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organizations and charities, to decide who needs assistance. The assistance can take many forms, but it is often difficult to put in place any type of aid without measurements which provide data. In a rapidly evolving economic climate, poverty assessment often aids developed countries in determining the efficacy of their programs and guiding their development strategy. In addition, by measuring poverty one receives knowledge of which poverty reduction strategies work and which do not, helping to evaluate different projects, policies and institutions. To a large extent, measuring the poor and having strategies to do so keep the poor on the agenda, making the problem of political and moral concern.
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increased the costs to $ 326 for people not in expanded states. The same study analyzed showed 2.6 million people were kept out of poverty by the effects of
Medicaid. From a 2013β2015 study, expansion states showed a smaller gap in health insurance between households making below $ 25,000 and above $ 75,000. Expansion also significantly reduced the gap of having a primary care physician between impoverished and higher income individuals. In terms of education level and employment, health insurance differences were also reduced. Non-expansion also showed poor residents went from a 22% chance of being uninsured to 66% from 2013 to 2015.
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Panel Study of Income
Dynamics (PSID) found that nearly 40% of 20-year-olds received food stamps at some point before they turned 65. This indicates that many Americans will dip below the poverty line sometime during adulthood, but will not necessarily remain there for the rest of their life. Furthermore, 44% of individuals who are given transfer benefits (other than Social Security) in one year do not receive them the next. Over 90% of Americans who receive transfers from the government stop receiving them within 10 years, indicating that the population living below the poverty threshold is in flux and does not remain constant.
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586:), but still significantly lower than that of the majority of the population under consideration. An example of this could be a person living in poor conditions or squalid housing in a high crime area of a developed country and struggling to pay their bills every month due to low wages, debt or unemployment. While this person still benefits from the infrastructure of the developed country, they still endure a less than ideal lifestyle compared to their more affluent countrymen or even the more affluent individuals in less developed countries who have lower living costs.
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addition, if the data were correct and accurate, it would still not mean serving as an adequate measure of the living standards, the well-being or economic position of a given family or household. Research done by
Haughton and Khandker finds that there is no ideal measure of well-being, arguing that all measures of poverty are imperfect. That is not to say that measuring poverty should be avoided; rather, all indicators of poverty should be approached with caution, and questions about how they are formulated should be raised.
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477:"Once economic development has progressed beyond a certain minimum level, the rub of the poverty problem β from the point of view of both the poor individual and of the societies in which they live β is not so much the effects of poverty in any absolute form but the effects of the contrast, daily perceived, between the lives of the poor and the lives of those around them. For practical purposes, the problem of poverty in the industrialized nations today is a problem of relative poverty (page 9)."
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43,430 for a family of 8, in the lower 48 states. Another issue is reduced-cost coverage. These reductions are based on income relative to FPL, and work in connection with public health services such as
Medicaid. The divisions of FPL percentages are nominally, above 400%, below 138% and below 100% of the FPL. After the advent of the American Care Act, Medicaid was expanded on states bases. For example, enrolling in the ACA kept the benefits of Medicaid when the income was up to 138% of the FPL.
93:
85:
655:
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Hispanics. According to the current US Poverty statistics, Black
Americans β 21%, Foreign born non-citizens β 19%, Hispanic Americans β 18%, and adults with a disability β 25%. This does not include all minority groups, but these groups alone account for 85% of people under the poverty line in the United States. Whites have a poverty rate of 8.7%; the poverty rate is more than double for Black and Hispanic Americans.
25:
812:(FPL) is due to its action for distributive purposes under the direction of Health and Human Services. So FPL is a tool derived from the threshold but can be used to show eligibility for certain federal programs. Federal poverty levels have direct effects on individuals' healthcare. In the past years and into the present government, the use of the poverty threshold has consequences for such programs like
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affect the extent to which one can continue and fully take advantage of his or her education. Poor students in the United States are more likely to dropout of school at some point in their education. Research has also found that children living in poverty perform poorly academically and have lower graduation rates. Impoverished children also experience more disciplinary issues in school than others.
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884:(Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, also known as food stamps) and housing subsidies are included in a household's income. Studies measuring the differences between income before and after taxes and government transfers, have found that without social support programs, poverty would be roughly 30% to 40% higher than the official poverty line indicates.
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overriding objective of national and international development policy. The basic needs approach to development was endorsed by governments and workers' and employers' organizations from all over the world. It influenced the programs and policies of major multilateral and bilateral development agencies, and was the precursor to the human development approach."
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income can be used when measuring the gap between initial income and the living income benchmarks. The World Bank notes that poverty and standard of living can be measured by social perception as well, and found that in 2015, roughly one-third of the world's population was considered poor in relation to their particular society.
255:(PPP). The new figure of $ 1.90 is based on ICP PPP calculations and represents the international equivalent of what $ 1.90 could buy in the US in 2011. Most scholars agree that it better reflects today's reality, particularly new price levels in developing countries. The common IPL has in the past been roughly $ 1 a day.
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month (approximately US$ 7.50) In 2019, the Indian government stated that 6.7% of its population is below its official poverty limit. As India is one of the fastest-growing economies in 2018, poverty is on the decline in the country, with close to 44 Indians escaping extreme poverty every minute, as per the
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Schools in impoverished communities usually do not receive much funding, which can also set their students apart from those living in more affluent neighborhoods. There is much dispute over whether upward mobility that brings a child out of poverty may or may not have a significant positive impact on
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The net annual income required for a household in a particular place to afford a decent standard of living for all members of that household. Elements of a decent standard of living include food, water, housing, education, healthcare, transport, clothing, and other essential needs including provision
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Yet, Singapore is not considering establishing an official poverty line, with
Minister for Social and Family Development Chan Chun Sing claiming it would fail to represent the magnitude and scope of problems faced by the poor. As a result, social benefits and aids aimed at the poor would be a missed
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A person can be poor in relative terms but not in absolute terms as the person might be able to meet her/his basic needs, but not be able to enjoy the same standards of living that other people in the same economy are enjoying. Relative poverty is thus a form of social exclusion that can for example
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A traditional list of immediate "basic needs" is food (including water), shelter, and clothing. Many modern lists emphasize the minimum level of consumption of 'basic needs' of not just food, water, and shelter, but also sanitation, education, and health care. Different agencies use different lists.
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intake and nutritional balance necessary, before people get ill or lose weight. He considered this amount to set his poverty line and concluded that 27.84% of the total population of York lived below this poverty line. This result corresponded with that from Booth's study of poverty in London and so
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Like the poverty line calculation, using a single global monetary calculation for Living Income is problematic when applied worldwide. Additionally, the Living Income should be adjusted quarterly due to inflation and other significant changes such as currency adjustments. The actual income or proxy
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Relative poverty measurements unlike absolute poverty measurements take the social economic environment of the people observed into consideration. It is based on the assumption that whether a person is considered poor depends on her/his income share relative to the income shares of other people who
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for an apartment, usually makes up the largest proportion of this estimate, so economists track the real estate market and other housing cost indicators as a major influence on the poverty line. Individual factors are often used to account for various circumstances, such as whether one is a parent,
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Living above or below the poverty threshold is not necessarily a position in which an individual remains static. As many as one in three impoverished people were not poor at birth; rather, they descended into poverty over the course of their life. Additionally, a study which analyzed data from the
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In the United States, the poverty thresholds are updated every year by Census Bureau. The threshold in the United States is updated and used for statistical purposes. In 2020, in the United States, the poverty threshold for a single person under 65 was an annual income of US$ 12,760, or about $ 35
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Inequality has however increased dramatically over the same time span, yet there is no official poverty line in the country. Given
Singapore's high level of growth and prosperity, many believe that poverty does not exist in the country, or that domestic poverty is not comparable to global absolute
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In 2008 Iran government report by central statistics had recommended 9.5 around million people living below poverty line. As of August 2022 the
Iranian economy suffered the highest inflation in 75 years; official statistics put the poverty line at 10 million tomans ($ 500), while the minimum wage
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In the UK in 2006, "more than five million people β over a fifth (23 percent) of all employees β were paid less than Β£6.67 an hour". This value is based on a low pay rate of 60 percent of full-time median earnings, equivalent to a little over Β£12,000 a year for a 35-hour working week. In
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National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys. Definitions of the poverty line do vary considerably among nations. For example, rich nations generally employ more generous standards of poverty than poor nations. Even among rich nations, the standards
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published his famous definition: "individuals... can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or are at least widely encouraged or approved, in the societies to
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The benefits and qualifications for federal programs are dependent on number of people on a plan and the income of the total group. For 2019, the U.S. Department of Health & Human
Services enumerate what the line is for different families. For a single person, the line is $ 12,490 and up to $
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Women and children find themselves impacted by poverty more often when a part of single mother families. The poverty rate of women has increasingly exceeded that of men's. While the overall poverty rate is 12.3%, women poverty rate is 13.8% which is above the average and men are below the overall
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In 1964, in a joint committee economic
President's report in the United States, Republicans endorsed the concept of relative poverty: "No objective definition of poverty exists. ... The definition varies from place to place and time to time. In America as our standard of living rises, so does our
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Using a single monetary poverty threshold is problematic when applied worldwide, due to the difficulty of comparing prices between countries. Prices of the same goods vary dramatically from country to country; while this is typically corrected for by using PPP exchange rates, the basket of goods
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between 1963 and 1964. She attributed the poverty threshold as a measure of income inadequacy by taking the cost of food plan per family of three or four and multiplying it by a factor of three. In 1969 the inter agency poverty level review committee adjusted the threshold for only price changes.
152:). In addition, as of 2022, $ 3.65 per day in PPP for lower-middle income countries, and $ 6.85 per day in PPP for upper-middle income countries. Per the $ 1.90/day standard, the percentage of the global population living in absolute poverty fell from over 80% in 1800 to 10% by 2015, according to
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Living below the poverty threshold can have a major impact on a child's education. The psychological stresses induced by poverty may affect a student's ability to perform well academically. In addition, the risk of poor health is more prevalent for those living in poverty. Health issues commonly
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India's official poverty level as of 2005 is split according to rural versus urban thresholds. For urban dwellers, the poverty line is defined as living on less than 538.60 rupees (approximately US$ 12) per month, whereas for rural dwellers, it is defined as living on less than 356.35 rupees per
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It is hard to have exact number for poverty, as much data is collected through interviews, meaning income that is reported to the interviewer must be taken at face value. As a result, data could not rightly represent the situations true nature, nor fully represent the income earned illegally. In
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As a result, depending on the indicator of economic status used, an estimate of who is disadvantaged, which groups have the highest poverty rates, and the nation's progress against poverty varies significantly. Hence, this can mean that defining poverty is not just a matter of measuring things
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required to satisfy those needs. The 'basic needs' approach was introduced by the International Labour Organization's World Employment Conference in 1976. "Perhaps the high point of the WEP was the World Employment Conference of 1976, which proposed the satisfaction of basic human needs as the
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is decreased by 5.3%, and Hispanic and Black poverty by 6.1% and 4.9% respectively. The reduction of family poverty also has the highest decrease with Medicaid over other public assistance programs. Expanding state Medicaid decreased the amount individuals paid by an average of $ 42, while it
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Living Income refers to the income needed to afford a decent standard of living in the place one lives. The distinguishing feature between a living income and the poverty line is the concept of decency, wherein people thrive, not only survive. Based on years of stakeholder dialogue and expert
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In 1978, Ghai investigated the literature that criticized the basic needs approach. Critics argued that the basic needs approach lacked scientific rigour; it was consumption-oriented and antigrowth. Some considered it to be "a recipe for perpetuating economic backwardness" and for giving the
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The US Census Bureau calculates the poverty line the same throughout the US regardless of the cost-of-living in a state or urban area. For instance, the cost-of-living in California, the most populous state, was 42% greater than the US average in 2010, while the cost-of-living in Texas, the
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A minority group is defined as "a category of people who experience relative disadvantage as compared to members of a dominant social group." Minorities are traditionally separated into the following groups: African Americans, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and
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An outdated or flawed poverty measure is an obstacle for policymakers, researchers and academics trying to find solutions to the problem of poverty. This has implications for people. The federal poverty line is used by dozens of federal, state, and local agencies, as well as several private
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consultations, the Living Income Community of Practice, an open learning community, established the formal definition of living income drawing on the work of Richard and Martha Anker, who co-authored "Living Wages Around the World: Manual for Measurement". They define a living income as:
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defines "poverty" as being below some relative poverty threshold. For example, the statement that "those individuals who are employed and whose household equivalised disposable income is below 60% of national median equivalised income are poor" uses a relative measure to define poverty.
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in Copenhagen in 1995, absolute poverty is "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information. It depends not only on income, but also on access to services."
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rate at 11.1%. Women and children (as single mother families) find themselves as a part of low class communities because they are 21.6% more likely to fall into poverty. However, extreme poverty, such as homelessness, disproportionately affects males to a high degree.
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The Living Income Community of Practice (LICOP) was founded by The Sustainable Food Lab, GIZ and ISEAL Alliance to measure the gap between what people around the world earn versus what they need to have a decent standard of living, and find ways to bridge this gap.
183:, and drew a poverty line in terms of a minimum weekly sum of money "necessary to enable families β¦ to secure the necessaries of a healthy life", which included fuel and light, rent, food, clothing, and household and personal items. Based on data from leading
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argued that poverty is the inability to afford "not only the commodities which are indispensably necessary for the support of life, but whatever the custom of the country renders it indecent for creditable people, even of the lowest order, to be without."
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different from those below the poverty line. The cause of the discrepancy is believed to be an outdated model of spending patterns based on actual spending in the year 1955; the number and proportion of material needs has risen substantially since then.
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The nation's poverty threshold is issued by the Census Bureau. According to the Office of Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation the threshold is statistically relevant and can be a solid predictor of people in poverty. The reasoning for using
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However, some have argued that as relative poverty is merely a measure of inequality, using the term 'poverty' for it is misleading. For example, if everyone in a country's income doubled, it would not reduce the amount of 'relative poverty' at all.
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used to determine such rates is usually unrepresentative of the poor, most of whose expenditure is on basic foodstuffs rather than the relatively luxurious items (washing machines, air travel, healthcare) often included in PPP baskets. The economist
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second-most populous state, was 10% less than the US average. In 2017, California had the highest poverty rate in the country when housing costs are factored in, a measure calculated by the Census Bureau known as "the supplemental poverty measure".
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has attempted to solve this by using standardized baskets of goods typical of those bought by the poor across countries and historical time, for example including a fixed calorific quantity of the cheapest local grain (such as corn, rice, or oats).
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per day. The threshold for a family group of four, including two children, was US$ 26,200, about $ 72 per day. According to the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey 2018 One-year Estimates, 13.1% of Americans lived below the poverty line.
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are living in the same economy. The threshold for relative poverty is considered to be at 50% of a country's median equivalised disposable income after social transfers. Thus, it can vary greatly from country to country even after adjusting for
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Minority views, p. 46 in U.S. Congress, Report of the Joint Economic Committee on the January 1964 Economic Report of the President with Minority and Additional Views (Report). Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. January
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Guidance manual on calculating and visualizing the income gap to a Living Income Benchmark Prepared for the Living Income Community of Practice The Committee on Sustainability Assessment (COSA) and KIT Royal Tropical Institute July
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argued for the use of relative poverty claiming that the definition of poverty changes with general living standards. Those labelled as poor in 1995, would have had "a higher standard of living than many labelled not poor" in 1965.
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deemed adequate in a particular country. The poverty line is usually calculated by estimating the total cost of one year's worth of necessities for the average adult. The cost of housing, such as the
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found that 3.8% of jobs were paid below the National Minimum Wage, a decrease from 7.4% in 2020 but an increase from 1.4% in 2019. They note that this increase from 2019 to 2021 is connected to the
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proposed that "we define as poor any family whose income is less than one-half the median family income." This was the first introduction of the relative poverty rate as typically computed today
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The blue bars represent the amount of money made by different people. The thin red line shows the relative poverty level. Anyone earning less than that, in this society, is relatively poor.
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Bradshaw, Jonathan; Chzhen, Yekaterina; Main, Gill; Martorano, Bruno; Menchini, Leonardo; de Neubourg, Chris (31 January 2012). "Relative Income Poverty Among Children in Rich Countries".
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challenged the view, commonly held at the time, that abject poverty was a problem particular to London and was not widespread in the rest of Britain. Rowntree distinguished between
175:. Booth set the line at 10 (50p) to 20 shillings (Β£1) per week, which he considered to be the minimum amount necessary for a family of four or five people to subsist on.
88:
Graph of global population living on under 1, 1.25 and 2 equivalent of 2005 US dollars daily (red) and as a proportion of world population (blue) based on 1981β2008 World Bank data
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David Gordon's paper, "Indicators of Poverty and Hunger", for the United Nations, further defines absolute poverty as the absence of any two of the following eight basic needs:
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471:(OECD) and Canadian poverty researchers. In the European Union, the "relative poverty measure is the most prominent and mostβquoted of the EU social inclusion indicators."
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The term "absolute poverty" is also sometimes used as a synonym for extreme poverty. Absolute poverty is the absence of enough resources to secure basic life necessities.
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Most experts and the public agree that the official poverty line in the United States is substantially lower than the actual cost of basic needs. In particular, a 2017
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820:. The benefits which different families are eligible for are contingent on FPL. The FPL, in turn, is calculated based on federal numbers from the previous year.
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Singapore has experienced strong economic growth over the last ten years and has consistently ranked among the world's top countries in terms of GDP per capita.
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Access to services: This item is undefined by Gordon, but normally is used to indicate the complete panoply of education, health, legal, social, and financial (
546:. The main poverty line used in the OECD and the European Union is based on "economic distance", a level of income set at 60% of the median household income.
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Health Affairs along with analysis by Georgetown found that public assistance does counteract poverty threats between 2010 and 2015. In regards to Medicaid,
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his or her education; inadequate academic habits that form as early as preschool typically are unknown to improve despite changes in socioeconomic status.
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poverty. Such a view persists for a selection of reasons, and since there is no official poverty line, there is no strong acknowledgement that it exists.
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Human development report: Capacity development: Empowering people and institutions (Report). Geneva: United Nations Development Program. 2008.
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Safe drinking water: Water must not come solely from rivers and ponds, and must be available nearby (fewer than 15 minutes' walk each way).
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Bradley, D; Huber, E; Moller, S.; Nielson, F; Stephens, JD (2003). "Determinants of relative poverty in advanced capitalist democracies".
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Relative poverty means low income relative to others in a country: for example, below 60% of the median income of people in that country.
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study found that 61% of non-elderly adults earning between 100 and 200% of the poverty line reported at least one material hardship, not
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A League Table of Child Poverty in Rich Nations (Report). Innocenti Report Card No.1. Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.
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differ greatly. Thus, the numbers are not comparable among countries. Even when nations do use the same method, some issues may remain.
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argued, "People are poverty stricken when their income, even if adequate for survival, falls markedly behind that of their community."
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2008 CIA World Factbook-based map showing the percentage of population by country living below that country's official poverty line
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1748:"How poverty differs from inequality on poverty management in an enlarged EU context: Conventional and alternate approaches"
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1307:"World Bank Forecasts Global Poverty to Fall Below 10% for First Time; Major Hurdles Remain in Goal to End Poverty by 2030"
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Haveman, Robert (1993). "Who Are the Nation's 'Truly Poor'? Problems and Pitfalls in (Re)defining and Measuring Poverty".
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474:"Relative poverty reflects better the cost of social inclusion and equality of opportunity in a specific time and space."
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535:(ESRI) in Ireland explained that "poverty has to be seen in terms of the standard of living of the society in question."
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Poverty Lines β Martin Ravallion, in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, London: Palgrave Macmillan
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to the amount of money needed to cover expenses beyond what is needed to merely survive across the United States. The
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elderly, a child, married, etc. The poverty threshold may be adjusted annually. In practice, like the definition of
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Shelter: Homes must have fewer than four people living in each room. Floors must not be made of soil, mud, or clay.
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Donaldson, John A.; Loh, Jacqueline; Mudaliar, Sanushka; Kadir, Mumtaz Md; Wu, Biqi; Yeoh, Lam Keong (2013).
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April 2006, a 35-hour week would have earned someone Β£9,191 a year β before tax or National Insurance".
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discourse, the basic needs model focuses on the measurement of what is believed to be an eradicable level of
179:(1871β1954), a British sociological researcher, social reformer and industrialist, surveyed rich families in
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Information: Everyone must have access to newspapers, radios, televisions, computers, or telephones at home.
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167:, a pioneering investigator of poverty in London at the turn of the 20th century, popularised the idea of a
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accurately, but it also necessitates fundamental social judgments, many of which have moral implications.
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3198:"Who Receives Food Stamps During Adulthood? Analyzing Repeatable Events With Incomplete Event Histories"
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in developing countries. It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term
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2105:"Inequality in Focus, October 2013: Analyzing the World Bank's Goal of Achieving "Shared Prosperity""
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Jolly, Richard (October 1976). "The World Employment Conference: The Enthronement of Basic Needs".
728:. India lifted 271 million people out of poverty in a 10-year time period from 2005/06 to 2015/16.
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reported in 2021 that "almost 5m jobs, or one in six nationally, pay below the real living wage".
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20170005, New York University Abu Dhabi, Department of Social Science, revised Jun 2017.
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1659:"Poverty, Human Development, and Health in Canada: Research, Practice, and Advocacy Dilemmas"
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In addition to wage and salary income, investment income and government transfers such as
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Measuring child poverty: New league tables of child poverty in the world's rich countries
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1835:(Report). UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Report Card. Florence, Italy. Archived from
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Poverty rate map of India by prevalence in 2000, among its states and union territories
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can also be used in a different sense to mean "moderate poverty" β for example, a
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In 2016, median equivalised net income varied considerably across the EU Member States
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129:, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in
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2420:"Levelling up? If anything, things are getting worse for the lowest paid in the UK"
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The new IPL replaces the $ 1.25 per day figure, which used 2005 data. In 2008, the
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3407:"Relative or Absolute β New Light on the Behavior of Poverty Lines Over Time"
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estimated that about 7% of people employed in the UK were earning at or below the
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came out with a figure (revised largely due to inflation) of $ 1.25 a day at 2005
3406:
3094:"The Affordable Care Act Reduced Socioeconomic Disparities In Health Care Access"
1916:
1064:
3483:
2346:
923:
913:
583:
365:
280:
156:
estimates, which found roughly 734 million people remained in absolute poverty.
2312:
3533:
3518:
3478:
3245:
Matt Levin (2 October 2017). "Expensive homes make California poorest state".
3214:
3197:
3110:
2347:
IPPR Article: "Government must rescue 'forgotten million children' in poverty"
2029:
1801:
490:
285:
The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of
248:
233:
2298:
1903:
Fuchs, Victor (Summer 1967). "Redefining Poverty and Redistributing Income".
1260:"Poverty headcount ratio at $ 1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) | Data"
3708:
2925:
2685:
1403:
188:
3280:
3223:
3129:
3060:"Research Update: Medicaid Pulls Americans Out Of Poverty, Updated Edition"
2934:
1674:
624:
varies greatly if there are children or other dependents in the household.
2963:
2676:
McLanahan, Sara S.; Kelly, Erin L. (2006). "The Feminization of Poverty".
4006:
2514:"Iranian Families Pushed Below Poverty Line by Low National Minimum Wage"
1776:
813:
579:
456:
affect peoples access to decent housing, education or job opportunities.
3288:
3262:"Do social-welfare policies reduce poverty? A cross-national assessment"
2570:"Why setting a poverty line may not be helpful: Minister Chan Chun Sing"
2265:
244:(IPL), a global absolute minimum, of $ 2.15 a day as of September 2022.
3456:
3323:
1382:"Could you live on $ 1.90 a day? That's the international poverty line"
1185:
376:
343:
Health: Treatment must be received for serious illnesses and pregnancy.
337:
126:
121:
2327:"Working out of Poverty: A study of the low paid and the working poor"
2037:
1980:
1592:
European Commission. Statistical Office of the European Union (2018).
3149:
2901:"The Effect of Poverty on Child Development and Educational Outcomes"
2257:
1931:
1689:
464:
298:
200:, those who had enough income, but spent it elsewhere (1901:295β96).
117:
16:
Minimum income deemed adequate to live in a specific country or place
3315:
1704:"Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries"
1177:
570:
or level of income that is high enough to satisfy basic needs (like
538:
Relative poverty measures are used as official poverty rates by the
3162:
1944:
1632:"Relative vs Absolute Poverty: Defining Different Types of Poverty"
1496:
1494:
240:
To assist in measuring this, the World Bank has a daily per capita
2709:
1601:
714:
653:
571:
435:
349:
Education: Everyone must attend school or otherwise learn to read.
316:
224:
91:
83:
2134:
2087:"In-Work Poverty: New commonly agreed indicators at the EU level"
2680:. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. pp. 127β145.
1888:
Friedman, Rose. D. (1965). Poverty: Definition and Perspective.
1762:
1760:
575:
543:
258:
These figures are artificially low according to Peter Edward of
187:
of the period, he calculated the cheapest price for the minimum
180:
4010:
3425:
909:
List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty
2735:"Demographic Data Project: Gender and Individual Homelessness"
2551:"Measuring Poverty in Singapore: Frameworks for Consideration"
2194:
1807:
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
1400:" Absolute Poverty: When Necessity Displaces Desire REVISED
396:
18:
3388:, Harald Eustachius Tomintz, 27 January 2021, Mises Institute
1967:
Foster, James E. (1998). "Absolute versus Relative Poverty".
1475:
Society and the official world: a reintroduction to sociology
1086:"COVID-19 to Add as Many as 150 Million Extreme Poor by 2021"
262:. He believes the real number as of 2015 was $ 7.40 per day.
34:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1626:
1624:
3196:
Grieger, Lloyd D.; Danziger, Sheldon H. (1 November 2011).
1688:
Child poverty in rich nations: Report card no. 6 (Report).
3092:
Griffith, Kevin; Evans, Leigh; Bor, Jacob (August 2017).
1554:
1552:
1890:
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research
1828:
Peter Adamson; UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre (2012).
1143:"The world's victory over extreme poverty, in one chart"
2995:"Federal Poverty Level (FPL) - HealthCare.gov Glossary"
2011:"Resources, Deprivation and the Measurement of Poverty"
2009:
Callan, T; Nolan, Brian; Whelan, Christopher T (1993).
1334:
The World Bank Economic Review, 23, 2, 2009, pp. 163β84
1164:
Gillie, Alan (1996). "The Origin of the Poverty Line".
364:
impression "that poverty elimination is all too easy".
232:
at $ 1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population). Based on
43:
1708:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1330:
Ravallion, Martin; Chen Shaohua & Sangraula, Prem
753:
opportunity for those living right above such a line.
469:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
2899:
Engle, Patrice L.; Black, Maureen M. (25 July 2008).
2367:"National Minimum Wage Statistics: Research Briefing"
2135:"Living Income | Living Income Community of Practice"
1285:"Principles and Practice in Measuring Global Poverty"
306:
According to a UN declaration that resulted from the
616:'s Living Wage Calculator, which compares the local
297:. The poverty line is then defined as the amount of
148:), a global absolute minimum, to $ 2.15 per day (in
4085:
4044:
3989:
3963:
3947:
3940:
3878:
3841:
3800:
3793:
3742:
3656:
3649:
3604:
3597:
3577:
3471:
3464:
2528:"Iranian Workers Get A 'Humiliating' Wage Increase"
1043:"Fact Sheet: An Adjustment to Global Poverty Lines"
368:focused on 'capabilities' rather than consumption.
212:
Absolute poverty and the International Poverty Line
2279:Haughton, Jonathan; Khandker, Shahidur R. (2009).
321:A homeless man seeks shelter under a public bench.
737:given in the same year has been 5 million toman.
3027:"Will you receive an Obamacare premium subsidy?"
1930:Ravallion, Martin; Chen, Shaohua (August 2017).
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
975:. Living Standards Measurement Papers, The World
612:A variation on the LICOP's Living Income is the
3364:Alan Gillie, "The Origin of the Poverty Line",
1735:. Ottawa, ON: Conference Board of Canada. 2013.
1222:
1220:
2492:"Millions live below the poverty line in Iran"
1414:
1412:
973:Poverty freak: A Guide to Concepts and Methods
550:Relative poverty compared with other standards
140:In September 2022, the World Bank updated the
4022:
3437:
3148:Fullerton, Don; Rao, Nirupama (August 2016).
2595:"Annual Update of the HHS Poverty Guidelines"
2325:Cooke, Graeme; Lawton, Kayte (January 2008).
2085:Bardone, Laura; Guio, Anne-Catherine (2005).
1753:. Antwerp, Belgium: Centre for Social Policy.
1559:Eskelinen, Teppo (2011). "Relative Poverty".
531:Brian Nolan and Christopher T. Whelan of the
203:The poverty threshold was first developed by
32:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2313:http://inequalitywatch.eu/spip.php?article99
1932:"Welfare-Consistent Global Poverty Measures"
1477:. Dix Hills, N.Y: General Hall. p. 17.
459:The relative poverty measure is used by the
3399:The History of the Official Poverty Measure
3386:Critiquing the Dollar-a-Day Idea of Poverty
3381:. New York: Gale Virtual Reference Library.
3346:. Ohio: Glencoe McGraw-Hill. p. A-22.
2390:
2388:
410:It has been suggested that this section be
4029:
4015:
4007:
3944:
3797:
3653:
3601:
3468:
3444:
3430:
3422:
2905:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1441:
1439:
485:History of the concept of relative poverty
3409:. Department of Health and Human Services
3340:Shweparde, Jon; Robert W. Greene (2003).
3213:
3161:
3119:
3109:
2924:
1943:
1028:Hagenaars, Aldi & van Praag, Bernard
1017:The Definition and Measurement of Poverty
876:Government transfers to alleviate poverty
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
3724:Social determinants of health in poverty
3559:Social determinants of health in poverty
2656:"The Straight Facts on Women in Poverty"
2628:"2018 Poverty Rate in the United States"
171:, a concept originally conceived by the
4144:Measurements and definitions of poverty
4086:National (subject specific deprivation)
4000:Measurements and definitions of poverty
1420:"The World Employment Programme at ILO"
1030:A Synthesis of Poverty Line Definitions
949:
695:COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
340:must be accessible in or near the home.
3916:Scottish index of multiple deprivation
2477:"The start of a new poverty narrative"
1344:Hildegard Lingnau (19 February 2016).
533:Economic and Social Research Institute
3612:Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
3191:
3189:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2650:
2648:
2129:
2127:
2125:
614:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
414:out into another article titled
7:
3637:Social determinants of mental health
3401:, United States Bureau of the Census
3375:"Poverty". Encyclopedia of Sociology
3154:National Bureau of Economic Research
2494:. Thenationalnews.com. 4 August 2008
2334:Institute for Public Policy Research
2170:"Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020"
1936:National Bureau of Economic Research
1663:Canadian Journal of Nursing Research
1543:10.1111/j.1759-5436.1978.mp9004004.x
1141:Beauchamp, Zach (14 December 2014).
1015:Hagenaars, Aldi & de Vos, Klaas
4057:Multiple Deprivation 2000 (IMD2000)
4004:Social responsibility organizations
3405:Fisher, Gordon (16 December 2005).
2678:Handbook of the Sociology of Gender
2418:Toynbee, Polly (16 November 2021).
1227:Rowntree, Benjamin Seebohm (1901).
1032:. Review of Income and Wealth, 1985
818:Children's Health Insurance Program
4116:Information graphics about poverty
2397:"Low and high pay in the UK: 2021"
2059:Michael Blastland (31 July 2009).
1502:"Indicators of Poverty and Hunger"
1460:10.1111/j.1467-7679.1976.tb00338.x
1348:. D+C, development&cooperation
1019:. Journal of Human Resources, 1988
461:United Nations Development Program
336:Sanitation facilities: Toilets or
308:World Summit on Social Development
14:
2530:. En.radiofarda.com. 9 April 2020
1380:Hickel, Jason (1 November 2015).
1287:. The World Bank. 13 January 2016
3971:Gender-related Development Index
3064:Center For Children and Families
2481:Brookings Institution, June 2018
2399:. Office for National Statistics
2281:Handbook on Poverty + Inequality
1531:Institute of Development Studies
401:
23:
2632:The United States Census Bureau
2445:"Poverty Estimates for 2004-05"
2365:Francis-Devine, Brigid (2021).
1746:Ive Marx; Karel van den Bosch.
1246:"History of poverty thresholds"
1065:"World Bank 2022 poverty lines"
1045:. World Bank. 14 September 2022
828:Poverty mobility and healthcare
236:data ranging from 1998 to 2018.
4045:National (general deprivation)
3904:Physical Quality of Life Index
3898:Multidimensional Poverty Index
2663:cdn.americanprogressaction.org
1561:Encyclopedia of Global Justice
1203:. HarperCollins. p. 116.
939:Sustainable Development Goal 1
691:Office for National Statistics
528:which they belong (page 31)."
523:In 1979, British sociologist,
505:idea of what is substandard."
465:United Nations Children's Fund
196:, those lacking in income and
1:
3932:Progress out of Poverty Index
3859:Disability-adjusted life year
3828:Social determinants of health
2568:migration (23 October 2013).
1996:Poverty in the United Kingdom
1657:Raphael, Dennis (June 2009).
1569:10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_182
1527:"Basic Needs and its Critics"
1230:Poverty: A Study in Town Life
673:Poverty in the United Kingdom
3755:Homeless Vulnerability Index
3304:American Sociological Review
1969:The American Economic Review
929:Millennium Development Goals
763:Poverty in the United States
516:In 1967, American economist
4098:Department of Environment's
3372:Villemez, Wayne J. (2001).
2283:. World Bank Publications.
1865:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1594:Living conditions in Europe
96:Poverty thresholds for 2013
46:, discuss the issue on the
4165:
4093:Underprivileged area score
3921:Townsend deprivation index
3770:Genuine progress indicator
3750:Below Poverty Line (India)
3150:"The Lifecycle of the 47%"
2856:"United States Population"
1892:(Report). Washington, D.C.
1525:Ghai, Dharam (June 1978).
760:
708:
670:
450:purchasing power standards
386:
278:
242:international poverty line
215:
142:International Poverty Line
4112:
4072:Deprivation 2010 (ID2010)
4067:Deprivation 2007 (ID2007)
4062:Deprivation 2004 (ID2004)
3996:Income inequality metrics
3632:Poverty and mental health
3499:Environmental degradation
3215:10.1007/s13524-011-0056-x
3111:10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0083
2860:worldpopulationreveiw.com
2831:"U.S. Poverty Statistics"
2785:"U.S. Poverty Statistics"
2760:"U.S. Poverty Statistics"
2030:10.1017/s0047279400019280
1861:Galbraith, J. K. (1958).
1690:Innocenti Research Centre
1448:Development Policy Review
1398:Robert C. Allen, 2017.
1003:Paris School of Economics
899:Guaranteed minimum income
4139:Macroeconomic indicators
3849:India State Hunger Index
3776:Legatum Prosperity Index
3760:Misery index (economics)
3156:. Working Paper Series.
2195:"Living Wage Calculator"
2018:Journal of Social Policy
1938:. Working Paper Series.
1769:Innocenti Working Papers
1473:Denton, John A. (1990).
957:webster, The breadline.
116:is the minimum level of
3955:Feminization of poverty
3892:Human Development Index
3366:Economic History Review
3247:San Francisco Chronicle
2926:10.1196/annals.1425.023
2686:10.1007/0-387-36218-5_7
2608:: 3060. 17 January 2020
1636:Habitat for Humanity GB
1596:. Publications Office.
1166:Economic History Review
1116:iresearch.worldbank.org
996:"Efficiency and equity"
253:purchasing power parity
230:Poverty headcount ratio
4038:Indices of Deprivation
3808:Disability and poverty
3564:Violence against women
2395:White, Nicola (2021).
2352:25 August 2009 at the
1201:The Tyranny of Numbers
994:Chassagnon, A (2019).
720:
659:
650:National poverty lines
602:
600:for unexpected events.
499:John Kenneth Galbraith
441:
322:
293:, usually in terms of
237:
97:
89:
3627:psychological poverty
3585:Social Progress Index
3260:Kenworthy, L (1999).
1994:Townsend, P. (1979).
1199:Boyle, David (2000).
810:Federal Poverty Level
803:Impacts on healthcare
718:
687:National Minimum Wage
657:
637:Threshold limitations
597:
590:Living Income Concept
582:, housing, and basic
439:
320:
228:
95:
87:
4120:Poverty-related maps
4114:Commons categories:
3833:Poverty and violence
3617:Learned helplessness
3554:Social vulnerability
3529:Relative deprivation
3504:Environmental racism
3368:, XLIX/4 (1996), 726
3281:10.1093/sf/77.3.1119
2964:"Poverty Guidelines"
2835:federalfasteynet.com
2789:federalsafteynet.com
2764:federalsafetynet.com
2457:on 17 September 2012
2246:The Brookings Review
2061:"Just what is poor?"
1863:The Affluent Society
1777:10.18356/3afdf450-en
1563:. pp. 942β943.
1346:"Major breakthrough"
790:Impacts on education
393:Relative deprivation
260:Newcastle University
135:developing countries
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
3977:Gender Parity Index
3926:Living Planet Index
3886:Human Poverty Index
3854:Global Hunger Index
3622:Psychological abuse
3494:Diseases of poverty
3031:healthinsurance.org
2917:2008NYASA1136..243E
2810:"U.S Poverty Stats"
2739:endhomelessness.org
2220:"Measuring Poverty"
2091:Statistics in Focus
1905:The Public Interest
1404:" Working Papers
1233:. Macmillan and Co.
726:World Poverty Clock
389:Economic inequality
291:physical well-being
173:London School Board
131:developed countries
3865:Global Peace Index
3669:Culture of poverty
3539:Social deprivation
3514:Governance failure
3033:. 27 December 2018
2970:. 23 November 2015
2710:"Basic Statistics"
2516:. 30 January 2020.
2373:. House of Commons
2199:livingwage.mit.edu
1998:. London: Penguin.
1638:. 6 September 2018
1368:The End of Poverty
1366:Sachs, Jeffrey D.
1264:data.worldbank.org
971:Ravallion, Martin
772:Women and children
721:
683:Low Pay Commission
660:
568:standard of living
442:
323:
238:
98:
90:
4149:Welfare economics
4126:
4125:
4106:
4105:
3985:
3984:
3910:Laeken indicators
3874:
3873:
3789:
3788:
3781:Poverty gap index
3719:Secondary poverty
3704:Poverty threshold
3694:Human trafficking
3645:
3644:
3593:
3592:
3353:978-0-07-828576-9
3343:Sociology and You
2695:978-0-387-32460-9
2574:The Straits Times
2290:978-0-8213-7614-0
1611:978-92-79-86498-8
1578:978-1-4020-9159-9
1484:978-0-930390-94-5
1432:on 19 March 2014.
1311:www.worldbank.org
934:Social safety net
919:Measuring poverty
781:Racial minorities
542:, UNICEF and the
434:
433:
429:
330:must be above 16.
295:consumption goods
198:secondary poverty
102:poverty threshold
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
4156:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4008:
3945:
3879:Complex measures
3798:
3765:Gini coefficient
3654:
3602:
3544:Social exclusion
3469:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3382:
3380:
3361:
3360:on 8 March 2010.
3356:. Archived from
3328:
3327:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3266:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3217:
3208:(4): 1601β1614.
3193:
3184:
3183:
3165:
3145:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3113:
3104:(8): 1503β1510.
3089:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3056:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3023:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2991:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2960:
2947:
2946:
2928:
2896:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2602:Federal Register
2599:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2450:. Archived from
2449:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2362:
2356:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2322:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2258:10.2307/20080360
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1825:
1812:
1811:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1425:. Archived from
1424:
1416:
1407:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1122:on 27 March 2019
1118:. Archived from
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1092:. 7 October 2020
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1000:
991:
985:
982:
976:
969:
963:
962:
954:
841:Poverty dynamics
711:Poverty in India
564:relative poverty
556:relative poverty
427:(September 2020)
425:
417:Relative poverty
405:
404:
397:
383:Relative poverty
287:absolute poverty
205:Mollie Orshansky
177:Seebohm Rowntree
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4081:
4040:
4035:
3981:
3959:
3936:
3870:
3837:
3823:Sex trafficking
3813:Food insecurity
3785:
3738:
3714:Precarious work
3684:Extreme poverty
3641:
3589:
3573:
3460:
3450:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3395:
3378:
3371:
3354:
3339:
3336:
3334:Further reading
3331:
3316:10.2307/3088901
3301:
3300:
3296:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3147:
3146:
3137:
3091:
3090:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2992:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2950:
2898:
2897:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2665:. October 2008.
2658:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2479:. 19 June 2018.
2475:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2354:Wayback Machine
2345:
2341:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2315:" Eurostat 2010
2310:
2306:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1842:on 12 June 2013
1839:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1815:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1733:"Child Poverty"
1731:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1612:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1397:
1393:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1178:10.2307/2597970
1172:(4): 715β730 .
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1010:
998:
993:
992:
988:
983:
979:
970:
966:
959:"The breadline"
956:
955:
951:
947:
890:
878:
869:
856:Urban Institute
852:
843:
830:
805:
792:
783:
774:
765:
759:
743:
734:
713:
707:
689:. In 2021, the
675:
669:
652:
639:
630:
592:
552:
487:
430:
406:
402:
395:
385:
328:Body mass index
283:
277:
268:Robert C. Allen
220:
218:Extreme poverty
214:
194:primary poverty
162:
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4162:
4160:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4131:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4011:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3818:Physical abuse
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3734:Water scarcity
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3699:Income deficit
3696:
3691:
3689:Housing stress
3686:
3681:
3679:Energy poverty
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Mental illness
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3402:
3394:
3393:External links
3391:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3369:
3362:
3352:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3294:
3275:(3): 1119β39.
3252:
3237:
3185:
3163:10.3386/w22580
3135:
3098:Health Affairs
3077:
3066:. 8 March 2018
3044:
3011:
2999:HealthCare.gov
2981:
2948:
2911:(1): 243β256.
2872:
2847:
2822:
2801:
2776:
2751:
2726:
2701:
2694:
2668:
2644:
2619:
2586:
2560:
2541:
2519:
2505:
2483:
2468:
2436:
2410:
2384:
2357:
2339:
2317:
2304:
2289:
2271:
2236:
2211:
2186:
2161:
2151:
2121:
2096:
2077:
2051:
2001:
1986:
1975:(2): 335β341.
1959:
1945:10.3386/w23739
1922:
1895:
1880:
1868:
1853:
1813:
1810:. Vol. 5.
1793:
1782:
1756:
1738:
1724:
1713:
1695:
1680:
1649:
1620:
1610:
1584:
1577:
1548:
1517:
1490:
1483:
1465:
1435:
1408:
1391:
1372:
1359:
1336:
1323:
1298:
1276:
1251:
1237:
1216:
1209:
1191:
1156:
1133:
1103:
1077:
1056:
1034:
1021:
1008:
986:
977:
964:
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
904:Income deficit
901:
896:
889:
886:
877:
874:
868:
865:
851:
848:
842:
839:
829:
826:
804:
801:
791:
788:
782:
779:
773:
770:
758:
755:
742:
739:
733:
730:
706:
703:
668:
667:United Kingdom
665:
651:
648:
638:
635:
629:
626:
622:cost of living
591:
588:
551:
548:
540:European Union
525:Peter Townsend
486:
483:
467:(UNICEF), the
432:
431:
409:
407:
400:
384:
381:
361:
360:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
334:
331:
276:
273:
213:
210:
161:
158:
154:United Nations
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4161:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Asset poverty
3662:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:Psychological
3596:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3569:Vulnerability
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3549:Social stigma
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Disadvantaged
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3269:Social Forces
3263:
3256:
3253:
3249:. p. C1.
3248:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2372:
2371:UK Parliament
2368:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:(2): 141β72.
2023:
2019:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:. p. 8:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1602:10.2785/39876
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:0-00-257157-9
1206:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1066:
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