Prairie dog - Knowledge (XXG)

1411:); yet it seems to possess scarce any other quality in common with this animal except that of burrowing. ...I have the concurrent testimony of several persons, who have been upon the Prairies in winter, that, like rabbits and squirrels, they issue from their holes every soft day; and therefore lay up no doubt a hoard of 'hay' (as there is rarely anything else to be found in the vicinity of their towns) for winter's use. A collection of their burrows has been termed by travelers a 'dog town,' which comprises from a dozen or so, to some thousands in the same vicinity; often covering an area of several square miles. They generally locate upon firm dry plains, coated with fine short grass, upon which they feed; for they are no doubt exclusively herbivorous. But even when tall coarse grass surrounds, they seem commonly to destroy this within their 'streets,' which are nearly always found 'paved' with a fine species suited to their palates. They must need but little water, if any at all, as their 'towns' are often, indeed generally, found in the midst of the most arid plains—unless we suppose they dig down to subterranean fountains. At least they evidently burrow remarkably deep. Attempts either to dig or drown them out of their holes have generally proved unsuccessful. Approaching a 'village,' the little dogs may be observed frisking about the 'streets'—passing from dwelling to dwelling apparently on visits—sometimes a few clustered together as though in council—here feeding upon the tender herbage—there cleansing their 'houses,' or brushing the little hillock about the door—yet all quiet. Upon seeing a stranger, however, each streaks it to its home, but is apt to stop at the entrance, and spread the general alarm by a succession of shrill yelps, usually sitting erect. Yet at the report of a gun or the too near approach of the visitor, they dart down and are seen no more till the cause of alarm seems to have disappeared. 1375:"In their habits, they are clannish, social, and extremely convivial, never living alone like other animals, but on the contrary, always found in villages or large settlements. They are a wild, frolicsome, madcap set of fellows when undisturbed, uneasy and ever on the move, and appear to take especial delight in chattering away the time, and visiting from hole to hole to gossip and talk over each other's affairs—at least so their actions would indicate. On several occasions I crept close to their villages, without being observed, to watch their movements. Directly in the centre of one of them I particularly noticed a very large dog, sitting in front of the door or entrance to his burrow, and by his own actions and those of his neighbors it really seemed as though he was the president, mayor, or chief—at all events, he was the 'big dog' of the place. For at least an hour I secretly watched the operations in this community. During that time the large dog I have mentioned received at least a dozen visits from his fellow-dogs, which would stop and chat with him a few moments, and then run off to their domiciles. All this while he never left his post for a moment, and I thought I could discover a gravity in his deportment not discernible in those by which he was surrounded. Far is it from me to say that the visits he received were upon business, or had anything to do with the local government of the village; but it certainly appeared so. If any animal has a system of laws regulating the body politic, it is certainly the prairie dog." 915:

while at other times, they are surrounded by mounds of soil either left as piles or hard-packed. Some mounds, known as dome craters, can be as high as 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in). Other mounds, known as rim craters, can be as high as 1 m (3 ft 3 in). Dome craters and rim craters serve as observation posts used by the animals to watch for predators. They also protect the burrows from flooding. The holes also possibly provide ventilation as the air enters through the dome crater and leaves through the rim crater, causing a breeze though the burrow. Prairie dog burrows contain chambers to provide certain functions. They have nursery chambers for their young, chambers for night, and chambers for the winter. They also contain air chambers that may function to protect the burrow from flooding and a listening post for predators. When hiding from predators, prairie dogs use less-deep chambers that are usually 1 m (3 ft 3 in) below the surface. Nursery chambers tend to be deeper, being 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) below the surface.

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offspring and one or two female offspring. Females remain in their natal groups for life, thus are the source of stability in the groups. Males leave their natal groups when they mature to find another family group to defend and breed in. Some family groups contain more breeding females than one male can control, so have more than one breeding adult male in them. Among these multiple-male groups, some may contain males that have friendly relationships, but the majority contain males that have largely antagonistic relationships. In the former, the males tend to be related, while in the latter, they tend not to be related. Two or three groups of females may be controlled by one male. However, among these female groups, no friendly relationships exist.

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the nursery chamber and collects grass for the nest. Males play their part by defending the territories and maintaining the burrows. The young spend their first six weeks below the ground being nursed. They are then weaned and begin to surface from the burrow. By five months, they are fully grown. The subject of cooperative breeding in prairie dogs has been debated among biologists. Some argue prairie dogs will defend and feed young that are not theirs, and young seemingly sleep in a nursery chamber with other mothers; since most nursing occurs at night, this may be a case of communal nursing. In the case of the latter, others suggest communal nursing occurs only when mothers mistake another female's young for their own.

703: 796: 1403:. ...The flesh, though often eaten by travelers, is not esteemed savory. It was denominated the 'barking squirrel', the 'prairie ground-squirrel', etc., by early explorers, with much more apparent propriety than the present established name. Its yelp, which resembles that of the little toy-dog, seems its only canine attribute. It rather appears to occupy a middle ground betwixt the rabbit and squirrel—like the former in feeding and burrowing—like the latter in frisking, flirting, sitting erect, and somewhat so in its barking. The prairie dog has been reckoned by some naturalists a species of the 956:

families to defend their territories. These interactions may happen 20 times per day and last five minutes. When two prairie dogs encounter each other at the edges of their territories, they stare, make bluff charges, flare their tails, chatter their teeth, and sniff each other's perianal scent glands. When fighting, prairie dogs bite, kick, and ram each other. If their competitor is around their size or smaller, the females participate in fighting. Otherwise, if a competitor is sighted, the females signal for the resident male.

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predator than the caller. Studies of black-tailed prairie dogs suggest that alarm-calling is a form of kin selection, as a prairie dog's call alerts both offspring and indirectly related kin, such as cousins, nephews, and nieces. Prairie dogs with kin close by called more often than those that did not have kin nearby. In addition, the caller may be trying to make itself more noticeable to the predator. Predators, though, seem to have difficulty determining which prairie dog is making the call due to its "

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black-tailed and Mexican prairie dogs are called "coteries", while "clans" describes family groups of white-tailed, Gunnison's, and Utah prairie dogs. Although these two family groups are similar, coteries tend to be more closely knit than clans. Members of a family group interact through oral contact or "kissing" and grooming one another. They do not perform these behaviors with prairie dogs from other family groups.

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colony immediately rush inside the burrows. For coyotes, the prairie dogs move to the entrance of a burrow and stand outside the entrance, observing the coyote, while those prairie dogs that were inside the burrows come out to stand and watch, as well. For domestic dogs, the response is to observe, standing in place where they were when the alarm was sounded, again with the underground prairie dogs emerging to watch.

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competition for the female's offspring and for increased foraging area due to a decrease in territorial defense by the victimized mother. Supporters of the theory that prairie dogs are communal breeders state that another reason for this type of infanticide is so that the female can get a possible helper. With their own offspring gone, the victimized mother may help raise the young of other females.

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grammar. According to Slobodchikoff, these calls, with their individuality in response to a specific predator, imply that prairie dogs have highly developed cognitive abilities. He also writes that prairie dogs have calls for things that are not predators to them. This is cited as evidence that the animals have a very descriptive language and have calls for any potential threat.

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Debate exists over whether the alarm calling of prairie dogs is selfish or altruistic. Prairie dogs may alert others to the presence of a predator so they can protect themselves, but the calls could be meant to cause confusion and panic in the groups and cause the others to be more conspicuous to the

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in a common space, employees sometimes use the term "prairie dogging" to refer to the action of several people simultaneously looking over the walls of their cubicles in response to a noise or other distraction. This action is thought to resemble the startled response of a group of prairie dogs. The

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which consists of up to 25 barks with a 3- to 15-second pause between each one. Females may try to increase their reproduction success by mating with males outside their family groups. When copulation is over, the male is no longer interested in the female sexually, but will prevent other males from

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For black-tailed prairie dogs, the resident male of the family group fathers all the offspring. Multiple paternity in litters seems to be more common in Utah and Gunnison's prairie dogs. Mother prairie dogs do most of the care for the young. In addition to nursing the young, the mother also defends

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A prairie dog town may contain 15–26 family groups, with subgroups within a town, called "wards", which are separated by a physical barrier. Family groups exist within these wards. Most prairie dog family groups are made up of one adult breeding male, two or three adult females, and one or two male

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in body mass in the prairie dog varies 105 to 136% between the sexes. Among the species, black-tailed prairie dogs tend to be the least sexually dimorphic, and white-tailed prairie dogs tend to be the most sexually dimorphic. Sexual dimorphism peaks during weaning, when the females lose weight and

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Until 2003, primarily black-tailed prairie dogs were collected from the wild for the exotic pet trade in Canada, the United States, Japan, and Europe. They were removed from their burrows each spring, as young pups, with a large vacuum device. They can be difficult to breed in captivity, but breed

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has been affected by direct removal by farmers, as well as the more obvious encroachment of urban development, which has greatly reduced their populations. The removal of prairie dogs "causes undesirable spread of brush", the costs of which to livestock range may outweigh the benefits of removal.

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is known to occur in prairie dogs. Males that take over a family group will kill the offspring of the previous male. This causes the mother to go into estrus sooner. However, most infanticide is done by close relatives. Lactating females will kill the offspring of a related female both to decrease

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include underground consorting, self-licking of genitals, dust-bathing, and late entrances into the burrow at night. The licking of genitals may protect against sexually transmitted diseases and genital infections, while dust-bathing may protect against fleas and other parasites. Prairie dogs also

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Prairie dog burrows are 5–10 m (16–33 ft) long and 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) below the ground. The entrance holes are generally 10–30 cm (3.9–11.8 in) in diameter. Prairie dog burrows can have up to six entrances. Sometimes, the entrances are simply flat holes in the ground,

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and others assert that prairie dogs use a sophisticated system of vocal communication to describe specific predators. According to them, prairie dog calls contain specific information as to what the predator is, how big it is and how fast it is approaching. These have been described as a form of

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Perhaps the most striking of prairie dog communications is the territorial call or "jump-yip" display of the black-tailed prairie dog. A black-tailed prairie dog stretches the length of its body vertically and throws its forefeet into the air while making a call. A jump-yip from one prairie dog

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Alarm response behavior varies according to the type of predator announced. If the alarm indicates a hawk diving toward the colony, all the prairie dogs in its flight path dive into their holes, while those outside the flight path stand and watch. If the alarm is for a human, all members of the

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The typical prairie dog territory takes up 0.05–1.01 hectares (0.12–2.50 acres). Territories have well-established borders that coincide with physical barriers such as rocks and trees. The resident male of a territory defends it, and antagonistic behavior occurs between two males of different

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Prairie dogs live mainly at altitudes ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 ft (600 to 3,000 m) above sea level. The areas where they live can get as warm as 38 °C (100 °F) in the summer and as cold as −37 °C (−35 °F) in the winter. As prairie dogs live in areas prone to

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Prairie dogs are highly social animals. They live in large colonies or "towns", and collections of prairie dog families can span hundreds of acres. The prairie dog family groups are the most basic units of its society. Members of a family group inhabit the same territory. Family groups of

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that can last for several months, in which their personalities can drastically change, often becoming defensive or even aggressive. Despite their needs, prairie dogs are very social animals and come to seem as though they treat humans as members of their colony.

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has been affected by direct removal by farmers, and the more obvious encroachment of urban development, which has greatly reduced their populations. The removal of prairie dogs "causes undesirable spread of brush", the costs of which to livestock range and

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On 8 September 2008, the FDA and CDC rescinded the ban, making it once again legal to capture, sell, and transport prairie dogs. Although the federal ban has been lifted, several states still have in place their own ban on prairie dogs.

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One common concern, which led to the widespread extermination of prairie dog colonies, was that their digging activities could injure horses by fracturing their limbs. According to writer Fred Durso, Jr., of

838:. In the winter, lactating and pregnant females supplement their diets with snow for extra water. They also will eat roots, seeds, fruit, buds, and grasses of various species. Black-tailed prairie dogs in 895:

environmental threats, including hailstorms, blizzards, and floods, as well as drought and prairie fires, burrows provide important protection. Burrows help prairie dogs control their body temperature (

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Prairie dog copulation occurs in the burrows, which reduces the risk of interruption by a competing male. They are also at less risk of predation. Behaviors that signal that a female is in

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Prairie dogs are stout-bodied rodents that, on average, are 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) long, including the short tail, and weigh between 0.5 and 1.5 kilograms (1 and 3 lb).

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Despite their name, a prairie dog skull has a condylobasal length of between 5.2-6.4 cm shorter than the skull of a canine or actual dog which is between 11.39–17.96 cm in length.

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Black-tailed prairie dogs comprise the largest remaining community. In spite of human encroachment, prairie dogs have adapted, continuing to dig burrows in open areas of

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Prairie dogs are named for their habitat and warning call, which sounds similar to a dog's bark. The name was in use at least as early as 1774. The 1804 journals of the

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and exterminated from agricultural properties because they are capable of damaging crops, as they clear the immediate area around their burrows of most vegetation.

899:) as they are 5–10 °C (41–50 °F) during the winter and 15–25 °C (59–77 °F) in the summer. Prairie dog tunnel systems channel rainwater into the 2531:. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. pp. 19–29. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-298 4687: 4776: 1285: 1257:

They can be difficult pets to care for, requiring regular attention and a very specific diet of grasses and hay. Each year, they go into a period called

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color vision, it can detect predators from a great distance; it then alerts other prairie dogs of the danger with a special, high-pitched call.

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has not lifted its ban on imports from the U.S. of animals captured in the wild. Major European Prairie Dog Associations, such as the Italian

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Vanderlip, S. L. (2002). Prairie Dogs: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Handling, and Behavior. Barron's Educational Series. p. 19

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in addition to buffalo grass and blue grama. White-tailed prairie dogs have been observed to kill ground squirrels, a competing herbivore.

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the males start eating more, and is at its lowest when the females are pregnant, which is also when the males are depleted from breeding.

1910:"Breed-Specific Skull Morphology Reveals Insights into Canine Optic Chiasm Positioning and Orbital Structure through 3D CT Scan Analysis" 3421: 4791: 4761: 4208: 1178:, though, "after years of asking ranchers this question, we have found not one example." Another concern is their susceptibility to 4781: 3099: 2906: 2745: 2072: 1742: 702: 2576: 428:, have shown a proclivity for grazing on the same land used by prairie dogs. Prairie dogs have some of the most complex systems of 4109: 2993: 2969: 740:

Saskatchewan, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico

911:, and can also change the composition of the soil in a region by reversing soil compaction that can result from cattle grazing. 795: 543:) was first described by Lewis and Clark in 1804. Lewis described it in more detail in 1806, calling it the "barking squirrel". 4400: 3288: 2782: 4666: 4373: 4337: 3619: 3473: 3439: 2922: 1552: 1183: 1108: 405: 4653: 2550: 1695: 4674: 4409: 4084: 4045: 3448: 3412: 173: 68: 4153: 4479: 4346: 4328: 3482: 1289: 364:, with their mounds often being used by other species. Their mound-building encourages grass development and renewal of 31: 4661: 4570: 4418: 4181: 4020: 3316: 3247: 1480:

for both black- and white-tailed prairie dogs, but fossils of prairie dogs are scarce prior to the late Irvingtonian.

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note that in September 1804, they "discovered a Village of an animal the French Call the Prairie Dog". Its genus,

4355: 4217: 3516: 1370: 1314:, and many wild colonies have been wiped out by it. Also, in 2002, a large group of prairie dogs in captivity in 686: 600: 276: 206: 376:

renewal in the soil, which can be crucial for soil quality and agriculture. They are extremely important in the

84: 4255: 4163: 4011: 3534: 3525: 2831: 730: 708: 618: 609: 272: 268: 218: 212: 190: 2872: 3271: 4470: 4364: 4172: 4144: 3881: 3767: 3600: 3430: 1399:: "Of all the prairie animals, by far the most curious, and by no means the least celebrated, is the little 287:. In Mexico, prairie dogs are found primarily in the northern states, which lie at the southern end of the 4510: 4461: 4452: 4391: 4264: 4245: 4236: 4226: 4199: 4190: 3980: 3827: 3309: 3178: 1365: 2258:

Foltz, D. & Hoogland, J. L. (1981). "Analysis of the Mating System in the Black- Tailed Prairie Dog (

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well in zoos. Removing them from the wild was a far more common method of supplying the market demand.

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Prairie dogs that were in captivity at the time of the ban in 2003 were allowed to be kept under a

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Hoogland, J. L. (1983). "Black- Tailed Prairie Dog Coteries are Cooperatively Breeding Units".

1669:"Journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition, "7th September Friday 1804. a verry Cold morning"" 1322:. The prairie dog ban is frequently cited by the CDC as a successful response to the threat of 1141: 4700: 4640: 3953: 3917: 3899: 3575: 3462: 3401: 3095: 2902: 2741: 2716: 2458: 2374: 2368: 2140: 2068: 2006: 1941: 1738: 1566: 1556: 1028: 804: 468: 316: 312: 296: 4705: 3010: 1333:, but were not to be bought, traded, or sold, and transport was permitted only to and from a 315:, though they have also been introduced in a few eastern locales. They are also found in the 4441: 4294: 3845: 3692: 3552: 2708: 2473: 2410: 2306: 2271: 2230: 2176: 1996: 1988: 1931: 1921: 1888: 1880: 1847: 1710: 1625: 1516: 1104: 1079:. They are an important prey species, being the primary diet in prairie species such as the 1076: 1039: 935: 896: 851: 774: 718:

Western Wyoming and western Colorado with small areas in eastern Utah and southern Montana.

636: 361: 350: 280: 230: 680: 4034: 3962: 3791: 3728: 3333: 2997: 2648: 2444: 2345:(pp. 257–264), M. Beckoff, C. Allen, and G. M. Burghardt (eds) Cambridge: A Bradford Book. 1453: 1135: 1112: 1096: 1092: 964: 832: 520: 409: 397: 393: 340: 336: 156: 59: 2521: 2165:"Parentage, Multiple Paternity, and Breeding Success in Gunnison's and Utah Prairie Dogs" 2580: 1936: 1909: 3989: 3863: 3836: 3758: 3204: 2948: 2001: 1976: 1504:"Pliocene-Pleistocene Biogeographic History of Prairie Dogs, Genus Cynomys (Sciuridae)" 1345: 1311: 1293: 1232: 1179: 947: 904: 886: 516: 485: 453: 72: 2990: 2926: 2604:"Open Season on "Varmints" For Saving Endangered Prairie Dogs, It's the Eleventh Hour" 2477: 4735: 4548: 4063: 3935: 3701: 3665: 3238: 2810:

Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 – Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms

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plans to distribute an oral vaccine it had developed by unmanned aircraft or drones.

1116: 1049: 429: 413: 304: 264: 3153: 2485: 2318: 1119:, also rely on prairie dog burrows for nesting areas. Even grazing species, such as 1064: 4132: 4098: 4002: 3740: 3656: 3376: 3134: 3011:"Born Free: Summary of State Laws Relating to Private Possession of Exotic Animals" 2786: 2649:"Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems to Deliver Prairie Dog Sylvatic Plague Vaccination" 1893: 1650: 1477: 1444:, a minor league baseball team, use a nickname for prairie dogs as their cognomen. 1426: 1392: 1334: 1120: 1088: 859: 839: 746: 557: 512: 445: 417: 389: 288: 182: 3067: 1815: 3139: 3089: 2677: 2603: 2554: 2134: 4679: 4622: 4562: 4542: 4308: 3647: 2163:

Haynie, M., Van Den Bussche, R. A., Hoogland, J.L., & Gilbert, D.A. (2002).

1584: 1199: 983: 978: 900: 855: 250: 3233: 2970:"CDC: Notice of Embargo… of certain rodents and Prairie dogs issued 06/18/2003" 2712: 2625: 416:, also rely on prairie dog burrows for nesting areas. Grazing species, such as 2761: 1430: 1270: 1024: 867: 863: 843: 724: 472:

Prairie dogs raise their heads from their burrows in response to disturbances.

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Gregg's Commerce of the prairies: or, The journal of a Santa Fé trader, 1831

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have shown a proclivity for grazing on the same land used by prairie dogs.

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Slobodchikoff, C. N. (2002) "Cognition and Communication in Prairie Dogs"

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Ichikawa, Yoichiro; Kanemaki, Nobuyuki; Kanai, Kazutaka (January 2024).

831:. They feed primarily on grasses and small seeds. In the fall, they eat 4614: 3390: 2457:

Slobodchikoff, C. N.; Kiriazis, Judith; Fischer, C.; Creef, E. (1991).

2424: 2283: 2244: 1696:"Index Generum Mammalium: a List of the Genera and Families of Mammals" 1637: 1528: 1473: 1421: 1303:

species are classed as a "prohibited new organism" under New Zealand's

1162: 1072: 908: 586: 449: 440: 369: 365: 320: 2527:. In Uresk, Daniel W.; Schenbeck, Greg L.; O'Rourke, James T. (eds.). 1612: 4627: 3633: 3369: 3362: 3348: 1404: 1100: 1043:

Black-tailed prairie dog forages above ground for grasses and leaves.

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Prairie dogs are chiefly herbivorous, although they occasionally eat

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Fossils of genus Cynomys have been dated to as far back as the late

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The average lifespan of a prairie dog in the wild is 8 to 10 years.

4601: 2551:"Public, mayor react to prairie dog poisoning at Elmer Thomas Park" 2529:

Conserving biodiversity on native rangelands: symposium proceedings

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C. N. Slobodchikoff; Bianca S. Perla; Jennifer L. Verdolin (2009).

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Pilny, A.; Hess, Laurie (2004). "Prairie dog care and husbandry".

2522:"Black-tailed prairie dog status and future conservation planning" 1789:"Journal of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Tuesday July 1st 1806" 1378: 1315: 1277: 1244: 1140: 1063: 1038: 1010: 988: 963: 946: 934: 922: 885: 875: 794: 467: 1548:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

1284:, and subsequently a few humans were also infected. This led the 2783:"Born Free: EU bans rodent imports following monkeypox outbreak" 2026:"Cute prairie dogs are serial killers savaging ground squirrels" 1434: 835: 448:

often outweighs the benefits of removal. Other threats include

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The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal

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The Black-tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal

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The prairie dog is known by several indigenous names. The name

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in many areas to maintain local populations and ensure natural

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Prairie Dogs: Communication and Community in an Animal Society

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Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice

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Everyday Lakota: An English-Sioux Dictionary for Beginners

380:, being important to the diet of many animals such as the 3031: 2923:"AVMA: Tularemia Outbreak Identified In Pet Prairie Dogs" 2520:

Mulhern, Daniel W.; Knowles, Craig J. (17 August 1995).

1307:, preventing them from being imported into the country. 2647:

McCollister, Matthew; Matchett, Randy (31 March 2016).

1981:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1149:) with a prairie dog skeleton, articulated to show the 2577:"The Diary of Virginia D. (Jones-Harlan) Barr b. 1866" 1975:

Hoogland, John L.; Brown, Charles R. (23 March 2016).

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This article is about the animal. For other uses, see

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Fitzgerald, James P.; Lechleitner, Robert R. (1974).

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also banned importation of prairie dogs in response.

267:. There are five recognized species of prairie dog: 4517: 4439: 4306: 4285: 4130: 4096: 4075: 4032: 4000: 3779: 3631: 3587: 3564: 3503: 3460: 3399: 1355:Prairie dogs in captivity may live up to 10 years. 1205:

Prairie dogs are gaining popularity as zoo animals.

1134:Nevertheless, prairie dogs are often identified as 3248:"Site Detail - Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks" 2678:"CNN: What's that giant sucking sound on prairie?" 2219:"Estrus and Copulation of Gunnison's Prairie Dogs" 1611: 1502: 2579:. Kansasheritage.org. 22 May 1940. Archived from 2447:. Prairie Dog Coalition. Retrieved on 2013-01-04. 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 519:two years after Lewis and Clark's expedition. In 3154:"Definition of prairie-dogging | Dictionary.com" 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 1829: 1827: 1825: 3289:Prairie Dog Management, Kansas State University 2762:"CDC: Questions & Answers About Monkey Pox" 2602:Motavalli, Jim; Durso, Fred Jr. (2 July 2004). 1383:"Dog Town" or settlement of prairie dogs, from 1305:Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 2158: 2156: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 3317: 2355:"Cognition and Communication in Prairie Dogs" 1773:Karol, Joseph S.; Rozman, Stephen L. (1974). 1280:, several prairie dogs in captivity acquired 1265:In mid-2003, due to cross-contamination at a 8: 2785:. bornfree.org.uk. June 2003. Archived from 2500:"Mammals of Texas: Black-tailed Prairie Dog" 2195:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1957: 1955: 1737:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 80. 4787:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque 4767:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States) 2901:. University of Chicago Press. p. 80. 2873:"Endangered, Rescued, Now in Trouble Again" 2850:"Biologist Studies Plague and Prairie Dogs" 2658:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p. 9 2373:. Harvard University Press. pp. 249–. 4505: 3324: 3310: 3302: 1869:"A Systematic Account of the Prairie-Dogs" 1777:. Rosebud Educational Society. p. 55. 1310:Prairie dogs are also very susceptible to 1286:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 762:Coahuila, Nuevo León, and San Luis Potosí 319:. Despite the name, they are not actually 58: 38: 2414: 2234: 2180: 2067:. New York, NY: Dodd, Mead, and Company. 2000: 1935: 1925: 1892: 1851: 1714: 1350:Associazione Italiana Cani della Prateria 696:Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico 661: 3492:Cascade golden-mantled ground squirrel 3268:"Greycliff Prairie Dog Town State Park" 3243:Greycliff Prairie Dog Town State Park: 1791:. Libtextcenter.unl.edu. Archived from 1735:Lewis and Clark, Pioneering Naturalists 1671:. Libtextcenter.unl.edu. Archived from 1663: 1661: 1501:Goodwin, Thomas H. (23 February 1995). 1493: 1465: 1429:to refer to one who is on the verge of 1420:In companies that use large numbers of 535:Classification and first identification 2832:"Plague and Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs" 2734:Tynes, Valarie V. (7 September 2010). 2188: 1238:Pet prairie dogs can be leash trained 1056:causes others nearby to do the same. 7: 858:, while Gunnison's prairie dogs eat 4209:Caucasian mountain ground squirrel 3297:Italian association of Prairie dogs 3143:. A. H. Clark, 1905. Vol.2, p. 277. 2991:Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 174 1836:"Sexual Dimorphism of Prairie Dogs" 1145:Skeleton of a black-footed ferret ( 1019:The prairie dog is well adapted to 4777:Fauna of the Western United States 3000:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2013-01-04. 647:About 14 other genera in subfamily 25: 3467:(golden-mantled ground squirrels) 3422:Espíritu Santo antelope squirrel 3179:"Definition of 'prairie-dogging'" 1963:Prairie Dogs: A Wildlife Handbook 1075:consider the prairie dog to be a 890:Prairie dogs at a burrow entrance 2024:Irwin, Aisling (23 March 2016). 1585:"Basic Facts About Prairie Dogs" 1249:Prairie dog at the Minnesota Zoo 1231: 1212: 1198: 767: 745: 723: 701: 679: 83: 67:Black-tailed prairie dog at the 4374:Southern Idaho ground squirrel 4338:Northern Idaho ground squirrel 3620:Thirteen-lined ground squirrel 3474:Golden-mantled ground squirrel 3440:White-tailed antelope squirrel 3088:Vanderlip, Sharon Lynn (2002). 2262:) by Likelihood of Paternity". 1618:The American Midland Naturalist 919:Social organization and spacing 323:; prairie dogs, along with the 4046:Baja California rock squirrel 3449:San Joaquin antelope squirrel 2871:Robbins, Jim (18 April 2006). 2836:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1553:Johns Hopkins University Press 1545:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). 1318:were found to have contracted 1184:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1109:golden-mantled ground squirrel 539:The black-tailed prairie dog ( 406:golden-mantled ground squirrel 360:Prairie dogs are considered a 1: 4480:Round-tailed ground squirrel 4401:Richardson's ground squirrel 3483:Sierra Madre ground squirrel 3209:The Free Dictionary by Farlex 3205:"Farlex Dictionary of Idioms" 3068:"Adoptapet.com: Prairie Dogs" 2553:. KSWO Lawton. Archived from 2478:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80117-4 1965:, Boulder, CO: Johnson Books. 1655:. Online Etymology Dictionary 1476:and as far back as the early 1337:under quarantine procedures. 1224:South-central Wisconsin, U.S. 1107:. Other species, such as the 982:mating with her by inserting 432:and social structures in the 404:. Other species, such as the 69:Smithsonian National Zoo Park 4772:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains 4757:Rodents of the United States 4419:Long-tailed ground squirrel 4313:(Holarctic ground squirrels) 4276:(Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) 4182:Red-cheeked ground squirrel 4138:(Old World ground squirrels) 4021:Ring-tailed ground squirrel 2608:E–The Environmental Magazine 1531:– via Oxford Academic. 1290:Food and Drug Administration 1153:relationship between them. ( 32:Prairie dog (disambiguation) 4427:Washington ground squirrel 4410:Townsend's ground squirrel 4274:Asia Minor ground squirrel 4110:Père David's rock squirrel 4085:Franklin's ground squirrel 4055:California ground squirrel 3610:Rio Grande ground squirrel 3413:Harris's antelope squirrel 2854:California State University 4808: 4356:Columbian ground squirrel 4347:Merriam's ground squirrel 4329:Belding's ground squirrel 4218:Tian Shan ground squirrel 4154:Brandt’s ground squirrel ( 2897:Hoogland, John L. (1995). 2713:10.1016/j.cvex.2004.02.001 1068:A prairie dog and his hole 960:Reproduction and parenting 799:Full view of a prairie dog 478:Lewis and Clark Expedition 29: 4792:Mammals described in 1817 4762:Fauna of the Great Plains 4491: 4256:Speckled ground squirrel 4164:European ground squirrel 4012:Tropical ground squirrel 3911:(N. quadrimaculatus) 3594:(little ground squirrels) 3535:Black-tailed prairie dog 3526:White-tailed prairie dog 3343: 3123:Texan Santa Fé Expedition 2740:. John Wiley & Sons. 1762:. Routledge. p. 188. 1760:English-Lakota Dictionary 1371:Texan Santa Fe Expedition 1161:As a result, prairie dog 1029:Constantine Slobodchikoff 295:, north and northeastern 203: 198: 188: 181: 80:Scientific classification 78: 66: 57: 41: 27:Genus of ground squirrels 4782:Fauna of Northern Mexico 4471:Spotted ground squirrel 4446:(pygmy ground squirrels) 4365:Wyoming ground squirrel 4267:(Spermophilus taurensis) 4246:Relict ground squirrel ( 4227:Pallid ground squirrel ( 4173:Daurian ground squirrel 4145:Alashan ground squirrel 4119:Forrest's rock squirrel 3920:(N. quadrivittatus) 3882:Yellow-cheeked chipmunk 3770:(M. vancouverensis) 3768:Vancouver Island marmot 3601:Mexican ground squirrel 3431:Texas antelope squirrel 3332:Living species of tribe 3234:Desert USA: Prairie Dogs 3054:www.canedellaprateria.it 2996:25 February 2012 at the 2813:, New Zealand Government 2656:Environmental Assessment 2443:10 November 2013 at the 2217:Hoogland, J. L. (1998). 1834:Hoogland, J. L. (2002). 1397:Commerce of the Prairies 1385:Commerce of the Prairies 731:Black-tailed prairie dog 709:White-tailed prairie dog 619:Black-tailed prairie dog 610:White-tailed prairie dog 4462:Perote ground squirrel 4453:Mohave ground squirrel 4392:Arctic ground squirrel 4265:Taurus ground squirrel 4258:(Spermophilus suslicus) 4237:Little ground squirrel 4200:Russet ground squirrel 4191:Yellow ground squirrel 3830:(N. cinereicollis) 3828:Gray-collared chipmunk 3720:Groundhog or woodchuck 3517:Gunnison's prairie dog 2737:Behavior of Exotic Pets 2299:The American Naturalist 2133:Hoogland, J.L. (1995). 2065:Wonders of Prairie Dogs 1894:2027/mdp.39015006867553 1269:-area pet swap from an 1182:. As of July 2016 the 951:A prairie dog at a zoo. 842:eat western bluegrass, 4482:(X. tereticaudus) 4403:(U. richardsonii) 4383:Piute ground squirrel 4320:Uinta ground squirrel 4184:(S. erythrogenys) 4103:(Asian rock squirrels) 4048:(O. atricapillus) 3902:(N. panamintinus) 3752:(M. flaviventris) 3750:Yellow-bellied marmot 3677:(M. camtschatica) 1993:10.1098/rspb.2016.0144 1867:Hollister, N. (1916). 1814:Basic Biology (2015). 1758:Ingham, Bruce (2013). 1731:Cutright, Paul Russell 1387: 1366:George Wilkins Kendall 1250: 1158: 1069: 1044: 1016: 994: 969: 952: 940: 939:A pair of prairie dogs 928: 891: 800: 687:Gunnison's prairie dog 601:Gunnison's prairie dog 488:for "dog mouse" (κυων 473: 346:), part of the larger 4714:Paleobiology Database 4429:(U. washingtoni) 4358:(U. columbianus) 4147:(S. alashanicus) 3819:Gray-footed chipmunk 3801:Yellow-pine chipmunk 3622:(I. tridecemlineatus) 3185:(Dictionary). Collins 3050:"Cane della prateria" 2394:Hoogland, J. (1996). 2063:Chance, G.E. (1976). 1694:Palmer, T.S. (1904). 1589:Defenders of Wildlife 1382: 1359:Literary descriptions 1248: 1144: 1067: 1042: 1014: 993:Juvenile prairie dogs 992: 967: 950: 938: 926: 889: 882:Habitat and burrowing 798: 471: 452:. The prairie dog is 335:genera belong to the 45:Temporal range: Late 4464:(X. perotensis) 4455:(X. mohavensis) 4412:(U. townsendii) 4220:(S. nilkaensis) 4112:(S. davidianus) 4087:(P. franklinii) 4066:(O. variegatus) 3983:(N. townsendii) 3981:Townsend's chipmunk 3929:(N. ruficaudus) 3927:Red-tailed chipmunk 3909:Long-eared chipmunk 3884:(N. ochrogenys) 3873:California chipmunk 3695:(M. himalayana) 3675:Black-capped marmot 3544:Mexican prairie dog 3406:(antelope squirrels) 2860:on 10 February 2008. 2398:Cynomys ludovicianus 2343:The Cognitive Animal 2264:Journal of Mammalogy 2260:Cynomys ludovicianus 2223:Journal of Mammalogy 2169:Journal of Mammalogy 1885:10.3996/nafa.40.0001 1873:North American Fauna 1840:Journal of Mammalogy 1716:10.3996/nafa.23.0001 1703:North American Fauna 1509:Journal of Mammalogy 1442:Amarillo Sod Poodles 1409:arctomys ludoviciana 968:Female with juvenile 818:Ecology and behavior 736:Cynomys ludovicianus 623:Cynomys ludovicianus 581:, and prairie dogs) 541:Cynomys ludovicianus 511:was recorded by Lt. 331:, and several other 285:Mexican prairie dogs 219:Cynomys ludovicianus 4473:(X. spilosoma) 4421:(U. undulatus) 4376:(U. endemicus) 4023:(N. annulatus) 3974:(N. speciosus) 3972:Lodgepole chipmunk 3855:Merriam's chipmunk 3786:(western chipmunks) 3713:(M. menzbieri) 3684:Long-tailed marmot 3650:(M. baibacina) 3578:(E. sibiricus) 3546:(C. mexicanus) 3494:(C. saturatus) 3485:(C. madrensis) 3476:(C. lateralis) 3433:(A. interpres) 3424:(A. insularis) 3032:"Untitled Document" 2357:, C.N Slobodchikoff 1927:10.3390/ani14020197 1274:Gambian pouched rat 1155:Museum of Osteology 1081:black-footed ferret 1060:Conservation status 1015:Prairie dog calling 1007:Anti-predator calls 753:Mexican prairie dog 628:Mexican prairie dog 484:, derives from the 382:black-footed ferret 4340:(U. brunneus) 4331:(U. beldingi) 4297:(T. striatus) 4239:(S. pygmaeus) 4175:(S. dauricus) 4166:(S. citellus) 4121:(S. forresti) 4057:(O. beecheyi) 4014:(N. adocetus) 3992:(N. umbrinus) 3956:(N. siskiyou) 3954:Siskiyou chipmunk 3918:Colorado chipmunk 3900:Panamint chipmunk 3891:Palmer's chipmunk 3875:(N. obscurus) 3857:(N. merriami) 3848:(N. durangae) 3839:(N. dorsalis) 3810:Buller's chipmunk 3743:(M. caligata) 3731:(M. sibirica) 3711:Menzbier's marmot 3576:Siberian chipmunk 3528:(C. leucurus) 3442:(A. leucurus) 3415:(A. harrisii) 3336:(ground squirrels) 3183:Collins Dictionary 2877:The New York Times 2680:. 16 December 1996 2583:on 31 January 2009 2438:Associated Species 1987:(1827): 20160144. 1795:on 1 February 2009 1675:on 1 February 2009 1640:– via JSTOR. 1425:same term is also 1388: 1368:'s account of the 1331:grandfather clause 1267:Madison, Wisconsin 1251: 1159: 1070: 1045: 1017: 995: 970: 953: 941: 929: 927:Prairie dog family 892: 801: 474: 4752:Rodents of Mexico 4747:Rodents of Canada 4729: 4728: 4701:Open Tree of Life 4511:Taxon identifiers 4502: 4501: 4394:(U. parryii) 4367:(U. elegans) 4322:(U. armatus) 4295:Eastern chipmunk 3965:(N. sonomae) 3945:Allen's chipmunk 3893:(N. palmeri) 3866:(N. minimus) 3846:Durango chipmunk 3821:(N. canipes) 3812:(N. bulleri) 3803:(N. amoenus) 3794:(N. alpinus) 3761:(M. olympus) 3704:(M. marmota) 3693:Himalayan marmot 3686:(M. caudata) 3668:(M. broweri) 3553:Utah prairie dog 3537:(C. ludovicianus) 3463:Callospermophilus 3451:(A. nelsoni) 3337: 3274:on 7 October 2006 2407:Mammalian Species 2380:978-0-674-03181-4 2146:978-0-226-35118-6 1562:978-0-8018-8221-0 1219: 903:, which prevents 805:Sexual dimorphism 788: 787: 780:Cynomys parvidens 758:Cynomys mexicanus 692:Cynomys gunnisoni 641:Cynomys parvidens 632:Cynomys mexicanus 605:Cynomys gunnisoni 317:Canadian Prairies 313:Mississippi River 238: 237: 231:Cynomys parvidens 225:Cynomys mexicanus 207:Cynomys gunnisoni 177: 16:(Redirected from 4799: 4722: 4721: 4709: 4708: 4696: 4695: 4683: 4682: 4680:NHMSYS0000376570 4670: 4669: 4657: 4656: 4644: 4643: 4631: 4630: 4618: 4617: 4605: 4604: 4592: 4591: 4579: 4578: 4566: 4565: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4506: 4442:Xerospermophilus 4385:(U. mollis) 4193:(S. fulvus) 4039:(rock squirrels) 3963:Sonoma chipmunk 3792:Alpine chipmunk 3729:Tarbagan marmot 3402:Ammospermophilus 3335: 3326: 3319: 3312: 3303: 3295: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3270:. Archived from 3263: 3261: 3259: 3250:. Archived from 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3150: 3144: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3007: 3001: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2925:. Archived from 2919: 2913: 2912: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2856:. Archived from 2846: 2840: 2839: 2838:. 23 March 1999. 2828: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2653: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2526: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2466:Animal Behaviour 2463: 2454: 2448: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2418: 2404: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2336: 2323: 2322: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2238: 2214: 2201: 2200: 2194: 2186: 2184: 2175:(4): 1244–1253. 2160: 2151: 2150: 2130: 2079: 2078: 2060: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2004: 1972: 1966: 1961:Long, K. (2002) 1959: 1950: 1949: 1939: 1929: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1846:(4): 1254–1266. 1831: 1820: 1819: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1700: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1665: 1656: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1615: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1551:(3rd ed.). 1539: 1533: 1532: 1506: 1498: 1481: 1470: 1235: 1221: 1220: 1202: 1147:Mustela nigripes 1105:ferruginous hawk 1077:keystone species 984:copulatory plugs 897:thermoregulation 852:six weeks fescue 775:Utah prairie dog 771: 749: 727: 714:Cynomys leucurus 705: 683: 662: 637:Utah prairie dog 614:Cynomys leucurus 439:The prairie dog 362:keystone species 337:ground squirrels 257:ground squirrels 213:Cynomys leucurus 191:Cynomys socialis 172: 88: 87: 62: 39: 21: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4717: 4712: 4704: 4699: 4691: 4686: 4678: 4673: 4665: 4660: 4652: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4626: 4621: 4613: 4608: 4600: 4595: 4587: 4582: 4574: 4569: 4561: 4556: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4513: 4503: 4498: 4487: 4445: 4435: 4349:(U. canus) 4312: 4302: 4281: 4229:S. pallidicauda 4202:(S. major) 4137: 4126: 4102: 4092: 4071: 4038: 4035:Otospermophilus 4028: 3996: 3990:Uinta chipmunk 3947:(N. senex) 3938:(N. rufus) 3864:Least chipmunk 3837:Cliff chipmunk 3785: 3775: 3759:Olympic marmot 3734: 3722:(M. monax) 3659:(M. bobak) 3637: 3627: 3593: 3583: 3560: 3509: 3499: 3466: 3456: 3405: 3395: 3339: 3330: 3293: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3255: 3246: 3230: 3225: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3036:www.mondocdp.it 3030: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2998:Wayback Machine 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2929:on 2 April 2006 2921: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2896: 2895: 2891: 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3541: 3532: 3523: 3519:(C. gunnisoni) 3513: 3511: 3510:(prairie dogs) 3501: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3489: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3264: 3241: 3236: 3229: 3228:External links 3226: 3223: 3222: 3196: 3170: 3158:dictionary.com 3145: 3127: 3114: 3100: 3080: 3059: 3041: 3023: 3002: 2983: 2972:. 18 June 2003 2961: 2940: 2914: 2907: 2889: 2863: 2841: 2823: 2800: 2774: 2753: 2746: 2726: 2707:(2): 269–282. 2691: 2669: 2639: 2626:"Prairie Dogs" 2617: 2594: 2568: 2542: 2512: 2491: 2472:(5): 713–719. 2449: 2430: 2386: 2379: 2359: 2347: 2324: 2311:10.1086/284057 2305:(2): 275–280. 2289: 2270:(4): 706–712. 2250: 2229:(3): 887–897. 2202: 2152: 2145: 2080: 2073: 2044: 2016: 1967: 1951: 1920:(2): 197–212. 1900: 1859: 1821: 1806: 1780: 1765: 1750: 1743: 1722: 1686: 1657: 1643: 1624:(1): 146–163. 1602: 1576: 1561: 1534: 1515:(1): 100–122. 1492: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1449: 1446: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1377: 1376: 1360: 1357: 1346:European Union 1312:bubonic plague 1294:European Union 1276:imported from 1237: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1180:bubonic plague 1061: 1058: 1008: 1005: 961: 958: 920: 917: 883: 880: 824: 821: 819: 816: 792: 789: 786: 785: 782: 777: 772: 764: 763: 760: 755: 750: 742: 741: 738: 733: 728: 720: 719: 716: 711: 706: 698: 697: 694: 689: 684: 676: 675: 672: 669: 666: 659: 658:Extant species 656: 655: 654: 653: 652: 651: 650: 649: 648: 645: 644: 643: 634: 625: 616: 607: 553: 536: 533: 523:, the word is 465: 462: 434:animal kingdom 259:native to the 236: 235: 201: 200: 196: 195: 186: 185: 179: 178: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 76: 75: 73:Washington, DC 64: 63: 55: 54: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4804: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4497: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4156:S. brevicauda 4152: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4135:sensu stricto 4134: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4077:Poliocitellus 4074: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3741:Hoary marmot 3738: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3657:Bobak marmot 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3612:(I. parvidens 3608: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3254:on 9 May 2007 3253: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3135:Gregg, Josiah 3131: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3103: 3101:9780764121036 3097: 3093: 3092: 3084: 3081: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2908:0-226-35117-3 2904: 2900: 2893: 2890: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2801: 2789:on 1 May 2006 2788: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2747:9780813800783 2743: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2692: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2640: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2595: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2409:(535): 1–10. 2408: 2401: 2399: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2192: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074:0-396-07366-2 2070: 2066: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2033: 2032: 2031:New Scientist 2027: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1810: 1807: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1776: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1744:0-8032-6434-8 1740: 1736: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1690: 1687: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1606: 1603: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1543:Wilson, D. E. 1538: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1497: 1494: 1487: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1381: 1374: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1271:unquarantined 1268: 1263: 1260: 1255: 1247: 1234: 1201: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1156: 1152: 1151:predator-prey 1148: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:burrowing owl 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1066: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1013: 1006: 1004: 1001: 991: 987: 985: 980: 975: 966: 959: 957: 949: 945: 937: 933: 925: 918: 916: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 888: 881: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848:buffalo grass 845: 841: 837: 834: 830: 822: 817: 815: 812: 809: 806: 797: 790: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 770: 766: 765: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 748: 744: 743: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 726: 722: 721: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 704: 700: 699: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 682: 678: 677: 674:Distribution 673: 670: 667: 664: 663: 657: 646: 642: 638: 635: 633: 629: 626: 624: 620: 617: 615: 611: 608: 606: 602: 599: 598: 597: 596: 591: 590: 589: 588: 583: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 567: 562: 561: 560: 559: 554: 552: 551: 546: 545: 544: 542: 534: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 515:while on the 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 470: 463: 461: 459: 455: 451: 447: 442: 437: 435: 431: 430:communication 427: 423: 419: 415: 414:burrowing owl 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 349: 345: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 265:North America 262: 258: 255: 252: 248: 247: 242: 234: 233: 232: 227: 226: 221: 220: 215: 214: 209: 208: 202: 197: 193: 192: 187: 184: 180: 175: 170: 169: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 132: 131: 128: 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 108: 105: 102: 101: 98: 95: 92: 91: 86: 81: 77: 74: 70: 65: 61: 56: 52: 48: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4742:Prairie dogs 4518: 4493: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4440: 4428: 4420: 4411: 4402: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4330: 4321: 4307: 4296: 4286: 4275: 4266: 4257: 4247: 4238: 4228: 4219: 4211:(S. musicus) 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4155: 4146: 4133:Spermophilus 4131: 4120: 4111: 4099:Sciurotamias 4097: 4086: 4076: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4033: 4022: 4013: 4003:Notocitellus 4001: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3780: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3737:Petromarmota 3736: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3648:Gray marmot 3643: 3632: 3621: 3611: 3602: 3588: 3577: 3565: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3505: 3504: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3461: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3400: 3377:Sciuromorpha 3294:(in Italian) 3276:. Retrieved 3272:the original 3256:. Retrieved 3252:the original 3213:. Retrieved 3211:. Farlex Inc 3208: 3199: 3187:. Retrieved 3182: 3173: 3161:. Retrieved 3157: 3148: 3138: 3130: 3125:, i, p. 192. 3122: 3117: 3105:. Retrieved 3094:. Barron's. 3090: 3083: 3071:. Retrieved 3062: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3014:. Retrieved 3005: 2986: 2974:. Retrieved 2964: 2952:. Retrieved 2943: 2931:. Retrieved 2927:the original 2917: 2898: 2892: 2880:. Retrieved 2876: 2866: 2858:the original 2853: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2815:, retrieved 2809: 2803: 2791:. Retrieved 2787:the original 2777: 2765:. Retrieved 2756: 2736: 2729: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2682:. Retrieved 2672: 2660:. Retrieved 2655: 2642: 2630:. Retrieved 2620: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2585:. Retrieved 2581:the original 2571: 2559:. Retrieved 2555:the original 2545: 2533:. Retrieved 2528: 2515: 2503:. Retrieved 2494: 2469: 2465: 2452: 2433: 2406: 2397: 2389: 2369: 2362: 2350: 2342: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2226: 2222: 2191:cite journal 2172: 2168: 2135: 2064: 2035:. Retrieved 2029: 2019: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1962: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1879:(40): 1–37. 1876: 1872: 1862: 1843: 1839: 1809: 1797:. Retrieved 1793:the original 1783: 1774: 1768: 1759: 1753: 1734: 1725: 1706: 1702: 1689: 1677:. Retrieved 1673:the original 1651: 1646: 1621: 1617: 1605: 1593:. Retrieved 1588: 1579: 1547: 1537: 1512: 1508: 1496: 1478:Irvingtonian 1468: 1439: 1427:vulgar slang 1419: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1395:'s journal, 1393:Josiah Gregg 1384: 1369: 1354: 1349: 1343: 1339: 1335:veterinarian 1328: 1309: 1300: 1298: 1264: 1256: 1252: 1190:In captivity 1175: 1172: 1160: 1133: 1121:plains bison 1089:golden eagle 1071: 1054: 1046: 1034: 1023:. Using its 1018: 996: 971: 954: 942: 930: 913: 893: 860:rabbit brush 840:South Dakota 826: 813: 810: 802: 779: 757: 735: 713: 691: 640: 631: 622: 613: 604: 594: 592: 584: 563: 558:Sciuromorpha 555: 547: 540: 538: 528: 524: 513:Zebulon Pike 508: 506: 501: 497: 493: 489: 481: 475: 446:soil quality 438: 418:plains bison 390:golden eagle 368:, with rich 359: 354: 343: 289:Great Plains 273:white-tailed 269:black-tailed 245: 244: 241:Prairie dogs 240: 239: 229: 223: 217: 211: 205: 204: 189: 183:Type species 167: 166: 36: 18:Prairie dogs 4623:iNaturalist 4543:Wikispecies 4309:Urocitellus 4248:S. relictus 3389:Subfamily: 3239:Prairie dog 2628:. DesertUSA 1595:18 February 1401:prairie dog 1025:dichromatic 1000:Infanticide 979:mating call 901:water table 864:tumbleweeds 856:tumblegrass 791:Description 668:Common name 509:wishtonwish 496:– dog; μυς 303:, northern 299:, northern 251:herbivorous 42:Prairie dog 4736:Categories 3375:Suborder: 3334:Marmotini 2817:26 January 2793:13 October 2684:10 October 2632:9 February 2587:9 February 1799:9 February 1679:9 February 1488:References 1431:defecating 1416:In culture 1288:(CDC) and 1176:E Magazine 1115:, and the 1073:Ecologists 1052:" nature. 868:dandelions 844:blue grama 585:Subfamily 504:– mouse). 458:ecosystems 412:, and the 378:food chain 309:Tamaulipas 305:Nuevo León 277:Gunnison's 261:grasslands 174:Rafinesque 3782:Neotamias 3735:Subgenus 3642:Subgenus 3638:(marmots) 3590:Ictidomys 3384:Sciuridae 3347:Kingdom: 3215:29 August 3189:29 August 3163:29 August 3121:Kendall, 3107:6 January 3073:6 January 3016:6 January 2976:6 January 2954:6 January 2535:6 January 1816:"Rodents" 1320:tularemia 1282:monkeypox 1129:mule deer 1125:pronghorn 1085:swift fox 1021:predators 833:broadleaf 575:chipmunks 571:squirrels 566:Sciuridae 556:Suborder 464:Etymology 454:protected 426:mule deer 422:pronghorn 386:swift fox 355:Sciuridae 344:Marmotini 329:chipmunks 297:Chihuahua 254:burrowing 157:Marmotini 147:Sciuridae 103:Kingdom: 97:Eukaryota 4667:12400909 4528:Wikidata 4495:Category 3567:Eutamias 3382:Family: 3370:Rodentia 3363:Mammalia 3356:Chordata 3354:Phylum: 3349:Animalia 2994:Archived 2933:18 April 2767:18 April 2721:15145390 2561:25 March 2505:18 April 2486:53174059 2441:Archived 2319:84323285 2037:26 March 2011:27009223 1946:38254367 1937:10812588 1733:(1989). 1571:62265494 1448:See also 1422:cubicles 1324:zoonosis 1170:cities. 872:saltbush 550:Rodentia 517:Arkansas 492:, κυνος 374:nutrient 348:squirrel 301:Coahuila 199:Species 143:Family: 137:Rodentia 127:Mammalia 117:Chordata 113:Phylum: 107:Animalia 93:Domain: 51:Holocene 47:Pliocene 4706:1005032 4641:1396454 4615:2437231 4563:Cynomys 4549:Cynomys 4519:Cynomys 3653: 3644:Marmota 3634:Marmota 3506:Cynomys 3391:Xerinae 3368:Order: 3361:Class: 2662:18 July 2425:3504202 2284:1380592 2245:1383096 2002:4822469 1914:Animals 1709:: 212. 1652:prairie 1638:2424208 1529:1382319 1474:Blancan 1301:Cynomys 1168:western 1163:habitat 977:have a 909:erosion 829:insects 595:Cynomys 587:Xerinae 579:marmots 564:Family 529:pìspíza 525:pispíza 500:, μυός 482:Cynomys 450:disease 441:habitat 370:mineral 366:topsoil 325:marmots 321:canines 246:Cynomys 243:(genus 168:Cynomys 163:Genus: 153:Tribe: 133:Order: 123:Class: 4654:180183 4602:1KYMSG 4534:Q30359 4476: 4467: 4458: 4432: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4287:Tamias 4270: 4261: 4252: 4242: 4233: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4150: 4115: 4060: 4051: 4017: 3986: 3977: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3725: 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