657:
minister.' Constantine removed active military command in 312. The prefect remained as chief quarter-master general responsible for the logistical supply of the army. The prefect was the chief financial officer whose office drew up the global imperial budget. His office drew up the state liturgical obligations laid on the richer inhabitants of the Empire. He ceased to be head of administration which had to be shared with the master of the offices attached to the palace. Constantine in 331 confirmed that from the sentence of the praetorian praefect there should be no appeal. A similar jurisdiction in civil cases was acquired by him not later than the time of
35:
3015:
641:
475:
601:
the post was open to senators also, and if an equestrian was appointed he was at the same time raised to the senate. Down to the time of
Constantine, who deprived the office of its military character, the prefecture of the guards was regularly held by tried soldiers, often by men who had fought their
707:) multiplied the office: there was a praetorian prefect as chief of staff (military and administrative)—rather than commander of the guard—for each of the two Augusti, but not for the two Caesars. Each praetorian prefect oversaw one of the four quarters created by Diocletian, which became regional
827:
The following is a list of all known prefects of the
Praetorian Guard, from the establishment of the post in 2 BC by Augustus until the abolishment of the Guard in 314. The list is presumed to be incomplete due to the lack of sources documenting the exact number of persons who held the post, what
656:
In addition to his military functions, the praetorian prefect came to acquire jurisdiction over criminal affairs, which he exercised not as the delegate but as the representative of the emperor. By the time of
Diocletian he had become a kind of grand-vizier as the emperor's vice-regent and 'prime
621:
and contributed to a rapid rate of turnover in the imperial succession. The praetorians thus came to destabilize the Roman state, contrary to their purpose. The praetorian prefect became a major administrative figure in the later empire, when the post combined in one individual the duties of an
3141:
Whether
Tiberius Julius Alexander held the office of Praetorian prefect is disputed, and rests on a fragment from a recovered papyrus scroll. If he did held the post, he may have done so during the Jewish wars under Titus, or during the 70s as his colleague in Rome. See
556:
emerged as the highest-level administrative division of the Empire. The prefects again functioned as the chief ministers of the state, with many laws addressed to them by name. In this role, praetorian prefects continued to be appointed by the
3093:
Ligur. Modern historians suggest that, if
Valerius Ligur was a prefect at all, he may have been mistaken for a man named Varius Ligur, who seems to have been a more likely candidate for the office. See Bingham (1997), p.
754:
With the fall of the western part of the Empire into the hands of warlords, these, in order to have support in their new domains, recognized the supremacy of the emperor of the eastern part, reuniting at least
957:
3413:
3408:
569:
in the 7th century AD, when wide-ranging reforms reduced their power and converted them to mere overseers of provincial administration. The last traces of the prefecture disappeared in the
3229:
503:
805:, who ended the Ostrogothic and Vandal domains, but continued to recognize the Franks (as they were both Catholics) and the Visigoths (due to the lack of strength to continue the
3393:
593:
Under the empire the praetorians or imperial guards were commanded by one, two, or even three praefects (praefecti praetorio), who were chosen by the emperor from among the
602:
way up from the ranks. In course of time the command seems to have been enlarged so as to include all the troops in Italy except the corps commanded by the city praefect (
3373:
1591:
828:
their names were and what the length of their tenure was. Likewise, the
Praetorians were sometimes commanded by a single prefect, as was the case with for example
3035:
496:
281:
177:
93:
2184:
552:, the office was much reduced in power and transformed into a purely civilian administrative post, while under his successors, territorially-defined
2396:
69:
3383:
3378:
3209:
235:
1779:
489:
155:
640:
3249:
3117:
3061:
617:, soon became one of the more powerful men in this society. The emperors tried to flatter and control the praetorians, but they staged many
836:, but more often the emperor appointed two commanders, who shared joint leadership. Overlapping terms on the list indicate dual command.
548:, the office gradually acquired extensive legal and administrative functions, with its holders becoming the Emperor's chief aides. Under
3030:
2655:
2925:
2512:
2991:
2970:
2920:
1262:
381:
43:
626:
greatly reduced the power of these prefects as part of his sweeping reform of the empire's administrative and military structures.
2791:
59:
3388:
2939:
2332:
137:
3243:
2910:
251:
212:
163:
3089:
The existence of Varius Ligur is disputed, and is only inferred from a single passage by
Cassius Dio, who identifies him as
746:
deprived the praetorian prefecture altogether of its military character but left it the highest civil office of the empire.
3368:
3363:
3109:
2915:
2491:
972:
367:
300:
88:
3403:
1670:
3272:
2311:
1961:
1538:
807:
2079:
3235:
2381:
2094:
1794:
1749:
1455:
186:
3398:
2244:
1927:
1489:
1277:
1113:
2274:
2169:
1976:
1946:
1764:
1470:
1383:
876:
396:
51:
2460:
2259:
2001:
2962:
2594:
2586:
2199:
1832:
1640:
1625:
1606:
1440:
1338:
1576:
723:, but the four prefectures remained as the highest level of administrative division, in charge of several
609:
The special position of the praetorians made them a power in their own right in the Roman state, and their
2701:
2609:
2045:
1855:
1508:
1368:
1047:
938:
861:
840:
833:
263:
112:
2776:
2851:
2727:
2064:
1655:
1557:
1523:
708:
635:
553:
362:
98:
2821:
2445:
1908:
2881:
2742:
2551:
2411:
2139:
1734:
1179:
1002:
686:
558:
352:
294:
1209:
1194:
2806:
2761:
2754:
2616:
2026:
1308:
904:
774:
562:
479:
203:
652:), the codicil of appointment to the office on a blue cloth-covered table, and the state carriage.
3342:
3334:
2532:
2484:
1425:
1400:
1353:
1096:
1032:
645:
448:
1809:
3239:
3145:
3113:
3057:
2987:
2966:
2302:
2287:
2267:
2252:
2237:
2222:
2214:
2207:
2154:
2053:
2034:
2015:
1990:
1969:
1954:
1939:
1920:
1870:
1689:
1164:
1017:
658:
618:
598:
455:
321:
310:
3290:
3326:
3302:
3020:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2631:
1704:
1323:
743:
570:
545:
432:
421:
336:
55:
669:, but especially from the time of Severus, was held by the first jurists of the age, (e.g.
2866:
2836:
2540:
2430:
2423:
2362:
2355:
2340:
2124:
1935:
1916:
1887:
1878:
1863:
1848:
1825:
1719:
1678:
1663:
1648:
1633:
1618:
1404:
1226:
711:
for the young sons of
Constantine ca 330 A.D. From 395 there were two imperial courts, at
662:
426:
404:
347:
1614:
1599:
1584:
1569:
1550:
1149:
1134:
987:
728:
720:
529:
521:
441:
411:
372:
3357:
3346:
3026:
3021:
2903:
2889:
2859:
2680:
2294:
1066:
761:
the Empire under him, the prefectures were maintained as a way of delimiting the new
739:
724:
678:
549:
416:
388:
316:
17:
2476:
1247:
541:
3132:
Son of Marcus
Arrecinus Clemens, who was Praetorian prefect under emperor Claudius
783:
was recognized as the prefect of Gaul (which served him as a pretext to seize the
3051:
790:
the
Visigoths were recognized for their dominion over the prefecture of Hispania;
3314:
2932:
2566:
2453:
2438:
2419:
2404:
2389:
802:
762:
682:
326:
217:
2769:
2750:
2709:
2667:
2347:
2192:
2177:
2162:
1081:
812:
697:
623:
357:
132:
122:
78:
3039:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 241–242.
3231:
The praetorian guard in the political and social life of Julio-Claudian Rome
2814:
2799:
2784:
2735:
2676:
2559:
2525:
2505:
2117:
2102:
2087:
2072:
2057:
2038:
2019:
1994:
1301:
1286:
1270:
1255:
1217:
1202:
1187:
693:
661:. Hence a knowledge of law became a qualification for the post, which under
566:
342:
3306:
689:, while the military qualification fell more and more into the background.
2874:
2844:
2829:
2624:
2579:
2374:
2370:
2147:
2132:
2109:
1844:
1840:
1821:
1817:
1802:
1787:
1772:
1757:
1742:
1727:
1712:
1697:
1682:
1391:
1376:
1361:
1346:
1331:
1316:
1055:
1040:
1025:
1010:
995:
980:
965:
950:
946:
931:
916:
912:
897:
884:
869:
784:
780:
732:
670:
666:
644:
The insignia of the praetorian prefect of Illyricum, as depicted in the
2902:
For praetorian prefects after the reformation of the office by emperor
2663:
2648:
2544:
1565:
1546:
1531:
1516:
1501:
1482:
923:
829:
770:
757:
716:
610:
594:
107:
3338:
3203:
The names and dates for the years 260-285 are based on A.H.M. Jones,
2468:
2229:
1497:
1478:
1463:
1448:
816:
794:
674:
197:
3330:
2601:
1433:
1293:
1142:
639:
3106:
Death of an Emperor: Flavius Josephus (Exeter Studies in History)
622:
imperial chief of staff with direct command over the guard also.
1172:
1157:
1104:
1089:
1074:
1059:
712:
3269:
The Pretorian Prefect from Commodus to Diocletian (AD 180–305)
534:
580:
was often abbreviated in inscriptions as "PR PR" or "PPO".
3076:
Dates from 2 BC to AD 260 based on Guy de la Bédoyère,
801:
This recognition would be maintained until the rise of
811:, but managing to establish a pro-Byzantine king,
597:and held office at his pleasure. From the time of
3414:4th-century disestablishments in the Roman Empire
3409:1st-century BC establishments in the Roman Empire
3317:(1980). "Guard Prefects of Trajan and Hadrian".
2931:A further prefecture was established by emperor
3080:(New Haven: Yale Press, 2017), pp. 280-282
823:List of known prefects of the Praetorian Guard
497:
8:
3214:(Cambridge: University Press, 1971), p. 1047
3394:Members and leaders of the Praetorian Guard
3284:. Chicago, Illinois: Ares Publishers, inc.
3172:
3170:
504:
490:
286:
256:
182:
74:
29:
3164:Son of Vespasian, the later emperor Titus
3291:"Les préfets du prétoire de Marc Aurèle"
3056:. Harvard University Press. p. 41.
3008:
3006:
3004:
2686:
2397:Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus
2317:
1893:
1410:
1232:
1119:
846:
3374:Lists of office-holders in ancient Rome
3210:Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
2951:
185:
121:
77:
50:
1780:Lucius Julius Vehilius Gratus Julianus
544:. Originating as the commander of the
777:were granted the prefecture of Italy;
7:
2656:Titus Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus
2926:Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum
2513:Lucius Petronius Taurus Volusianus
648:: the ivory inkwell and pen case (
25:
2960:Handbook to life in Ancient Rome.
2921:Praetorian prefecture of the East
731:), each of which was headed by a
589:Commander of the Praetorian Guard
3013:
2792:Gaius Ceionius Rufius Volusianus
2632:Marcus Aurelius Sabinus Julianus
473:
33:
3295:Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz
3104:Wiseman, Timothy Peter (1991).
2940:Praetorian prefecture of Africa
2230:Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus
630:Transformation to administrator
27:High office in the Roman Empire
3384:Military ranks of ancient Rome
3379:Lists of ancient Roman equites
2986:.Ares Publishers, inc., 1998.
2911:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
2080:Gnaeus Marcius Rustius Rufinus
939:Quintus Naevius Sutorius Macro
536:ἔπαρχος/ὕπαρχος τῶν πραιτωρίων
1:
3110:Northwestern University Press
3053:Ruling the later Roman Empire
2916:Praetorian prefecture of Gaul
2636:
2571:
2517:
2497:
2279:
2006:
1981:
701:
368:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
3228:Bingham, Sandra J. (1999) .
1671:Publius Tarrutenius Paternus
282:Frontiers and fortifications
3273:University of Chicago Press
3267:Howe, Laurence Lee (1942).
3194:The later emperor Macrinus.
3146:"Tiberius Julius Alexander"
3050:Kelly, Christopher (2004).
2552:Marcus Aurelius Heraclianus
2386:before 240 – ??
2312:Crisis of the Third Century
1962:Quintus Aemilius Saturninus
1592:Sextus Cornelius Repentinus
1539:Marcus Petronius Mamertinus
540:) was a high office in the
94:Decorations and punishments
3430:
3289:Rossignol, Benoît (2007).
3236:National Library of Canada
2095:Marcus Oclatinius Adventus
1750:Publius Atilius Aebutianus
1456:Tiberius Claudius Livianus
633:
535:
3280:Miller, M. C. J. (1998).
2275:Marcus Attius Cornelianus
2245:Lucius Domitius Honoratus
1928:Decimus Veturius Macrinus
1490:Servius Sulpicius Similis
1294:Titus Flavius Vespasianus
1278:Tiberius Julius Alexander
1114:Year of the Four Emperors
742:, the institution of the
533:
3319:Journal of Roman Studies
2994:. Pages xxcii and xcvi,
2461:Quintus Herennius Potens
2260:Marcus Aedinius Julianus
2170:Publius Valerius Comazon
2110:Marcus Opellius Macrinus
2002:Marcus Flavius Drusianus
1977:Marcus Aurelius Julianus
1947:Gaius Fulvius Plautianus
1765:Marcus Aurelius Cleander
1690:Sextus Tigidius Perennis
1471:Publius Acilius Attianus
1384:Titus Petronius Secundus
1263:Marcus Arrecinus Clemens
1097:Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus
1082:Gaius Ofonius Tigellinus
958:Marcus Arrecinus Clemens
877:Quintus Ostorius Scapula
397:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
382:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
52:Military of ancient Rome
3212:, Volume I (AD 260-395)
3036:Encyclopædia Britannica
2963:Oxford University Press
2958:Lesley and Roy Adkins.
2587:Marcus Annius Florianus
1833:Quintus Aemilius Laetus
1641:Marcus Macrinius Vindex
1607:Titus Furius Victorinus
1441:Sextus Attius Suburanus
1339:Lucius Laberius Maximus
973:Lucius Arruntius Stella
787:' territories in Gaul);
480:Ancient Rome portal
3389:Positions of authority
3307:10.3406/ccgg.2007.1648
3282:Abbreviations in Latin
2984:Abbreviations in Latin
2702:Afranius Hannibalianus
2046:Quintus Maecius Laetus
1856:Titus Flavius Genialis
1626:Titus Flavius Constans
1509:Gaius Septicius Clarus
1369:Titus Flavius Norbanus
1048:Sextus Afranius Burrus
841:Julio-Claudian dynasty
815:, and the conquest of
709:praetorian prefectures
653:
554:praetorian prefectures
525:
3271:. Chicago, Illinois:
2728:Pomponius Januarianus
2602:Marcus Aurelius Carus
1656:Marcus Bassaeus Rufus
1577:Gaius Tattius Maximus
1558:Marcus Gavius Maximus
1524:Quintus Marcius Turbo
924:Lucius Aelius Sejanus
891:Publius Varius Ligur
881:2 BC – ??
866:2 BC – ??
643:
636:Praetorian prefecture
634:Further information:
565:) until the reign of
363:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
178:Technological history
3369:Gubernatorial titles
3364:Ancient Roman titles
2935:in the 6th century:
2882:Junius Annius Bassus
2743:Julius Asclepiodotus
2683:(AD 285 – 324)
2481:254 – 255/260
2412:Gaius Julius Priscus
2314:(AD 235 – 285)
2264:223 – ??
2249:223 – ??
2234:222 – 223/228
2219:222 – ??
2204:222 – ??
2185:Flavius Antiochianus
1890:(AD 193 – 235)
1735:Titus Longaeus Rufus
1067:Lucius Faenius Rufus
862:Publius Salvius Aper
843:(2 BC – AD 68)
687:John the Cappadocian
615:praefectus praetorio
578:praefectus praetorio
559:Eastern Roman Empire
526:praefectus praetorio
353:Lower Germanic Limes
252:Strategy and tactics
187:Military engineering
89:Unit types and ranks
18:Praefectus praetorio
3404:Praetorian prefects
3112:. pp. 59, 62.
2807:Ruricius Pompeianus
2777:Manlius Rusticianus
2766:?? – ??
2762:Constantius Chlorus
2755:Constantius Chlorus
2617:Lucius Flavius Aper
2027:Aemilius Papinianus
1675:by 179 – 182
1407:(AD 96 – 193)
1309:Lucius Julius Ursus
1283:69 – ??
905:Lucius Seius Strabo
808:Recuperatio Imperii
797:theirs over Africa.
775:Flavius Theodoricus
563:Ostrogothic Kingdom
348:Lauter Valley Limes
2852:Petronius Annianus
2567:Julius Placidianus
2533:Callistus Ballista
2065:Valerius Patruinus
1596:160 – 166/7
1426:Casperius Aelianus
1401:Five Good Emperors
1354:Casperius Aelianus
1229:(AD 69 – 96)
1116:(AD 68 – 69)
1033:Lucius Lusius Geta
654:
646:Notitia Dignitatum
518:praetorian prefect
449:Limes Tripolitanus
70:Structural history
3144:Lendering, Jona.
3119:978-0-85989-356-5
3063:978-0-674-01564-7
2982:M. C. J. Miller.
2895:
2894:
2822:Tatius Andronicus
2673:
2672:
2446:Maecius Gordianus
2308:
2307:
2303:Alexander Severus
2288:Alexander Severus
2268:Alexander Severus
2253:Alexander Severus
2238:Alexander Severus
2223:Alexander Severus
2215:Geminius Chrestus
2208:Alexander Severus
2155:Julius Basilianus
2069:211? – 212
2054:Septimius Severus
2050:205 – 215?
2035:Septimius Severus
2016:Septimius Severus
1991:Septimius Severus
1970:Septimius Severus
1955:Septimius Severus
1940:Septimius Severus
1932:193 – 197?
1921:Septimius Severus
1913:193 – 197?
1909:Flavius Juvenalis
1884:
1883:
1871:Tullius Crispinus
1460:101 – 117?
1397:
1396:
1223:
1222:
1165:Licinius Proculus
1110:
1109:
1018:Rufrius Crispinus
750:Post-imperial era
659:Septimius Severus
599:Alexander Severus
514:
513:
465:
464:
456:Limes Mauretaniae
311:Limes Britannicus
272:
271:
236:Political history
226:
225:
146:
145:
16:(Redirected from
3421:
3399:Praetorian Guard
3350:
3310:
3285:
3276:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3248:. Archived from
3215:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3165:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3101:
3095:
3087:
3081:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3010:
2999:
2980:
2974:
2956:
2886:318 – 331
2871:315 – 324
2856:315 – 317
2841:310 – 314
2796:309 – 310
2781:306 – 310
2747:290 – 296
2687:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2606:276 – 282
2591:275 – 276
2576:
2573:
2537:260 – 261
2522:
2519:
2502:
2499:
2465:249 – 251
2435:243 – 244
2416:242 – 246
2401:241 – 244
2318:
2299:228 – 235
2284:
2281:
2189:221 – 222
2174:218 – 221
2144:217 – 218
2129:217 – 218
2114:214 – 217
2099:215 – 217
2084:212 – 217
2031:205 – 211
2011:
2008:
1986:
1983:
1951:197 – 205
1894:
1837:192 – 193
1784:188 – 189
1769:187 – 189
1754:185 – 187
1739:185 – 187
1705:Pescennius Niger
1694:180 – 185
1660:168 – 177
1645:168 – 172
1611:159 – 168
1581:158 – 160
1562:138 – 158
1543:138 – 143
1528:120 – 137
1513:120 – 123
1494:112 – 123
1475:117 – 120
1411:
1324:Cornelius Fuscus
1233:
1120:
847:
744:magister militum
706:
703:
604:cohortes urbanae
571:Byzantine Empire
546:Praetorian Guard
539:
538:
537:
506:
499:
492:
478:
477:
476:
337:Limes Germanicus
287:
264:Infantry tactics
257:
213:Triumphal arches
183:
164:Wars and battles
156:Campaign history
75:
37:
36:
30:
21:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3354:
3353:
3313:
3288:
3279:
3266:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:Syme (1980), 67
3184:
3180:
3176:Syme (1980), 66
3175:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3084:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3029:, ed. (1911). "
3025:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3002:
2981:
2977:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2900:
2867:Julius Julianus
2837:Pompeius Probus
2811:?? – 312
2696:Emperor served
2685:
2643:
2639:
2574:
2520:
2500:
2431:Philip the Arab
2424:Philip the Arab
2363:Pinarius Valens
2356:Maximinus Thrax
2352:?? – 238
2341:Maximinus Thrax
2327:Emperor served
2316:
2282:
2140:Julianus Nestor
2125:Ulpius Julianus
2009:
1984:
1936:Didius Julianus
1917:Didius Julianus
1903:Emperor served
1892:
1888:Severan dynasty
1879:Didius Julianus
1864:Didius Julianus
1849:Didius Julianus
1826:Didius Julianus
1720:Marcius Quartus
1679:Marcus Aurelius
1664:Marcus Aurelius
1649:Marcus Aurelius
1634:Marcus Aurelius
1619:Marcus Aurelius
1445:98 – 101
1420:Emperor served
1409:
1405:Didius Julianus
1242:Emperor served
1231:
1227:Flavian dynasty
1180:Publius Sabinus
1129:Emperor served
1118:
1003:Catonius Justus
856:Emperor served
845:
825:
771:Flavius Odoacer
752:
729:Roman provinces
704:
663:Marcus Aurelius
638:
632:
591:
586:
510:
474:
472:
467:
466:
461:
433:Limes Sarmatiae
427:Anastasian Wall
405:Pannonian Limes
284:
274:
273:
268:
254:
244:
243:
242:
238:
228:
227:
222:
208:
180:
170:
169:
168:
158:
148:
147:
142:
117:
103:
72:
62:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3331:10.2307/299556
3311:
3286:
3277:
3264:
3244:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3166:
3157:
3134:
3125:
3118:
3096:
3082:
3069:
3062:
3042:
3027:Chisholm, Hugh
3000:
2975:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2684:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1615:Antoninus Pius
1612:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:Antoninus Pius
1597:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:Antoninus Pius
1582:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:Antoninus Pius
1563:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:Antoninus Pius
1544:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1430:96 – 98
1428:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1408:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1388:94 – 97
1386:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1373:94 – 96
1371:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1358:84 – 94
1356:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1343:83 – 84
1341:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1328:81 – 87
1326:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1313:81 – 83
1311:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:71 – 79
1296:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1267:70 – 71
1265:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:69 – 70
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1210:Junius Priscus
1206:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1195:Alfenius Varus
1191:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1150:Plotius Firmus
1146:
1145:
1140:
1139:68 – 69
1137:
1135:Cornelius Laco
1131:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:65 – 68
1099:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:62 – 68
1084:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:62 – 65
1069:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1052:51 – 62
1050:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1037:44 – 51
1035:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:43 – 51
1020:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:41 – 43
1005:
999:
998:
993:
992:41 – 44
990:
988:Rufrius Pollio
984:
983:
978:
977:38 – 41
975:
969:
968:
963:
962:38 – 41
960:
954:
953:
944:
943:31 – 38
941:
935:
934:
929:
928:14 – 31
926:
920:
919:
910:
909:?? – 15
907:
901:
900:
895:
892:
888:
887:
882:
879:
873:
872:
867:
864:
858:
857:
854:
851:
844:
838:
824:
821:
799:
798:
791:
788:
778:
751:
748:
721:Constantinople
631:
628:
590:
587:
585:
582:
512:
511:
509:
508:
501:
494:
486:
483:
482:
469:
468:
463:
462:
460:
459:
452:
445:
442:Limes Arabicus
437:
436:
429:
424:
419:
414:
412:Limes Alutanus
408:
407:
401:
400:
392:
391:
385:
384:
378:
377:
376:
375:
373:Wetterau Limes
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:
322:Hadrian's Wall
319:
306:
305:
304:
303:
290:
285:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
269:
267:
266:
260:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
239:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
223:
221:
220:
215:
209:
207:
206:
201:
193:
190:
189:
181:
176:
175:
172:
171:
167:
166:
160:
159:
154:
153:
150:
149:
144:
143:
141:
140:
135:
129:
126:
125:
119:
118:
116:
115:
110:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
85:
82:
81:
73:
68:
67:
64:
63:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3426:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3255:on 2017-03-01
3251:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3147:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3022:public domain
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:0-89005-568-8
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2971:0-19-512332-8
2968:
2964:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:Constantine I
2897:
2891:
2890:Constantine I
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:Constantine I
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2722:(at Antioch)
2721:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2681:Constantine I
2678:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:Julius Paulus
2293:
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2289:
2286:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2269:
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2263:
2261:
2258:
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2254:
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2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
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1778:
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1360:
1357:
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1333:
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1327:
1325:
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1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
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763:viceroyalties
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740:Constantine I
736:
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681:) and, under
680:
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583:
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573:by the 840s.
572:
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560:
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550:Constantine I
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531:
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420:
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417:Limes Moesiae
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19:
3322:
3318:
3315:Syme, Ronald
3298:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3257:. Retrieved
3250:the original
3230:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3160:
3149:. Retrieved
3137:
3128:
3105:
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3034:
2995:
2983:
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2716:Asclepiades
2477:Successianus
1248:Arrius Varus
826:
806:
800:
756:
753:
737:
691:
655:
649:
619:coups d'état
614:
608:
603:
592:
577:
575:
542:Roman Empire
517:
515:
454:
447:
440:
431:
395:
335:
309:
293:
196:
3301:: 141–177.
2996:sub vocibus
2933:Justinian I
2640: 283?
2496:?? –
2454:Gordian III
2439:Gordian III
2420:Gordian III
2405:Gordian III
2390:Gordian III
803:Justinian I
727:(groups of
683:Justinianus
327:Saxon Shore
3358:Categories
3259:2007-05-23
3245:0612271064
3234:. Ottawa:
3222:References
3151:2020-04-24
3078:Praetorian
2973:. page 241
2770:Diocletian
2751:Diocletian
2710:Diocletian
2668:Diocletian
2644: 284
2642: – c.
2575: 270
2521: 260
2501: 260
2348:Annullinus
2333:Vitalianus
2283: 230
2193:Elagabalus
2178:Elagabalus
2163:Elagabalus
2010: 204
1985: 200
813:Athanagild
773:and later
705: 296
698:Diocletian
696:reform of
624:Diocletian
358:Main Limes
3347:162498865
3325:: 64–80.
2815:Maxentius
2800:Maxentius
2785:Maxentius
2736:Maxentius
2677:Tetrarchy
2560:Gallienus
2541:Macrianus
2526:Gallienus
2506:Gallienus
2200:Flavianus
2118:Caracalla
2103:Caracalla
2088:Caracalla
2073:Caracalla
2058:Caracalla
2039:Caracalla
2020:Caracalla
1995:Caracalla
1810:Motilenus
1302:Vespasian
1287:Vespasian
1271:Vespasian
1256:Vespasian
1218:Vitellius
1203:Vitellius
1188:Vitellius
785:Visigoths
694:tetrarchy
576:The term
567:Heraclius
561:(and the
343:Alb Limes
3091:Valerius
3031:Praefect
2965:, 1993.
2898:See also
2875:Licinius
2845:Licinius
2830:Galerius
2732:285/286
2706:286/292
2690:Prefect
2625:Numerian
2580:Aurelian
2492:Silvanus
2485:Valerian
2382:Domitius
2375:Balbinus
2371:Pupienus
2321:Prefect
2148:Macrinus
2133:Macrinus
1897:Prefect
1845:Pertinax
1841:Commodus
1822:Pertinax
1818:Commodus
1803:Commodus
1795:Regillus
1788:Commodus
1773:Commodus
1758:Commodus
1743:Commodus
1728:Commodus
1713:Commodus
1698:Commodus
1683:Commodus
1414:Prefect
1392:Domitian
1377:Domitian
1362:Domitian
1347:Domitian
1332:Domitian
1317:Domitian
1236:Prefect
1123:Prefect
1056:Claudius
1041:Claudius
1026:Claudius
1011:Claudius
996:Claudius
981:Caligula
966:Caligula
951:Caligula
947:Tiberius
932:Tiberius
917:Tiberius
913:Augustus
898:Augustus
885:Augustus
870:Augustus
850:Prefect
793:and the
733:Vicarius
725:dioceses
671:Papinian
667:Commodus
138:Admirals
113:Generals
44:a series
42:Part of
3205:et alia
3024::
2906:, see:
2693:Tenure
2664:Carinus
2649:Carinus
2595:Tacitus
2545:Quietus
2324:Tenure
1900:Tenure
1709:c. 185
1630:c. 168
1566:Hadrian
1547:Hadrian
1532:Hadrian
1517:Hadrian
1502:Hadrian
1483:Hadrian
1417:Tenure
1239:Tenure
1126:Tenure
853:Tenure
830:Sejanus
795:Vandals
781:Louis I
758:de iure
717:Ravenna
715:(later
611:prefect
595:equites
584:History
108:Auxilia
99:Legions
3345:
3339:299556
3337:
3242:
3116:
3060:
3018:
2990:
2969:
2610:Probus
2469:Decius
1498:Trajan
1479:Trajan
1464:Trajan
1449:Trajan
834:Burrus
817:Spania
769:First
738:Under
719:) and
679:Paulus
675:Ulpian
613:, the
241:
198:Castra
133:Fleets
60:AD 476
56:753 BC
46:on the
3343:S2CID
3335:JSTOR
3253:(PDF)
2946:Notes
2012:/204
1987:/205
1434:Nerva
1143:Galba
650:theca
530:Greek
522:Latin
301:Walls
295:Limes
218:Roads
3240:ISBN
3114:ISBN
3058:ISBN
2988:ISBN
2967:ISBN
2826:310
2719:303
2660:285
2621:284
2556:268
2450:244
2367:238
2337:238
2159:218
1966:200
1875:193
1860:193
1814:190
1799:189
1724:185
1280:(?)
1173:Otho
1158:Otho
1105:Nero
1090:Nero
1075:Nero
1060:Nero
713:Rome
692:The
665:and
516:The
123:Navy
79:Army
3327:doi
3303:doi
3094:35.
3033:".
2679:to
1403:to
1214:69
1199:69
1184:69
1169:69
1154:69
894:??
832:or
819:).
606:).
3360::
3341:.
3333:.
3323:70
3321:.
3299:18
3297:.
3293:.
3238:.
3207:,
3169:^
3108:.
3003:^
2753:;
2666:;
2637:c.
2572:c.
2543:,
2518:c.
2498:c.
2471:?
2422:;
2373:;
2280:c.
2056:,
2037:,
2018:,
2007:c.
1993:,
1982:c.
1938:,
1919:,
1847:,
1843:,
1824:,
1820:,
1681:,
1617:,
1568:,
1549:,
1500:,
1481:,
1058:,
949:,
915:,
765::
735:.
702:c.
685:,
677:,
673:,
532::
528:;
524::
58:–
3349:.
3329::
3309:.
3305::
3275:.
3262:.
3154:.
3122:.
3066:.
2998:.
700:(
520:(
505:e
498:t
491:v
20:)
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