934:
especially military. Livy mentions that, among other tasks, these executive officers were told to lead troops against perceived threats (domestic or foreign), investigate possible subversion, raise troops, conduct special sacrifices, distribute windfall money, appoint commissioners and even exterminate locusts. Praetors could delegate at will. The one principle that limited what could be assigned to them was that their duties must not concern them with
58:
799:"Scholars increasingly view the as establishing a college of three (and only three) praetors, two of whom eventually developed into the historical consuls". What became the classical praetorship in its early years also was not viewed as being less than the consuls, as "it was common practice for men to hold the praetorship after a consulship... since was simply a method of holding
1835:
2746:
1042:. In the absence of the consuls, he was the senior magistrate of the city, with the power to summon the Senate and to organize the defense of the city in the event of an attack. He was not allowed to leave the city for more than ten days at a time. He was therefore given appropriate duties in Rome. He superintended the
1050:. These Edicts were statements of praetor's policy as to judicial decisions to be made during his term of office. The praetor had substantial discretion regarding his Edict, but could not legislate. In a sense the continuing Edicts came to form a corpus of precedents. The development and improvement of
1107:
made changes that were designed to reduce the
Praetor to being an imperial administrator rather than a magistrate. The electoral body was changed to the Senate, which was now an instrument of imperial ratification. To take a very simplistic view, the establishment of the principate can be seen as the
933:
Livy describes the assignments given to either consuls or praetors in some detail. As magistrates, they had standing duties to perform, especially of a religious nature. However, a consul or praetor could be taken away from his current duties at any time to head a task force, and there were many,
782:
to mediate disputes and fetial priests to control the declaration of war". The effect to make it more difficult for private individuals to start wars against Rome's neighbours. Reforms in 449 BC also may have required "for the first time that all military commanders be confirmed by a popular
795:
and "virtually identical in authority and capacity to the consulship". Furthermore, a fully-formed praetorship without colleague, as Livy's account implies, would be a "tremendous violation of Roman practice in which all regular magistracies were created in colleges consisting of at least two".
790:
were passed, giving the Roman people substantially more power over the selection of their military commanders. While Livy claims that the rogations created the praetorship in 367 BC to relieve the consuls of their judicial responsibilities, "few modern historians would accept account as
821:
Only in the 125 years after the election of three military leaders did a clear distinction emerge between what became the consuls and what became the praetors due to the "normal Roman practice to reserve one commander in or near the city for purposes of defence and (eventually) for civilian
1292:(which were criminal proceedings), so-called because they were of certain types, with a Praetor being assigned to one type on a permanent basis. The Praetors appointed judges who acted as jurors in voting for guilt or innocence. The verdict was either acquittal or condemnation.
1004:("among citizens and foreigners", that is, having jurisdiction in disputes between citizens and noncitizens), by the time of the 3rd century BC, Rome's territorial annexations and foreign populations were unlikely to require a new office dedicated solely to this task.
1403:
By 395 AD, the praetors' responsibilities had been reduced to a purely municipal role. Their sole duty was to manage the spending of money on the exhibition of games or on public works. However, with the decline of the other traditional Roman offices such as that of
761:
The form of the republic changed substantially over its history and the accounts of the republic's development in the early imperial period are marred with anachronisms projecting then-current practices into the past. In the earliest periods of the republic,
2810:
2804:
2798:
1108:
restoration of monarchy under another name. The
Emperor therefore assumed the powers once held by the kings, but he used the apparatus of the republic to exercise them. For example, the emperor presided over the highest courts of appeal.
925:
should not be exaggerated. They did not use independent judgment in resolving matters of state. Unlike today's executive branches, they were assigned high-level tasks directly by senatorial decree under the authority of the
1299:, "crimes against the public", such as were worthy of the attention of a Praetor. The penalty on conviction was usually death, but sometimes other severe penalties were used. In the late Republic, the public crimes were:
961:
A second praetorship was created around 241 BC, more clearly separating this office from that of the consulship. There were two reasons for this: to relieve the weight of judicial business and to give the
Republic a
1395:(lit. from the flat ground or from an equal or level place). For instance, he could in certain cases give validity to the act of manumission when he was out-of-doors, such as on his way to the bath or to the theatre.
847:
no other concerns or duties". Prorogation, in effect, granted private individuals a legally fictitious power to act in the place of the normal magistrates, allowing them to continue to act within their assigned task
1447:(r. 527–565) undertook a major administrative reform beginning in 535, which involved the reunification of civil and military authority in the hands of the governor in certain provinces, and the abolition of the
777:
These early military leaders were eventually institutionalised into fixed magistrate bodies elected by the people with clear state control over military activities. This was also probably assisted by "the use of
1266:(since the Praetor himself was not necessarily educated in the law), setting out the circumstances under which he would grant remedies. The legal provisions arising from the Praetor's Edict were known as
822:
administration". The glory and prestige won by the praetors fighting foreign wars, then still in Italy, is what led to the higher prestige of the consulship. Only in 180 BC with the passage of the
774:(to be preeminent). These early praetors may have simply been clan leaders leading "military forces privately and free from state control" with a multitude of private leaders leading private armies.
1270:; in theory the Praetor did not have power to alter the law, but in practice the Edict altered the rights and duties of individuals and was effectively a legislative document. In the reign of
2736:
2976:
2775:
791:
written". Beyond the ancient knowledge that a title of praetor dated to the beginning of the republic, what became the classical praetorship was initially a military office with
608:
2028:
826:
was holding the praetorship after the consulship prohibited. Even after the consulship emerged from the praetorship with higher prestige and desirability, praetorian
1416:
senates. The praetorship was a costly position to hold as praetors were expected to possess a treasury from which they could draw funds for their municipal duties.
1927:
Approximately "remedy", the seeking of restitution of property taken illegally by a magistrate and conviction of the perpetrator. Example: an illegal confiscation.
1802:
2863:
1008:, in his two-volume study of the praetorship, argues that during the military crisis of the 240s the second praetorship was created to make another holder of
3405:
2305:
could refer to a task, here usually a war, to be conducted or a place in which a task, here governance, was to occur. The latter meaning flows to "province".
1215:
condemn the defendant to pay 10,000 sesterces to the plaintiff. If it does not so appear, let the plaintiff absolve him." After they were handed over to the
730:, the courthouse (tribunal) of his judiciary, or the city hall of his provincial governorship. The minimum age for holding the praetorship was 39 during the
3447:
3435:
4818:
3494:
2760:
1387:(lit. from a raised platform or from a higher place) but he could also perform ministerial acts out of court, in which case he was said to be acting
3410:
4782:
3420:
4727:
3415:
3149:
1863:
1239:, however, this two-stage process had largely disappeared, and the Praetor would either hear the whole case in person or appoint a delegate (a
601:
205:
1038:
presided in civil cases between citizens. The Senate required that some senior officer remain in Rome at all times. This duty now fell to the
4697:
3522:
3049:
2632:
2215:
2012:
195:
4787:
4662:
3815:
1068:
The expansion of Roman authority over other lands required the addition of praetors. Two were created in 227 BC, for the administration of
1024:
was frequently absent from Rome on special missions. The urban praetor more often remained in the city to administer the judicial system.
1171:
Roman court cases fell into the two broad categories of civil or criminal trials. The involvement of a
Praetor in either was as follows.
3368:
366:
3039:
1868:
754:
in 367 BC, but it was well known both to Livy and other Romans in the late republic that the chief magistrates were first called
188:
171:
4707:
3467:
3034:
3029:
3005:
2856:
2706:
2687:
2664:
2597:
655:
594:
166:
2327:
1089:
4722:
3395:
3044:
2971:
183:
2789:
2988:
2921:
176:
856:
did not expire with his term until crossing the pomerium or being stripped by the people, to continue in his assigned task or
3742:
3667:
3425:
2655:
1873:
1470:
1115:, there were sixteen. As imperial administrators, their duties extended to matters that the republic would have considered
4808:
4238:
2755:
837:
Starting in 241 BC, praetors started to be prorogued, allowing former praetors to act in the place of a praetor (ie
4078:
3682:
3134:
2849:
2832:
2211:
581:
4777:
786:
The emergence of the classical praetorship was a long process that had been underway by 367 BC. This was when the
4702:
4461:
3517:
3400:
2946:
1111:
The need for administrators remained just as acute. After several changes, Augustus fixed the number at twelve. Under
38:
4737:
4401:
4293:
4063:
3835:
3657:
3565:
3430:
3373:
1532:
787:
751:
750:
in the early republic is unclear. The traditional account from Livy claims that the praetorship was created by the
379:
4757:
3850:
3805:
3732:
3652:
3600:
3590:
3542:
2889:
444:
146:
2611:
1896:, the ending of the adjective agrees with the case, gender, and number, of the noun, which is why the ending of
1579:(r. 963–969) reinstituted a praetor in Constantinople, as a high-ranking judge. He is possibly identical to the
4358:
4268:
3777:
3757:
3752:
3737:
3690:
3630:
3585:
3387:
1607:
807:
48:
1554:. This division of civil and military duties was often abandoned in the 12th century, when the posts of civil
1337:
2567:
1371:, which was that part of the court reserved for the Praetor and his assessors and friends, as opposed to the
1000:("the praetor who administers justice among foreigners"). Although in the later Empire the office was titled
4828:
4823:
4767:
4747:
4687:
4677:
4667:
4073:
3762:
3662:
3642:
3557:
3547:
3252:
3192:
2884:
1853:
1823:, one of the antagonists Rykard holds the title of Praetor among his fellow demi-gods in the Lands Between.
1702:
1207:
as to the remedy to be given if he found that certain circumstances were satisfied; for instance, "Let X be
482:
1918:
In the late
Republic the census was discovering a population of the city of Rome numbering in the millions.
1909:
Most moderate-size Latin dictionaries list the praetorial nouns and adjectives, and uses and major sources.
4772:
4762:
4712:
4692:
4506:
4481:
4446:
4328:
4053:
3700:
3462:
2993:
1848:
1768:
1759:
1081:
1408:, the praetorship remained an important portal through which aristocrats could gain access to either the
4742:
4672:
4496:
4248:
4048:
4043:
3840:
3747:
3672:
3635:
3620:
3595:
3575:
3477:
1794:
1738:
1542:. Gradually however, the civil functionaries assumed greater power, and by the late 10th century, the
724:, denoted the location from which the praetor exercised his authority, either the headquarters of his
4752:
4717:
4406:
4396:
4273:
4173:
4098:
3963:
3926:
3302:
2966:
1734:
124:
1945:
Against the "majesty" of the people; that is, treason. Example: plotting the murder of a magistrate.
4682:
4531:
4333:
4203:
4153:
3472:
3069:
1840:
1668:
1638:
1475:
1344:
259:
2555:
1972:"Concerning stabbers and poisoners"; i.e., against professional assassins and their collaborators.
1678:
In Italy, until 1998, Praetor was a magistrate with particular duty (especially in civil branch).
4813:
4732:
4456:
4263:
4118:
4058:
3978:
3921:
3785:
3021:
3000:
2022:
1781:
1642:
1511:
517:
156:
4371:
1858:
1304:
1047:
1325:
4366:
4218:
3973:
3933:
3911:
3119:
2702:
2683:
2660:
2650:
2638:
2628:
2593:
2366:
2008:
2002:
1806:
1728:
1660:
1452:
1088:, simultaneously increasing the number of praetors elected each year to eight, as part of his
692:
436:
429:
232:
4431:
4391:
4323:
4258:
4183:
4178:
3950:
3873:
3820:
3615:
3610:
3499:
3358:
3307:
3267:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3139:
3086:
3079:
3064:
3059:
2983:
2911:
2583:
1954:"Embezzlement", the theft of public property. Example: the misappropriation of public money.
1682:
1572:
1437:
1413:
1043:
1005:
629:
558:
552:
545:
531:
360:
339:
284:
269:
264:
249:
133:
2613:
History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of
Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian
1211:. If it appears that the defendant ought to pay 10,000 sesterces to the plaintiff, let the
4526:
4338:
4318:
4278:
4213:
4163:
4158:
4033:
3983:
3891:
3725:
3705:
3625:
3074:
2899:
2836:
2793:
1634:
1601:
1580:
1501:
1152:
987:
274:
1633:
Classical Latin
Praetor became medieval Latin Pretor; Praetura, Pretura, etc. During the
696:(magistrate), assigned to discharge various duties. The functions of the magistracy, the
1046:
and was also the chief magistrate for the administration of justice and promulgated the
948:, that is, the details do not need to be legislated, they can be left up to the courts.
4581:
4223:
3958:
3906:
3878:
3825:
3810:
3790:
3605:
3580:
3537:
3527:
3353:
3327:
3257:
3242:
3207:
3167:
2928:
2503:
2501:
2499:
1893:
1672:
1592:
1565:
1506:
1425:
1255:
1160:
1017:
922:
731:
668:
563:
510:
354:
329:
238:
86:
1379:(judges) and others who were present. In court, the Praetor was referred to as acting
766:"may not have meant anything more than leader in the most basic sense", deriving from
4802:
4113:
4083:
3998:
3532:
3509:
3322:
3177:
3162:
3109:
2916:
2783:
2750:
1611:, but held no official function. His court uniform consisted of a gold-brocaded hat (
1576:
1448:
1125:
1093:
1085:
886:
459:
309:
77:
31:
1742:
910:
within his own sphere, subject only to the veto of the consuls (who outranked him).
4591:
4451:
3896:
3845:
3800:
3795:
3647:
3457:
3343:
3287:
3282:
3172:
3054:
2938:
2872:
2816:
1789:
1466:
1409:
973:
869:
735:
683:
372:
324:
294:
220:
95:
2587:
4386:
4008:
3830:
3720:
3114:
2676:
1488:
1455:
had already been abolished by the end of the 5th century by
Anastasius, and its
1444:
1133:), when the business in that department of the law had become considerable, but
963:
880:
721:
415:
57:
806:
Livy reports that until 337 BC the praetor was chosen only from among the
4611:
4551:
4516:
4308:
4243:
4233:
4128:
4013:
3901:
3484:
3452:
3197:
3124:
2956:
2951:
2607:
1936:"Canvassing", an attempt to influence voters illegally. Example: buying votes.
1830:
1819:
1564:
were frequently held in tandem. The provincial post fell out of use after the
1236:
1063:
944:
901:
839:
496:
226:
106:
2826:
2642:
1754:, two of the major characters, Fenix and Artanis, hold the title of Praetor.
4641:
4636:
4596:
4521:
4491:
4471:
4348:
4288:
4198:
4148:
4143:
4068:
4028:
3916:
3886:
3695:
3570:
3363:
3247:
3222:
3101:
1772:, one of the central antagonists Amalthus holds the title of Praetor in the
1750:
1715:
1617:
1538:
1465:
of Thrace, with authority over all the former
Thracian provinces except for
1248:
1130:
1051:
568:
538:
404:
386:
349:
686:
to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an
2622:
1981:"Patricide", extended to the murder of relatives, presumably for property.
4601:
4586:
4576:
4561:
4476:
4466:
4436:
4426:
4421:
4411:
4313:
4228:
4108:
4093:
4023:
4003:
3993:
3988:
3968:
3767:
3348:
3312:
3202:
3129:
2961:
1647:
1492:
1484:
1457:
1364:
1318:
1148:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1077:
1073:
992:
968:
906:
874:
792:
503:
393:
304:
215:
113:
1693:) which is the chief magistrate (civil branch) of a district, heading a
1274:, however, the terms of the Edict were made permanent and the Praetor's
942:. This principle of Roman law became a principle of later European law:
17:
4621:
4616:
4606:
4571:
4566:
4556:
4501:
4486:
4303:
4298:
4283:
4253:
4208:
4188:
4168:
4123:
3855:
3710:
3489:
3297:
3182:
1720:
1480:
1405:
1311:
1271:
758:. For example, Festus "refers to 'the praetors, who are now consuls'".
489:
468:
319:
2841:
4631:
4511:
4441:
4381:
4376:
4343:
4103:
4088:
4038:
4018:
3440:
3317:
3212:
2269:, p. 192. See also et seq discussion of Livy and Festus' use of
1550:, "judges") were placed at the head of the civil administration of a
1263:
1143:
1069:
897:
726:
524:
314:
2749: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
4416:
4138:
3865:
3157:
2740:. Band XXII, Halbband 44, Praefectura-Priscianus. cols. 1582–1606.
1352:
1259:
1192:
1138:
1134:
815:
679:
1096:
raised the number to ten, then fourteen, and finally to sixteen.
30:"Pretor" redirects here. For the village in North Macedonia, see
4626:
4193:
4133:
3715:
3091:
1798:, there is a Senate with two Praetors, one male and one female.
1763:, the armor worn by the protagonist is called the Praetor suit.
927:
921:(power and authority) of the consuls and the praetors under the
892:
687:
2845:
2624:
Commanders & command in the Roman
Republic and Early Empire
1599:
occupied the 38th place in the imperial hierarchy, between the
3187:
1560:
1195:). Proceedings before the praetor were technically said to be
647:
641:
475:
422:
1785:, one of the common enemies is called a Glyphid Praetorian.
818:, and one of them, Quintus Publilius Philo, won the office.
2778:
Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Praetor
1719:
franchise, Praetor is the usual title of the leader of the
2720:(in French). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
2592:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 357–972.
1587:, whose holders are attested until 1355. According to the
712:(praetorian law), the legal precedents established by the
700:(praetorship), are described by the adjective itself: the
2226:
2224:
2157:
2155:
1243:), taking steps for the enforcement of the decision; the
1054:
owes much to the wise use of this praetorial discretion.
2462:
2460:
2142:
2140:
2115:
2113:
1141:
added a Praetor for the decision of matters between the
830:
was still not legally distinct (or inferior to consular
2040:
2038:
2737:
Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft
1187:(interdict) forbidding some circumstance or appoint a
2273:
as referring to social, rather than legal, hierarchy.
1183:, which was civil, the Praetor could either issue an
656:
1012:
available for command and provincial administration
938:, "little things". They were by definition doers of
644:
638:
635:
4650:
4544:
4357:
3949:
3942:
3864:
3776:
3681:
3556:
3508:
3386:
3336:
3275:
3266:
3148:
3100:
3020:
2937:
2898:
2813:, English, University of Virginia searchable etext.
2807:, English, University of Virginia searchable etext.
2801:, English, University of Virginia searchable etext.
2786:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Praetor.
2627:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
632:
2675:
1667:. Currently, this office has survived only in the
1663:. The institution headed by the Pretor was called
1515:, who was hitherto responsible for security, by a
972:who could field an army in an emergency when both
843:) with power only "to conduct war in his assigned
1424:Like many other Roman institutions, the praetor (
2659:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1258:, the Urban Praetor allegedly issued an annual
1199:. At this stage, the Praetor would establish a
1084:transferred administration of the provinces to
1080:provinces were formed in 197 BC. The dictator
734:, but it was later changed to 30 in the early
2857:
2830:by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev
602:
8:
2027:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2001:Madsen, Jesper M.; Scott; Andrew G. (2023).
1741:, the five Phyrexian rulers were labeled as
1530:was a junior administrative official in the
1155:appointed a Praetor for matters relating to
1363:When the Praetor administered justice in a
852:). Prorogation allowed a magistrate, whose
3946:
3272:
2904:
2864:
2850:
2842:
2378:
1351:The last three were added by the Dictator
609:
595:
43:
2761:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
2466:
1963:"False witness"; i.e., against perjurers.
1621:tunic, and a plain, smooth wooden staff (
2764:. London: John Murray. pp. 956–957.
2543:
2531:
2519:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2338:
2362:
2350:
2314:
2301:is not synonymous with a "province", a
2294:
2282:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2146:
2131:
2119:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
1993:
1885:
1645:were divided into a various numbers of
990:, a fourth magistrate entitled to hold
451:
403:
338:
283:
248:
204:
155:
68:
46:
2734:Wesenberg, Gerhard (1954). "Praetor".
2727:Law making in the later Roman Republic
2390:
2020:
1864:List of topics related to ancient Rome
1849:List of Praetors of the Roman Republic
1247:was replaced by an informal system of
998:praetor qui inter peregrinos ius dicit
834:) until the very end of the republic.
2589:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
1595:, compiled around the same time, the
667:
7:
2490:
2478:
2451:
1523:), with wide-ranging police powers.
810:. In that year, eligibility for the
2718:Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices
2656:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2510:, "Praetor" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1710.
1869:Constitution of the Roman Republic
1671:, where praetors are the heads of
1288:The Praetors also presided at the
878:, and consequently was one of the
25:
4819:Latin political words and phrases
1119:. Two praetors were appointed by
1002:praetor inter cives et peregrinos
884:. He had the right to sit in the
2744:
2004:Brill's Companion to Cassius Dio
1833:
1278:legislative role was abolished.
708:(praetorian authority), and the
628:
56:
27:Magistrate of the Roman Republic
2507:
1748:In the sci-fi gaming franchise
1536:, subordinate to the governing
1137:reduced the number to one; and
1874:Political institutions of Rome
1788:In the popular book series by
1526:In the early 9th century, the
1479:. Similarly, the governors of
1295:These quaestiones looked into
1:
2616:. London: MacMillan & Co.
2481:, pp. 339–341, Volume 2.
1491:(enlarged by merging it with
1355:in the early 1st century BC.
976:were fighting a far-off war.
783:assembly the Roman people".
682:granted by the government of
3436:Frontiers and fortifications
2716:Verpeaux, Jean, ed. (1966).
2699:An Introduction to Roman Law
2674:McCullough, Colleen (1990).
1900:varies in the phrases given.
1801:In the critically acclaimed
1235:was binding. By the time of
1076:, and two more when the two
3495:Decorations and punishments
2701:. Oxford University Press.
2556:Repubblica e Cantone Ticino
2297:, p. 214. Note that a
1681:The Italian-speaking Swiss
1499:, and received the rank of
1473:, which became part of the
1375:, the part occupied by the
1262:, usually on the advice of
1086:former consuls and praetors
4845:
4402:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2977:historiography of the fall
2729:. Oxford University Press.
1519:(in Greek πραίτωρ δήμων,
1061:
868:The elected praetor was a
788:Sextian-Licinian Rogations
752:Sextian-Licinian Rogations
36:
29:
4783:External wars and battles
2907:
2880:
2758:, ed. (1875). "Praetor".
1814:" is a level 50 dungeon.
1429:
952:Praetors and their duties
896:. He was attended by six
690:, and (ii) as an elected
445:Senatus consultum ultimum
340:Extraordinary magistrates
2697:Nicholas, Barry (1975).
2493:, p. 338, Volume 2.
1608:logothetēs tōn oikeiakōn
1338:De Sicariis et Veneficis
1223:before the Praetor, but
1123:for matters relating to
945:Non curat minima praetor
704:(praetorian power), the
49:Politics of ancient Rome
37:Not to be confused with
4778:Roman–Iranian relations
3253:Optimates and populares
2823:The Latin Library site.
2570:Article 36 (in Italian)
1854:Category:Roman praetors
1254:During the time of the
4788:Civil wars and revolts
4054:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3701:Conflict of the Orders
3060:Legislative assemblies
2776:Peck, Harry Thurston,
2621:Drogula, Fred (2015).
2568:Constitution of Ticino
2454:, Volume 1, Chapter 1.
2007:. BRILL. p. 377.
1769:Xenoblade Chronicles 2
1566:collapse of the Empire
1219:, they were no longer
1090:constitutional reforms
1082:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
206:Political institutions
4497:Simplicius of Cilicia
4249:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3478:Siege in Ancient Rome
3087:Executive magistrates
2828:The Roman Law Library
2725:Watson, Alan (1974).
2678:The First Man in Rome
1795:The Heroes of Olympus
1739:collectible card game
1701:are appointed by the
1290:quaestiones perpetuae
1283:Quaestiones perpetuae
4809:Ancient Roman titles
4507:Stephanus Byzantinus
4412:Eusebius of Caesaria
4274:Sidonius Apollinaris
3964:Ammianus Marcellinus
3303:Tribune of the plebs
1735:Magic: The Gathering
1497:praetores Justiniani
1438:Eastern Roman Empire
803:for a second year".
742:History of the title
285:Ordinary magistrates
4683:Distinguished women
4334:Velleius Paterculus
4174:Nicolaus Damascenus
4154:Marcellus Empiricus
3543:Republican currency
2404:Vita Marci Antonini
1841:Ancient Rome portal
1703:canton's parliament
1669:Republic of Moldova
1659:, appointed by the
1495:) were upgraded to
1476:quaestura exercitus
1463:praetor Justinianus
1151:) and individuals.
1058:Additional praetors
881:magistratus majores
706:praetorium imperium
669:[ˈprae̯tɔr]
4457:Phlegon of Tralles
4264:Seneca the Younger
3738:Naming conventions
3468:Personal equipment
3001:Later Roman Empire
2835:2012-08-31 at the
2792:2012-10-10 at the
2651:Kazhdan, Alexander
2608:Bury, John Bagnell
1782:Deep Rock Galactic
1709:In popular culture
1512:praefectus vigilum
1505:. In addition, in
1436:) survived in the
1167:Praetors as judges
1022:praetor peregrinus
986:By the end of the
981:Praetor peregrinus
900:. A praetor was a
824:lex Villia annalis
814:was opened to the
746:The status of the
702:praetoria potestas
518:Triumvir monetalis
452:Titles and honours
4796:
4795:
4758:Pontifices maximi
4540:
4539:
4397:Diogenes Laërtius
4219:Pliny the Younger
3974:Asconius Pedianus
3934:Romance languages
3806:Civil engineering
3548:Imperial currency
3421:Political control
3382:
3381:
3016:
3015:
2811:Livy, Books 40–45
2634:978-1-4696-2314-6
2584:Brennan, T. Corey
2442:, pp. 22–26.
2393:, pp. 31–62.
2245:, pp. 188–9.
2200:, pp. 186–7.
2014:978-90-04-52418-7
1817:In the 2022 game
1807:Final Fantasy XIV
1779:In the 2020 game
1766:In the 2017 game
1757:In the 2016 game
1732:expansion of the
1675:'s five sectors.
1597:praitōr tou demōu
1585:praitōr tou demōu
1453:Diocese of Thrace
1385:ex superiore loco
870:curule magistrate
619:
618:
437:Quaestio perpetua
430:Senatus consultum
233:Roman citizenship
16:(Redirected from
4836:
4748:Magistri equitum
4663:Cities and towns
4656:
4582:Constantinopolis
4392:Diodorus Siculus
4324:Valerius Maximus
4259:Seneca the Elder
4179:Nonius Marcellus
3947:
3500:Hippika gymnasia
3463:Infantry tactics
3369:Consular tribune
3359:Magister equitum
3308:Military tribune
3273:
3233:Pontifex maximus
3228:Princeps senatus
3218:Magister militum
2984:Byzantine Empire
2905:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2821:, Book 3, Latin.
2805:Livy, Books 6–10
2784:Smith, William,
2765:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2693:
2681:
2670:
2646:
2617:
2603:
2571:
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2559:
2553:
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2517:
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2123:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2071:, pp. 18–9.
2066:
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2054:
2048:
2042:
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2026:
2018:
1998:
1982:
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1890:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1683:canton of Ticino
1615:), a plain silk
1573:Helene Ahrweiler
1509:he replaced the
1431:
1420:Byzantine Empire
1044:Ludi Apollinares
1014:inter peregrinos
1006:T. Corey Brennan
770:(to proceed) or
671:
666:
665:Classical Latin:
659:
654:
653:
650:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
611:
604:
597:
553:Pontifex maximus
546:Princeps senatus
532:Magister militum
367:Consular tribune
361:Magister equitum
189:Augustan reforms
60:
44:
21:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4792:
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4536:
4372:Aëtius of Amida
4353:
4339:Verrius Flaccus
4319:Valerius Antias
4279:Silius Italicus
4214:Pliny the Elder
4159:Marcus Aurelius
4034:Cornelius Nepos
3984:Aurelius Victor
3938:
3860:
3772:
3706:Secessio plebis
3677:
3552:
3504:
3378:
3332:
3262:
3144:
3096:
3012:
2933:
2894:
2876:
2870:
2837:Wayback Machine
2799:Livy, Books 1–5
2794:Wayback Machine
2772:
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2385:
2381:, p. 1014.
2379:McCullough 1990
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1859:Praetor's Edict
1839:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1711:
1697:(a court). The
1655:), headed by a
1635:interwar period
1631:
1602:megas tzaousios
1589:Book of Offices
1581:Palaiologan-era
1502:vir spectabilis
1461:became the new
1422:
1401:
1399:Later Roman era
1361:
1359:Outdoor actions
1297:crimina publica
1286:
1177:
1169:
1153:Marcus Aurelius
1102:
1066:
1060:
1048:Praetor's Edict
1040:praetor urbanus
1036:praetor urbanus
1032:
1029:Praetor urbanus
988:First Punic War
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4829:Roman praetors
4826:
4824:Cursus honorum
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4224:Pomponius Mela
4221:
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3927:Ecclesiastical
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3208:Vigintisexviri
3205:
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3168:Cursus honorum
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2770:External links
2768:
2767:
2766:
2756:Smith, William
2742:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2707:
2694:
2688:
2682:. Avon Books.
2671:
2665:
2653:, ed. (1991).
2647:
2633:
2618:
2604:
2598:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2546:, p. 161.
2536:
2534:, p. 182.
2524:
2522:, p. 138.
2512:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2467:Wesenberg 1954
2456:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2355:
2353:, p. 187.
2343:
2331:
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2317:, p. 214.
2307:
2287:
2285:, p. 212.
2275:
2259:
2257:, p. 186.
2247:
2235:
2233:, p. 188.
2220:
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2190:
2178:
2176:, p. 185.
2166:
2164:, p. 184.
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1721:Romulan Empire
1710:
1707:
1630:
1627:
1593:pseudo-Kodinos
1521:praitōr dēmōn
1517:praetor populi
1507:Constantinople
1421:
1418:
1400:
1397:
1367:, he sat on a
1360:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1285:
1280:
1268:ius honorarium
1256:Roman Republic
1241:iudex pedaneus
1203:directing the
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1098:
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1018:Hannibalic War
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732:Roman Republic
710:praetorium ius
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287:
281:
280:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
256:
253:
252:
246:
245:
243:
242:
239:Cursus honorum
235:
230:
223:
218:
212:
209:
208:
202:
201:
199:
198:
193:
192:
191:
181:
180:
179:
169:
163:
160:
159:
153:
152:
151:
150:
141:
140:
131:
121:
119:
118:
111:
110:27 BC – AD 284
103:
102:
101:
100:27 BC – AD 395
92:
87:Roman Republic
83:
71:
70:
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4841:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Julius Paulus
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Fabius Pictor
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Amphitheatres
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:Deforestation
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:Siege engines
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Establishment
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:Extraordinary
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:Promagistrate
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:Twelve Tables
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2751:public domain
2743:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2708:0-19-876063-9
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2689:0-380-71081-1
2685:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2668:
2666:0-19-504652-8
2662:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2599:0-19-513867-8
2595:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2544:Verpeaux 1966
2540:
2537:
2533:
2532:Verpeaux 1966
2528:
2525:
2521:
2520:Verpeaux 1966
2516:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:Nicholas 1975
2436:
2433:
2430:, p. 28.
2429:
2428:Nicholas 1975
2424:
2421:
2418:, p. 24.
2417:
2416:Nicholas 1975
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:Capitolinus,
2399:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2339:Nicholas 1975
2335:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2188:, p. 41.
2187:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2149:, p. 37.
2148:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2134:, p. 36.
2133:
2128:
2125:
2122:, p. 33.
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:, p. 23.
2106:
2101:
2098:
2095:, p. 20.
2094:
2089:
2086:
2083:, p. 19.
2082:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2059:, p. 18.
2058:
2053:
2050:
2047:, p. 15.
2046:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:Nikephoros II
1574:
1571:According to
1569:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1558:and military
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:, as well as
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1471:Scythia Minor
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1393:ex aequo loco
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:sella curulis
1366:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1345:De Patricidis
1342:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1126:Fideicommissa
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1094:Julius Caesar
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1016:. During the
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:appears, the
995:
994:
989:
982:
979:
977:
975:
971:
970:
965:
956:
951:
949:
947:
946:
941:
937:
931:
929:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
908:
903:
899:
895:
894:
890:and wear the
889:
888:
887:sella curulis
883:
882:
877:
876:
871:
863:
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
842:
841:
835:
833:
829:
825:
819:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
797:
794:
789:
784:
781:
780:recuperatores
775:
773:
769:
765:
759:
757:
753:
749:
741:
739:
737:
733:
729:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:
670:
662:
661:
652:
625:
624:
612:
607:
605:
600:
598:
593:
592:
590:
589:
583:
580:
579:
577:
576:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
554:
550:
548:
547:
543:
541:
540:
536:
534:
533:
529:
527:
526:
522:
520:
519:
515:
513:
512:
508:
506:
505:
501:
499:
498:
494:
492:
491:
487:
485:
484:
480:
478:
477:
473:
471:
470:
466:
465:
461:
458:
457:
456:
455:
450:
447:
446:
439:
438:
434:
432:
431:
427:
425:
424:
420:
418:
417:
413:
412:
410:
409:
406:
402:
396:
395:
391:
389:
388:
384:
382:
381:
377:
375:
374:
370:
368:
365:
363:
362:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
345:
344:
341:
337:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
310:Promagistrate
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
290:
289:
286:
282:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
255:
254:
251:
247:
241:
240:
236:
234:
231:
229:
228:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
211:
210:
207:
203:
197:
194:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
178:
175:
174:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
162:
161:
158:
154:
149:
148:
144:
143:
137:
136:
132:
128:
127:
123:
122:
115:
112:
108:
105:
104:
98:
97:
93:
89:
88:
84:
80:
79:
78:Roman Kingdom
75:
74:
73:
72:
67:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
50:
45:
40:
33:
32:Pretor, Resen
19:
4728:Institutions
4592:Leptis Magna
4545:Major cities
4452:Philostratus
4239:Quadrigarius
4059:Rufus Festus
3922:Contemporary
3643:Romanization
3566:Architecture
3292:
3173:Collegiality
3022:Constitution
2873:Ancient Rome
2827:
2818:
2785:
2777:
2759:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2698:
2677:
2654:
2623:
2612:
2588:
2563:
2558:(in Italian)
2551:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2486:
2474:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2403:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2363:Brennan 2000
2358:
2351:Drogula 2015
2346:
2341:, p. 4.
2334:
2322:
2315:Drogula 2015
2310:
2302:
2298:
2295:Drogula 2015
2290:
2283:Drogula 2015
2278:
2270:
2267:Drogula 2015
2262:
2255:Drogula 2015
2250:
2243:Drogula 2015
2238:
2231:Drogula 2015
2210:
2205:
2198:Drogula 2015
2193:
2186:Drogula 2015
2181:
2174:Drogula 2015
2169:
2162:Drogula 2015
2147:Drogula 2015
2132:Drogula 2015
2127:
2120:Drogula 2015
2105:Drogula 2015
2100:
2093:Drogula 2015
2088:
2081:Drogula 2015
2076:
2069:Drogula 2015
2064:
2057:Drogula 2015
2052:
2045:Drogula 2015
2003:
1996:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1897:
1888:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1790:Rick Riordan
1787:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1733:
1729:New Phyrexia
1727:
1725:
1714:
1712:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1632:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1583:post of the
1570:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1500:
1496:
1474:
1467:Lower Moesia
1462:
1456:
1442:
1433:
1423:
1402:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1225:apud iudicem
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1161:guardianship
1156:
1142:
1124:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1067:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
991:
985:
980:
967:
960:
943:
939:
935:
932:
918:
914:
912:
905:
891:
885:
879:
873:
872:, exercised
867:
857:
853:
849:
844:
840:pro praetore
838:
836:
831:
827:
823:
820:
811:
805:
800:
798:
785:
779:
776:
771:
767:
763:
760:
755:
747:
745:
725:
717:
716:(praetors).
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
691:
684:ancient Rome
674:
673:
622:
621:
620:
551:
544:
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
443:
435:
428:
421:
414:
392:
385:
378:
371:
359:
299:
237:
225:
221:Collegiality
157:Constitution
145:
134:
125:
96:Roman Empire
94:
85:
76:
4723:Geographers
4407:Dioscorides
4387:Cassius Dio
4009:Cassiodorus
3912:Renaissance
3518:Agriculture
3490:Auxiliaries
3431:Engineering
3268:Magistrates
3120:Citizenship
3115:Mos maiorum
3050:Late Empire
2406:Chapter 10.
2391:Watson 1974
2271:vis imperii
1689:(singular:
1651:(singular:
1489:Paphlagonia
1445:Justinian I
1381:e tribunali
1185:interdictum
722:substantive
693:magistratus
416:Mos maiorum
196:Late Empire
139:AD 395–1453
4803:Categories
4612:Mediolanum
4552:Alexandria
4517:Themistius
4482:Porphyrius
4309:Tertullian
4244:Quintilian
4234:Propertius
4129:Lactantius
4079:Fulgentius
4014:Censorinus
3836:Sanitation
3821:Metallurgy
3778:Technology
3743:Demography
3691:Patricians
3658:Spectacles
3616:Literature
3611:Hairstyles
3448:Technology
3198:Praefectus
3150:Government
3140:Litigation
3125:Auctoritas
3070:Centuriate
2957:Principate
2952:Pax Romana
2912:Foundation
2819:de legibus
2365:, p.
1989:References
1820:Elden Ring
1812:Praetorium
1776:of Indol.
1774:Praetorium
1629:Modern era
1623:dikanikion
1575:, Emperor
1305:Repetundae
1237:Diocletian
1064:Prorogatio
1062:See also:
964:magistrate
957:Republican
902:magistrate
808:patricians
718:Praetorium
678:, was the
497:Praefectus
405:Public law
260:Centuriate
250:Assemblies
227:Auctoritas
130:AD 395–476
117:AD 284–641
107:Principate
82:753–509 BC
39:Praetorian
4814:Roman law
4768:Quaestors
4698:Empresses
4688:Dynasties
4678:Dictators
4653:and other
4642:Volubilis
4637:Vindobona
4597:Londinium
4522:Theodoret
4492:Procopius
4472:Polyaenus
4447:Pausanias
4349:Vitruvius
4294:Symmachus
4289:Suetonius
4199:Petronius
4184:Obsequens
4149:Macrobius
4144:Lucretius
4069:Frontinus
4044:Eutropius
4029:Columella
3979:Augustine
3969:Appuleius
3917:Neo-Latin
3892:Classical
3883:Versions
3791:Aqueducts
3733:Patronage
3653:Sexuality
3626:Mythology
3601:Education
3591:Cosmetics
3416:Campaigns
3411:Structure
3364:Decemviri
3223:Imperator
2922:overthrow
2643:905949529
2491:Bury 1923
2479:Bury 1923
2452:Bury 1923
2303:provincia
2299:provincia
2023:cite book
1898:praetori-
1751:StarCraft
1716:Star Trek
1618:kabbadion
1568:in 1204.
1544:praitores
1539:stratēgos
1373:subsellia
1326:Peculatus
1249:pleadings
1052:Roman Law
858:provincia
850:provincia
845:provincia
816:plebeians
714:praetores
539:Imperator
387:Decemviri
380:Triumviri
350:Corrector
91:509–27 BC
4773:Tribunes
4763:Praetors
4713:Generals
4693:Emperors
4602:Lugdunum
4587:Eboracum
4577:Carthage
4562:Aquileia
4477:Polybius
4467:Plutarch
4437:Libanius
4427:Josephus
4422:Herodian
4314:Tibullus
4229:Priscian
4204:Phaedrus
4164:Manilius
4109:Jordanes
4094:Hydatius
4024:Claudian
4004:Catullus
3994:Boëthius
3989:Ausonius
3907:Medieval
3879:Alphabet
3851:Theatres
3826:Numerals
3811:Concrete
3801:Circuses
3768:Bagaudae
3758:Adoption
3753:Marriage
3726:Assembly
3631:Religion
3606:Folklore
3586:Clothing
3581:Calendar
3538:Currency
3528:Commerce
3426:Strategy
3388:Military
3374:Triumvir
3354:Dictator
3349:Interrex
3328:Governor
3313:Quaestor
3276:Ordinary
3258:Province
3248:Tetrarch
3238:Augustus
3203:Vicarius
3193:Officium
3130:Imperium
3080:Plebeian
3040:Republic
2962:Dominate
2929:Republic
2890:Timeline
2833:Archived
2817:Cicero,
2790:Archived
2610:(1923).
2586:(2000).
1827:See also
1743:praetors
1673:Chişinău
1639:counties
1613:skiadion
1605:and the
1493:Honorias
1485:Lycaonia
1458:vicarius
1449:dioceses
1443:Emperor
1365:tribunal
1319:Majestas
1276:de facto
1229:iudicium
1149:treasury
1121:Claudius
1113:Tiberius
1105:Augustus
1100:Imperial
1078:Hispanic
1074:Sardinia
1010:imperium
993:imperium
969:imperium
923:Republic
919:imperium
915:potestas
907:imperium
875:imperium
864:Praetura
854:imperium
832:imperium
828:imperium
812:praetura
801:imperium
793:imperium
772:praeesse
698:praetura
672:), also
569:Tetrarch
559:Augustus
504:Vicarius
483:Officium
394:Interrex
355:Dictator
330:Governor
305:Quaestor
270:Plebeian
216:Imperium
172:Republic
147:Timeline
114:Dominate
18:Praetors
4743:Legions
4703:Fiction
4673:Consuls
4668:Climate
4622:Ravenna
4617:Pompeii
4607:Lutetia
4572:Bononia
4567:Berytus
4557:Antioch
4532:Zosimus
4527:Zonaras
4502:Sozomen
4487:Priscus
4462:Photius
4304:Terence
4299:Tacitus
4284:Statius
4269:Servius
4254:Sallust
4209:Plautus
4189:Orosius
4169:Martial
4124:Juvenal
4099:Hyginus
4084:Gellius
3943:Writers
3874:History
3856:Thermae
3846:Temples
3796:Bridges
3763:Slavery
3711:Equites
3683:Society
3663:Theatre
3636:Deities
3596:Cuisine
3576:Bathing
3558:Culture
3533:Finance
3510:Economy
3401:Borders
3396:History
3298:Tribune
3293:Praetor
3183:Legatus
3178:Emperor
3065:Curiate
3035:Kingdom
3030:History
3006:History
2989:decline
2947:History
2917:Kingdom
2900:History
2885:Outline
2753::
2577:Sources
1892:In the
1810:, "The
1726:In the
1713:In the
1699:pretori
1695:pretura
1691:pretore
1687:pretori
1665:Pretură
1661:Prefect
1643:Romania
1637:the 71
1556:praitōr
1533:themata
1528:praitōr
1481:Pisidia
1434:praitōr
1430:πραίτωρ
1414:Eastern
1410:Western
1406:tribune
1389:e plano
1377:iudices
1312:Ambitus
1272:Hadrian
1264:jurists
1245:formula
1231:of the
1221:in iure
1201:formula
1197:in iure
1175:Actions
974:consuls
898:lictors
768:praeire
764:praetor
756:praetor
748:praetor
720:, as a
623:Praetor
490:Praeses
469:Legatus
460:Emperor
320:Tribune
300:Praetor
265:Curiate
167:Kingdom
135:Eastern
126:Western
69:Periods
4753:Nomina
4738:Legacy
4718:Gentes
4655:topics
4651:Lists
4632:Smyrna
4512:Strabo
4442:Lucian
4432:Julian
4382:Arrian
4377:Appian
4367:Aelian
4344:Vergil
4119:Justin
4104:Jerome
4089:Horace
4074:Fronto
4064:Florus
4039:Ennius
4019:Cicero
3999:Caesar
3897:Vulgar
3721:Tribes
3648:Romans
3458:Legion
3441:castra
3318:Aedile
3288:Censor
3283:Consul
3243:Caesar
3213:Lictor
3135:Status
3075:Tribal
3055:Senate
3045:Empire
2939:Empire
2875:topics
2705:
2686:
2663:
2641:
2631:
2596:
2326:Livy,
2209:Livy,
2011:
1803:MMORPG
1657:Pretor
1548:kritai
1451:. The
1332:Falsum
1227:. The
1179:In an
1157:tutela
1144:fiscus
1131:trusts
1117:minima
1070:Sicily
1020:, the
940:maxima
936:minima
736:Empire
727:castra
675:pretor
564:Caesar
525:Lictor
325:Censor
315:Aedile
295:Consul
275:Tribal
184:Empire
4417:Galen
4359:Greek
4329:Varro
4139:Lucan
3951:Latin
3866:Latin
3841:Ships
3831:Roads
3816:Domes
3748:Women
3696:Plebs
3621:Music
3163:Forum
3158:Curia
1880:Notes
1653:plasă
1648:plăși
1552:thema
1426:Greek
1353:Sulla
1260:edict
1233:iudex
1217:iudex
1213:iudex
1209:iudex
1205:iudex
1193:judge
1189:iudex
1181:actio
1139:Nerva
1135:Titus
966:with
904:with
680:title
4733:Laws
4708:Film
4627:Roma
4194:Ovid
4134:Livy
3902:Late
3716:Gens
3673:Wine
3485:Navy
3453:Army
3092:SPQR
2994:fall
2972:fall
2703:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2661:ISBN
2639:OCLC
2629:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2216:8.15
2029:link
2009:ISBN
1760:Doom
1685:has
1561:doux
1546:(or
1483:and
1469:and
1072:and
1034:The
928:SPQR
917:and
913:The
688:army
660:-tər
658:PREE
3887:Old
3571:Art
3344:Rex
3188:Dux
3102:Law
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2367:604
2328:7.1
1641:of
1625:).
1591:of
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476:Dux
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