1411:); yet it seems to possess scarce any other quality in common with this animal except that of burrowing. ...I have the concurrent testimony of several persons, who have been upon the Prairies in winter, that, like rabbits and squirrels, they issue from their holes every soft day; and therefore lay up no doubt a hoard of 'hay' (as there is rarely anything else to be found in the vicinity of their towns) for winter's use. A collection of their burrows has been termed by travelers a 'dog town,' which comprises from a dozen or so, to some thousands in the same vicinity; often covering an area of several square miles. They generally locate upon firm dry plains, coated with fine short grass, upon which they feed; for they are no doubt exclusively herbivorous. But even when tall coarse grass surrounds, they seem commonly to destroy this within their 'streets,' which are nearly always found 'paved' with a fine species suited to their palates. They must need but little water, if any at all, as their 'towns' are often, indeed generally, found in the midst of the most arid plainsâunless we suppose they dig down to subterranean fountains. At least they evidently burrow remarkably deep. Attempts either to dig or drown them out of their holes have generally proved unsuccessful. Approaching a 'village,' the little dogs may be observed frisking about the 'streets'âpassing from dwelling to dwelling apparently on visitsâsometimes a few clustered together as though in councilâhere feeding upon the tender herbageâthere cleansing their 'houses,' or brushing the little hillock about the doorâyet all quiet. Upon seeing a stranger, however, each streaks it to its home, but is apt to stop at the entrance, and spread the general alarm by a succession of shrill yelps, usually sitting erect. Yet at the report of a gun or the too near approach of the visitor, they dart down and are seen no more till the cause of alarm seems to have disappeared.
1375:"In their habits, they are clannish, social, and extremely convivial, never living alone like other animals, but on the contrary, always found in villages or large settlements. They are a wild, frolicsome, madcap set of fellows when undisturbed, uneasy and ever on the move, and appear to take especial delight in chattering away the time, and visiting from hole to hole to gossip and talk over each other's affairsâat least so their actions would indicate. On several occasions I crept close to their villages, without being observed, to watch their movements. Directly in the centre of one of them I particularly noticed a very large dog, sitting in front of the door or entrance to his burrow, and by his own actions and those of his neighbors it really seemed as though he was the president, mayor, or chiefâat all events, he was the 'big dog' of the place. For at least an hour I secretly watched the operations in this community. During that time the large dog I have mentioned received at least a dozen visits from his fellow-dogs, which would stop and chat with him a few moments, and then run off to their domiciles. All this while he never left his post for a moment, and I thought I could discover a gravity in his deportment not discernible in those by which he was surrounded. Far is it from me to say that the visits he received were upon business, or had anything to do with the local government of the village; but it certainly appeared so. If any animal has a system of laws regulating the body politic, it is certainly the prairie dog."
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while at other times, they are surrounded by mounds of soil either left as piles or hard-packed. Some mounds, known as dome craters, can be as high as 20â30 cm (7.9â11.8 in). Other mounds, known as rim craters, can be as high as 1 m (3 ft 3 in). Dome craters and rim craters serve as observation posts used by the animals to watch for predators. They also protect the burrows from flooding. The holes also possibly provide ventilation as the air enters through the dome crater and leaves through the rim crater, causing a breeze though the burrow. Prairie dog burrows contain chambers to provide certain functions. They have nursery chambers for their young, chambers for night, and chambers for the winter. They also contain air chambers that may function to protect the burrow from flooding and a listening post for predators. When hiding from predators, prairie dogs use less-deep chambers that are usually 1 m (3 ft 3 in) below the surface. Nursery chambers tend to be deeper, being 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) below the surface.
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offspring and one or two female offspring. Females remain in their natal groups for life, thus are the source of stability in the groups. Males leave their natal groups when they mature to find another family group to defend and breed in. Some family groups contain more breeding females than one male can control, so have more than one breeding adult male in them. Among these multiple-male groups, some may contain males that have friendly relationships, but the majority contain males that have largely antagonistic relationships. In the former, the males tend to be related, while in the latter, they tend not to be related. Two or three groups of females may be controlled by one male. However, among these female groups, no friendly relationships exist.
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the nursery chamber and collects grass for the nest. Males play their part by defending the territories and maintaining the burrows. The young spend their first six weeks below the ground being nursed. They are then weaned and begin to surface from the burrow. By five months, they are fully grown. The subject of cooperative breeding in prairie dogs has been debated among biologists. Some argue prairie dogs will defend and feed young that are not theirs, and young seemingly sleep in a nursery chamber with other mothers; since most nursing occurs at night, this may be a case of communal nursing. In the case of the latter, others suggest communal nursing occurs only when mothers mistake another female's young for their own.
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1403:. ...The flesh, though often eaten by travelers, is not esteemed savory. It was denominated the 'barking squirrel', the 'prairie ground-squirrel', etc., by early explorers, with much more apparent propriety than the present established name. Its yelp, which resembles that of the little toy-dog, seems its only canine attribute. It rather appears to occupy a middle ground betwixt the rabbit and squirrelâlike the former in feeding and burrowingâlike the latter in frisking, flirting, sitting erect, and somewhat so in its barking. The prairie dog has been reckoned by some naturalists a species of the
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families to defend their territories. These interactions may happen 20 times per day and last five minutes. When two prairie dogs encounter each other at the edges of their territories, they stare, make bluff charges, flare their tails, chatter their teeth, and sniff each other's perianal scent glands. When fighting, prairie dogs bite, kick, and ram each other. If their competitor is around their size or smaller, the females participate in fighting. Otherwise, if a competitor is sighted, the females signal for the resident male.
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predator than the caller. Studies of black-tailed prairie dogs suggest that alarm-calling is a form of kin selection, as a prairie dog's call alerts both offspring and indirectly related kin, such as cousins, nephews, and nieces. Prairie dogs with kin close by called more often than those that did not have kin nearby. In addition, the caller may be trying to make itself more noticeable to the predator. Predators, though, seem to have difficulty determining which prairie dog is making the call due to its "
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black-tailed and
Mexican prairie dogs are called "coteries", while "clans" describes family groups of white-tailed, Gunnison's, and Utah prairie dogs. Although these two family groups are similar, coteries tend to be more closely knit than clans. Members of a family group interact through oral contact or "kissing" and grooming one another. They do not perform these behaviors with prairie dogs from other family groups.
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colony immediately rush inside the burrows. For coyotes, the prairie dogs move to the entrance of a burrow and stand outside the entrance, observing the coyote, while those prairie dogs that were inside the burrows come out to stand and watch, as well. For domestic dogs, the response is to observe, standing in place where they were when the alarm was sounded, again with the underground prairie dogs emerging to watch.
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competition for the female's offspring and for increased foraging area due to a decrease in territorial defense by the victimized mother. Supporters of the theory that prairie dogs are communal breeders state that another reason for this type of infanticide is so that the female can get a possible helper. With their own offspring gone, the victimized mother may help raise the young of other females.
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grammar. According to
Slobodchikoff, these calls, with their individuality in response to a specific predator, imply that prairie dogs have highly developed cognitive abilities. He also writes that prairie dogs have calls for things that are not predators to them. This is cited as evidence that the animals have a very descriptive language and have calls for any potential threat.
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Debate exists over whether the alarm calling of prairie dogs is selfish or altruistic. Prairie dogs may alert others to the presence of a predator so they can protect themselves, but the calls could be meant to cause confusion and panic in the groups and cause the others to be more conspicuous to the
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in a common space, employees sometimes use the term "prairie dogging" to refer to the action of several people simultaneously looking over the walls of their cubicles in response to a noise or other distraction. This action is thought to resemble the startled response of a group of prairie dogs. The
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which consists of up to 25 barks with a 3- to 15-second pause between each one. Females may try to increase their reproduction success by mating with males outside their family groups. When copulation is over, the male is no longer interested in the female sexually, but will prevent other males from
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For black-tailed prairie dogs, the resident male of the family group fathers all the offspring. Multiple paternity in litters seems to be more common in Utah and
Gunnison's prairie dogs. Mother prairie dogs do most of the care for the young. In addition to nursing the young, the mother also defends
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A prairie dog town may contain 15â26 family groups, with subgroups within a town, called "wards", which are separated by a physical barrier. Family groups exist within these wards. Most prairie dog family groups are made up of one adult breeding male, two or three adult females, and one or two male
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in body mass in the prairie dog varies 105 to 136% between the sexes. Among the species, black-tailed prairie dogs tend to be the least sexually dimorphic, and white-tailed prairie dogs tend to be the most sexually dimorphic. Sexual dimorphism peaks during weaning, when the females lose weight and
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Until 2003, primarily black-tailed prairie dogs were collected from the wild for the exotic pet trade in Canada, the United States, Japan, and Europe. They were removed from their burrows each spring, as young pups, with a large vacuum device. They can be difficult to breed in captivity, but breed
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has been affected by direct removal by farmers, as well as the more obvious encroachment of urban development, which has greatly reduced their populations. The removal of prairie dogs "causes undesirable spread of brush", the costs of which to livestock range may outweigh the benefits of removal.
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is known to occur in prairie dogs. Males that take over a family group will kill the offspring of the previous male. This causes the mother to go into estrus sooner. However, most infanticide is done by close relatives. Lactating females will kill the offspring of a related female both to decrease
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include underground consorting, self-licking of genitals, dust-bathing, and late entrances into the burrow at night. The licking of genitals may protect against sexually transmitted diseases and genital infections, while dust-bathing may protect against fleas and other parasites. Prairie dogs also
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Prairie dog burrows are 5â10 m (16â33 ft) long and 2â3 m (6.6â9.8 ft) below the ground. The entrance holes are generally 10â30 cm (3.9â11.8 in) in diameter. Prairie dog burrows can have up to six entrances. Sometimes, the entrances are simply flat holes in the ground,
1352:, remain against import from the United States, due to the high death rate of wild captures. Several zoos in Europe have stable prairie dog colonies that generate enough surplus pups to saturate the EU internal demand, and several associations help owners to give adoption to captive-born animals.
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and others assert that prairie dogs use a sophisticated system of vocal communication to describe specific predators. According to them, prairie dog calls contain specific information as to what the predator is, how big it is and how fast it is approaching. These have been described as a form of
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Perhaps the most striking of prairie dog communications is the territorial call or "jump-yip" display of the black-tailed prairie dog. A black-tailed prairie dog stretches the length of its body vertically and throws its forefeet into the air while making a call. A jump-yip from one prairie dog
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Alarm response behavior varies according to the type of predator announced. If the alarm indicates a hawk diving toward the colony, all the prairie dogs in its flight path dive into their holes, while those outside the flight path stand and watch. If the alarm is for a human, all members of the
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The typical prairie dog territory takes up 0.05â1.01 hectares (0.12â2.50 acres). Territories have well-established borders that coincide with physical barriers such as rocks and trees. The resident male of a territory defends it, and antagonistic behavior occurs between two males of different
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Prairie dogs live mainly at altitudes ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 ft (600 to 3,000 m) above sea level. The areas where they live can get as warm as 38 °C (100 °F) in the summer and as cold as â37 °C (â35 °F) in the winter. As prairie dogs live in areas prone to
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Prairie dogs are highly social animals. They live in large colonies or "towns", and collections of prairie dog families can span hundreds of acres. The prairie dog family groups are the most basic units of its society. Members of a family group inhabit the same territory. Family groups of
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that can last for several months, in which their personalities can drastically change, often becoming defensive or even aggressive. Despite their needs, prairie dogs are very social animals and come to seem as though they treat humans as members of their colony.
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has been affected by direct removal by farmers, and the more obvious encroachment of urban development, which has greatly reduced their populations. The removal of prairie dogs "causes undesirable spread of brush", the costs of which to livestock range and
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On 8 September 2008, the FDA and CDC rescinded the ban, making it once again legal to capture, sell, and transport prairie dogs. Although the federal ban has been lifted, several states still have in place their own ban on prairie dogs.
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One common concern, which led to the widespread extermination of prairie dog colonies, was that their digging activities could injure horses by fracturing their limbs. According to writer Fred Durso, Jr., of
838:. In the winter, lactating and pregnant females supplement their diets with snow for extra water. They also will eat roots, seeds, fruit, buds, and grasses of various species. Black-tailed prairie dogs in
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environmental threats, including hailstorms, blizzards, and floods, as well as drought and prairie fires, burrows provide important protection. Burrows help prairie dogs control their body temperature (
1292:(FDA) to issue a joint order banning the sale, trade, and transport within the United States of prairie dogs (with a few exceptions). The disease was never introduced to any wild populations. The
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Prairie dog copulation occurs in the burrows, which reduces the risk of interruption by a competing male. They are also at less risk of predation. Behaviors that signal that a female is in
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Prairie dogs are stout-bodied rodents that, on average, are 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) long, including the short tail, and weigh between 0.5 and 1.5 kilograms (1 and 3 lb).
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Despite their name, a prairie dog skull has a condylobasal length of between 5.2-6.4 cm shorter than the skull of a canine or actual dog which is between 11.39â17.96 cm in length.
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Black-tailed prairie dogs comprise the largest remaining community. In spite of human encroachment, prairie dogs have adapted, continuing to dig burrows in open areas of
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Prairie dogs are named for their habitat and warning call, which sounds similar to a dog's bark. The name was in use at least as early as 1774. The 1804 journals of the
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and exterminated from agricultural properties because they are capable of damaging crops, as they clear the immediate area around their burrows of most vegetation.
899:) as they are 5â10 °C (41â50 °F) during the winter and 15â25 °C (59â77 °F) in the summer. Prairie dog tunnel systems channel rainwater into the
2531:. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. pp. 19â29. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-298
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They can be difficult pets to care for, requiring regular attention and a very specific diet of grasses and hay. Each year, they go into a period called
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color vision, it can detect predators from a great distance; it then alerts other prairie dogs of the danger with a special, high-pitched call.
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has not lifted its ban on imports from the U.S. of animals captured in the wild. Major
European Prairie Dog Associations, such as the Italian
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Vanderlip, S. L. (2002). Prairie Dogs: Everything about
Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Handling, and Behavior. Barron's Educational Series. p. 19
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in addition to buffalo grass and blue grama. White-tailed prairie dogs have been observed to kill ground squirrels, a competing herbivore.
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the males start eating more, and is at its lowest when the females are pregnant, which is also when the males are depleted from breeding.
1910:"Breed-Specific Skull Morphology Reveals Insights into Canine Optic Chiasm Positioning and Orbital Structure through 3D CT Scan Analysis"
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428:, have shown a proclivity for grazing on the same land used by prairie dogs. Prairie dogs have some of the most complex systems of
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Saskatchewan, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico
911:, and can also change the composition of the soil in a region by reversing soil compaction that can result from cattle grazing.
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543:) was first described by Lewis and Clark in 1804. Lewis described it in more detail in 1806, calling it the "barking squirrel".
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for both black- and white-tailed prairie dogs, but fossils of prairie dogs are scarce prior to the late
Irvingtonian.
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note that in
September 1804, they "discovered a Village of an animal the French Call the Prairie Dog". Its genus,
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renewal in the soil, which can be crucial for soil quality and agriculture. They are extremely important in the
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1399:: "Of all the prairie animals, by far the most curious, and by no means the least celebrated, is the little
287:. In Mexico, prairie dogs are found primarily in the northern states, which lie at the southern end of the
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Foltz, D. & Hoogland, J. L. (1981). "Analysis of the Mating System in the Black- Tailed
Prairie Dog (
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2459:"Semantic information distinguishing individual predators in the alarm calls of Gunnison's prairie dogs"
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well in zoos. Removing them from the wild was a far more common method of supplying the market demand.
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1433:(often involuntarily), with the implication that fecal matter has already begun partially exiting the
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Prairie dogs that were in captivity at the time of the ban in 2003 were allowed to be kept under a
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Hoogland, J. L. (1983). "Black- Tailed
Prairie Dog Coteries are Cooperatively Breeding Units".
1669:"Journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition, "7th September Friday 1804. a verry Cold morning""
1322:. The prairie dog ban is frequently cited by the CDC as a successful response to the threat of
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1333:, but were not to be bought, traded, or sold, and transport was permitted only to and from a
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1079:. They are an important prey species, being the primary diet in prairie species such as the
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Western
Wyoming and western Colorado with small areas in eastern Utah and southern Montana.
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2345:(pp. 257â264), M. Beckoff, C. Allen, and G. M. Burghardt (eds) Cambridge: A Bradford Book.
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2165:"Parentage, Multiple Paternity, and Breeding Success in Gunnison's and Utah Prairie Dogs"
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1504:"Pliocene-Pleistocene Biogeographic History of Prairie Dogs, Genus Cynomys (Sciuridae)"
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2604:"Open Season on "Varmints" For Saving Endangered Prairie Dogs, It's the Eleventh Hour"
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Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 â Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms
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plans to distribute an oral vaccine it had developed by unmanned aircraft or drones.
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1119:, also rely on prairie dog burrows for nesting areas. Even grazing species, such as
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3011:"Born Free: Summary of State Laws Relating to Private Possession of Exotic Animals"
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2649:"Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems to Deliver Prairie Dog Sylvatic Plague Vaccination"
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1444:, a minor league baseball team, use a nickname for prairie dogs as their cognomen.
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Haynie, M., Van Den Bussche, R. A., Hoogland, J.L., & Gilbert, D.A. (2002).
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2970:"CDC: Notice of Embargo⊠of certain rodents and Prairie dogs issued 06/18/2003"
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Prairie dogs raise their heads from their burrows in response to disturbances.
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Gregg's Commerce of the prairies: or, The journal of a Santa FĂ© trader, 1831
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1613:"Observations on the Biology of Gunnison's Prairie Dog in Central Colorado"
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have shown a proclivity for grazing on the same land used by prairie dogs.
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Slobodchikoff, C. N. (2002) "Cognition and Communication in Prairie Dogs"
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Ichikawa, Yoichiro; Kanemaki, Nobuyuki; Kanai, Kazutaka (January 2024).
831:. They feed primarily on grasses and small seeds. In the fall, they eat
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Slobodchikoff, C. N.; Kiriazis, Judith; Fischer, C.; Creef, E. (1991).
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1696:"Index Generum Mammalium: a List of the Genera and Families of Mammals"
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species are classed as a "prohibited new organism" under New Zealand's
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2527:. In Uresk, Daniel W.; Schenbeck, Greg L.; O'Rourke, James T. (eds.).
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Black-tailed prairie dog forages above ground for grasses and leaves.
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828:
827:
Prairie dogs are chiefly herbivorous, although they occasionally eat
578:
549:
433:
401:
324:
292:
253:
136:
126:
106:
4504:
2415:
2275:
2235:
2218:
2181:
2164:
1977:"Prairie dogs increase fitness by killing interspecific competitors"
1852:
1835:
1629:
1520:
1472:
Fossils of genus Cynomys have been dated to as far back as the late
1011:
814:
The average lifespan of a prairie dog in the wild is 8 to 10 years.
4601:
2551:"Public, mayor react to prairie dog poisoning at Elmer Thomas Park"
2529:
Conserving biodiversity on native rangelands: symposium proceedings
2367:
C. N. Slobodchikoff; Bianca S. Perla; Jennifer L. Verdolin (2009).
2310:
3296:
3049:
2699:
Pilny, A.; Hess, Laurie (2004). "Prairie dog care and husbandry".
2522:"Black-tailed prairie dog status and future conservation planning"
1789:"Journal of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Tuesday July 1st 1806"
1378:
1315:
1277:
1244:
1140:
1063:
1038:
1010:
988:
963:
946:
934:
922:
885:
875:
794:
467:
1548:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1284:, and subsequently a few humans were also infected. This led the
2783:"Born Free: EU bans rodent imports following monkeypox outbreak"
2026:"Cute prairie dogs are serial killers savaging ground squirrels"
1434:
835:
448:
often outweighs the benefits of removal. Other threats include
311:. In the United States, they range primarily to the west of the
4508:
3305:
2899:
The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal
2136:
The Black-tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal
507:
The prairie dog is known by several indigenous names. The name
456:
in many areas to maintain local populations and ensure natural
4588:
2370:
Prairie Dogs: Communication and Community in an Animal Society
2701:
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice
2139:. Chicago, Illinois, USA: The University of Chicago Press.
1775:
Everyday Lakota: An English-Sioux Dictionary for Beginners
380:, being important to the diet of many animals such as the
3031:
2923:"AVMA: Tularemia Outbreak Identified In Pet Prairie Dogs"
2520:
Mulhern, Daniel W.; Knowles, Craig J. (17 August 1995).
1307:, preventing them from being imported into the country.
2647:
McCollister, Matthew; Matchett, Randy (31 March 2016).
1981:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1149:) with a prairie dog skeleton, articulated to show the
2577:"The Diary of Virginia D. (Jones-Harlan) Barr b. 1866"
1975:
Hoogland, John L.; Brown, Charles R. (23 March 2016).
30:
This article is about the animal. For other uses, see
2949:"Monkeypox-Outbreak: How was the outbreak contained?"
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
1610:
Fitzgerald, James P.; Lechleitner, Robert R. (1974).
1296:
also banned importation of prairie dogs in response.
267:. There are five recognized species of prairie dog:
4517:
4439:
4306:
4285:
4130:
4096:
4075:
4032:
4000:
3779:
3631:
3587:
3564:
3503:
3460:
3399:
1355:Prairie dogs in captivity may live up to 10 years.
1205:
Prairie dogs are gaining popularity as zoo animals.
1134:Nevertheless, prairie dogs are often identified as
3248:"Site Detail - Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks"
2678:"CNN: What's that giant sucking sound on prairie?"
2219:"Estrus and Copulation of Gunnison's Prairie Dogs"
1611:
1502:
2579:. Kansasheritage.org. 22 May 1940. Archived from
2447:. Prairie Dog Coalition. Retrieved on 2013-01-04.
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
519:two years after Lewis and Clark's expedition. In
3154:"Definition of prairie-dogging | Dictionary.com"
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
1829:
1827:
1825:
3289:Prairie Dog Management, Kansas State University
2762:"CDC: Questions & Answers About Monkey Pox"
2602:Motavalli, Jim; Durso, Fred Jr. (2 July 2004).
1383:"Dog Town" or settlement of prairie dogs, from
1305:Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996
2158:
2156:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
3317:
2355:"Cognition and Communication in Prairie Dogs"
1773:Karol, Joseph S.; Rozman, Stephen L. (1974).
1280:, several prairie dogs in captivity acquired
1265:In mid-2003, due to cross-contamination at a
8:
2785:. bornfree.org.uk. June 2003. Archived from
2500:"Mammals of Texas: Black-tailed Prairie Dog"
2195:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1957:
1955:
1737:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 80.
4787:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
4767:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
2901:. University of Chicago Press. p. 80.
2873:"Endangered, Rescued, Now in Trouble Again"
2850:"Biologist Studies Plague and Prairie Dogs"
2658:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p. 9
2373:. Harvard University Press. pp. 249â.
4505:
3324:
3310:
3302:
1869:"A Systematic Account of the Prairie-Dogs"
1777:. Rosebud Educational Society. p. 55.
1310:Prairie dogs are also very susceptible to
1286:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
762:Coahuila, Nuevo LeĂłn, and San Luis PotosĂ
319:. Despite the name, they are not actually
58:
38:
2414:
2234:
2180:
2067:. New York, NY: Dodd, Mead, and Company.
2000:
1935:
1925:
1892:
1851:
1714:
1350:Associazione Italiana Cani della Prateria
696:Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico
661:
3492:Cascade golden-mantled ground squirrel
3268:"Greycliff Prairie Dog Town State Park"
3243:Greycliff Prairie Dog Town State Park:
1791:. Libtextcenter.unl.edu. Archived from
1735:Lewis and Clark, Pioneering Naturalists
1671:. Libtextcenter.unl.edu. Archived from
1663:
1661:
1501:Goodwin, Thomas H. (23 February 1995).
1493:
1465:
1429:to refer to one who is on the verge of
1420:In companies that use large numbers of
535:Classification and first identification
2832:"Plague and Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs"
2734:Tynes, Valarie V. (7 September 2010).
2188:
1238:Pet prairie dogs can be leash trained
1056:causes others nearby to do the same.
7:
858:, while Gunnison's prairie dogs eat
4209:Caucasian mountain ground squirrel
3297:Italian association of Prairie dogs
3143:. A. H. Clark, 1905. Vol.2, p. 277.
2991:Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 174
1836:"Sexual Dimorphism of Prairie Dogs"
1145:Skeleton of a black-footed ferret (
1019:The prairie dog is well adapted to
4777:Fauna of the Western United States
3000:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2013-01-04.
647:About 14 other genera in subfamily
25:
3467:(golden-mantled ground squirrels)
3422:EspĂritu Santo antelope squirrel
3179:"Definition of 'prairie-dogging'"
1963:Prairie Dogs: A Wildlife Handbook
1075:consider the prairie dog to be a
890:Prairie dogs at a burrow entrance
2024:Irwin, Aisling (23 March 2016).
1585:"Basic Facts About Prairie Dogs"
1249:Prairie dog at the Minnesota Zoo
1231:
1212:
1198:
767:
745:
723:
701:
679:
83:
67:Black-tailed prairie dog at the
4374:Southern Idaho ground squirrel
4338:Northern Idaho ground squirrel
3620:Thirteen-lined ground squirrel
3474:Golden-mantled ground squirrel
3440:White-tailed antelope squirrel
3088:Vanderlip, Sharon Lynn (2002).
2262:) by Likelihood of Paternity".
1618:The American Midland Naturalist
919:Social organization and spacing
323:; prairie dogs, along with the
4046:Baja California rock squirrel
3449:San Joaquin antelope squirrel
2871:Robbins, Jim (18 April 2006).
2836:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1553:Johns Hopkins University Press
1545:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005).
1318:were found to have contracted
1184:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1109:golden-mantled ground squirrel
539:The black-tailed prairie dog (
406:golden-mantled ground squirrel
360:Prairie dogs are considered a
1:
4480:Round-tailed ground squirrel
4401:Richardson's ground squirrel
3483:Sierra Madre ground squirrel
3209:The Free Dictionary by Farlex
3205:"Farlex Dictionary of Idioms"
3068:"Adoptapet.com: Prairie Dogs"
2553:. KSWO Lawton. Archived from
2478:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80117-4
1965:, Boulder, CO: Johnson Books.
1655:. Online Etymology Dictionary
1476:and as far back as the early
1337:under quarantine procedures.
1224:South-central Wisconsin, U.S.
1107:. Other species, such as the
982:mating with her by inserting
432:and social structures in the
404:. Other species, such as the
69:Smithsonian National Zoo Park
4772:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
4757:Rodents of the United States
4419:Long-tailed ground squirrel
4313:(Holarctic ground squirrels)
4276:(Spermophilus xanthoprymnus)
4182:Red-cheeked ground squirrel
4138:(Old World ground squirrels)
4021:Ring-tailed ground squirrel
2608:EâThe Environmental Magazine
1531:– via Oxford Academic.
1290:Food and Drug Administration
1153:relationship between them. (
32:Prairie dog (disambiguation)
4427:Washington ground squirrel
4410:Townsend's ground squirrel
4274:Asia Minor ground squirrel
4110:PĂšre David's rock squirrel
4085:Franklin's ground squirrel
4055:California ground squirrel
3610:Rio Grande ground squirrel
3413:Harris's antelope squirrel
2854:California State University
4808:
4356:Columbian ground squirrel
4347:Merriam's ground squirrel
4329:Belding's ground squirrel
4218:Tian Shan ground squirrel
4154:Brandtâs ground squirrel (
2897:Hoogland, John L. (1995).
2713:10.1016/j.cvex.2004.02.001
1068:A prairie dog and his hole
960:Reproduction and parenting
799:Full view of a prairie dog
478:Lewis and Clark Expedition
29:
4792:Mammals described in 1817
4762:Fauna of the Great Plains
4491:
4256:Speckled ground squirrel
4164:European ground squirrel
4012:Tropical ground squirrel
3911:(N. quadrimaculatus)
3594:(little ground squirrels)
3535:Black-tailed prairie dog
3526:White-tailed prairie dog
3343:
3123:Texan Santa FĂ© Expedition
2740:. John Wiley & Sons.
1762:. Routledge. p. 188.
1760:English-Lakota Dictionary
1371:Texan Santa Fe Expedition
1161:As a result, prairie dog
1029:Constantine Slobodchikoff
295:, north and northeastern
203:
198:
188:
181:
80:Scientific classification
78:
66:
57:
41:
27:Genus of ground squirrels
4782:Fauna of Northern Mexico
4471:Spotted ground squirrel
4446:(pygmy ground squirrels)
4365:Wyoming ground squirrel
4267:(Spermophilus taurensis)
4246:Relict ground squirrel (
4227:Pallid ground squirrel (
4173:Daurian ground squirrel
4145:Alashan ground squirrel
4119:Forrest's rock squirrel
3920:(N. quadrivittatus)
3882:Yellow-cheeked chipmunk
3770:(M. vancouverensis)
3768:Vancouver Island marmot
3601:Mexican ground squirrel
3431:Texas antelope squirrel
3332:Living species of tribe
3234:Desert USA: Prairie Dogs
3054:www.canedellaprateria.it
2996:25 February 2012 at the
2813:, New Zealand Government
2656:Environmental Assessment
2443:10 November 2013 at the
2217:Hoogland, J. L. (1998).
1834:Hoogland, J. L. (2002).
1397:Commerce of the Prairies
1385:Commerce of the Prairies
731:Black-tailed prairie dog
709:White-tailed prairie dog
619:Black-tailed prairie dog
610:White-tailed prairie dog
4462:Perote ground squirrel
4453:Mohave ground squirrel
4392:Arctic ground squirrel
4265:Taurus ground squirrel
4258:(Spermophilus suslicus)
4237:Little ground squirrel
4200:Russet ground squirrel
4191:Yellow ground squirrel
3830:(N. cinereicollis)
3828:Gray-collared chipmunk
3720:Groundhog or woodchuck
3517:Gunnison's prairie dog
2737:Behavior of Exotic Pets
2299:The American Naturalist
2133:Hoogland, J.L. (1995).
2065:Wonders of Prairie Dogs
1894:2027/mdp.39015006867553
1269:-area pet swap from an
1182:. As of July 2016 the
951:A prairie dog at a zoo.
842:eat western bluegrass,
4482:(X. tereticaudus)
4403:(U. richardsonii)
4383:Piute ground squirrel
4320:Uinta ground squirrel
4184:(S. erythrogenys)
4103:(Asian rock squirrels)
4048:(O. atricapillus)
3902:(N. panamintinus)
3752:(M. flaviventris)
3750:Yellow-bellied marmot
3677:(M. camtschatica)
1993:10.1098/rspb.2016.0144
1867:Hollister, N. (1916).
1814:Basic Biology (2015).
1758:Ingham, Bruce (2013).
1731:Cutright, Paul Russell
1387:
1366:George Wilkins Kendall
1250:
1158:
1069:
1044:
1016:
994:
969:
952:
940:
939:A pair of prairie dogs
928:
891:
800:
687:Gunnison's prairie dog
601:Gunnison's prairie dog
488:for "dog mouse" (ÎșÏ
ÏÎœ
473:
346:), part of the larger
4714:Paleobiology Database
4429:(U. washingtoni)
4358:(U. columbianus)
4147:(S. alashanicus)
3819:Gray-footed chipmunk
3801:Yellow-pine chipmunk
3622:(I. tridecemlineatus)
3185:(Dictionary). Collins
3050:"Cane della prateria"
2394:Hoogland, J. (1996).
2063:Chance, G.E. (1976).
1694:Palmer, T.S. (1904).
1589:Defenders of Wildlife
1382:
1359:Literary descriptions
1248:
1144:
1067:
1042:
1014:
993:Juvenile prairie dogs
992:
967:
950:
938:
926:
889:
882:Habitat and burrowing
798:
471:
452:. The prairie dog is
335:genera belong to the
45:Temporal range: Late
4464:(X. perotensis)
4455:(X. mohavensis)
4412:(U. townsendii)
4220:(S. nilkaensis)
4112:(S. davidianus)
4087:(P. franklinii)
4066:(O. variegatus)
3983:(N. townsendii)
3981:Townsend's chipmunk
3929:(N. ruficaudus)
3927:Red-tailed chipmunk
3909:Long-eared chipmunk
3884:(N. ochrogenys)
3873:California chipmunk
3695:(M. himalayana)
3675:Black-capped marmot
3544:Mexican prairie dog
3406:(antelope squirrels)
2860:on 10 February 2008.
2398:Cynomys ludovicianus
2343:The Cognitive Animal
2264:Journal of Mammalogy
2260:Cynomys ludovicianus
2223:Journal of Mammalogy
2169:Journal of Mammalogy
1885:10.3996/nafa.40.0001
1873:North American Fauna
1840:Journal of Mammalogy
1716:10.3996/nafa.23.0001
1703:North American Fauna
1509:Journal of Mammalogy
1442:Amarillo Sod Poodles
1409:arctomys ludoviciana
968:Female with juvenile
818:Ecology and behavior
736:Cynomys ludovicianus
623:Cynomys ludovicianus
581:, and prairie dogs)
541:Cynomys ludovicianus
511:was recorded by Lt.
331:, and several other
285:Mexican prairie dogs
219:Cynomys ludovicianus
4473:(X. spilosoma)
4421:(U. undulatus)
4376:(U. endemicus)
4023:(N. annulatus)
3974:(N. speciosus)
3972:Lodgepole chipmunk
3855:Merriam's chipmunk
3786:(western chipmunks)
3713:(M. menzbieri)
3684:Long-tailed marmot
3650:(M. baibacina)
3578:(E. sibiricus)
3546:(C. mexicanus)
3494:(C. saturatus)
3485:(C. madrensis)
3476:(C. lateralis)
3433:(A. interpres)
3424:(A. insularis)
3032:"Untitled Document"
2357:, C.N Slobodchikoff
1927:10.3390/ani14020197
1274:Gambian pouched rat
1155:Museum of Osteology
1081:black-footed ferret
1060:Conservation status
1015:Prairie dog calling
1007:Anti-predator calls
753:Mexican prairie dog
628:Mexican prairie dog
484:, derives from the
382:black-footed ferret
4340:(U. brunneus)
4331:(U. beldingi)
4297:(T. striatus)
4239:(S. pygmaeus)
4175:(S. dauricus)
4166:(S. citellus)
4121:(S. forresti)
4057:(O. beecheyi)
4014:(N. adocetus)
3992:(N. umbrinus)
3956:(N. siskiyou)
3954:Siskiyou chipmunk
3918:Colorado chipmunk
3900:Panamint chipmunk
3891:Palmer's chipmunk
3875:(N. obscurus)
3857:(N. merriami)
3848:(N. durangae)
3839:(N. dorsalis)
3810:Buller's chipmunk
3743:(M. caligata)
3731:(M. sibirica)
3711:Menzbier's marmot
3576:Siberian chipmunk
3528:(C. leucurus)
3442:(A. leucurus)
3415:(A. harrisii)
3336:(ground squirrels)
3183:Collins Dictionary
2877:The New York Times
2680:. 16 December 1996
2583:on 31 January 2009
2438:Associated Species
1987:(1827): 20160144.
1795:on 1 February 2009
1675:on 1 February 2009
1640:– via JSTOR.
1425:same term is also
1388:
1368:'s account of the
1331:grandfather clause
1267:Madison, Wisconsin
1251:
1159:
1070:
1045:
1017:
995:
970:
953:
941:
929:
927:Prairie dog family
892:
801:
474:
4752:Rodents of Mexico
4747:Rodents of Canada
4729:
4728:
4701:Open Tree of Life
4511:Taxon identifiers
4502:
4501:
4394:(U. parryii)
4367:(U. elegans)
4322:(U. armatus)
4295:Eastern chipmunk
3965:(N. sonomae)
3945:Allen's chipmunk
3893:(N. palmeri)
3866:(N. minimus)
3846:Durango chipmunk
3821:(N. canipes)
3812:(N. bulleri)
3803:(N. amoenus)
3794:(N. alpinus)
3761:(M. olympus)
3704:(M. marmota)
3693:Himalayan marmot
3686:(M. caudata)
3668:(M. broweri)
3553:Utah prairie dog
3537:(C. ludovicianus)
3463:Callospermophilus
3451:(A. nelsoni)
3337:
3274:on 7 October 2006
2407:Mammalian Species
2380:978-0-674-03181-4
2146:978-0-226-35118-6
1562:978-0-8018-8221-0
1219:
903:, which prevents
805:Sexual dimorphism
788:
787:
780:Cynomys parvidens
758:Cynomys mexicanus
692:Cynomys gunnisoni
641:Cynomys parvidens
632:Cynomys mexicanus
605:Cynomys gunnisoni
317:Canadian Prairies
313:Mississippi River
238:
237:
231:Cynomys parvidens
225:Cynomys mexicanus
207:Cynomys gunnisoni
177:
16:(Redirected from
4799:
4722:
4721:
4709:
4708:
4696:
4695:
4683:
4682:
4680:NHMSYS0000376570
4670:
4669:
4657:
4656:
4644:
4643:
4631:
4630:
4618:
4617:
4605:
4604:
4592:
4591:
4579:
4578:
4566:
4565:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4506:
4442:Xerospermophilus
4385:(U. mollis)
4193:(S. fulvus)
4039:(rock squirrels)
3963:Sonoma chipmunk
3792:Alpine chipmunk
3729:Tarbagan marmot
3402:Ammospermophilus
3335:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3303:
3295:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3270:. Archived from
3263:
3261:
3259:
3250:. Archived from
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3150:
3144:
3132:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3007:
3001:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2925:. Archived from
2919:
2913:
2912:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2856:. Archived from
2846:
2840:
2839:
2838:. 23 March 1999.
2828:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2653:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2526:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2466:Animal Behaviour
2463:
2454:
2448:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2404:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2336:
2323:
2322:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2214:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2184:
2175:(4): 1244â1253.
2160:
2151:
2150:
2130:
2079:
2078:
2060:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1972:
1966:
1961:Long, K. (2002)
1959:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1846:(4): 1254â1266.
1831:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1665:
1656:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1551:(3rd ed.).
1539:
1533:
1532:
1506:
1498:
1481:
1470:
1235:
1221:
1220:
1202:
1147:Mustela nigripes
1105:ferruginous hawk
1077:keystone species
984:copulatory plugs
897:thermoregulation
852:six weeks fescue
775:Utah prairie dog
771:
749:
727:
714:Cynomys leucurus
705:
683:
662:
637:Utah prairie dog
614:Cynomys leucurus
439:The prairie dog
362:keystone species
337:ground squirrels
257:ground squirrels
213:Cynomys leucurus
191:Cynomys socialis
172:
88:
87:
62:
39:
21:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4717:
4712:
4704:
4699:
4691:
4686:
4678:
4673:
4665:
4660:
4652:
4647:
4639:
4634:
4626:
4621:
4613:
4608:
4600:
4595:
4587:
4582:
4574:
4569:
4561:
4556:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4513:
4503:
4498:
4487:
4445:
4435:
4349:(U. canus)
4312:
4302:
4281:
4229:S. pallidicauda
4202:(S. major)
4137:
4126:
4102:
4092:
4071:
4038:
4035:Otospermophilus
4028:
3996:
3990:Uinta chipmunk
3947:(N. senex)
3938:(N. rufus)
3864:Least chipmunk
3837:Cliff chipmunk
3785:
3775:
3759:Olympic marmot
3734:
3722:(M. monax)
3659:(M. bobak)
3637:
3627:
3593:
3583:
3560:
3509:
3499:
3466:
3456:
3405:
3395:
3339:
3330:
3293:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3257:
3255:
3246:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3036:www.mondocdp.it
3030:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2998:Wayback Machine
2989:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2929:on 2 April 2006
2921:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2557:on 12 June 2018
2549:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2445:Wayback Machine
2436:
2432:
2416:10.2307/3504202
2402:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2337:
2326:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2276:10.2307/1380592
2257:
2256:
2252:
2236:10.2307/1383096
2216:
2215:
2204:
2187:
2182:10.1644/BRB-109
2162:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2132:
2131:
2082:
2075:
2062:
2061:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2023:
2022:
2018:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1953:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1853:10.1644/BME-008
1833:
1832:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1649:
1645:
1630:10.2307/2424208
1609:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1591:. 15 March 2012
1583:
1582:
1578:
1563:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1521:10.2307/1382319
1500:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1454:Communal burrow
1450:
1418:
1361:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1192:
1113:mountain plover
1097:American badger
1093:red tailed hawk
1062:
1050:ventriloquistic
1009:
962:
921:
884:
825:
820:
793:
671:Scientific name
660:
537:
466:
410:mountain plover
398:American badger
394:red tailed hawk
307:, and northern
291:: northeastern
228:
222:
216:
210:
194:
171:
82:
53:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4805:
4803:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4734:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4710:
4697:
4684:
4671:
4658:
4645:
4632:
4619:
4606:
4593:
4580:
4567:
4554:
4539:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4477:
4468:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4424:
4416:
4407:
4398:
4389:
4380:
4371:
4362:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4262:
4253:
4243:
4234:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:Rock squirrel
4061:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3987:
3978:
3969:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3936:Hopi chipmunk
3933:
3924:
3915:
3906:
3897:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3807:
3798:
3789:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3765:
3756:
3747:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3702:Alpine marmot
3699:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3666:Alaska marmot
3663:
3641:
3639:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3617:
3607:
3603:(I. mexicanus)
3597:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3572:
3570:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3555:(C. parvidens)
3550:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3519:(C. gunnisoni)
3513:
3511:
3510:(prairie dogs)
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3489:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3264:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3228:External links
3226:
3223:
3222:
3196:
3170:
3158:dictionary.com
3145:
3127:
3114:
3100:
3080:
3059:
3041:
3023:
3002:
2983:
2972:. 18 June 2003
2961:
2940:
2914:
2907:
2889:
2863:
2841:
2823:
2800:
2774:
2753:
2746:
2726:
2707:(2): 269â282.
2691:
2669:
2639:
2626:"Prairie Dogs"
2617:
2594:
2568:
2542:
2512:
2491:
2472:(5): 713â719.
2449:
2430:
2386:
2379:
2359:
2347:
2324:
2311:10.1086/284057
2305:(2): 275â280.
2289:
2270:(4): 706â712.
2250:
2229:(3): 887â897.
2202:
2152:
2145:
2080:
2073:
2044:
2016:
1967:
1951:
1920:(2): 197â212.
1900:
1859:
1821:
1806:
1780:
1765:
1750:
1743:
1722:
1686:
1657:
1643:
1624:(1): 146â163.
1602:
1576:
1561:
1534:
1515:(1): 100â122.
1492:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1377:
1376:
1360:
1357:
1346:European Union
1312:bubonic plague
1294:European Union
1276:imported from
1237:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1180:bubonic plague
1061:
1058:
1008:
1005:
961:
958:
920:
917:
883:
880:
824:
821:
819:
816:
792:
789:
786:
785:
782:
777:
772:
764:
763:
760:
755:
750:
742:
741:
738:
733:
728:
720:
719:
716:
711:
706:
698:
697:
694:
689:
684:
676:
675:
672:
669:
666:
659:
658:Extant species
656:
655:
654:
653:
652:
651:
650:
649:
648:
645:
644:
643:
634:
625:
616:
607:
553:
536:
533:
523:, the word is
465:
462:
434:animal kingdom
259:native to the
236:
235:
201:
200:
196:
195:
186:
185:
179:
178:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
76:
75:
73:Washington, DC
64:
63:
55:
54:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4804:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4720:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4497:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:S. brevicauda
4152:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4135:sensu stricto
4134:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4077:Poliocitellus
4074:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3741:Hoary marmot
3738:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3657:Bobak marmot
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:(I. parvidens
3608:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3254:on 9 May 2007
3253:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3135:Gregg, Josiah
3131:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3103:
3101:9780764121036
3097:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3081:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2908:0-226-35117-3
2904:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2789:on 1 May 2006
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2747:9780813800783
2743:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2582:
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2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
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2032:
2031:New Scientist
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
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1744:0-8032-6434-8
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1586:
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1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:Wilson, D. E.
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
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1487:
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1295:
1291:
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1272:
1271:unquarantined
1268:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1234:
1201:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1151:predator-prey
1148:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:burrowing owl
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1053:
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1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1001:
991:
987:
985:
980:
975:
966:
959:
957:
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945:
937:
933:
925:
918:
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912:
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906:
902:
898:
888:
881:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:buffalo grass
845:
841:
837:
834:
830:
822:
817:
815:
812:
809:
806:
797:
790:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
770:
766:
765:
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756:
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748:
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743:
739:
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734:
732:
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722:
721:
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715:
712:
710:
707:
704:
700:
699:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
682:
678:
677:
674:Distribution
673:
670:
667:
664:
663:
657:
646:
642:
638:
635:
633:
629:
626:
624:
620:
617:
615:
611:
608:
606:
602:
599:
598:
597:
596:
591:
590:
589:
588:
583:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:
562:
561:
560:
559:
554:
552:
551:
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545:
544:
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534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:while on the
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
470:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
437:
435:
431:
430:communication
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:burrowing owl
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:North America
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
247:
242:
234:
233:
232:
227:
226:
221:
220:
215:
214:
209:
208:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
184:
180:
175:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
86:
81:
77:
74:
70:
65:
61:
56:
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40:
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19:
4742:Prairie dogs
4518:
4493:
4481:
4472:
4463:
4454:
4440:
4428:
4420:
4411:
4402:
4393:
4384:
4375:
4366:
4357:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4321:
4307:
4296:
4286:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4247:
4238:
4228:
4219:
4211:(S. musicus)
4210:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4174:
4165:
4155:
4146:
4133:Spermophilus
4131:
4120:
4111:
4099:Sciurotamias
4097:
4086:
4076:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4033:
4022:
4013:
4003:Notocitellus
4001:
3991:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3919:
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3901:
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3838:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3802:
3793:
3780:
3769:
3760:
3751:
3742:
3737:Petromarmota
3736:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3703:
3694:
3685:
3676:
3667:
3658:
3649:
3648:Gray marmot
3643:
3632:
3621:
3611:
3602:
3588:
3577:
3565:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3527:
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3505:
3504:
3493:
3484:
3475:
3461:
3450:
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3432:
3423:
3414:
3400:
3377:Sciuromorpha
3294:(in Italian)
3276:. Retrieved
3272:the original
3256:. Retrieved
3252:the original
3213:. Retrieved
3211:. Farlex Inc
3208:
3199:
3187:. Retrieved
3182:
3173:
3161:. Retrieved
3157:
3148:
3138:
3130:
3125:, i, p. 192.
3122:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3094:. Barron's.
3090:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3062:
3053:
3044:
3035:
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
3005:
2986:
2974:. Retrieved
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2927:the original
2917:
2898:
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2876:
2866:
2858:the original
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2815:, retrieved
2809:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2787:the original
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2756:
2736:
2729:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2672:
2660:. Retrieved
2655:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2620:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2555:the original
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2528:
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2494:
2469:
2465:
2452:
2433:
2406:
2397:
2389:
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2362:
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2222:
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2172:
2168:
2135:
2064:
2035:. Retrieved
2029:
2019:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1962:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1879:(40): 1â37.
1876:
1872:
1862:
1843:
1839:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:the original
1783:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1734:
1725:
1706:
1702:
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1673:the original
1651:
1646:
1621:
1617:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1588:
1579:
1547:
1537:
1512:
1508:
1496:
1478:Irvingtonian
1468:
1439:
1427:vulgar slang
1419:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1395:'s journal,
1393:Josiah Gregg
1384:
1369:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1335:veterinarian
1328:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1190:In captivity
1175:
1172:
1160:
1133:
1121:plains bison
1089:golden eagle
1071:
1054:
1046:
1034:
1023:. Using its
1018:
996:
971:
954:
942:
930:
913:
893:
860:rabbit brush
840:South Dakota
826:
813:
810:
802:
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757:
735:
713:
691:
640:
631:
622:
613:
604:
594:
592:
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563:
558:Sciuromorpha
555:
547:
540:
538:
528:
524:
513:Zebulon Pike
508:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
481:
475:
446:soil quality
438:
418:plains bison
390:golden eagle
368:, with rich
359:
354:
343:
289:Great Plains
273:white-tailed
269:black-tailed
245:
244:
241:Prairie dogs
240:
239:
229:
223:
217:
211:
205:
204:
189:
183:Type species
167:
166:
36:
4623:iNaturalist
4543:Wikispecies
4309:Urocitellus
4248:S. relictus
3389:Subfamily:
3239:Prairie dog
2628:. DesertUSA
1595:18 February
1401:prairie dog
1025:dichromatic
1000:Infanticide
979:mating call
901:water table
864:tumbleweeds
856:tumblegrass
791:Description
668:Common name
509:wishtonwish
496:â dog; ÎŒÏ
Ï
303:, northern
299:, northern
251:herbivorous
42:Prairie dog
18:Prairie Dog
4736:Categories
3375:Suborder:
3334:Marmotini
2817:26 January
2793:13 October
2684:10 October
2632:9 February
2587:9 February
1799:9 February
1679:9 February
1488:References
1431:defecating
1416:In culture
1288:(CDC) and
1176:E Magazine
1115:, and the
1073:Ecologists
1052:" nature.
868:dandelions
844:blue grama
585:Subfamily
504:â mouse).
458:ecosystems
412:, and the
378:food chain
309:Tamaulipas
305:Nuevo LeĂłn
277:Gunnison's
261:grasslands
174:Rafinesque
3782:Neotamias
3735:Subgenus
3642:Subgenus
3638:(marmots)
3590:Ictidomys
3384:Sciuridae
3347:Kingdom:
3215:29 August
3189:29 August
3163:29 August
3121:Kendall,
3107:6 January
3073:6 January
3016:6 January
2976:6 January
2954:6 January
2535:6 January
1816:"Rodents"
1320:tularemia
1282:monkeypox
1129:mule deer
1125:pronghorn
1085:swift fox
1021:predators
833:broadleaf
575:chipmunks
571:squirrels
566:Sciuridae
556:Suborder
464:Etymology
454:protected
426:mule deer
422:pronghorn
386:swift fox
355:Sciuridae
344:Marmotini
329:chipmunks
297:Chihuahua
254:burrowing
157:Marmotini
147:Sciuridae
103:Kingdom:
97:Eukaryota
4667:12400909
4528:Wikidata
4495:Category
3567:Eutamias
3382:Family:
3370:Rodentia
3363:Mammalia
3356:Chordata
3354:Phylum:
3349:Animalia
2994:Archived
2933:18 April
2767:18 April
2721:15145390
2561:25 March
2505:18 April
2486:53174059
2441:Archived
2319:84323285
2037:26 March
2011:27009223
1946:38254367
1937:10812588
1733:(1989).
1571:62265494
1448:See also
1422:cubicles
1324:zoonosis
1170:cities.
872:saltbush
550:Rodentia
517:Arkansas
492:, ÎșÏ
ÎœÎżÏ
374:nutrient
348:squirrel
301:Coahuila
199:Species
143:Family:
137:Rodentia
127:Mammalia
117:Chordata
113:Phylum:
107:Animalia
93:Domain:
51:Holocene
47:Pliocene
4706:1005032
4641:1396454
4615:2437231
4563:Cynomys
4549:Cynomys
4519:Cynomys
3653:
3644:Marmota
3634:Marmota
3506:Cynomys
3391:Xerinae
3368:Order:
3361:Class:
2662:18 July
2425:3504202
2284:1380592
2245:1383096
2002:4822469
1914:Animals
1709:: 212.
1652:prairie
1638:2424208
1529:1382319
1474:Blancan
1301:Cynomys
1168:western
1163:habitat
977:have a
909:erosion
829:insects
595:Cynomys
587:Xerinae
579:marmots
564:Family
529:pĂŹspĂza
525:pispĂza
500:, ÎŒÏ
ÏÏ
482:Cynomys
450:disease
441:habitat
370:mineral
366:topsoil
325:marmots
321:canines
246:Cynomys
243:(genus
168:Cynomys
163:Genus:
153:Tribe:
133:Order:
123:Class:
4654:180183
4602:1KYMSG
4534:Q30359
4476:
4467:
4458:
4432:
4415:
4406:
4397:
4388:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4287:Tamias
4270:
4261:
4252:
4242:
4233:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4196:
4187:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4150:
4115:
4060:
4051:
4017:
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3977:
3968:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3923:
3914:
3905:
3896:
3887:
3878:
3869:
3860:
3851:
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3833:
3824:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3764:
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3725:
3716:
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3680:
3671:
3662:
3616:
3606:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3488:
3479:
3445:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3278:31 May
3258:31 May
3098:
2905:
2882:22 May
2744:
2719:
2484:
2423:
2377:
2341:, In:
2317:
2282:
2243:
2143:
2071:
2009:
1999:
1944:
1934:
1741:
1636:
1569:
1559:
1527:
1405:marmot
1127:, and
1103:, and
1101:coyote
974:estrus
905:runoff
874:, and
854:, and
593:Genus
548:Order
521:Lakota
424:, and
402:coyote
400:, and
372:, and
351:family
293:Sonora
283:, and
249:) are
176:, 1817
4719:41496
4693:45478
4636:IRMNG
4628:46175
4589:39393
4576:64749
2652:(PDF)
2525:(PDF)
2482:S2CID
2462:(PDF)
2421:JSTOR
2403:(PDF)
2315:S2CID
2280:JSTOR
2241:JSTOR
1699:(PDF)
1634:JSTOR
1525:JSTOR
1460:Notes
1391:From
1364:From
1316:Texas
1278:Ghana
1136:pests
876:cacti
836:forbs
784:Utah
665:Image
494:kunos
486:Greek
341:tribe
333:basal
4688:NCBI
4649:ITIS
4610:GBIF
4597:EPPO
4571:BOLD
3280:2007
3260:2007
3217:2022
3191:2022
3165:2022
3109:2017
3096:ISBN
3075:2017
3018:2017
2978:2017
2956:2017
2935:2006
2903:ISBN
2884:2010
2819:2012
2795:2011
2769:2006
2742:ISBN
2717:PMID
2686:2009
2664:2016
2634:2009
2614:(4).
2589:2009
2563:2012
2537:2017
2507:2006
2375:ISBN
2197:link
2141:ISBN
2069:ISBN
2039:2016
2007:PMID
1942:PMID
1801:2009
1739:ISBN
1681:2009
1597:2019
1567:OCLC
1557:ISBN
1440:The
1435:anus
1344:The
1299:All
907:and
823:Diet
502:muos
490:kuĆn
281:Utah
4675:NBN
4662:MSW
4584:EoL
4558:ADW
3137:."
2709:doi
2474:doi
2411:doi
2307:doi
2303:121
2272:doi
2231:doi
2177:doi
1997:PMC
1989:doi
1985:283
1932:PMC
1922:doi
1889:hdl
1881:doi
1848:doi
1711:doi
1626:doi
1517:doi
1259:rut
527:or
498:mus
357:).
263:of
71:in
4738::
4716::
4703::
4690::
4677::
4664::
4651::
4638::
4625::
4612::
4599::
4586::
4573::
4560::
4545::
4530::
3739::
3646::
3207:.
3181:.
3156:.
3052:.
3034:.
2875:.
2852:.
2834:.
2715:.
2703:.
2654:.
2612:15
2610:.
2606:.
2480:.
2470:42
2468:.
2464:.
2419:.
2405:.
2327:^
2313:.
2301:.
2278:.
2268:62
2266:.
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