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be able to reach it, making it a hazard to them. Moreover, poison left in the field can easily be blown or washed away. In residential areas, the poison itself and poisoned voles can be harmful and/or dangerous to people and domesticated animals. If a licensed pest control company is involved they can mitigate any poisoning concerns through the use of proper exterior bait stations.
612:, huddle and groom each other, share nesting and pup-raising responsibilities, and generally show a high level of affiliate behavior. However, they are not sexually faithful, and though pair-bonded females usually show aggression toward unfamiliar males, both sexes will occasionally mate with other voles if the opportunity arises.
619:
period is between 20 and 30 days. Female voles have two to four litters of two to seven young per year in a nest lined with vegetation in a burrow or in a depression on the ground. Litter size varies depending on food availability and the age of the female. The largest number of pregnancies with the
499:
with their partners. The male prairie vole has continuous contact with its female counterpart, which lasts for all of their lives. If the female prairie vole dies, the male does not look for a new partner. Moreover, this constant relationship is more social than sexual. Related species, such as the
636:
Though poison is an option to prevent voles, poisoned voles can create a threat to other animals and humans. Voles are prey for other predators. If they are eaten by predators while poisoned, the poison could harm the predator. In addition, when placing poison near vole entrances, other animals may
369:
The vole has long, coarse grayish-brown fur on the upper portion of the body and yellowish fur on the lower portion of the body. It has short ears and a short tail, which is somewhat darker on top. Prairie voles rarely live longer than one or two years. Their life expectancy is based on predator
632:
by some. Many ways to prevent voles from destroying gardens or other areas are available. Electric repellers and predators (snakes, owls, coyotes, foxes, domestic animals, and hawks) can be used to reduce vole populations. They can also be scared away by plastic ornaments that resemble natural
1407:
Jerrold J. Scharninghausen, Richard M. Pitts, John W. Bickham, Donald S. Davis, James N. Mills. Evidence of
Hantavirus Infection in Microtus Ochrogaster in St. Louis County, Missouri.: An article from: Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science. January 1, 1999. ISBN
469:
and runways through surface vegetation. In winter, they tunnel underneath the snow. Their runways are used for many purposes, from predator protection to obtaining food. Prairie voles are easily disturbed. They will not hesitate to use their burrows if they notice
527:
for the vasopressin receptor has a longer segment, as opposed to the montane vole, which has a smaller segment. Considerable work is needed to determine the extent to which research results from vole models may apply to bonding animals such as
486:
Prairie voles are active year-round. In colder weather, they tend to be more active during the day; at other times, they are mainly nocturnal. Prairie voles live in colonies and have been known to exhibit human-like social behavior in groups.
600:
and other secretions. They assume a defensive posture towards a competitor or enemy by raising the forefeet, extending the head forward, and chattering of the teeth. Outside the mating seasons, the prairie voles live together.
465:
The prairie vole resides in dry fields that contain a cover of grasses and weeds; the largest populations are typically found in fallow fields or hay fields. Prairie voles make shallow
1421:
Natural
History of the Prairie Vole (Mammalian Genus Microtus), by E. W. Jameson Jr., University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, Volume 1, No. 7, pp. 125–151.
604:
Like other voles, prairie voles can reproduce at any time of the year, but the main breeding seasons are in the fall and the spring. Unlike other voles, prairie voles are generally
4187:
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highest number of offspring occur in spring and fall. Vole pups open their eyes at about eight days after birth, and become capable of feeding themselves at about two weeks.
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Grebe, Nicholas M.; Sharma, Annika; Freeman, Sara M.; Palumbo, Michelle C.; Patisaul, Heather B.; Bales, Karen L.; Drea, Christine M. (12 February 2021).
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608:. The prairie vole is a notable animal model for studying monogamous behavior and social bonding because male and female partners form lifelong
1527:
Mammal
Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
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1192:"Neural correlates of mating system diversity: oxytocin and vasopressin receptor distributions in monogamous and non-monogamous Eulemur"
4202:
2826:
104:
79:
823:
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Rose, R. K., and M. S. Gaines. 1978. The reproductive cycle of
Microtus ochrogaster in eastern Kansas. Ecol. Monogr. 48:21–42.
864:
1426:
434:
147:
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523:, and have more receptors than other species, which causes 'addiction' to the social behavior. In the male prairie vole, the
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Hammock EA, Young LJ (2005). "Microsatellite instability generates diversity in brain and sociobehavioral traits".
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865:"Peptide Shown To Regulate Social Behavior Has Positive Impact On Cardiac Response Following Social Isolation"
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1567:
1143:"Prairie Voles as a Model for Understanding the Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Attachment Behaviors"
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2086:
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504:, do not show this pair bonding behavior. This uniqueness in the prairie vole behavior is related to the
4149:
3972:
3895:
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288:
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784:"A precarious future for distinctive peripheral populations of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)"
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Prairie voles are important to the ecosystem. They provide food for predators, but are considered
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Young, LJ; Murphy Young, AZ; Hammock, EA (2005). "Anatomy and neurochemistry of the pair bond".
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1355:"Effects of Food Availability and Predation on Prairie Vole Demography: A Field Experiment"
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1976:
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1300:"Effects of Food and Predation on Behaviour of Prairie Voles: A Field Experiment"
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Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily
Muroidea. pp. 894–1531
889:
Young, Larry J.; Wang, Zuoxin (2004-10-01). "The neurobiology of pair bonding".
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867:(Press release). Chicago: American Physiological Society. Archived from
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Grippo, Angela J.; Carter, C. Sue; Porges, Stephen W. (2007-05-28).
1427:"The population dynamics of Microtus ochrogaster in eastern Kansas"
902:
661:. No known human cases of Bloodland Lake virus have been reported.
577:
529:
449:; it were reportedly abundant in the 1900s, but is now considered
438:
391:
519:
of the female prairie vole brain are located more densely in the
557:
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354:
3985:
3918:
1576:
653:. Hantaviruses are responsible for disease in humans including
565:
561:
29:
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close by or disturbances that pose a threat. Compared to the
548:, feeding on grasses, roots, fruit, seeds and bark and some
846:
844:
1141:
Sadino, Julie M.; Donaldson, Zoe R. (15 August 2018).
942:"The neural mechanisms and circuitry of the pair bond"
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1998:
1956:
1915:
1865:
1733:
1724:
1670:
1661:
1033:Froemke, Robert C.; Young, Larry J. (8 July 2021).
645:Prairie voles in Missouri have been found to carry
1535:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
1035:"Oxytocin, Neural Plasticity, and Social Behavior"
782:Jackson, Donavan J; Cook, Joseph A (2020-02-21).
659:Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
478:, prairie voles prefer to inhabit drier areas.
1353:Desy, Elizabeth A.; Batzli, George O. (1989).
1588:
8:
1298:Desy, E. A.; Batzli, G. O.; Liu, J. (1990).
940:Walum, Hasse; Young, Larry J. (2018-10-09).
552:. These voles store food. Predators include
406:They are found in grasslands in the central
4188:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
999:"Oxytocin's effects aren't just about love"
3915:
3881:
3777:
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973:
799:
678:Linzey, A.V. & Hammerson, G. (2008).
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
4208:Least concern biota of the United States
850:
394:name translates to "small ear", and the
43:This article includes a list of general
734:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
670:
596:and defend them from other voles. They
374:factors in their area of inheritance.
759:"Microtus ochrogaster (prairie vole)"
7:
2827:Ogilvie Mountains collared lemming (
1257:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1097:Underwood, Emily (22 October 2020).
382:The prairie vole's scientific name,
4213:Taxa named by Johann Andreas Wagner
4178:IUCN Red List least concern species
1425:Gaines, M. S.; Rose, R. K. (1976).
1051:10.1146/annurev-neuro-102320-102847
689:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
592:, prairie voles take up individual
433:subspecies was once known from the
572:. They may cause damage to garden
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
598:mark their territories with urine
997:Holmes, Bob (11 February 2022).
532:and non-bonding animals such as
146:
34:
2836:Richardson's collared lemming (
435:Western Gulf coastal grasslands
3127:North American brown lemming (
398:translates to "yellow belly".
1:
3001:Przewalski's steppe lemming (
1039:Annual Review of Neuroscience
655:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
4193:Rodents of the United States
3569:Imaizumi's red-backed vole (
3248:White-tailed mountain vole (
1603:Extant species of subfamily
1159:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00475
1099:"Solo stars among the genes"
544:Prairie voles are primarily
495:Prairie voles are noted for
3818:California red tree mouse (
3542:Tien Shan red-backed vole (
3349:Lake Baikal mountain vole (
2854:Unalaska collared lemming (
2818:Nelson's collared lemming (
2800:Northern collared lemming (
2495:Schelkovnikov's pine vole (
2289:Liechtenstein's pine vole (
946:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
414:; ranging from the eastern
4229:
3639:Hokkaido red-backed vole (
3621:Japanese red-backed vole (
3578:Northern red-backed vole (
3551:Southern red-backed Vole (
3302:StoliÄŤka's mountain vole (
3266:Gobi Altai mountain vole (
2925:Transcaucasian mole vole (
1216:10.1038/s41598-021-83342-6
824:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
453:, making the prairie vole
4203:Mammals described in 1842
3533:Western red-backed vole (
2809:Ungava collared lemming (
2618:Forrest's mountain vole (
2271:Mediterranean pine vole (
1699:Southwestern water vole (
1611:
1147:ACS Chemical Neuroscience
1112:10.1146/knowable-102120-1
1012:10.1146/knowable-021122-1
958:10.1038/s41583-018-0072-6
757:Van der Linden, Melissa.
422:in the east and into the
312:
305:
296:
277:
270:
143:Scientific classification
141:
119:
110:
101:
96:
3499:Ward's red-backed vole (
3472:Yunnan red-backed vole (
3436:Kachin red-backed vole (
3118:Siberian brown lemming (
3109:Wrangel Island lemming (
2678:Duke of Bedford's vole (
828:explorer.natureserve.org
624:Interactions with humans
3896:Long-clawed mole vole (
3293:Mongolian silver vole (
3284:Royle's mountain vole (
2992:Yellow steppe lemming (
1531:Whitaker, John (2010).
1501:10.1126/science.1111427
64:more precise citations.
3859:Eastern heather vole (
3850:Western heather vole (
3694:Round-tailed muskrat (
3648:Grey red-backed vole (
3454:Southwest China vole (
3275:Central Kashmir vole (
3257:Silver mountain vole (
3192:Southern bog lemming (
3183:Northern bog lemming (
2645:Sikkim mountain vole (
2636:Linzhi mountain vole (
2298:Lusitanian pine vole (
1568:University of Michigan
801:10.1093/jmammal/gyz196
4150:Paleobiology Database
2262:Daghestan pine vole (
1925:(Voles from Pakistan)
1885:Caucasian snow vole (
1826:Japanese grass vole (
1690:European water vole (
332:Microtus ludovicianus
325:Hypudaeus ochrogaster
3959:Microtus ochrogaster
3929:Microtus ochrogaster
2934:Northern mole vole (
2916:Southern mole vole (
2709:Narrow-headed vole (
2627:Chinese scrub vole (
2343:Thomas's pine vole (
2253:Calabria pine vole (
2244:Bavarian pine vole (
2177:European pine vole (
2159:Schidlovsky's vole (
1903:Robert's snow vole (
1894:European snow vole (
1808:Middendorff's vole (
1708:Montane water vole (
1564:Animal Diversity Web
1558:Microtus ochrogaster
788:Journal of Mammalogy
763:Animal Diversity Web
728:Microtus ochrogaster
682:Microtus ochrogaster
647:Bloodland Lake virus
570:prairie rattlesnakes
384:Microtus ochrogaster
350:Microtus ochrogaster
281:Microtus ochrogaster
3800:White-footed vole (
3463:Père David's vole (
3100:Beringian lemming (
2577:Zempoaltépec vole (
2455:Jalapan pine vole (
2307:Major's pine vole (
2273:M. duodecimcostatus
2186:Transcaspian vole (
1799:Maximowicz's vole (
1493:2005Sci...308.1630H
1443:1976Ecol...57.1145G
1371:1989Ecol...70..411D
1316:1990Oikos..58..159D
1208:2021NatSR..11.3746G
891:Nature Neuroscience
263:M. ochrogaster
113:Conservation status
3898:P. schaposchnikowi
3755:Balkan snow vole (
3369:Flat-headed vole (
3340:Large-eared vole (
3311:Tuva silver vole (
2943:Zaisan mole vole (
2541:Long-tailed vole (
2372:Gray-tailed vole (
2325:Savi's pine vole (
2316:Alpine pine vole (
2087:DoÄźramaci's vole (
1533:Mammals of Indiana
1196:Scientific Reports
1105:. Annual Reviews.
710:}}: old-form url (
517:oxytocin receptors
386:, is derived from
4198:Rodents of Canada
4165:
4164:
4137:Open Tree of Life
3921:Taxon identifiers
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3871:
3870:
3843:
3793:
3767:
3766:
3730:
3729:
3669:
3668:
3614:
3609:(other Red-backed
3526:
3490:Yulungshan vole (
3429:
3232:
3204:
3203:
3176:
3075:
3056:
3037:
3036:
2974:
2955:
2954:
2900:
2881:
2866:
2865:
2782:
2763:
2762:
2688:P. liangshanensis
2611:
2523:California vole (
2497:M. schelkovnikovi
2428:Guatemalan vole (
2408:Townsend's vole (
2401:M. pennsylvanicus
2334:Tatra pine vole (
2291:M. liechtensteini
2035:
1928:
1878:
1790:Lacustrine vole (
1720:
1719:
1683:
1542:978-0-253-22213-8
1269:10.1002/cne.20771
1103:Knowable Magazine
1003:Knowable Magazine
897:(10): 1048–1054.
853:, pp. 207–9.
641:Natural reservoir
424:Canadian Prairies
357:found in central
341:
340:
336:
329:
322:
315:Arvicola austerus
252:
136:
90:
89:
82:
27:Species of mammal
16:(Redirected from
4220:
4158:
4157:
4145:
4144:
4132:
4131:
4119:
4118:
4106:
4105:
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4066:
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4053:
4041:
4040:
4028:
4027:
4015:
4014:
4002:
4001:
3989:
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3976:
3975:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3916:
3882:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3778:
3773:Pliophenacomyini
3741:
3680:
3613:
3612:
3606:
3525:
3524:
3521:(some Red-backed
3518:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3215:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3129:L. trimucronatus
3091:Norway lemming (
3074:
3073:
3069:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3046:
3025:Steppe lemming (
2978:
2973:
2972:
2964:
2918:E. fuscocapillus
2907:Alai mole vole (
2899:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2845:Arctic lemming (
2802:D. groenlandicus
2786:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2610:
2609:
2608:(Mountain voles)
2605:
2588:M. xanthognathus
2534:M. chrotorrhinus
2437:TarabundĂ vole (
2430:M. guatemalensis
2264:M. daghestanicus
2215:Bucharian vole (
2188:M. transcaspicus
2105:Tien Shan vole (
2096:GĂĽnther's vole (
2078:Cabrera's vole (
2060:Anatolian vole (
2034:
2033:
2029:
2010:Sagebrush vole (
1927:
1926:
1922:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1855:M. sachalinensis
1817:Mongolian vole (
1731:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1641:Euarchontoglires
1597:
1590:
1583:
1574:
1546:
1520:
1487:(5728): 1630–4.
1470:
1437:(6): 1145–1161.
1409:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1153:(8): 1939–1950.
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1114:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1070:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1014:
994:
988:
987:
977:
937:
931:
930:
886:
880:
879:
877:
876:
860:
854:
848:
839:
838:
836:
834:
820:
814:
813:
803:
779:
773:
772:
770:
769:
754:
745:
744:
742:
740:
722:
716:
715:
704:
702:
700:
675:
540:Diet and ecology
457:from Louisiana.
396:specific epithet
334:
327:
317:
301:
283:
247:
151:
150:
130:
125:
124:
106:
94:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4168:
4167:
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4111:Observation.org
4109:
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4010:
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3997:
3992:
3984:
3979:
3971:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3923:
3913:
3904:
3867:
3840:(Heather voles)
3839:
3838:
3836:
3826:
3809:Red tree vole (
3789:
3788:
3786:
3763:
3726:
3702:
3665:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3595:
3535:C. californicus
3522:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3507:
3481:Chaotung vole (
3465:E. melanogaster
3425:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3410:
3377:
3304:A. stoliczkanus
3228:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3210:Clethrionomyini
3200:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3159:
3153:M. schisticolor
3135:
3072:(True lemmings)
3071:
3070:
3068:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3033:
3009:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2951:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2862:
2856:D. unalascensis
2829:D. nunatakensis
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:Dicrostonychini
2759:
2742:Szechuan vole (
2726:
2693:
2662:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2594:
2525:M. californicus
2446:Woodland Vole (
2390:Creeping vole (
2280:Felten's vole (
2255:M. brachycercus
2179:M. subterraneus
2161:M. schidlovskii
2132:Southern vole (
2031:
2030:
2028:
2018:
1994:
1986:Mandarin vole (
1968:Brandt's vole (
1952:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1861:
1853:Sakhalin vole (
1810:M. middendorffi
1801:M. maximowiczii
1745:Clarke's vole (
1716:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1657:
1607:
1601:
1553:
1543:
1530:
1476:
1451:10.2307/1935041
1424:
1418:
1416:Further reading
1413:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1379:10.2307/1937546
1352:
1351:
1347:
1324:10.2307/3545423
1297:
1296:
1292:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
996:
995:
991:
952:(11): 643–654.
939:
938:
934:
888:
887:
883:
874:
872:
862:
861:
857:
849:
842:
832:
830:
822:
821:
817:
781:
780:
776:
767:
765:
756:
755:
748:
738:
736:
724:
723:
719:
705:
698:
696:
677:
676:
672:
667:
643:
626:
586:
542:
493:
484:
463:
418:in the west to
416:Rocky Mountains
404:
380:
367:
335:V. Bailey, 1900
330:
323:
292:
285:
279:
266:
246:
145:
137:
126:
122:
115:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4226:
4224:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4170:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4146:
4133:
4120:
4107:
4094:
4081:
4068:
4055:
4042:
4029:
4016:
4003:
3990:
3977:
3964:
3949:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3879:
3877:Prometheomyini
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3856:
3852:P. intermedius
3846:
3844:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3815:
3811:A. longicaudus
3806:
3796:
3794:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3657:Smith's vole (
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3587:Shansei vole (
3584:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3478:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3445:Pratt's vole (
3442:
3432:
3430:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3356:
3355:
3351:A. olchonensis
3346:
3337:
3331:Lemming vole (
3318:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3254:
3235:
3233:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3173:(Bog lemmings)
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3151:Wood lemming (
3147:
3145:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3082:Amur lemming (
3078:
3076:
3057:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:E. przewalskii
2998:
2988:
2986:
2975:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2882:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2838:D. richardsoni
2833:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2783:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2751:Marie's vole (
2748:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2718:Radde's vole (
2715:
2705:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2654:Blyth's vole (
2651:
2642:
2638:N. linzhiensis
2633:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2570:M. richardsoni
2565:
2559:Singing vole (
2556:
2550:Mexican vole (
2547:
2543:M. longicaudus
2538:
2529:
2520:
2516:M. abbreviatus
2514:Insular vole (
2508:incertae sedis
2502:
2501:
2482:
2481:
2477:M. ochrogaster
2475:Prairie vole (
2462:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2415:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2381:Montane vole (
2378:
2369:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2300:M. lusitanicus
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2231:
2230:
2224:Juniper vole (
2221:
2212:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2152:M. qazvinensis
2147:
2141:Paradox vole (
2138:
2129:
2125:M. kermanensis
2120:
2114:Persian vole (
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2038:
2036:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1983:
1977:Plateau vole (
1974:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1792:M. limnophilus
1787:
1778:
1772:Gerbe's vole (
1769:
1760:
1756:M. evoronensis
1751:
1741:
1739:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1560:(prairie vole)
1552:
1551:External links
1549:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1528:
1521:
1474:
1471:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1365:(2): 411–421.
1345:
1310:(2): 159–168.
1290:
1247:
1182:
1133:
1089:
1045:(1): 359–381.
1025:
989:
932:
903:10.1038/nn1327
881:
855:
840:
815:
774:
746:
717:
669:
668:
666:
663:
642:
639:
625:
622:
585:
582:
541:
538:
492:
489:
483:
480:
462:
459:
447:Louisiana vole
426:to the north.
403:
400:
379:
376:
366:
363:
339:
338:
310:
309:
303:
302:
294:
293:
286:
275:
274:
268:
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258:
254:
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234:
227:
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42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
4225:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3901:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3720:O. zibethicus
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3516:
3515:
3514:Clethrionomys
3510:
3504:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3259:A. argentatus
3255:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3229:Central Asia)
3222:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2647:N. sikimensis
2643:
2641:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2439:M. oaxacensis
2435:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:M. townsendii
2406:
2404:
2402:
2399:Meadow vole (
2397:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2374:M. canicaudus
2370:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2217:B. bucharicus
2213:
2211:
2209:
2206:Afghan vole (
2203:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2168:Social vole (
2166:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2150:Qazvin vole (
2148:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2123:Kerman vole (
2121:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2089:M. dogramacii
2085:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2069:Common vole (
2067:
2065:
2063:
2062:M. anatolicus
2058:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1988:L. mandarinus
1984:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1944:Murree vole (
1942:
1940:
1938:
1935:True's vole (
1933:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1844:Tundra vole (
1842:
1840:
1838:
1837:M. mujanensis
1833:
1831:
1829:
1828:M. montebelli
1824:
1822:
1820:
1819:M. mongolicus
1815:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1781:Taiwan vole (
1779:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1754:Evorsk vole (
1752:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1680:(Water voles)
1675:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
990:
985:
981:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
882:
871:on 2011-06-13
870:
866:
859:
856:
852:
851:Whitaker 2010
847:
845:
841:
829:
825:
819:
816:
811:
807:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
775:
764:
760:
753:
751:
747:
735:
731:
729:
721:
718:
713:
709:
695:
691:
690:
685:
683:
674:
671:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
640:
638:
634:
631:
623:
621:
618:
615:The female's
613:
611:
607:
602:
599:
595:
591:
590:mating season
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
539:
537:
535:
531:
526:
522:
521:reward system
518:
514:
511:
507:
503:
498:
490:
488:
481:
479:
477:
473:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
420:West Virginia
417:
413:
409:
408:United States
401:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
377:
375:
373:
370:presence and
364:
362:
360:
359:North America
356:
353:) is a small
352:
351:
346:
337:
333:
326:
320:
316:
311:
308:
304:
300:
295:
290:
284:
282:
276:
273:
272:Binomial name
269:
265:
264:
259:
256:
255:
250:
245:
244:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
134:
129:
128:Least Concern
118:
114:
109:
105:
100:
97:Prairie vole
95:
92:
84:
81:
73:
70:February 2008
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4129:prairie-vole
3928:
3897:
3887:Prometheomys
3885:
3860:
3851:
3831:
3819:
3810:
3801:
3790:(Tree voles)
3781:
3757:D. bogdanovi
3756:
3744:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3658:
3650:C. rufocanus
3649:
3640:
3631:
3630:Royal vole (
3623:C. andersoni
3622:
3600:
3589:C. shanseius
3588:
3579:
3571:C. imaizumii
3570:
3562:C. glareolus
3561:
3552:
3544:C. centralis
3543:
3534:
3512:
3500:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3447:E. chinensis
3446:
3437:
3415:
3403:
3402:Kolan vole (
3394:
3393:Ganzu vole (
3382:
3371:A. strelzowi
3370:
3363:Platycranius
3361:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3321:
3313:A. tuvinicus
3312:
3303:
3295:A. semicanus
3294:
3285:
3276:
3268:A. barakshin
3267:
3258:
3250:A. albicauda
3249:
3240:
3238:
3218:
3193:
3184:
3164:
3152:
3140:
3128:
3120:L. sibiricus
3119:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3084:L. amurensis
3083:
3063:
3026:
3014:
3002:
2993:
2981:
2944:
2935:
2927:E. lutescens
2926:
2917:
2908:
2897:(Mole voles)
2888:
2878:(mole voles)
2855:
2847:D. torquatus
2846:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2811:D. hudsonius
2810:
2801:
2789:
2752:
2744:V. millicens
2743:
2731:
2719:
2710:
2700:Stenocranius
2698:
2686:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2599:
2587:
2586:Taiga vole (
2578:
2569:
2568:Water vole (
2560:
2552:M. mexicanus
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2457:M. quasiater
2456:
2448:M. pinetorum
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2363:Beach Vole (
2355:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2318:M. multiplex
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2246:M. bavaricus
2245:
2236:
2234:
2226:B. juldaschi
2225:
2216:
2207:
2200:Blanfordimys
2198:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2143:M. paradoxus
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2098:M. guentheri
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2051:Field vole (
2043:
2041:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1959:Lasiopodomys
1957:
1945:
1936:
1916:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1875:(Snow voles)
1866:
1854:
1846:M. oeconomus
1845:
1836:
1835:Muisk vole (
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1736:Alexandromys
1734:
1709:
1700:
1692:A. amphibius
1691:
1671:
1639:Superorder:
1633:Infraclass:
1557:
1532:
1524:
1484:
1478:
1434:
1430:
1403:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1102:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1042:
1038:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1002:
992:
949:
945:
935:
894:
890:
884:
873:. Retrieved
869:the original
858:
831:. Retrieved
827:
818:
794:(1): 36–51.
791:
787:
777:
766:. Retrieved
762:
737:. Retrieved
727:
720:
697:. Retrieved
693:
687:
681:
673:
644:
635:
633:predators.
627:
614:
603:
587:
584:Reproduction
543:
502:meadow voles
497:pair bonding
494:
491:Pair bonding
485:
464:
446:
445:, named the
429:An isolated
428:
405:
402:Distribution
383:
381:
368:
349:
348:
345:prairie vole
344:
342:
331:
328:Wagner, 1842
324:
314:
313:
280:
278:
262:
261:
242:
241:
230:
91:
76:
67:
48:
18:Prairie Vole
4085:NatureServe
4007:iNaturalist
3953:Wikispecies
3560:Bank vole (
3492:E. proditor
3438:E. cachinus
3424:(Voles from
3342:A. macrotis
3333:A. lemminus
3227:(Voles from
3185:S. borealis
3102:L. nigripes
2936:E. talpinus
2872:Ellobiusini
2791:Dicrostonyx
2711:S. gregalis
2680:P. bedfordi
2656:N. leucurus
2620:N. forresti
2579:M. umbrosus
2532:Rock vole (
2489:Hyrcanicola
2383:M. montanus
2336:M. tatricus
2208:B. afghanus
2170:M. socialis
2080:M. cabrerae
2053:M. agrestis
2012:L. curtatus
1970:L. brandtii
1937:H. fertilis
1918:Hyperacrius
1783:M. kikuchii
1763:Reed vole (
1710:A. scherman
1605:Arvicolinae
1263:(1): 51–7.
1202:(1): 3746.
1126:15 February
1082:15 February
1018:15 February
739:21 December
594:territories
546:herbivorous
534:chimpanzees
510:vasopressin
476:meadow vole
365:Description
220:Arvicolinae
216:Subfamily:
62:introducing
4172:Categories
3833:Phenacomys
3802:A. albipes
3659:C. smithii
3632:C. regulus
3580:C. rutilus
3553:C. gapperi
3474:E. miletus
3426:East Asia)
3417:Eothenomys
3325:Aschizomys
3277:A. montosa
3194:S. cooperi
3166:Synaptomys
3027:L. lagurus
2945:E. tancrei
2909:E. alaicus
2820:D. nelsoni
2775:(Collared
2753:V. musseri
2669:Proedromys
2392:M. oregoni
2365:M. breweri
2345:M. thomasi
2282:M. felteni
2071:M. arvalis
1905:C. roberti
1896:C. nivalis
1747:M. clarkei
1701:A. sapidus
1663:Arvicolini
1653:Cricetidae
1408:B00099P6I8
875:2012-12-28
833:4 November
768:2021-07-09
699:4 February
665:References
651:hantavirus
649:(BLLV), a
610:pair bonds
606:monogamous
576:and small
455:extirpated
238:Subgenus:
210:Cricetidae
45:references
3861:P. ungava
3783:Arborimus
3746:Dinaromys
3736:Pliomyini
3718:Muskrat (
3696:N. alleni
3675:Ondatrini
3602:Craseomys
3483:E. olitor
3456:E. custos
3360:Subgenus
3322:Subgenus
3286:A. roylei
3239:Subgenus
3111:L. paulus
3093:L. lemmus
2994:E. luteus
2983:Eolagurus
2720:S. raddei
2561:M. miurus
2486:Subgenus
2466:Subgenus
2419:Subgenus
2354:Subgenus
2309:M. majori
2238:Terricola
2235:Subgenus
2197:Subgenus
2107:M. ilaeus
2042:Subgenus
2001:Lemmiscus
1979:L. fuscus
1946:H. wynnei
1868:Chionomys
1774:M. gerbei
1765:M. fortis
1726:Microtini
1615:Kingdom:
1387:0012-9658
1332:0030-1299
1224:2045-2322
1121:226324181
1059:0147-006X
966:1471-003X
911:1097-6256
810:0022-2372
708:cite iucn
617:gestation
472:predators
443:Louisiana
257:Species:
166:Kingdom:
160:Eukaryota
4183:Microtus
4090:2.101287
4077:13000286
4025:11295975
3944:Q1095135
3938:Wikidata
3685:Neofiber
3501:E. wardi
3384:Caryomys
3242:Alticola
3220:Alticola
3051:Lemmings
2969:lemmings
2967:(Steppe
2961:Lagurini
2890:Ellobius
2777:lemmings
2629:N. irene
2327:M. savii
2134:M. levis
2116:M. irani
2045:Microtus
2025:Microtus
1673:Arvicola
1651:Family:
1647:Rodentia
1635:Eutheria
1629:Mammalia
1623:Chordata
1621:Phylum:
1617:Animalia
1517:18899853
1509:15947188
1467:84887557
1285:20453654
1277:16255009
1242:33580133
1177:29513516
1077:33823654
984:30301953
919:15452576
513:hormones
506:oxytocin
482:Behavior
378:Taxonomy
307:Synonyms
231:Microtus
206:Family:
200:Rodentia
190:Mammalia
180:Chordata
176:Phylum:
170:Animalia
156:Domain:
133:IUCN 3.1
4064:1002093
3999:2438671
3820:A. pomo
3709:Ondatra
3404:C. inez
3043:Lemmini
3016:Lagurus
2733:Volemys
2469:Pedomys
2422:Pitymys
2357:Mynomes
2032:(Voles)
1645:Order:
1627:Class:
1489:Bibcode
1480:Science
1459:1935041
1439:Bibcode
1431:Ecology
1395:1937546
1367:Bibcode
1359:Ecology
1340:3545423
1312:Bibcode
1233:7881006
1204:Bibcode
1168:6093782
1068:8604207
975:6283620
588:During
554:coyotes
550:insects
467:burrows
461:Habitat
451:extinct
372:natural
319:LeConte
291:, 1842)
243:Pedomys
226:Genus:
196:Order:
186:Class:
131: (
58:improve
4142:927240
4038:180312
3986:310271
3641:C. rex
3611:voles)
3523:voles)
3395:C. eva
3142:Myopus
3065:Lemmus
2601:Neodon
1887:C. gud
1539:
1515:
1507:
1465:
1457:
1393:
1385:
1338:
1330:
1283:
1275:
1240:
1230:
1222:
1175:
1165:
1119:
1075:
1065:
1057:
982:
972:
964:
927:894249
925:
917:
909:
808:
574:plants
530:humans
515:. The
431:relict
412:Canada
390:; the
321:, 1853
289:Wagner
251:, 1857
47:, but
4155:48598
4116:84995
4103:79684
4051:42631
4020:IRMNG
4012:44317
3973:70854
1513:S2CID
1463:S2CID
1455:JSTOR
1391:JSTOR
1336:JSTOR
1304:Oikos
1281:S2CID
1117:S2CID
923:S2CID
630:pests
578:trees
566:foxes
558:hawks
439:Texas
392:genus
388:Latin
249:Baird
4124:ODNR
4098:NCBI
4046:IUCN
4033:ITIS
3994:GBIF
3968:BOLD
1537:ISBN
1505:PMID
1383:ISSN
1328:ISSN
1273:PMID
1238:PMID
1220:ISSN
1173:PMID
1128:2022
1084:2022
1073:PMID
1055:ISSN
1020:2022
980:PMID
962:ISSN
915:PMID
907:ISSN
835:2022
806:ISSN
741:2007
712:help
701:2010
694:2008
657:and
568:and
562:owls
525:gene
508:and
441:and
410:and
355:vole
343:The
4072:MSW
4059:MDD
3981:EoL
1497:doi
1485:308
1447:doi
1375:doi
1320:doi
1265:doi
1261:493
1228:PMC
1212:doi
1163:PMC
1155:doi
1107:doi
1063:PMC
1047:doi
1007:doi
970:PMC
954:doi
899:doi
796:doi
792:101
437:in
4174::
4152::
4139::
4126::
4113::
4100::
4087::
4074::
4061::
4048::
4035::
4022::
4009::
3996::
3983::
3970::
3955::
3940::
3367::
3329::
3246::
2512::
2493::
2473::
2426::
2361::
2242::
2204::
2049::
1566:,
1562:,
1525:in
1511:.
1503:.
1495:.
1483:.
1461:.
1453:.
1445:.
1435:57
1433:.
1429:.
1389:.
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1198:.
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1053:.
1043:44
1041:.
1037:.
1005:.
1001:.
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968:.
960:.
950:19
948:.
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913:.
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