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started between the two, Kármán commented: “I came to realize that ever since I had come to Aachen my old professor and I were in a kind of world competition. The competition was gentlemanly, of course. But it was first-class rivalry nonetheless, a kind of
Olympic games, between Prandtl and me, and beyond that between Göttingen and Aachen. The ‘playing field’ was the Congress of Applied Mechanics. Our ‘ball’ was the search for a universal law of turbulence.” Around 1930, the race ended in a draw as both men concluded that the inverse square of
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Boltze, released their dissertations on the boundary layer. Blasius' dissertation explained what happened with the boundary layer when a flat plate comes in parallel contact with a uniform stream. Boltze's research was similar to
Blasius' but applied Prandtl's theory to spherical shapes instead of flat objects. Prandtl expanded upon the ideas in his student's dissertations to include a thermal boundary layer associated with heat transfer.
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was obtained, which gave the minimum induced drag for any given wing structural weight. However, this new lift distribution drew less interest than the elliptical distribution and was initially ignored in most practical aircraft designs. This concept has been rediscovered by other researchers and has
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Due to the complexity of
Prandtl's boundary layer ideas in his 1904 paper, the spread of the concept was initially slow. Many people failed to adopt the idea due to lack of understanding. There was a halt on new boundary layer discoveries until 1908 when two of his students at Gottingen, Blasius and
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There would be three more papers from
Gottingen researchers regarding the boundary layer released by 1914. Due to similar reasons to Prandtl's 1904 paper, these first 7 papers on the boundary layer would be slow to spread outside of Gottingen. Partially due to World War I, there would be a lack of
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and his wife in 1938 and 1939. Referring to Nazi
Germany's treatment of Jews, Prandtl wrote "The struggle, which Germany unfortunately had to fight against the Jews, was necessary for its self-preservation." Prandtl also claimed that "If there will be war, the guilt to have caused it by political
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On top of the foundation of ZAMM, the GAMM (International
Association of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics) was also formed due to the joint efforts of Prandtl and his peers. After these initial meetings of GAMM, it became clear that there was now a new international community of mathematicians,
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Following
Prandtl's investigation into instabilities from 1921-1929, he then moved to exploring developed turbulence. This was also being investigated by Kármán, resulting in a race to formulate a solution for the velocity profile in developed turbulence. Regarding the professional rivalry that
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to improve a suction device for shavings removal in the manufacturing process. While working there, he discovered that the suction tube did not work because the lines of flow separated from the walls of the tube, so the expected pressure rise in the sharply-divergent tube never occurred. This
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of ship propellers. He did most of the experimental work at his lab in Göttingen from 1910-1918 with his assistant Albert Betz and student Max Munk. Most of his discoveries related to circulation would be kept secret from the western world until after World War I.
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Prandtl and von Kármán's work on the boundary was influential and adopted by aerodynamic and hydrodynamic experts around the world after WWI. In May 1932, the
International Conference on Hydromechanical Problems of Ship Propulsion was held in
418:, on 4 February 1875. His mother suffered from a lengthy illness and, as a result, Ludwig spent more time with his father, a professor of engineering. His father also encouraged him to observe nature and think about his observations.
665:
and came to the conclusion that there was a need for a new umbrella for applied sciences due to their experience during the war. In the same year, physicists primarily from industrial laboratories formed a new society called the
682:(Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics) stated that this meeting "for the first time, applied mathematics and mechanics was coming to its own to a larger extent" This journal advertised the common goals of Prandtl,
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Tollmien, Walter; Schlichting, Hermann; Görtler, Henry; Riegels, F. W. (1961), Tollmien, Walter; Schlichting, Hermann; Görtler, Henry; Riegels, F. W. (eds.), "Über Flüssigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner
Reibung",
516:
later in the year. In 1907, during his time at Göttingen, Prandtl was tasked with establishing a new facility for model studies of motorized airships called
Motorluftschiffmodell-Versuchsanstalt (MVA), later the
822:
2186:
859:, often used Prandtl's international reputation as a scientist to promote Germany's scientific agenda. Prandtl appears to have happily served as an ambassador for the Nazi regime, writing in 1937 to a
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in drafting the DPG Petition in 1941. The DPG Petition would be published in 1942 and argued that physics in Germany was falling behind that of the United States due to rejection of "Jewish Physics" (
478:
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papers published regarding the boundary layer until another of Prandtl's students, Theodore Von Karman, published a paper in 1921 on the momentum integral equation across the boundary layer.
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895:) from German physicists. After publication of the DPG Petition, the belief of "German Physics" superiority deteriorated to allow for German students to study these new fields in school.
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1002:
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Prandtl later extended his theory to describe a bell-like lift distribution, reducing the loads near the tip of the wings by washing out the wing tips until negative
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213:
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IUTAM Symposium on One Hundred Years of Boundary Layer Research : proceedings of the IUTAM symposium held at DLR-Göttingen, Germany, August 12-14, 2004
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and aerospace scientist. He was a pioneer in the development of rigorous systematic mathematical analyses which he used for underlying the science of
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on the problem of a useful mathematical tool for examining lift from "real world" wings. The results were published in 1918–1919, known as the
661:(GDNÄ) was the only opportunity for applied mathematicians, physicists, and engineers in German speaking countries to discuss. In 1920, they met in
831:. Günther Kempf showcased a number of experiments at the conference which confirmed many of the theoretical discoveries of von Kármán and Prandtl.
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for the given span. These tools enabled aircraft designers to make meaningful theoretical studies of their aircraft before they were built.
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effects became very important to the overall performance and characterization of the wing. Considerable work was included on the nature of
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in Germany represent very good beginnings of new thinking and economics." Prandtl's support for the regime is apparent in his letters to
742:
588:, which had previously been ignored. Prandtl showed that an elliptical spanwise lift distribution the most efficient, giving the minimum
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1165:(Preliminary Research Aerodynamic Design to Lower Drag) and Prandtl-M (Preliminary Research Aerodynamic Design to Land on Mars), both
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709:. This became very useful during World War II as aircraft began approaching supersonic speeds for the first time. He also worked on
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529:, it was used as a large research establishment with many tasks including lift and drag on airfoils, aerodynamics of bombs, and
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572:. He also made specific additions to study cambered airfoils, like those on World War I aircraft, and published a simplified
469:. It was here that he developed many of his most important theories. On August 8, 1904, he delivered a groundbreaking paper,
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Ferreiro, Larrie (2014). "The mutual influence of aircraft aerodynamics and ship hydrodynamics in theory and experiment".
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193:
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172:
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Eckert, Michael (2018). "Turbulence researchi n the 1920s and 1930s between mathematics, physics, and engineering".
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Eckert, Michael (2018). "Turbulence research in the 1920s and 1930s between mathematics, physics, and engineering".
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solutions, but failed, and in the end the approximation contained in his original paper remains in widespread use.
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1962:
Hoffman, Dieter (2005). "Between Autonomy and Accommodation: The German Physical Society during the Third Reich".
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until he died on 15 August 1953. His work in fluid dynamics is still used today in many areas of aerodynamics and
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Essentials of fluid dynamics: With applications to hydraulics aeronautics, meteorology, and other subjects
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are designed using the same method. A full development of supersonics would have to wait for the work of
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ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik
429:
in six years. His thesis was "On Tilting Phenomena, an Example of Unstable Elastic Equilibrium" (1900),
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and created a method for designing a supersonic nozzle in 1929. Today, all supersonic wind tunnels and
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1706:"Ludwig prandtl's 1933 paper concerning wings for minimum induced drag, translation and commentary"
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1987:
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1853:"Prandtl-Tomlinson model: History and applications in friction, plasticity, and nanotechnologies"
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Prandtl developed the concept of "circulation" which proved to be particularly important for the
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measurements of airship models with the goal of shapes with minimal air resistance. During
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634:. He had little time to work on the problem further until the 1920s, when he worked with
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1975:
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Ludwig Prandtl Gesammelte Abhandlungen: zur angewandten Mechanik, Hydro- und Aerodynamik
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1448:. International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. Dordrecht: Springer. 2006.
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for these designs. This work led to the realization that on any wing of finite length,
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378:. In the 1920s, he developed the mathematical basis for the fundamental principles of
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Video recording of the E. Bodenschatz's lecture on life and work of Ludwig Prandtl
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2006:
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in his honor for outstanding contribution in the field of aerospace engineering.
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In 1901 Prandtl became a professor of fluid mechanics at the technical school in
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Paul Peter Ewald, Theodor Pöschl, Ludwig Prandtl; authorized translation by
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2167:
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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case. Prandtl recalled that this discovery led to the reasoning behind his
1685:
Prandtl, L. (1933). "Über Tragflügel kleinsten induzierten Widerstandes".
1317:
Ludwig Prandtl A Personal Biography Drawn from Memories and Correspondence
1911:
Worlds of Flow: A History of Hydrodynamics from the Bernoullis to Prandtl
1346:
Worlds of Flow: A History of Hydrodynamics from the Bernoullis to Prandtl
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319:
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485:. In this paper, he described the boundary layer and its importance for
2008:
The Dawn of Fluid Dynamics: A Discipline Between Science and Technology
1225:
The Dawn of Fluid Dynamics: A Discipline Between Science and Technology
864:
828:
458:
391:
17:
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670:(DGTP). In September 1921, the two societies held a meeting with the
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as a result of the boundary layer, clearly explaining the concept of
433:
415:
276:
817:{\displaystyle {\frac {k}{\sqrt {c_{f}}}}=\log _{10}{(Re*C_{f})}+C}
962:
594:
1323:. Translated by Tigwell, David A. Universitätsverlag Göttingen.
991:
979:. He is often referred to as the father of modern aerodynamics.
675:
508:
The effect of the paper was so great that Prandtl would succeed
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in 1894 and graduated with a Ph.D. under guidance of Professor
382:
aerodynamics in particular; and in general up to and including
374:, which have come to form the basis of the applied science of
1650:
Tani, I. (January 1977). "History of Boundary Layer Theory".
1402:
Anderson, John D. (2005). "Ludwig Prandtl's Boundary Layer".
876:
measures is this time unequivocally on the side of England."
737:
and skin friction as seen below where k and C are constants.
501:
for the first time. Several of his students made attempts at
1938:. Boston, Toronto: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 135.
1374:(in German), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 575–584,
1348:. United States: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 238.
1818:
Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematick und Mechanik (Zamm)
910:
The Physics of Solids and Fluids: With Recent Developments
512:
as director of the Institute for Technical Physics at the
1221:"The Beginnings of Fluid Mechanics in Göttingen, 1904–14"
721:. He also made significant contributions to the field of
2034:
These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame
1608:"Ludwig Prandtl in the Nineteen-Thirties: Reminiscences"
733:
was related to the logarithmic value of the product of
543:
Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization
537:
the university spun off his research arm to create the
2187:
Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross
362:(4 February 1875 – 15 August 1953) was a German
282:
Tilting Phenomena, A case of unstable elastic balance
1606:
Flugge-Lotz, I Flugge-Lotz; Flugge, W Flugge (1973).
916:
Tietjens, Oskar Karl Gustav; Prandtl, Ludwig (1957).
745:
1750:"AMA Expo Features Dryden's Al Bowers, Prandtl Wing"
1192:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1687:
Zeitschrift für Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt
659:
Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians
449:approach to resistance in slightly-viscous fluids.
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110:
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51:
32:
1913:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 296.
816:
471:Über Flüssigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner Reibung
1261:"Ludwig Prandtl and His Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut"
967:Göttingen, City Cemetery: Ludwig Prandtl's grave
847:, Prandtl continued his role as director of the
599:Ludwig Prandtl 1904 with his fluid test channel
475:On the Motion of Fluids in Very Little Friction
843:'s rise to power and the establishment of the
432:After university, Prandtl went to work in the
2197:Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
1003:Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt
8:
1259:Oswatitsch, K; Wieghardt, K (January 1987).
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
608:become increasingly important (see also the
2106:
1010:International Air & Space Hall of Fame
560:from 1902–1907, Prandtl worked with
539:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Flow Research
40:
29:
1934:Kármán, Theodore von; Edson, Lee (1967).
1631:
1203:
798:
781:
772:
756:
746:
744:
919:Fundamentals of Hydro- and Aeromechanics
698:"scientific engineers", and physicists.
437:phenomenon had been previously noted by
1227:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 31–56.
1178:
1008:In 1992, Prandtl was inducted into the
386:velocities. His studies identified the
1904:
1902:
1704:Hunsaker, D. F.; Phillips, W. (2020).
1645:
1643:
1469:
1314:Vogel-Prandtl, Johanna (22 May 2014).
705:at high subsonic speeds, known as the
533:on submarine propeller blades. In 1925
119:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
2192:Technical University of Munich alumni
2083:Ludwig Prandtl's Biography in English
1957:
1955:
1851:Popov, V. L.; Gray, J. a. T. (2012).
1783:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
1499:
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646:, a student of Prandtl at Göttingen.
521:in 1919. The facility was focused on
7:
2202:Foreign members of the Royal Society
2069:Ludwig Prandtl's Biography in German
519:Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (AVA)
1672:10.1146/annurev.fl.09.010177.000511
1633:10.1146/annurev.fl.05.010173.000245
1285:10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.000245
701:Other work examined the problem of
2121:Director of Aerodynamic Laboratory
1147:Subsonic and transonic wind tunnel
479:International Mathematics Congress
194:Kármán–Prandtl resistance equation
25:
2032:Sprekelmeyer, Linda, ed. (2006).
434:Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg
1756:. 7 January 2014. Archived from
1652:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
1612:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
1265:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
1014:San Diego Air & Space Museum
630:allowed for the construction of
619:developed the first theories of
270:Technical University of Hannover
206:Ackermann–Teubner Memorial Award
2097:Ludwig Prandtl's Boundary Layer
1157:Prandtl's one-seventh-power law
863:representative "I believe that
165:Prandtl's one-seventh-power law
2212:Max Planck Institute directors
2177:20th-century German physicists
804:
782:
570:Lanchester–Prandtl wing theory
181:Prandtl–Glauert transformation
115:Technical University of Munich
1:
2217:RWTH Aachen University alumni
2064:Mathematics Genealogy Project
1037:Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius
881:German Physical Society (DPG)
463:Technical University Hannover
1380:10.1007/978-3-662-11836-8_43
628:Prandtl–Meyer expansion fans
423:Technische Hochschule Munich
27:German physicist (1875–1953)
1188:"Ludwig Prandtl. 1875-1953"
835:Prandtl and the Third Reich
672:German Mathematical Society
556:Following earlier leads by
493:. The paper also described
185:Prandtl–Glauert singularity
169:Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan
2233:
1909:Darrigol, Olivier (2005).
1344:Darrigol, Olivier (2005).
1137:Particle image velocimetry
851:. During this period, the
707:Prandtl–Glauert correction
657:Prior to World War I, the
2130:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2036:. San Diego: Donning Co.
1984:10.1007/s00016-004-0235-x
1795:10.1007/s00407-013-0129-x
1569:10.1017/S026988971800025X
1518:10.1017/S026988971800025X
353:
243:
177:Prandtl–Batchelor theorem
39:
2172:German fluid dynamicists
2005:Eckert, Michael (2006).
1838:10.1002/zamm.19210010511
1219:Eckert, Michael (2006).
1161:NASA research aircraft,
937:Prandtl, Ludwig (1952).
615:Prandtl and his student
612:experimental aircraft).
376:aeronautical engineering
2124:University of Göttingen
2011:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1710:AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum
994:is named in his honor.
922:. Courier Corporation.
912:Blackie and Son (1930).
678:. In its first volume,
668:German Physical Society
632:supersonic wind tunnels
514:University of Göttingen
265:University of Göttingen
221:Daniel Guggenheim Medal
189:Prandtl–Tomlinson model
157:Prandtl stress function
1964:Physics in Perspective
1877:10.1002/zamm.201200097
1476:: CS1 maint: others (
1205:10.1098/rsbm.1960.0015
968:
849:Kaiser Wilhelm Society
818:
626:and flow in 1908. The
600:
467:University of Hannover
173:Prandtl–Meyer function
1186:Busemann, A. (1960).
966:
855:air ministry, led by
819:
598:
402:was named after him.
396:lifting-line theories
2182:People from Freising
1824:(5): 419–423. 1921.
1109:Vishnu Madav Ghatage
1059:(Hsiu-Chen Chang-Lu)
977:chemical engineering
959:Death and afterwards
743:
719:structural mechanics
558:Frederick Lanchester
421:Prandtl entered the
410:Prandtl was born in
348:Vishnu Madav Ghatage
133:Mixing length theory
1976:2005PhP.....7..293H
1936:The Wind and Beyond
1869:2012ZaMM...92..683P
1830:1921ZaMM....1..419.
1718:10.2514/6.2020-0644
1664:1977AnRFM...9...87T
1624:1973AnRFM...5....1F
1416:2005PhT....58l..42A
1277:1987AnRFM..19....1W
1094:Hermann Schlichting
1052:Theodore von Kármán
999:Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring
883:, Prandtl assisted
879:As a member of the
684:Theodore von Kármán
644:Theodore von Kármán
574:thin-airfoil theory
235:Wilhelm Exner Medal
137:Lifting-line theory
1712:: AIAA 2020-0644.
1557:Science in Context
1506:Science in Context
1089:Reinhold Rudenberg
971:Prandtl worked at
969:
869:National Socialism
814:
601:
2140:
2139:
2131:Succeeded by
2110:Academic offices
2091:978-3-86395-160-3
2043:978-1-57864-397-4
1727:978-1-62410-595-1
1424:10.1063/1.2169443
1330:978-3-86395-160-3
929:978-0-486-60374-2
763:
762:
688:Richard von Mises
357:
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304:Doctoral students
245:Scientific career
239:
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218:
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149:Prandtl condition
16:(Redirected from
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2128:1904–1936
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1183:
1169:honoring Prandtl
1104:Victor Vâlcovici
1084:Johann Nikuradse
1020:Notable students
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735:Reynold's number
586:wingtip vortices
477:), at the Third
439:Daniel Bernoulli
364:fluid dynamicist
293:Doctoral advisor
287:
237:
230:
223:
216:
211:
208:
196:
145:Prandtl box wing
141:Membrane analogy
87:
61:
59:
44:
30:
21:
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2162:Aerodynamicists
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2054:External links
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1970:(3): 293–329.
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360:Ludwig Prandtl
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84:15 August 1953
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1758:the original
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873:G. I. Taylor
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590:induced drag
582:induced drag
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372:aerodynamics
359:
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298:August Föppl
281:
261:Institutions
255:Aerodynamics
244:
161:Prandtl tube
96:West Germany
86:(1953-08-15)
2157:1953 deaths
2152:1875 births
2134:Albert Betz
2093:, 265 pages
2079:, 258 pages
1271:(1): 1–26.
1198:: 193–205.
1142:Wind tunnel
1032:Albert Betz
982:The crater
845:Third Reich
711:meteorology
663:Bad Nauheim
624:shock waves
562:Albert Betz
523:wind tunnel
510:Hans Lorenz
503:closed-form
453:Later years
406:Early years
328:Schlichting
103:Nationality
2146:Categories
1764:2016-05-27
1455:1402041497
1174:References
1167:backronyms
1152:Pitot tube
943:. Hafner.
906:J. Dougall
889:relativity
715:plasticity
621:supersonic
531:cavitation
483:Heidelberg
340:Timoshenko
336:von Kármán
58:1875-02-04
2116:New title
1992:122355802
1893:123331302
1885:1521-4001
1803:253886074
1736:213059321
1577:0269-8897
1526:0269-8897
1472:cite book
1464:122941795
1432:0031-9228
1301:122665275
1293:0066-4189
1163:Prandtl-D
1070:(1932–33)
1057:Lu Shijia
973:Göttingen
792:∗
779:
723:tribology
674:(DMV) in
610:Prandtl-D
541:(now the
443:hydraulic
384:transonic
368:physicist
344:Vâlcovici
324:Nikuradse
92:Göttingen
1593:52155038
1585:30182865
1542:52155038
1534:30182865
1126:See also
1079:Max Munk
988:far side
605:downwash
578:wing-tip
566:Max Munk
459:Hannover
412:Freising
392:airfoils
380:subsonic
332:Tollmien
316:Busemann
214:ForMemRS
66:Freising
2062:at the
1972:Bibcode
1865:Bibcode
1826:Bibcode
1769:Prandtl
1660:Bibcode
1620:Bibcode
1618:: 1–9.
1412:Bibcode
1273:Bibcode
1012:at the
990:of the
986:on the
984:Prandtl
865:Fascism
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414:, near
390:, thin-
312:Blasius
308:Ackeret
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277:Thesis
251:Fields
238:(1951)
231:(1936)
224:(1930)
217:(1928)
209:(1918)
201:Awards
106:German
1988:S2CID
1889:S2CID
1799:S2CID
1732:S2CID
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1478:link
1460:OCLC
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