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help stake their claim five of Earp's armed men, went to the nearby Austin claim in the morning. Earp told the group they were trespassers on the claim they owned. One of the men grabbed Earp's shotgun being held by one of his men. Earp pulled his automatic weapon and told him to let go and he did. As calm returned one man accidentally discharged his gun. On
October 25, 1910, a US Marshall came and arrested Earp and 27 of his men and served them with a summons from Judge Charles W. Slack to appear before the U.S. Circuit Court for Contempt. Starting in 1901 Earp had gone to the desert from Los Angeles and made a number of mining claims.
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Trona
Railway which connects with the Union Pacific at Searles Station. Garden City was a virtual oasis, providing food and shelter for the teamsters and a barn accommodating 100 mules. The western route went through Salt Wells Canyon (Poison Canyon) to a dry station one mile from the head of the canyon and on to garden City where both routes joined. It then continued through Garlock and connected with the road to Mojave. Erected 2000 by Billy Holcomb Chapter No. 1069, E Clampus Vitus in cooperation with Searles Valley Historical Society.
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434:. The action was taken due to the threat of Lee's armed men seeking to get back claims they said were taken from them in the rich potash and borax deposits of Searles lake. The news reminded many of the ’49 claim jumpers and mining camps fights. On December 27, 1912, Lee dropped his claim, there was a time limit on him re-staking this old claim and his time had run out, after he was not able to get his men to the old site and set up before the December 31 deadline.
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697:. Searles heard that there many be useful borax at the lake, so they took some lake samples to San Francisco in 1863, but were told by a dishonest appraiser that there was no borax. But, Searles became suspicious after being followed on the way home. They had some good gold and silver finds in the Slate Range, but in the end, they again lost everything after another debt lawsuit in 1870. John was seriously injured by a
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Development
Company, a subsidiary of The Consolidated Gold Fields Company of South Africa, for two million dollars. In return, The Trona Company gave Foreign Mines Development Company 1000 shares of stock and a percentage of future gross sales. The California Trona Company built two experimental plants to recover
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on
January 1, 1873. They had one son they named after his brother, Dennis (1874-1916), born on February 27, 1874. They changed their focus from mining to the deposits at the Slate Range dry lake that now bears their name. The next test showed that the lake was rich in borax. The Searles brothers with
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rock salt basin. In June 1909, Americans attempted to buy the mineral not from the national syndicate, but from independent producers at far lower prices. This led to the 1910 potash controversy between
Germany and the United States over pricing, taxes, and tariffs. So, the Potash wars and production
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land of the
California Trona Company. The men were unprepared for the remote harsh Desert. Next day Austin sent two employees around the lake, they found 6 of the men in poor health, with no water, the leader of the claim jump, Chas S. Davidson died on the lake. June 20, 1910 "On Saturday afternoon
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in 1874 and began production and selling of minerals. In 1878, Searles sold his interests and the patented land to the San
Bernardino Borax Mining Company, which was founded by Francis Marion “Borax” Smith (1846-1931). The Searles Valley operations closed in 1895 as Smith moved operations to Death
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oil and natural gas producer. On Dec. 3, 1990 the land and production was sold from Kerr-McGee to North
American Chemical for 210-million. The sale included the plants, railroad and vast mineral reserves. In 1998 IMC Global Incorporation purchased the plant. In 2004 Sun Capital purchased the plant
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On
October 19, 1910, 44 new Los Angeles claim jumpers arrived at Searles, their leader was Henry E. Lee, an Oakland attorney. The group has surveyors, laborers and 20 men armed guards/gunmen. The leader of the guards/gunmen was Wyatt Earp. They camp at the abandoned town of Slate Range City. To
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proceedings of the
California Trona Company. His response was to find a way for the unsuccessful California Trona Company to move out of debt. Much of the Potash wars can be found in his daily diary he kept from December 16, 1909 and November 30, 1917. He was paid $ 270 per month by the Foreign
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This monument commemorates two wagon routes used by the Searles brothers to haul borax from their plant on Borax Lake (now Searles Lake) to the railhead at Mojave. The southern route traveled west of the Trona Pinnacles to Searles' freight station at Garden City. This is the present route of the
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NO. 774 SEARLES LAKE BORAX DISCOVERY - John Searles discovered borax on the nearby surface of Searles Lake in 1862. With his brother Dennis, he formed the San Bernardino Borax Mining Company in 1873 and operated it until 1897. The chemicals in Searles Lake-borax, potash, soda ash, salt cake, and
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from the dry lake. The plants were not successful and troubles developed between the California Trona Company and the Foreign Mines Development Company. Claims of incompetence, fraud, and conspiracy in both companies were made. The Foreign Mines Development Company began legal action to sell the
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for 160 acres around Searles Valley in 1908. To add to its mining right, the California Trona Company leased 2240 acres of patented lands for five years from the San Bernardino Borax Mining Company. To finance production, California Trona Company mortgaged some of the land to the Foreign Mines
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San Francisco Call - December 23, 1912 “View Of Disputed Potash Soda And Borax Claims In Searles Lake District, Mojave Desert, And Several Capitalists Who Are Interested In Outcome Of The Bitter Fight For Possession.”Heavily Armed Forces Are Ready To Battle For Alkaline
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team. Claim jumpers came and tried the get in on the action, but the remote harsh desert drove them out. But, the high cost of refining and transporting borax, closed the company. In 1878 Searles sold his interests and the claim patents for the dry lake to the
339:. John and his brother Dennis Searles discovered borax at Searles Lake while looking for gold with the Dr. S.G. George party. Searles and Dennis filed claims for the minerals in 1873. Searles filed paperwork for a Federal land patent from the
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Commissioner. He also claimed that Austin and three armed men came into Earp's camp and told the Lee party to depart. Engineer Lou Rasor told how Earp grabbed one of Austin's men's rifle and then had a revolver put to his face.
430:, who controlled the world market of potash, and with the importance of potash in the US, on December 23, 1912, a Federal Court instructed that Lee's claims be guarded by United States Officers, Deputy Sheriffs and the
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about the Owens Valley. They had one child Ruth Austin (1891-1918). Austin and his brother came up with a new irrigation system and try to market it, but were unsuccessful. His private law firm became the receiver for
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lithium-were deposited here by the runoff waters from melting ice-age glaciers, John Searles' discovery has proved to be the world's richest chemical storehouse, containing half the natural elements.
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Mines Development Company. Austin had a test drill done and found that the mineral-rich layers ran about 100 feet under the dry lake. Austin later was the Trona city's first
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with his brother Dennis. The Searles brothers mined and farmed, but in 1858 they lost their mine claims and farm in a debt lawsuit. To start fresh they traveled to
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involvement. On March 26, 1912, President Taft sent a message to Congress about the Searles deposit at Borax Lake and his concern about Senator
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A Company Town Changes Companies : Mining: The sale of Trona's major employer has brought anxiety--and hope--to the Mojave Desert town
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when the boys were brought to Borax I furnished them with food and had them all sign a quitclaim deed relinquishing to California Trona.
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The Kartell Movement in the German Potash Industry, by H. R. Tosdal, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 1913, pages 140-190
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after hearing about the gold and silver finds in the Slate Range. Near the Slate Range was a dry lake thought to be only salt and
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The October 1910 event came up in a 1916 court case. Nick Cataldo claimed the Earp was working at the request of Tom Lewis, a
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property to recover mortgage debt on September 7, 1909. Stanford Wallace Austin was appointed receiver of the Trona Company.
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In December 1912 Lee put a second crew together to go back and try to reclaim his land claim. With unrest starting in
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Diary of S.W. Austin on file at the Searles Valley Historical Society, December 16, 1909 to November 30, 1917
293:. The Potash wars gained national and international news at the time due to the involvement of famous lawman
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San Francisco Call, Front Page. Potash Fight Attracts Eye Of Federal Authorities, December 25, 1912
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Desert Gazette, The Arrest of Wyatt Earp — The Potash Wars by S. Wallace Austin – January 26, 1929
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In 1863, John W. Searles (1828-1897) discovered concentrated minerals in the saline deposits in
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californiahistoricallandmarks.com, Mary Austin's Home (No. 229 California Historical Landmark)
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Potash Wars The San Bernardino County Sun, San Bernardino, California, 03 Feb 1916, Page 1
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acquired the California Trona Company due to the debt they held on the land. In 1914 The
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673:. His parents were George Searles (1802-1851) and Helen Wemple (1803-?). Both were from
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John W. Searles: California Mining Pioneer, by James L. Fairchild and David T. Robinson
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sierranevadageotourism.org, Mary Austin's Home (No. 229 California Historical Landmark)
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to practice private law. In addition to his practice he was also a teacher. He married
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Conflict over potash deposits in the Searles Valley of California between 1910 and 1915
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and built a plant to refine the borax and haul it out, just like the better know
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svminerals.com, Searles Valley Minerals, Highlights From Searles Valley Timeline
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in 1871, but survived. John Searles married Mary Ann Covington (1851 - 1923) in
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In the mid-19th century and earlier, potash was produced almost exclusively on
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opened a 31-mile rail line from Trona to the Searles Station junction of the
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of potash at Searles Lake became a Federal issue with the Federal court and
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519:. In 2008 Nirma purchased the plant Searles Valley Minerals Incorporated.
2242:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
677:. John was the oldest of five children. John Searles was one of the many
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about the issue he saw. He departed the Land Office in 1906 and moved to
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289:(also called Slate Range Lake and Borax Lake), near the current town of
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other partners filed claims to 640 acres in 1873. They founded the new
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svminerals.com, Searles Valley Minerals, About Searles Valley Minerals
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Engineering and Mining Journal, Volume 93, page 643, March 30, 1912
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Mineralogy Database - Minerals, Locations, Mineral Photos and Data
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On June 17, 1910, eight men were spotted heading to Borax Lake to
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Lots of grammatical errors, the language is in part awful to read.
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San Bernardino News page 8 San Bernardino, California 25 Jan 1916
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svminerals.com, Searles Valley Minerals, John W. Searles History
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looking for gold. His first claim was in 1852 at Indian creek in
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On August 16, 1962, John W. Searles discovery site was granted a
506:. In 1967 American Potash & Chemical Corporation was sold to
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were a series of events that took place from 1910 to 1915 in the
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Those that fought both with guns and in court were correct, the
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californiahistoricallandmarks.com, Searles Lake Borax discovery
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which later became a California Historical Landmark No. 229.
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1154:"Obscurity threatens works of California author Mary Austin"
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hmdb.org, John & Dennis Searles Wagon Routes 1875 - 1895
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Mindat.org Searles Lake, San Bernardino Co., California, USA
972:"The Mines Handbook: An Enlargement of the Copper Hand Book
892:(Tombstone Arizona History). James Petersen. Archived from
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and the Searles Valley was a major supplier in the 1910s.
719:. Searles died on October 7, 1897, at the age of 68 at
1073:. Jenifer Warren. December 13, 1990. Los Angeles Times.
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John Wemple Searles was born on November 16, 1828, in
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had a practically worldwide monopoly on potash in its
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monument was place to remember the Searles brothers:
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Trona Potash by S. Wallace Austin, January 26, 1929
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394:bill; he requested an amendment as concern with a
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886:"Was Arthur Moore King Wyatt Earp's last deputy?"
540:The California Historical Landmark marker reads:
291:Trona in the San Bernardino County of California
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432:William J. Burns International Detective Agency
499:crossed the Searles Lake on a wooden trestle.
136:, abuts northwest of the dry Searles Lake bed.
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480:In 1917 American Trona Corporation built the
297:and the importance of the valley's supply of
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770:mojavedesert.net, Mary Austin (Mary Hunter)
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623:Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
455:Consolidated Gold Fields of South Africa
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1190:myheritage.com Stafford Wallace Austin
1179:trona-ca.com/, Stafford Wallace Austin
1037:"National Register Information System"
919:. City of San Bernardino, California.
373:By the beginning of the 20th century,
261:Dennis Searles in 1890 at Searles Lake
247:Location of Searles Lake in California
1236:The Searles Valley Historical Society
641:on May 18, 1891, she wrote the book,
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174:35.7577694444444°N 117.377358333333°W
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1251:Searles Lake Gem and Mineral Society
1042:National Register of Historic Places
1025:Trona-ca.com Trona City History 1915
1014:trona-ca.com Trona City History 1920
517:Searles Valley Minerals Incorporated
504:American Potash and Chemical Company
490:National Register of Historic Places
301:at the time. Potash is an important
1246:Discovery of Arsenic Eating Microbe
717:San Bernardino Borax Mining Company
708:San Bernardino Borax Mining Company
482:American Trona Corporation Building
348:deposits. C.E. Dolbear founded the
179:35.7577694444444; -117.377358333333
96:Wyatt Earp, part of the Potash wars
1291:Municipalities and communities of
1158:Los Angeles Times: The Book Review
1152:Rolfe, Lionel (January 18, 1981).
607:University of California, Berkeley
14:
1294:San Bernardino County, California
1128:"Biography of Mary Hunter Austin"
923:from the original on May 12, 2013
611:United States General Land Office
341:United States General Land Office
147:San Bernardino County, California
84:Stafford Wallace Austin and wife
803:digital-desert.com, Searles Lake
781:mojavedesert.net John W. Searles
723:. John and Mary are interred at
609:. His first job was working for
502:In 1926 - American Trona became
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1083:North American Chemical Company
2432:Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad
2387:Amargosa Opera House and Hotel
2059:Fort Mojave Indian Reservation
917:"Wyatt Earp in San Bernardino"
525:California Historical Landmark
196:California Historical Landmark
1:
2070:Twenty-Nine Palms Reservation
1256:Satellite Photo (Google Maps)
681:that came to California in a
457:, British owned, founded the
420:Los Angeles Police Department
2075:Colorado River Indian Tribes
675:Montgomery County, New York
441:holds vast amounts of rich
346:Pacific Coast Borax Company
43:. The specific problem is:
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2713:Feuds in the United States
2307:Death Valley National Park
629:and wrote a report to the
463:American Trona Corporation
459:American Trona Corporation
2351:Death Valley monkeyflower
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1462:San Bernardino County map
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815:"Bulletin - Google Books"
687:Shasta County, California
631:Secretary of the Interior
601:born on May 16, 1862, at
471:Southern Pacific Railroad
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2371:Saratoga Springs pupfish
2361:Death Valley June beetle
659:Independence, California
605:. He graduated from the
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350:California Trona Company
145:Trona Rd at Center St.,
729:Napa County, California
703:Los Angeles, California
699:California grizzly bear
599:Stafford Wallace Austin
594:Stafford Wallace Austin
495:From 1922 to 1928, the
269:John W. Searles in 1873
2065:San Manuel Reservation
2054:Chemehuevi Reservation
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721:St. Helena, California
508:Kerr-McGee Corporation
344:Valley to work on the
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2513:Death Valley Junction
2402:Death Valley Railroad
1924:Mountain Home Village
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1047:National Park Service
915:Cataldo, Nicholas R.
751:California water wars
725:Saint Helena Cemetery
671:Tribes Hill, New York
615:Lone Pine, California
467:Trona Railway Company
320:from burning wood or
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2498:Cottonwood Mountains
2356:Death Valley pupfish
2331:Amargosa springsnail
2260:United States portal
2214:Seventeen Mile Point
497:Epsom Salts Monorail
50:improve this article
39:to meet Knowledge's
2683:1910s in California
2518:Devil's Golf Course
2412:Harmony Borax Works
2397:Death Valley '49ers
2366:Devils Hole pupfish
1654:Arrowhead Highlands
1589:San Antonio Heights
1554:Mountain View Acres
746:Indian Wells Valley
691:Southern California
665:John Wemple Searles
644:Land of Little Rain
635:Oakland, California
170: /
1604:Spring Valley Lake
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1132:New Mexico History
712:20 Mule Team Borax
639:Mary Hunter Austin
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211:Reference no.
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86:Mary Hunter Austin
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2532:Funeral Mountains
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2253:California portal
1814:Green Valley Lake
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41:quality standards
32:This article may
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1934:Newberry Springs
1824:Halloran Springs
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58:February 2023
51:
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2624:California:
2508:Darwin Falls
2503:Dante's View
2303:Death Valley
2046:reservations
1969:Red Mountain
1884:Kramer Hills
1804:Forest Falls
1644:Angelus Oaks
1599:Silver Lakes
1449:Yucca Valley
1339:Apple Valley
1313:
1218:
1207:
1196:
1185:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1157:
1147:
1137:December 31,
1135:. Retrieved
1131:
1122:
1111:
1100:
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1066:
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1040:
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1020:
1009:
1000:
989:
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947:
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925:. Retrieved
910:
898:. Retrieved
894:the original
889:
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859:
850:
841:
830:
819:. Retrieved
809:
798:
787:
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707:
668:
642:
627:Owens Valley
603:Hilo, Hawaii
598:
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586:
559:
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494:
479:
452:
436:
425:
417:
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405:
396:placer claim
372:
349:
337:Death Valley
326:
315:
283:Searles Lake
274:
272:
122:Searles Lake
64:
55:
48:Please help
44:
33:
2224:Silver Lake
2086:Ghost towns
1964:Pioneertown
1919:Mount Baldy
1834:Havasu Lake
1749:Declezville
1626:communities
1579:Piñon Hills
1539:Lytle Creek
1519:Joshua Tree
1494:Bloomington
1439:Victorville
1359:Chino Hills
1309:County seat
1160:. p. 3
900:January 27,
683:wagon train
650:foreclosure
527:designated.
383:Halberstadt
354:land claims
329:Slate Range
275:Potash wars
177: /
165:117°22′38″W
153:Coordinates
52:if you can.
2703:Wyatt Earp
2677:Categories
2417:Lake Manly
2407:Greenwater
2346:Chuckwalla
2229:Vanderbilt
2194:Providence
2174:Olive City
2124:Belleville
2099:Agua Mansa
2009:Twin Peaks
1949:Parker Dam
1944:Oro Grande
1734:Cushenbury
1729:Crest Park
1704:Cedar Glen
1669:Baldy Mesa
1609:Wrightwood
1509:Fort Irwin
1389:Loma Linda
1164:January 9,
821:2022-08-19
757:References
655:postmaster
408:claim jump
392:Reed Smoot
361:, potash,
312:Background
306:fertilizer
295:Wyatt Earp
203:Designated
162:35°45′28″N
2238:Footnotes
2179:Pasinogna
2139:Chambless
1989:Sugarloaf
1979:Skyforest
1974:Rimforest
1839:Helendale
1774:El Mirage
1634:Alta Loma
1569:Oak Hills
1504:Crestline
1499:Bluewater
1489:Big River
1394:Montclair
927:April 27,
492:in 1982.
486:San Pedro
449:Post wars
379:Magdeburg
2645:Nevada:
2569:Rhyolite
2478:Ballarat
2392:Badwater
2323:minerals
2184:Politana
2169:Milligan
2114:Barnwell
1889:La Delta
1789:Fawnskin
1784:Etiwanda
1684:Blue Jay
1564:Oak Glen
1414:Redlands
1384:Highland
1379:Hesperia
1334:Adelanto
921:Archived
735:See also
512:Oklahoma
453:In 1913
445:wealth.
439:dry lake
359:soda ash
318:asheries
287:dry lake
142:Location
34:require
2380:History
2219:Siberia
2199:Ragtown
2164:Lanfair
2154:Ivanpah
2144:Crucero
2134:Calzona
1994:Sunfair
1894:Landers
1864:Ivanpah
1844:Hinkley
1829:Harvard
1739:Daggett
1724:Crafton
1544:Mentone
1529:Lenwood
1444:Yucaipa
1404:Ontario
1399:Needles
1369:Fontana
1344:Barstow
942:Riches.
625:in the
621:of the
619:actions
564:A 2000
443:mineral
428:Germany
402:The war
375:Germany
331:in the
88:in 1910
36:cleanup
2708:Potash
2662:SR 374
2657:SR 373
2652:SR 267
2636:SR 190
2631:SR 178
2626:SR 127
2483:Beatty
2463:Valley
2447:Places
2427:Skidoo
2209:Rincon
2129:Calico
2109:Bagdad
2104:Atolia
2044:Indian
1954:Patton
1939:Nipton
1899:Ludlow
1879:Kramer
1874:Kerens
1819:Guasti
1794:Fenner
1754:Devore
1689:Bryman
1574:Phelan
1559:Muscoy
1434:Upland
1419:Rialto
1364:Colton
817:. 1929
398:bill.
299:potash
2647:US 95
2599:Trona
2527:Dunes
2459:River
2341:Borax
2319:flora
2315:Fauna
2189:Prado
2159:Kelso
2094:Afton
2034:Zzyzx
2019:Vidal
2014:Venus
2004:Trona
1904:Kelso
1854:Homer
1849:Hodge
1809:Goffs
1799:Flynn
1779:Essex
1744:Danby
1714:Chase
1694:Cadiz
1674:Basin
1649:Argus
1639:Amboy
1614:Yermo
1479:Baker
1354:Chino
679:49ers
475:Trona
363:borax
281:near
110:Argus
106:playa
2321:and
2305:and
2204:Rice
2149:Hart
2119:Beal
1909:Mars
1859:Ibis
1769:Earp
1764:Dunn
1719:Cima
1471:CDPs
1166:2019
1139:2018
929:2013
902:2014
365:and
322:kelp
303:crop
285:, a
273:The
112:and
727:in
613:in
510:an
484:in
214:774
2679::
2552:/
2548:/
2544:/
2525:/
2461:/
2457:/
2317:,
1312::
1297:,
1156:.
1130:.
1045:.
1039:.
888:.
731:.
461:.
381:-
2423:)
2419:(
2295:e
2288:t
2281:v
2077:‡
2061:‡
1284:e
1277:t
1270:v
1168:.
1141:.
931:.
904:.
824:.
71:)
65:(
60:)
56:(
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