1324:
1299:
1261:
1093:
831:
223:
5541:
5390:
5123:
4205:
4108:
3890:
3451:
2158:
1620:
is a period of 48 consecutive hours, in at least 46 of which the hourly readings of
1344:. Variation in such traits also occurs in North America, however importation of new
6097:
6024:
5454:
5439:
4420:
3548:
2910:
2202:
1996:
1959:
1944:
1897:
1298:
are endemic to central Mexico. On the other hand, the only close relative found in
426:
243:
156:
116:
2055:
1698:
589:, Japan, Philippines, India, China, Malaysia, Nepal, present some time before 1950
17:
3791:
3505:
2752:
448:
appear white on the lower surface of the foliage. As for tuber blight, the white
6227:
6157:
6067:
5409:
5365:
5338:
5294:
5241:
4515:
4310:
3357:
3275:
3226:
2172:
1951:
created a susceptible host population for the organism after the blight strains
1909:
1803:
1759:
1702:
1638:
1621:
1553:
1375:
1333:
1161:
499:
484:
sprouting from infected tubers are thought to be a major source of inoculum (or
430:
6020:
5077:
5050:
4783:
4249:
2359:
2140:
1451:
252:, is also often called "potato blight". Late blight was a major culprit in the
5533:
5431:
5312:
5289:
5258:
5174:
5115:
4288:
4197:
3873:
3846:
3443:
2542:: New Tools (and Old Ones) Lead to New Understanding and Precision Management"
2289:
2194:
1848:
1815:
or compounds that encourage the plant to produce defensive chemicals (such as
1664:
1659:
Several studies have attempted to develop systems for real-time detection via
1645:
The Beaumont and Smith periods have traditionally been used by growers in the
1527:
1193:
1133:
1125:
1089:
1053:
398:
269:
6058:
5926:
5374:
5321:
5266:
5182:
4940:
4665:"Why a new potato variety could be a game-changed for farmers in East Africa"
4614:
4257:
4030:"Why a New Potato Variety Could Be a Game-Changer for Farmers in East Africa"
3985:
3882:
3745:
3728:
3623:
2978:
Population Biology of Plant Pathogens : Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution
2894:
2812:
2709:
2573:
2425:
1794:, other organic control options that have been shown to be effective include
748:
above) â Ib, China, India, Nepal, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, 1940â2000
6118:
5880:
5775:
5644:
5486:
4150:
3562:
3169:
3053:
2985:
2107:
1860:
1819:
extract) have not performed as well. During the crop year 2008, many of the
1739:
1727:
1710:
1694:
1603:
1557:
1549:
1533:
1410:
1374:
is still a difficult disease to control. There are many chemical options in
1341:
1022:
858:
523:
485:
390:
77:
6188:
5898:
5845:
5794:
5737:
5652:
5614:
5575:
5382:
5274:
5200:
5086:
4859:
4791:
4533:
4318:
4265:
4169:
4003:
3915:
3810:
3713:
3581:
3524:
3365:
3283:
3234:
3188:
3118:
3072:
2902:
2820:
2771:
2581:
2511:
2433:
2115:
1904:
in early 1843. Winds then spread the spores, and in 1845 it was found from
6263:
3642:
1896:
The first recorded instances of the disease were in the United States, in
6209:
6084:
6052:
5679:
5606:
5137:
Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs Past and Present
4557:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3769:
3483:
2131:
Nowicki, Marcin; et al. (11 October 2013), "Late Blight of Tomato",
2061:
1929:
1913:
1905:
1852:
1747:
1607:
1456:
1414:
1399:
1345:
1220:
1204:
1169:
1153:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1061:
1026:
507:
449:
405:
below) meet. Hormonal communication triggers the formation of the sexual
394:
273:
219:
215:
126:
5718:
3694:
2885:
1560:
suppliers should be planted. Often discarded potatoes from the previous
6149:
5827:
4351:
The U.C. System for Producing Healthy Container Grown Plants, Manual 23
4100:
2171:
Haverkort, A. J.; Struik, P. C.; Visser, R. G. F.; Jacobsen, E (2009),
1925:
1917:
1856:
1574:, soil or potting medium can be heat-treated to kill oomycetes such as
1571:
1386:(for potatoes). A few of the most common foliar-applied fungicides are
1379:
1354:
1266:
1189:
1177:
1136:
proteins, meaning that they can be detected by the plant and lead to a
1121:
1049:
981:/CN02 â Ia, China, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Myanmar, 2005â19
410:
5475:
Lucas, J. A.; Shattock, R. C.; Shaw, D. S.; et al., eds. (1991),
5136:
4605:
4574:
4407:
3977:
2701:
1958:
During the First World War, all of the copper in Germany was used for
1144:
was found to encode around 60% more of these proteins than most other
351:
344:
337:
6214:
6162:
5992:
4498:
sporangia from other airborne biological particles by flow cytometry"
3847:"Epidemiology and Integrated Control of Potato Late Blight in Europe"
2028:
ever since its first emergence, it may be regarded as a periodically
1988:
1984:
1928:
farmers in 1845. The disease being first identified in Europe around
1561:
1513:
1328:
1249:
1185:
1157:
1057:
1001:
364:
265:
231:
227:
52:
6029:
5981:
Organic Alternatives for Late Blight Control in Potatoes, from ATTRA
5661:"Analysis of potato late blight epidemiology by simulation modeling"
5408:
Haverkort, A. J; Struik, P. C; Visser, R. G. F; Jacobsen, E (2009),
3916:"Biotech Potato Keeps Late Blight Disease in Check, New Study Finds"
6123:
4638:. Minnesota Department of Agriculture. October 2015. Archived from
4549:"Use of flow cytometry in the detection of plant pathogenic spores"
535:
CN-1, -2, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8 â mtDNA haplotype Ia, China in 1996â97
5708:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
3684:
3670:
3003:
2957:
2848:"Genome sequence and analysis of the Irish potato famine pathogen
2021:
occurred on tomato plants in the Northeast United States in 2009.
1880:
1844:
1679:
1565:
1462:
1450:
1383:
1257:
1236:
1112:(between plant cells). Proteins produced in the symplast included
1029:, Liu et al. 2005 finding this to be the only alternative to mass
855:
406:
386:
369:
358:
5410:"Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by
5055:
in Eastern Africa Reveals a Dominating Invasive European Lineage"
2348:
Fry, W. E.; GrĂŒnwald, N. J. (2010), "Introduction to Oomycetes",
2173:"Applied biotechnology to combat late blight in potato caused by
1586:
There are several environmental conditions that are conducive to
1455:
Potatoes after exposure. The normal potatoes have blight but the
417:
Sporangia are spread by wind or water and enable the movement of
397:
release or direct germination, i.e. germ tube emergence from the
6110:
1840:
1308:, is a hybrid that does not share a single common ancestor with
1282:
and evolutionary studies. Furthermore, the closest relatives of
1113:
1081:
1011:
990:
A self-fertile type was present in China between 2009 and 2013.
465:
461:
6033:
3824:"Study provides evidence on movement of potato famine pathogen"
3660:; Krause, J.; Thines, M.; Weigel, D.; Burbano, H. A. (2013).
2971:
2969:
2967:
1885:
Suggested paths of migration and diversification of lineages
1823:
potatoes produced in the United Kingdom and certified by the
1540:
co-environment reduces the stress tolerance of the parasite.
888:
above) â IIa, differs from JP-1 by one RG57 band, Korea, 1992
5966:
4806:"Potato blight appeared in US two years before Irish famine"
1219:
due to each epidemic starting from introduction of a single
5993:
Google Map of Tomato Potato Blight Daily Risk across NE USA
5947:
4689:
Gevens, Amanda, University of Wisconsin Madison Extension.
3424:
sp. nov., a new homothallic species causing leaf blight on
6008:. Lists general information and resources for Late Blight.
5952:
5859:
hybrid mandates reassessment of the geographic origins of
4126:
confers broad spectrum resistance to potato late blight",
2682:
populations in the major potato-growing regions of Asia".
4691:
Managing Late Blight in Organic Tomato & Potato Crops
3023:
inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene genealogies"
1056:, and in 2009 scientists completed the sequencing of its
268:. The organism can also infect some other members of the
1955:
replaced earlier potatoes of Peruvian origin in Europe.
1809:, while sprays containing "beneficial" microbes such as
1256:, although others have proposed its origin to be in the
510:
are substantially decoupled. These types each produce a
473:. Seemingly healthy tubers may rot later when in store.
4985:"Mash hits: the land that spawned the supermarket spud"
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
613:
JP-2/SIB-1/RF006 â mtDNA haplo IIa, distinguishable by
5548:
GrĂŒnwald, N. J.; Flier, W. G. (2005). "The Biology of
5157:
Casadevall, Arturo; Pirofski, Liise-anne (June 2004).
5036:
Famine on the Wind: Man's Battle Against Plant Disease
4963:"Great Famine potato makes a comeback after 170 years"
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3091:
GrĂŒnwald, N. J.; Flier, W. G. (2005). "The Biology of
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2226:
Journal of the Royal Society of Agriculture of England
1060:. The genome was found to be considerably larger (240
5625:: An overview of pathology and resistance breeding",
2922:
2920:
2374:
1994 Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Control Handbook
2088:: An overview of pathology and resistance breeding",
1252:
are considered by many to be the center of origin of
1786:
remain in use on organic crops, both in the form of
312:), meaning "decay, ruin, perish". The species name
6042:
5751:
originated in central Mexico rather than the Andes"
4575:"Spatiotemporal variation in airborne sporangia of
3143:
originated in central Mexico rather than the Andes"
3017:Gomez-Alpizar, L; Carbone, I; Ristaino, JB (2007).
2940:
Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International
1548:Blight can be controlled by limiting the source of
1241:Histological model of a potato leaf cross-section,
583:â (only presumed to be A1), mtDNA haplo Ia subtype
307:
295:
4855:"Between two worlds: The Hungry Forties in Europe"
4711:"Soil Association organic standards for producers"
869:â IIa, Japan, Korea, Indonesia, late 1980sâpresent
425:plants. The zoospores released from sporangia are
5587:Genomics: The Plant-Destroyer's Genome Decoded",
3595:Goodwin, S. B.; Cohen, B. A.; Fry, W. E. (1994).
3037:National Academy of Sciences of the United States
2217:"Researches into the nature of the potato fungus
1713:is a fungicide that was marketed for use against
6004:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
5141:James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies
3207:in the Toluca Valley Region of Central Mexico".
3086:
3084:
3082:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
1672:, none have been commercially deployed to date.
1316:in South America lack genetic diversity and are
1278:above) types occur in a 1:1 ratio, and detailed
5755:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5692:lineage that triggered the Irish potato famine"
4129:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3666:lineage that triggered the Irish potato famine"
3602:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3148:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3028:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1088:genome. It also contained a diverse variety of
5948:USAblight A National Web Portal on Late Blight
5855:"Genomic characterization of a South American
5215:"The 2009 Late Blight Pandemic in Eastern USA"
3475:species and the Irish potato famine pathogen,
1766:can be necessary up to once every three days.
1656:accessible through web sites or smart phones.
5659:Bruhn, J. A.; Fry, W. E. (17 November 1980),
1148:species. Those found in the apoplast include
940:â Ia, Thailand, China, Nepal, 1994 & 1997
680:KR_1_A1 â mtDNA haplo unknown, Korea, 2009â16
621:, Japan, China, Korea, Thailand, 1996âpresent
51:Symptom of late blight on the underside of a
8:
5967:EuroBlight a potato blight network in Europe
5219:The 2009 Late Blight Pandemic in Eastern USA
5147:, April 9, 2002, accessed November 14, 2008.
4901:"The Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission"
4547:Griffith, G.W.; J.P. Day; D.B. Kell (2002).
4492:Day, J.P.; D.B. Kell; G.W. Griffith (2001).
4440:
4438:
4233:Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
3132:
3130:
3128:
2465:
2463:
2372:Koepsell, Paul A.; Pscheidt, Jay W. (1994),
2302:Judelson HS, Blanco FA (2005) The spores of
2032:â or a periodically "re-emerging pathogen".
1382:as well as the fruit (for tomatoes) and the
1270:species, populations of the pathogen are in
1168:to protect against host defence enzymes and
1140:which restricts the growth of the pathogen.
326:was coined in 1876 by the German mycologist
316:is the present participle of the Latin verb
6006:United States National Agricultural Library
5446:Erwin, Donald C.; Ribeiro, Olaf K. (1996),
4720:. January 2009. p. 103. Archived from
4336:in nursery stock and restoration plantings"
4287:Zwankhuizen, Maarten J.; Govers, Francine;
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2268:
2266:
2126:
2124:
2079:
2077:
1598:, if the following conditions occur as the
1473:Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
1068:species whose genomes have been sequenced;
317:
301:
289:
6030:
4370:"Outbreak of Fungus Threatens Tomato Crop"
2049:
2047:
2045:
385:is characterized by alternating phases of
42:
31:
5925:
5888:
5835:
5784:
5774:
5727:
5717:
5707:
5583:Govers, Francine; Gijzens, Mark (2006), "
5523:
5364:
5311:
5190:
5076:
4930:
4604:
4523:
4473:. The British Society for Plant Pathology
4159:
4149:
3993:
3872:
3800:
3790:
3744:
3703:
3693:
3683:
3632:
3622:
3571:
3561:
3514:
3504:
3428:in the Toluca Valley of central Mexico".
3178:
3168:
3062:
3052:
2884:
2761:
2751:
2563:
2501:
2288:
1790:and copper sulfate. Given the dangers of
834:in Central Mexico, while working for the
6305:Water mould plant pathogens and diseases
5853:Martin, Michael D.; et al. (2016).
5802:Martin, Michael D.; et al. (2013).
5459:American Phytopathological Society Press
3861:European Association for Potato Research
3471:emerged via hybridization of an unknown
2988:The American Phytopathological Society.
2133:Translational Genomics for Crop Breeding
1758:for use against late blight. In African
1750:, and others. In the United States, the
1351:restriction fragment length polymorphism
772:â IIb, Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam, 1998â2016
3305:in the Toluca Valley, central Mexico".
2235:Royal Society of Agriculture of England
2041:
1132:of the protein. Some RXLR proteins are
764:â mtDNA haplo unknown, Nepal, 1999â2000
5686:Yoshida, Kentaro; et al. (2013).
5568:10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135906
4503:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
4446:"The Microbial World: Potato blight â
3111:10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135906
2805:10.1146/annurev-virology-010220-054709
2024:In light of the periodic epidemics of
5034:Carefoot, G.L.; Sprott, E.R. (1967).
4741:. Soilassociation.org. Archived from
3727:Hannukkala, A.; Lehtinen, A. (2008).
1924:with a shipment of seed potatoes for
1782:') was used to combat potato blight.
896:â mtDNA haplo unknown, Korea, 2009â16
7:
6251:dc671f08-0e03-447d-90e4-abb7896910d2
5590:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
4556:British Crop Protection Conference,
1602:of the crop closes, then the use of
452:often shows on the tubers' surface.
300:), meaning "plant" â plus the Greek
5159:"The weapon potential of a microbe"
4932:10.1146/annurev-fluid-060220-113712
4597:British Society for Plant Pathology
4088:American Journal of Potato Research
3399:British Society for Plant Pathology
2565:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095951
2476:: The plant (and R gene) destroyer"
2418:10.1146/annurev-micro-090816-093609
1080:had a 65 Mbp genome. About 18,000
526:α1. Clonal lineages of A1 include:
6016:American Phytopathological Society
5747:"The Irish potato famine pathogen
5637:American Phytopathological Society
5357:American Phytopathological Society
5069:American Phytopathological Society
4983:Johanson, Mark (August 28, 2020).
4831:"The Fungus That Conquered Europe"
4776:American Phytopathological Society
4400:American Phytopathological Society
4303:American Phytopathological Society
3407:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1991.tb02400.x
3350:American Phytopathological Society
3268:American Phytopathological Society
3219:American Phytopathological Society
3139:"The Irish potato famine pathogen
2306:: weapons of the plant destroyer.
2100:American Phytopathological Society
2054:Chand, Sudeep (9 September 2009),
1164:that act to degrade plant tissue,
25:
2276:Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin
1953:originating in Chiloé Archipelago
1851:of the potato blight meaning the
1378:for the control of damage to the
1275:
696:â Ia, India, Nepal, 1993, 1996â97
402:
27:Species of single-celled organism
4906:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
2494:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00465.x
2057:Killer genes cause potato famine
1568:can act as sources of inoculum.
1188:. This may be due to widespread
522:A1 produces a mating hormone, a
64:
5998:Species Profile â Late Blight (
5868:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5555:Annual Review of Phytopathology
4899:Bourouiba, Lydia (2021-01-05).
4562:. Vol. 1. pp. 417â24.
3098:Annual Review of Phytopathology
2547:Annual Review of Phytopathology
1827:as organic were sprayed with a
1752:Environmental Protection Agency
1108:(inside plant cells) or in the
881:
880:Gotoh (not to be confused with
665:
664:Zhang (not to be confused with
433:, allowing further movement of
4829:Reader, John (17 March 2008),
4368:Moskin, Julia (17 July 2009),
3544:in the Northern Andean region"
2536:Fry, William E. (2016-08-04).
2009:its biological weapons program
1968:resulting scarcity of potatoes
1124:-arginine (where X can be any
943:Unknown â Ib, India, 1996â2003
334:Life cycle, signs and symptoms
1:
3733:Agricultural and Food Science
3321:10.1016/S0953-7562(08)61958-9
2401:Annual Review of Microbiology
2378:Oregon State University Press
2326:North Dakota State University
1606:is recommended to prevent an
1504:, Stirling, Teena, Torridon,
1100:that are involved in causing
780:â IIb, China, 2002 & 2004
745:
736:below) â Ib, Nepal, 1999â2000
559:â IIb, China, 2000 & 2002
4804:Flanagan, Pat (2024-02-19).
4663:Daba, Tadessa (2020-12-11).
4636:New Active Ingredient Review
4028:Daba, Tadessa (2020-12-16).
3792:10.1371/journal.pone.0109328
3506:10.1371/journal.pone.0024543
2936:CABI Plant Protection Series
2753:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002940
672:below) â IIa, Korea, 2002â04
393:germination (either through
6012:Continuing education lesson
5953:International Potato Center
5483:British Mycological Society
5366:10.1094/phyto-01-15-0005-fi
5038:. Rand McNally. p. 88.
4516:10.1128/AEM.68.1.37-45.2002
4311:10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.8.754
3961:Plant Biotechnology Journal
3921:International Potato Center
3358:10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.4.375
3276:10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.4.382
3227:10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.9.882
2351:The Plant Health Instructor
2308:Nature Microbiology Reviews
1886:
1877:Timeline of plant pathology
1556:and tomatoes obtained from
1243:Botanical Museum Greifswald
1116:proteins, which contain an
916:above) Ia, Nepal, 1999â2000
913:
724:below) Ia, Nepal, 1999â2000
721:
308:
296:
6331:
5552:at Its Center of Origin".
5491:Cambridge University Press
5339:"Five Reasons to Consider
5078:10.1094/PHYTO-07-18-0234-R
4965:. IrishCentral. 2013-03-03
4784:10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.5.521
4250:10.1007/s11154-020-09570-9
3662:"The rise and fall of the
3095:at Its Center of Origin".
2976:Milgroom, Michael (2015).
2360:10.1094/PHI-I-2010-1207-01
2141:10.1002/9781118728475.ch13
1874:
1484:isolates, since effective
1444:
1364:
1323:Migrations from Mexico to
1312:. Finally, populations of
1272:HardyâWeinberg equilibrium
1233:Plant disease epidemiology
1230:
1064:) than that of most other
645:â IIa, distinguishable by
629:â IIa, distinguishable by
381:The asexual life cycle of
5534:10.1007/s11540-008-9089-y
5432:10.1007/s11540-009-9136-3
5313:10.1038/s43016-020-0111-0
5259:10.1038/s43016-020-0075-0
5175:10.1016/j.tim.2004.04.007
5116:10.1007/s12571-009-0014-2
4198:10.1007/s11540-008-9097-y
3874:10.1007/s11540-011-9187-0
3444:10.1017/S0953756202006123
2788:Annual Review of Virology
2481:Molecular Plant Pathology
2290:10.2478/v10032-012-0016-z
2195:10.1007/s11540-009-9136-3
1890:
1248:The highlands of central
1084:were detected within the
843:
744:(not to be confused with
733:
732:(not to be confused with
464:can wash spores into the
302:
290:
185:
178:
61:Scientific classification
59:
50:
41:
34:
5927:10.1079/pwkb.20147801535
5917:Plantwise Knowledge Bank
5422:(Submitted manuscript),
4355:University of California
3746:10.2137/1239099043633332
3624:10.1073/pnas.91.24.11591
3426:Ipomoea longipedunculata
2470:Fry, William E. (2008).
2185:(Submitted manuscript),
1972:deaths from the blockade
1670:Decision support systems
1654:Decision support systems
1582:Environmental conditions
1486:plant disease resistance
1447:Plant disease resistance
1176:The pathogen shows high
1074:has a 95 Mbp genome and
810:â Ia, Indonesia, 2016â19
649:, intermediate level of
633:, intermediate level of
617:, intermediate level of
597:â Ia, India, Nepal, 1993
575:â Ia/IIb, China, 2004â09
455:Under ideal conditions,
226:that causes the serious
5776:10.1073/pnas.1401884111
5645:10.1094/PDIS-05-11-0458
4874:Vlaanderen, Canon van.
4716:. 16; section 4.11.11.
4349:Baker, K., ed. (1957).
4151:10.1073/pnas.1533501100
3563:10.1186/1471-2156-12-23
3170:10.1073/pnas.1401884111
3054:10.1073/pnas.0611479104
2321:"Late Blight in Potato"
2108:10.1094/PDIS-05-11-0458
1835:Control of tuber blight
1717:, but suffered serious
1427:Phytophthora infestans.
1419:hypersensitive response
1138:hypersensitive response
1025:upon detection of this
6074:Phytophthora infestans
6044:Phytophthora infestans
6000:Phytophthora infestans
5974:Phytophthora infestans
5861:Phytophthora infestans
5749:Phytophthora infestans
5690:Phytophthora infestans
5688:"Rise and fall of the
5623:Phytophthora infestans
5550:Phytophthora infestans
5412:Phytophthora Infestans
5343:a Reemerging Pathogen"
5341:Phytophthora infestans
5163:Trends in Microbiology
5053:Phytophthora infestans
4577:Phytophthora infestans
4496:Phytophthora infestans
4448:Phytophthora infestans
4423:. botanydictionary.org
3664:Phytophthora infestans
3542:Phytophthora infestans
3540:"Genetic diversity of
3381:Phytophthora infestans
3336:Phytophthora infestans
3299:Phytophthora infestans
3250:Phytophthora infestans
3205:Phytophthora infestans
3141:Phytophthora infestans
3093:Phytophthora infestans
3021:Phytophthora infestans
2932:: A Global Perspective
2850:Phytophthora infestans
2680:Phytophthora infestans
2540:Phytophthora infestans
2474:Phytophthora infestans
2328:Agriculture Department
2251:Phytophthora infestans
2219:Phytophthora infestans
2175:Phytophthora infestans
2086:Phytophthora infestans
1937:Phytophthora infestans
1893:
1691:
1576:Phytophthora infestans
1476:
1460:
1274:, the two mating (see
1245:
1196:in those populations.
932:â Ia, Nepal, 1999â2000
924:â Ib, Nepal, 1999â2000
836:Rockefeller Foundation
756:â Ia, Nepal, 1999â2000
712:â Ia, Nepal, 1999â2000
383:Phytophthora infestans
378:
367:
356:
349:
342:
328:Heinrich Anton de Bary
324:Phytophthora infestans
318:
211:Phytophthora infestans
189:Phytophthora infestans
36:Phytophthora infestans
5908:(Aga Khan Foundation)
5881:10.1093/molbev/msv241
5808:Nature Communications
4124:Solanum bulbocastanum
3422:Phytophthora ipomoeae
3019:"An Andean origin of
2927:Lamour, Kurt (2013).
1884:
1770:In organic production
1764:fungicide application
1683:
1530:genetic engineering.
1523:Solanum bulbocastanum
1467:Genetically modified
1466:
1459:potatoes are healthy.
1454:
1240:
1035:programmed cell death
1021:. Hosts respond with
973:â IIa, Korea, 2002â03
830:in the 1950s, in the
788:â IIa, Korea, 2003â04
653:, Japan, 1996âpresent
637:, Japan, 1996âpresent
567:â IIa, China, 2004â09
389:growth, sporulation,
373:
362:
355:
348:
341:
288:comes from the Greek
6021:entry on Late Blight
5912:"Potato Late Blight"
5702:(in press): e00731.
5680:10.1094/phyto-71-612
5607:10.1094/MPMI-19-1295
4880:Canon van Vlaanderen
4670:Alliance for Science
4494:"Differentiation of
4471:"Obituary: L. Smith"
3467:"The plant pathogen
3431:Mycological Research
3308:Mycological Research
2257:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2215:Bary, A. de (1876).
2017:A large outbreak of
1552:. Only good-quality
1227:Origin and diversity
651:metalaxyl resistance
635:metalaxyl resistance
619:metalaxyl resistance
543:â Ia, China, 1996â97
5820:2013NatCo...4.2172M
5767:2014PNAS..111.8791G
5719:10.7554/elife.00731
5287: – (
4923:2021AnRFM..53..473B
4876:"The Potato Crisis"
4338:. 4 September 2017.
4142:2003PNAS..100.9128S
3783:2014PLoSO...9j9328N
3695:10.7554/eLife.00731
3615:1994PNAS...9111591G
3497:2011PLoSO...624543G
3469:Phytophthora andina
3161:2014PNAS..111.8791G
3045:2007PNAS..104.3306G
2982:St. Paul, Minnesota
2942:. pp. xi+244.
2886:10.1038/nature08358
2877:2009Natur.461..393H
2249:"Taxonomy browser (
2135:, pp. 241â65,
1970:contributed to the
1949:genetic variability
1592:weather forecasting
914:#the A1 type of NP2
722:#the A2 type of NP2
471:soft bacterial rots
440:People can observe
403:§ Mating types
6315:Biological weapons
5986:2020-09-25 at the
5906:Omid, Shir Ahmad;
5828:10.1038/ncomms3172
5451:Diseases Worldwide
5145:Middlebury College
4863:. 27 January 2022.
4745:on 15 October 2009
4696:2014-06-18 at the
4375:The New York Times
4216:2015-09-23 at the
4101:10.1007/BF02869605
1941:Great Irish Famine
1894:
1859:, using a contact
1796:horticultural oils
1778:solution (called '
1776:copper(II) sulfate
1692:
1498:King Edward potato
1477:
1461:
1361:Disease management
1246:
1180:diversity in many
1150:hydrolytic enzymes
1128:) sequence at the
1052:, with about 8â10
421:between different
379:
368:
357:
350:
343:
18:Potato late blight
6287:
6286:
6272:Open Tree of Life
6036:Taxon identifiers
5500:978-0-521-40080-0
5468:978-0-89054-212-5
5306:: 455â456. 2020.
4629:"Oxathiapiprolin"
4606:10.1111/ppa.12235
4421:"Beaumont period"
4408:10.1094/PD-65-394
3978:10.1111/pbi.13042
2995:978-0-89054-450-1
2949:978-1-78064-093-8
2702:10.1111/ppa.13360
2150:978-1-118-72847-5
2030:emerging pathogen
2005:biological weapon
1920:. It crossed the
1871:Historical impact
1821:certified organic
1812:Bacillus subtilis
1800:phosphorous acids
1784:Copper pesticides
1676:Use of fungicides
1626:relative humidity
1594:systems, such as
1544:Reducing inoculum
1166:enzyme inhibitors
1098:effector proteins
904:â Ia, China, 2001
828:John Niederhauser
704:â Ia, Nepal, 1997
688:â Ia, China, 2004
605:â Ia, India, 1993
551:â Ia, China, 2004
249:Alternaria solani
234:disease known as
207:
206:
171:P. infestans
16:(Redirected from
6322:
6280:
6279:
6267:
6266:
6254:
6253:
6244:
6243:
6231:
6230:
6228:NHMSYS0001493755
6218:
6217:
6205:
6204:
6192:
6191:
6179:
6178:
6166:
6165:
6153:
6152:
6140:
6139:
6127:
6126:
6114:
6113:
6101:
6100:
6088:
6087:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6031:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5902:
5892:
5849:
5839:
5798:
5788:
5778:
5741:
5731:
5721:
5711:
5682:
5665:
5655:
5617:
5579:
5544:
5527:
5503:
5471:
5442:
5395:
5394:
5368:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5315:
5286:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5154:
5148:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5080:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5012:. Archived from
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4934:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4718:Soil Association
4715:
4707:
4701:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4644:
4633:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4608:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4553:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4442:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4226:
4220:
4209:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4163:
4153:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4082:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4052:. Archived from
4046:
4040:
4039:
4025:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3950:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3912:
3895:
3894:
3876:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3804:
3794:
3764:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3697:
3687:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3626:
3609:(24): 11591â95.
3592:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3565:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3508:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3303:Solanum demissum
3301:from potato and
3294:
3288:
3287:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3172:
3134:
3123:
3122:
3088:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3056:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2973:
2962:
2961:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2888:
2869:Nature Portfolio
2856:
2842:Haas, Brian J.;
2839:
2833:
2832:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2755:
2746:(10): e1002940.
2728:
2722:
2721:
2675:
2586:
2585:
2567:
2533:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2467:
2438:
2437:
2395:
2382:
2381:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2317:
2311:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2051:
1829:copper pesticide
1825:Soil Association
1788:copper hydroxide
1637:is at least two
1636:
1635:
1619:
1618:
1441:Resistant plants
1033:leading to mass
1031:hypersensitivity
1016:
1015:
1006:
1005:
980:
979:
972:
971:
965:
964:
958:
957:
950:
949:
939:
938:
931:
930:
923:
922:
912:â (Also A1, see
911:
910:
903:
902:
895:
894:
876:
875:
868:
867:
853:
852:
817:
816:
809:
808:
802:
801:
795:
794:
787:
786:
779:
778:
771:
770:
763:
762:
755:
754:
753:NP4, 5, 7, and 9
743:
742:
731:
730:
720:â (Also A2, see
719:
718:
711:
710:
703:
702:
695:
694:
687:
686:
679:
678:
660:
659:
644:
643:
628:
627:
612:
611:
604:
603:
596:
595:
588:
587:
582:
581:
574:
573:
566:
565:
558:
557:
550:
549:
542:
541:
534:
533:
504:virulence assays
482:volunteer plants
321:
311:
305:
304:
299:
293:
292:
222:, a fungus-like
191:
69:
68:
46:
32:
21:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6310:Potato diseases
6290:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6275:
6270:
6262:
6259:Observation.org
6257:
6249:
6247:
6239:
6234:
6226:
6221:
6213:
6208:
6200:
6195:
6187:
6182:
6174:
6169:
6161:
6156:
6148:
6143:
6135:
6130:
6122:
6117:
6109:
6104:
6096:
6091:
6083:
6081:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6038:
6014:created by The
5988:Wayback Machine
5944:
5932:
5930:
5905:
5852:
5801:
5761:(24): 8791â96.
5744:
5685:
5663:
5658:
5620:
5582:
5547:
5525:10.1.1.640.3207
5511:Potato Research
5506:
5501:
5474:
5469:
5445:
5419:Potato Research
5407:
5404:
5402:Further reading
5399:
5398:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5304:Nature Research
5288:
5251:Nature Research
5237:
5236:
5232:
5223:
5221:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5134:
5130:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5051:"Genotyping of
5048:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5019:
5017:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4991:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4968:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4884:
4882:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4839:
4837:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4814:
4812:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4746:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4724:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4698:Wayback Machine
4688:
4684:
4675:
4673:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4593:Wiley-Blackwell
4584:Plant Pathology
4572:
4571:
4567:
4551:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4476:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4218:Wayback Machine
4185:Potato Research
4181:
4180:
4176:
4136:(16): 9128â33,
4120:
4119:
4115:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4068:
4059:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4027:
4026:
4011:
3952:
3951:
3936:
3927:
3925:
3914:
3913:
3898:
3852:Potato Research
3843:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3777:(10): e109328,
3766:
3765:
3754:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3658:Kamoun, Sophien
3655:
3654:
3650:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3395:Wiley-Blackwell
3386:Plant Pathology
3378:
3377:
3373:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3315:(8): 998â1006.
3296:
3295:
3291:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3155:(24): 8791â96.
3136:
3135:
3126:
3090:
3089:
3080:
3016:
3015:
3011:
2996:
2975:
2974:
2965:
2950:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2854:
2844:Kamoun, Sophien
2841:
2840:
2836:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2694:Wiley-Blackwell
2685:Plant Pathology
2677:
2676:
2589:
2535:
2534:
2519:
2469:
2468:
2441:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2301:
2297:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2182:Potato Research
2170:
2169:
2165:
2151:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2053:
2052:
2043:
2038:
1879:
1873:
1837:
1792:copper toxicity
1772:
1756:oxathiapiprolin
1689:Nottinghamshire
1678:
1633:
1632:
1617:Beaumont Period
1616:
1615:
1584:
1546:
1449:
1443:
1369:
1367:Plant pathology
1363:
1353:, and di-locus
1280:phylogeographic
1235:
1229:
1217:founder effects
1202:
1043:
1009:
1008:
999:
998:
996:
988:
977:
976:
969:
968:
962:
961:
955:
954:
947:
946:
936:
935:
928:
927:
920:
919:
908:
907:
900:
899:
892:
891:
873:
872:
865:
864:
850:
849:
824:
814:
813:
806:
805:
799:
798:
792:
791:
784:
783:
776:
775:
768:
767:
760:
759:
752:
751:
740:
739:
728:
727:
716:
715:
708:
707:
700:
699:
692:
691:
684:
683:
676:
675:
657:
656:
641:
640:
625:
624:
609:
608:
601:
600:
593:
592:
585:
584:
579:
578:
571:
570:
563:
562:
555:
554:
547:
546:
539:
538:
531:
530:
520:
496:
446:sporangiophores
336:
284:The genus name
282:
258:1845â1852 Irish
203:
193:
187:
174:
147:Peronosporaceae
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6328:
6326:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6292:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6268:
6255:
6245:
6232:
6219:
6206:
6193:
6180:
6167:
6154:
6141:
6128:
6115:
6102:
6089:
6079:
6064:
6048:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6018:
6009:
5995:
5990:
5978:
5969:
5964:
5955:
5950:
5943:
5942:External links
5940:
5939:
5938:
5903:
5850:
5799:
5742:
5683:
5674:(6): 612â616,
5668:Phytopathology
5656:
5618:
5580:
5545:
5504:
5499:
5472:
5467:
5443:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5348:Phytopathology
5328:
5230:
5206:
5169:(6): 259â263.
5149:
5128:
5110:(2): 221â232,
5092:
5060:Phytopathology
5041:
5026:
5001:
4975:
4954:
4915:Annual Reviews
4891:
4866:
4846:
4835:New York Times
4821:
4796:
4756:
4730:
4727:on 2021-09-01.
4702:
4682:
4655:
4620:
4565:
4539:
4484:
4462:
4434:
4412:
4380:
4360:
4341:
4323:
4294:Phytopathology
4289:Zadoks, Jan C.
4279:
4221:
4174:
4113:
4077:
4066:
4050:"PlantVillage"
4041:
4009:
3934:
3896:
3836:
3815:
3752:
3719:
3648:
3587:
3530:
3457:
3412:
3371:
3341:Phytopathology
3326:
3289:
3259:Phytopathology
3240:
3210:Phytopathology
3194:
3124:
3078:
3009:
2994:
2963:
2948:
2916:
2834:
2797:Annual Reviews
2777:
2739:PLOS Pathogens
2723:
2587:
2556:Annual Reviews
2517:
2488:(3): 385â402.
2439:
2410:Annual Reviews
2383:
2364:
2340:
2312:
2295:
2262:
2240:
2229:. 2nd series.
2207:
2163:
2149:
2120:
2073:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2034:
1947:. The lack of
1935:The effect of
1922:Atlantic Ocean
1872:
1869:
1836:
1833:
1807:biosurfactants
1771:
1768:
1736:chlorothalonil
1677:
1674:
1661:flow cytometry
1647:United Kingdom
1643:
1642:
1629:
1583:
1580:
1564:and self-sown
1545:
1542:
1445:Main article:
1442:
1439:
1404:chlorothalonil
1394:tank mix, and
1362:
1359:
1276:§ Mating types
1228:
1225:
1201:
1198:
1130:amino terminus
1042:
1039:
995:
992:
987:
984:
983:
982:
974:
966:
959:
952:
944:
941:
933:
925:
917:
905:
897:
889:
870:
862:
847:
826:Discovered by
823:
820:
819:
818:
811:
803:
796:
789:
781:
773:
765:
757:
749:
737:
725:
713:
705:
697:
689:
681:
673:
654:
638:
622:
606:
598:
590:
576:
568:
560:
552:
544:
536:
519:
516:
512:mating hormone
495:
492:
335:
332:
281:
278:
254:1840s European
205:
204:
194:
183:
182:
176:
175:
168:
166:
162:
161:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
137:Peronosporales
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
101:
94:
93:
91:Diaphoretickes
88:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6327:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6278:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6246:
6242:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6065:
6060:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6003:
6001:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5928:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5875:(2): 478â91.
5874:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5662:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5628:Plant Disease
5624:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5601:: 1295â1301,
5600:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5505:
5502:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5413:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5342:
5332:
5329:
5323:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5234:
5231:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5103:Food Security
5096:
5093:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5054:
5045:
5042:
5037:
5030:
5027:
5016:on 2016-03-04
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
4990:
4989:The Economist
4986:
4979:
4976:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4895:
4892:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4822:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4767:Plant Disease
4760:
4757:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4659:
4656:
4645:on 2017-11-07
4641:
4637:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4578:
4569:
4566:
4561:
4559:
4550:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4488:
4485:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4451:
4449:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4391:Plant Disease
4384:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4364:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4056:on 2015-12-22
4055:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4035:Modern Farmer
4031:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3972:: 1119â1129.
3971:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3840:
3837:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3665:
3659:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3491:(9): e24543.
3490:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:(7): 848â56.
3437:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3338:in Ecuador".
3337:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2696:: 1015â1031.
2695:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:, p. 165
2379:
2376:, Corvallis:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2341:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2189:(3): 249â64,
2188:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2091:Plant Disease
2087:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:United States
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:from Europe.
1980:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:electric wire
1961:
1960:shell casings
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:New York City
1899:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1865:sulfuric acid
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:In the past,
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:has approved
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:mandipropamid
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1701:with disease
1700:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:seed potatoes
1551:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1536:in the plant/
1535:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:Ranger Russet
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:Previcur Flex
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1325:North America
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1300:South America
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:Toluca Valley
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:collected in
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:pathogenicity
1099:
1096:encoding for
1095:
1094:gene families
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1004:
1003:
993:
991:
985:
975:
967:
960:
953:
945:
942:
934:
929:NP10 & 11
926:
918:
915:
906:
898:
890:
887:
885:
879:
871:
863:
860:
857:
848:
845:
841:
840:
839:
837:
833:
832:Toluca Valley
829:
821:
812:
804:
797:
790:
782:
774:
766:
758:
750:
747:
738:
735:
726:
723:
714:
706:
698:
690:
682:
674:
671:
669:
663:
655:
652:
648:
639:
636:
632:
623:
620:
616:
607:
599:
591:
577:
569:
561:
553:
545:
537:
529:
528:
527:
525:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
493:
491:
489:
487:
483:
478:
474:
472:
467:
463:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
427:biflagellated
424:
420:
416:
415:P. infestans.
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
372:
366:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
331:
330:(1831â1888).
329:
325:
320:
315:
310:
298:
287:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:1846 Highland
259:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:potato blight
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:microorganism
221:
217:
213:
212:
202:
198:
192:
190:
184:
181:
180:Binomial name
177:
173:
172:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:Stramenopiles
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
6300:Phytophthora
6043:
6025:PlantVillage
5999:
5973:
5962:bibliography
5959:
5931:. Retrieved
5915:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5857:Phytophthora
5856:
5811:
5807:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5671:
5667:
5632:
5626:
5622:
5594:
5588:
5585:Phytophthora
5584:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5518:(1): 47â57,
5515:
5509:
5479:
5478:Phytophthora
5476:
5455:St. Paul, MN
5450:
5449:Phytophthora
5447:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5331:
5299:
5293:
5246:
5240:
5233:
5222:. Retrieved
5218:
5209:
5166:
5162:
5152:
5140:
5131:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5044:
5035:
5029:
5018:. Retrieved
5014:the original
5004:
4994:September 1,
4992:. Retrieved
4988:
4978:
4967:. Retrieved
4957:
4910:
4904:
4894:
4883:. Retrieved
4879:
4869:
4858:
4849:
4838:, retrieved
4834:
4824:
4813:. Retrieved
4810:Irish Mirror
4809:
4799:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4747:. Retrieved
4743:the original
4733:
4722:the original
4705:
4685:
4674:. Retrieved
4668:
4658:
4647:. Retrieved
4640:the original
4635:
4623:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4568:
4555:
4542:
4510:(1): 37â45.
4507:
4501:
4495:
4487:
4475:. Retrieved
4465:
4453:. Retrieved
4447:
4425:. Retrieved
4415:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4373:
4363:
4350:
4344:
4334:Phytophthora
4333:
4326:
4298:
4292:
4282:
4237:
4231:
4224:
4211:Free version
4189:
4183:
4177:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4069:
4058:. Retrieved
4054:the original
4044:
4033:
3965:
3959:
3926:. Retrieved
3924:. 2019-02-21
3919:
3867:): 183â222.
3856:
3850:
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3818:
3774:
3768:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3651:
3606:
3600:
3590:
3553:
3549:BMC Genetics
3547:
3541:
3533:
3488:
3482:
3477:P. infestans
3476:
3473:Phytophthora
3472:
3468:
3460:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3012:
2977:
2931:
2930:Phytophthora
2928:
2864:
2858:
2849:
2837:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2743:
2737:
2726:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2405:
2399:
2373:
2367:
2349:
2343:
2332:. Retrieved
2324:
2315:
2304:Phytophthora
2303:
2298:
2280:
2274:
2256:
2250:
2243:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2166:
2132:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2067:26 September
2065:, retrieved
2056:
2026:P. infestans
2025:
2023:
2019:P. infestans
2018:
2016:
2013:
2001:P. infestans
2000:
1997:Soviet Union
1983:
1979:P. infestans
1978:
1976:
1957:
1945:Irish Lumper
1936:
1934:
1898:Philadelphia
1895:
1838:
1810:
1773:
1744:triphenyltin
1723:P. infestans
1722:
1715:P. infestans
1714:
1707:P. infestans
1706:
1693:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1634:Smith Period
1588:P. infestans
1587:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1547:
1538:P. infestans
1537:
1532:
1521:
1518:
1494:
1482:P. infestans
1481:
1478:
1436:
1426:
1423:
1408:
1372:P. infestans
1371:
1370:
1338:P. infestans
1337:
1322:
1314:P. infestans
1313:
1310:P. infestans
1309:
1303:
1293:
1289:P. mirabilis
1287:
1284:P. infestans
1283:
1265:
1254:P. infestans
1253:
1247:
1209:P. infestans
1208:
1203:
1175:
1162:glycosylases
1146:Phytophthora
1145:
1142:P. infestans
1141:
1086:P. infestans
1085:
1075:
1069:
1066:Phytophthora
1065:
1046:P. infestans
1045:
1044:
1019:P. infestans
1018:
1010:
1000:
997:
989:
986:Self-fertile
883:
877:
825:
667:
661:
521:
500:mating types
497:
494:Mating types
490:
477:P. infestans
476:
475:
457:P. infestans
456:
454:
442:P. infestans
441:
439:
435:P. infestans
434:
419:P. infestans
418:
414:
382:
380:
323:
313:
286:Phytophthora
285:
283:
247:
246:, caused by
244:Early blight
239:
235:
210:
209:
208:
188:
186:
170:
169:
158:Phytophthora
157:
110:
97:
84:
35:
29:
6158:iNaturalist
6068:Wikispecies
5960:Phytophtora
5359:: 966â981.
5295:Nature Food
5253:: 332â342.
5242:Nature Food
5071:: 670â680.
4917:: 473â508.
4599:): 178â90.
4244:: 465â478.
4230:diseases".
4095:(1): 9â19,
3829:29 December
3401:): 422â30.
3039:: 3306â11.
2871:: 393â398.
2799:: 403â419.
2558:: 529â547.
1999:researched
1912:, and from
1910:Nova Scotia
1847:around the
1804:rhamnolipid
1762:production
1760:smallholder
1703:forecasting
1699:conjunction
1639:consecutive
1622:temperature
1469:King Edward
1376:agriculture
1334:Scandinavia
1295:P. ipomoeae
1170:necrotizing
1090:transposons
1054:chromosomes
844:#13_A2/CN02
842:CN02 â See
431:chemotactic
236:late blight
6294:Categories
5972:USDA-BARC
5933:2021-11-15
5562:: 171â90.
5485:Symposia,
5426:(3): 249,
5224:2023-11-24
5020:2018-09-01
4969:2013-03-05
4885:2024-06-08
4815:2024-06-08
4778:: 521â28,
4676:2021-09-01
4649:2017-11-09
4560:, Nov 2002
4402:: 394â99,
4305:: 754â63,
4060:2015-12-16
3928:2020-12-21
3739:(4): 399.
3678:: e00731.
3352:: 375â80.
3270:: 382â90.
3221:: 882â90.
3105:: 171â90.
3004:2014943809
2958:2012042152
2334:2021-11-30
2330:. May 2017
2237:: 239â269.
2036:References
1995:, and the
1875:See also:
1719:resistance
1695:Fungicides
1665:microscopy
1604:fungicides
1490:effector-R
1390:, a Gavel/
1365:See also:
1342:fungicides
1231:See also:
1194:polyploidy
1134:avirulence
1126:amino acid
1077:P. ramorum
994:Physiology
874:KR-1 Gotoh
658:KR-1 Zhang
486:propagules
399:sporangium
375:Life cycle
270:Solanaceae
260:, and the
220:water mold
5709:1305.4206
5520:CiteSeerX
5487:Cambridge
5375:0031-949X
5322:2662-1355
5283:219924805
5267:2662-1355
5183:0966-842X
4949:225114407
4941:0066-4189
4615:0032-0862
4274:220657247
4258:1389-9155
4192:: 75â88.
3986:1467-7644
3883:0014-3065
3685:1305.4206
2986:APS Press
2895:0028-0836
2829:219621432
2813:2327-056X
2718:233882518
2710:0032-0862
2574:0066-4286
2426:0066-4227
2412:: 21â39.
2310:3: 47â58.
2283:: 61â74,
1861:herbicide
1780:bluestone
1740:fluazinam
1728:carbamate
1711:Metalaxyl
1596:BLITECAST
1558:certified
1534:Melatonin
1411:desiccant
1346:genotypes
1305:P. andina
1302:, namely
1286:, namely
1211:presents
1154:proteases
1092:and many
1023:autophagy
859:haplotype
746:#NP3/US-1
524:diterpene
409:, called
391:sporangia
377:on potato
363:Infected
319:infestare
314:infestans
280:Etymology
165:Species:
78:Eukaryota
6210:MycoBank
6176:10873176
6132:Fungorum
6082:BioLib:
6053:Wikidata
5984:Archived
5910:(2016).
5899:26576850
5846:23863894
5814:: 2172.
5795:24889615
5738:23741619
5653:30731850
5639:: 4â17,
5615:17153913
5576:16078881
5542:19487540
5391:27658217
5383:25760519
5275:37128085
5201:15165603
5124:23830595
5087:30253119
4840:18 March
4792:30823129
4694:Archived
4558:Brighton
4534:11772606
4319:18944880
4266:32691289
4242:Springer
4214:Archived
4206:38742532
4170:12872003
4109:41454585
4004:30467980
3891:21251642
3865:Springer
3811:25279467
3770:PLOS ONE
3714:23741619
3582:21303555
3525:21949727
3484:PLOS ONE
3452:20294303
3366:18945115
3284:18944351
3235:18944234
3189:24889615
3119:16078881
3073:17360643
2903:19741609
2867:(7262).
2821:32530794
2772:23055926
2582:27359366
2512:18705878
2434:28504899
2159:83142160
2116:30731850
2102:: 4â17,
2062:BBC News
1930:Kortrijk
1914:Virginia
1906:Illinois
1853:pathogen
1817:knotweed
1748:mancozeb
1687:potato,
1685:Spraying
1608:epidemic
1550:inoculum
1528:cisgenic
1457:cisgenic
1432:Phostrol
1415:paraquat
1400:mancozeb
1392:SuperTin
1221:genotype
1213:sampling
1200:Research
1182:isolates
1152:such as
1118:arginine
1110:apoplast
1106:symplast
1071:P. sojae
1041:Genetics
1027:elicitor
951:â Brazil
508:genotype
450:mycelium
411:oospores
395:zoospore
274:zoospore
216:oomycete
143:Family:
127:Oomycota
123:Phylum:
74:Domain:
6150:3203716
6111:1004648
6059:Q149072
5958:Online
5890:4866541
5837:3759036
5816:Bibcode
5786:4066499
5763:Bibcode
5729:3667578
5599:IS-MPMI
5440:2850128
5192:7133335
4919:Bibcode
4749:16 July
4477:3 March
4455:3 March
4427:3 March
4138:Bibcode
3995:6523587
3802:4184844
3779:Bibcode
3705:3667578
3643:7972108
3611:Bibcode
3573:3046917
3516:3174952
3493:Bibcode
3254:Solanum
3180:4066499
3157:Bibcode
3064:1805513
3041:Bibcode
2911:4385549
2873:Bibcode
2763:3464212
2503:6640234
2203:2850128
1926:Belgian
1918:Ontario
1857:harvest
1572:Compost
1506:Remarka
1388:Ridomil
1380:foliage
1355:isozyme
1267:Solanum
1190:trisomy
1178:allelic
1158:lipases
1122:leucine
1050:diploid
1007:is the
893:KR_2_A2
854:â with
677:KR_1_A1
309:phthora
266:famines
264:potato
201:de Bary
153:Genus:
133:Order:
6277:775725
6264:721389
6248:NZOR:
6215:232148
6202:181472
6137:232148
6124:PHYTIN
5897:
5887:
5844:
5834:
5793:
5783:
5736:
5726:
5651:
5613:
5597:(12),
5574:
5540:
5522:
5497:
5465:
5438:
5389:
5381:
5373:
5320:
5281:
5273:
5265:
5199:
5189:
5181:
5122:
5085:
4947:
4939:
4860:RTĂ.ie
4790:
4613:
4532:
4525:126536
4522:
4317:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4204:
4168:
4161:170883
4158:
4107:
4002:
3992:
3984:
3889:
3881:
3809:
3799:
3712:
3702:
3641:
3631:
3580:
3570:
3556:: 23.
3523:
3513:
3450:
3364:
3282:
3256:spp".
3233:
3187:
3177:
3117:
3071:
3061:
3002:
2992:
2984:, US:
2956:
2946:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2860:Nature
2827:
2819:
2811:
2770:
2760:
2716:
2708:
2580:
2572:
2510:
2500:
2432:
2424:
2201:
2157:
2147:
2114:
1991:, the
1989:Canada
1985:France
1887:HERB-1
1802:, and
1600:canopy
1566:tubers
1562:season
1514:Polish
1475:, 2019
1413:(e.g.
1329:Europe
1318:clonal
1250:Mexico
1186:Europe
1058:genome
1002:PiINF1
909:NP2 A2
882:#KR-1
717:NP2 A1
666:#KR-1
586:HERB-1
407:spores
387:hyphal
365:potato
256:, the
232:tomato
228:potato
214:is an
53:potato
6189:40970
6171:IRMNG
6163:53860
6098:4HNSM
6085:61264
5704:arXiv
5696:eLife
5664:(PDF)
5635:(1),
5538:S2CID
5436:S2CID
5387:S2CID
5355:(7).
5302:(7).
5279:S2CID
5249:(6).
5120:S2CID
5067:(4).
4945:S2CID
4913:(1).
4774:(5),
4725:(PDF)
4714:(PDF)
4643:(PDF)
4632:(PDF)
4591:(1).
4552:(PDF)
4398:(5),
4301:(8),
4270:S2CID
4240:(4).
4202:S2CID
4105:S2CID
3970:Wiley
3968:(6).
3887:S2CID
3859:(2).
3680:arXiv
3671:eLife
3634:45277
3448:S2CID
3393:(3).
3348:(4).
3266:(4).
3217:(9).
3035:(9).
2907:S2CID
2855:(PDF)
2825:S2CID
2795:(1).
2714:S2CID
2692:(5).
2554:(1).
2408:(1).
2199:S2CID
2155:S2CID
2098:(1),
2003:as a
1849:stems
1845:mulch
1384:tuber
1258:Andes
1205:Study
1082:genes
978:13_A2
970:US-14
886:Zhang
884:sensu
878:sensu
856:mtDNA
851:US-22
846:below
815:T30-4
800:US-24
793:US-23
785:US-17
777:US-16
769:US-11
734:#US-1
670:Gotoh
668:sensu
662:sensu
580:FAM-1
556:CN-11
548:CN-10
303:ÏΞοÏÎŹ
297:phyto
197:Mont.
111:Clade
98:Clade
85:Clade
55:leaf
6241:4787
6236:NCBI
6197:ITIS
6145:GBIF
6119:EPPO
5976:page
5895:PMID
5842:PMID
5791:PMID
5734:PMID
5649:PMID
5611:PMID
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