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before them composed by great devotees. Due to forced rigorous military campaigns and failed state policy, the military status of medieval Odisha declined during
Prataparudra's rule and the empire was eventually reduced to only a small strip of land in eastern India covering parts of coastal and central Odisha, Northern Andhra and parts of southern Bengal. The tributary and Garhjat (princedoms), rebellious generals and hinterland domains within the Odishan realm destabilized the central authority of the Gajapatis in Odisha. As an emperor, Prataparudra Deva utilized his full available military strength to defend the frontiers of his empire but events of internal treachery, ignorant policies against a strategically threat of Muslim Bengal by his father and a possible situation of imbalance of his personal spiritual life with the instant demands from his military command, led to the loss of huge southern territories to his enemies. Prataparudra Deva had 32 sons and many daughters from his multiple wives out of which Padma, Padmalaya, Ila and Mahila are known to be the Maharanis or the main queens. One of his queens called Gauri Devi was the disciple of Jagannatha Dasa from the Panchasakha fold. His successors were murdered by the treacherous Govinda Vidyadhara after his death. The military hegemony and imperial status of Odisha continuing from the past era of
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which he humbly bowed down to saints present there. Even in an event, he stopped his general
Harichandana from taking any retaliatory action against a devotee of Chaitanya who had obstructed the view of the Gajapati by standing in front him and then slapped the general when he tried to move him away. In his first meeting with the saint after a long wait and as planned by his disciples, he began reciting a verse from ‘Gopi Gita’, mentioned in Shrimad Bhagavatam and won the attention of Chaitanya. He presented the saint with a painting of Krishna so that he can meditate on it. Ramananda Rai records about the Gajapati's extreme willingness to hear about devotional sermons from Chaitanya in his work Jagannatha-Vallabha-Natakam. Numerous literary works from the era celebrate the spiritual association of Gajapati Prataparudra Deva with Chaitanya.
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determination to defend their position until their last breath. To secure an effective position for attacking the stubborn inmates inside the fort, Vijayanagara forces had to cut the rocky boulders and build paths through the surrounding hills. Since no help reached to the
Gajapati forces, they had to surrender finally in the year 1514. A Balagopala idol of lord Sri Krishna was carried away unharmed by the Vijayanagara forces as victory trophy from the fort.
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Panchasakhas were basically opposed to caste system and
Brahmin patronage by the Odia kings. They were also opposed to Gaudiya Vaisnavism that had arrived in Odisha through Chaitanya and contributed to a separate school of learning called Utkaliya. Some of them had ideological conflict with the royal order but were later accepted and encouraged by the king himself after he realized his mistakes.
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marched straight on to the
Gajapati capital of Cuttack from the Bengal frontier. A formidable defense was put up by the defending in charge Ananta Samantaray of the Barabati fort in Cuttack but due to the overwhelming number of the raiding forces, he had to retreat and re position in the Sarangagarh
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The rule of
Prataparudra Deva was an era when a great social revolution in Odisha was at its zenith due to the Bhakti movement closely contested between Gaudiya and Utkaliya Vaishnavism school of thoughts. Common man was not untouched by the beautiful literature and devotional ballads that appeared
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Despite his wish to meet and have an audience with
Chaitanya, the saint avoided any audience as it was his discipline to avoid meeting women and kings. He was only able to see Chaitanya face to face while performing the Chera Pahara ritual during the Ratha Yatra festival of lord Jagannath following
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about the
Gajapati's personal life gives a proper insight about his spiritual ways of living. As per the account, the Gajapati used to wake up two hours earlier before sunrise and would pay respects two brahmanas before looking at anyone else. He would then take ride on his horse accompanied by the
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tried to recover
Kondavidu and Udayagiri forts from the Prataparudra Deva in a military contest with the Gajapati. Prataparudra Deva's Anantakarma grant declares that he was able to capture the Krishna river basin with the use of force. The Odia army was unable to make any advance into Vijayanagara
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After being able to halt the invasions from Bengal, Prataparudra Deva marches south to recover and capture territories from
Vijayanagar Kingdom. For a brief time he was able to capture Vijayanagara or Vidyanagar fort. Anantavarman copper plates of Prataparudra Deva states that he reached the banks
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invaded southern parts of Odisha and captured many forts along with the regional administrative center of Kondapalli on 20 March 1531. Prataparudra Deva set out with a force of 3,00,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry and 700 war elephants to confront the invading forces and was successful after rigorous
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accompanying the Vijayanagara Emperor writes that as the generals of Krishnadeva Raya failed to capture the fort, he himself took the charge. Nunes also mentions that there was a severe fight to tooth and nail put up by the forces from both the sides and the Odia forces were fighting with a strong
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fort was guarded by a Gajapati garrison of 10,000 infantry, 400 cavalry and 8000 other men deployed at the outskirts of the fort. The guarding force was commanded by the paternal uncle of the Gajapati himself, Tirumala Routaraya. A strong contingent of Vijayanagara forces numbering 34,000 infantry
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lake called Chadeiguha before his arrival. An Odia governor called Bhoi Bidyadhar organized the defense and continued clashing with the raiders until the Gajapati army returned. After arriving back in his realm with a large expeditionary force amidst these chaotic conditions, Prataparudra Deva
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and 800 war elephants marched through Gutti and Gondikotta laid a seize on the fort in the year 1512. A brave defensive hold out and consistent fight across the outer wall of the fort continued for 18 months without any help reaching to the combatants from Odisha. Portuguese-Jewish traveler
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Odia literature attained a higher status during the rule of Prataparudra as it was the famous era of and highly respected immortal Odia literary creations by the Panchsakhas or five divine friends namely Balarama Dasa, Jagannatha Dasa, Ananta Dasa, Achyutananda Dasa and Jasobanta Dasa. The
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Sixteen brahmana Patras for twenty to thirty miles before returning. After taking bath he would then indulge in worship of lord Jagannath only after which he eats food followed by recitation of Ramayana. After this he carries on his daily business wearing the official robes.
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Other Odia poets like Chaitanya Dasa, Arjuna Dasa, Kanhai Khuntia, Gopala Guru, Madhavi Devi and Madhaba Pattanayaka also flourished during his rule giving new dimensions to the literary achievements of Odia language in that era. Prataparudra Deva made it mandatory for only
232:. The Bhakti Bhagavata Maha Kavyam states that he was only 17 years old when he faced this challenge and finally drove the invaders out of his northern borders. He reinforced the northern frontiers with more military deployment though minor skirmishes continued.
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who was based at Rajamahendri was influenced by Chaitanya's words and left his position to follow him while the conditions in the southern frontiers were critical, enduring the invasion of Vijayanagar. However, Prataparudra was himself a devout
399:. Two leading followers of Chaitanya, Rupa Goswami and Sanatana Goswami were courtiers in the administration of Hussain Shah before accompanying Chaitanya in his travel to Odisha. The governor of the southern territories of the Gajapati
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to be sung at while the Odia and Telugu Devadasis (temple dancers) while they performed. Four Vaishnava singers were trained to perform the service of singing Gitagovinda verses. It was during his rule that the
200:. He lost large portions of his territory to the neighboring enemy states initiating the dissolution of Odisha's military hegemony and imperial status that continued for nearly a period of 600 years before him.
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after driving out the inmates of the fortified city there. However, the Gajapati had to suddenly return to Odisha as a severe famine ensued in his own realm in the year 1507-1508 CE.
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In his Undavaill inscription he is termed as a great learner and master of 64 arts. His Velicherla plates states that he assumed the title of Vidyaniddhi (accomplished learner).
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during his reign. His life was extremely occupied with overwhelming military campaigns in defense of his inherited territory from three frontal invasions by the enemy states
408:
before the arrival of Chaitanya and was also the head servitor of lord Jagannath as per the royal traditions of the Gajapatis of Odisha. The descriptions of a spy from
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Gajapati Prataparudra Deva is often held responsible for losing the military status of Odisha due to his spiritual adherence, over involvement and indulgence with Sri
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On the death of Purushottam Deva, Prataparudra Deva was immediately engulfed with the defensive measures for his empire from the consistently invading parties of
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pursued the fleeing forces into the frontier of Bengal laying seize to the Mandarana fort of Qutb Shahi forces at today's Jahanabad Sub-Division in
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Surviving upper part of the Bala Gopala Idol carried away by invading Vijayanagar forces as a symbol of victory after capturing the Udayagiri fort
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fighting with the Muslim forces but also lost many large portions of his territory in the south.His empire completely declined after his death.
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Renovation of the temples of Chandrasekhara on the Kapilasa hill in the Dhenkanal district and of Goddess Biraja in the Jajpur district.
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Prataparudra Deva's life was heavily occupied in dealing with continuous military threats by his neighboring rulers on multiple fronts.
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395:. The doubt of historians is based on the fact that the enemy Bengal Sultan Hussain Shah played a role in the life of
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Depiction of Gajapati Prataparudradeba in Sarpeswara temple, built during his rule at Balarampur village near Kakhadi.
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was ruling Vijayanagara when Prataparudra Deva sets out for his southern expedition. His influential general
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Prataparudra Deva had undertaken many building projects despite his troublesome life filled with battles.
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Other Sanskrit poets like Markandeya, Ramakrishna Bhatta. Balabhadra Mishra flourished in his era.
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Varaha Temple build by his Rajguru or royal head priest called Kashi Mishra at Jajpur district.
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Lakshnadarsa, Ohurtacarita, Parijataharana Nataka and Rasamanjari by Divakara, a Grammarian,
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919:. 120-2, Upper Circular Road, Calcutta: Prabasi Press. 1930. pp. 323, 324, 325, 326.
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According to the Madala Panji he built the audience hall of the Jagannath temple at Puri.
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river banks and was successful in occupying parts of Vijayanagara for a brief time from
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Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540)
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Jagannath Ballav matha or monastery near Puri Jagannath temple established by
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165:. He reigned from 1497 to 1540 CE. Besides being a monarch, he was a devout
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History Of Orissa 1930 Vol.1, From the Earliest Times to the British Period
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where the servitors and priests of Puri temple secretly transported the
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Southern Expedition and brief occupation of Vijayanagar (1500-1508 CE)
764:. Cuttack, Odisha state: Kalyani Publishers. 2004. pp. 102–114.
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Sanskrit works written by the Gajapati Prataparudra Deva himself
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Renovated the temple of Paramahansa Deva near Biribati, Cuttack
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army though managed to march to the tip of the Sethu Bandha or
969:. Cuttack: The Utkal Sahitya Press. 1939. pp. 20, 21, 22.
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Cultural contribution, revival of Sanskrit and Odia literature
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First War with Hussain Shahi Dynasty of Bengal (1497-1500 CE)
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Third Gajapati emperor of Odisha from the Suryavamshi dynasty
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Odia literary works composed during Prataparudra Deva's rule
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Some building activities undertaken during Prataparudra Deva
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According to the Rajavrolu plates of Prataparudra Deva and
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territory beyond their stronghold of Udayagiri region. The
740:. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. 2007. pp. 12–39.
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Prataprudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Odisha
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Sanskrit literary works composed during Prataparudra Deva
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Painting of Gajapati Prataprudra Deva prostrating before
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Chaitanya Charitamrita by Kavikarnapura Paramananda Sena
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Bhakti Bhagavata Mahakavyam by Dimdima Jivadeva Acharaya
981:"Maharaja Prataparudra: Humble Servant in Kingly Dress"
949:. Allahabad: The Indian Press Limited. 1933. pp.
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was lost after his ruling years ended with his death.
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Construction of Dhavalesvara temple at Mancheswar in
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Conflict with Qutb Shahi Golconda Sultanate (1531 CE)
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Sarpeswar temple in Balarampur village near Kakhadi.
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idols via a boat to a hidden island hill amidst the
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Prataparudra Gajapati at Dhabaleswar Temple, Cuttack
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1145:A HISTORY OF INDIA by Athar Azeem Delhi University
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896:Glimpses Of Kalinga History by Das, Manmatha Nath
387:A modern-day statue of Sri Chaitanya in Puri town
379:Spiritual life and association with Sri Chaitanya
309:Ismail Ghazi's Invasion in Absence of the Monarch
476:Contemporary of Advaita-makaranda by Sarvabhauma
278:records, the Gajapati was camping on the river
946:History Of Mediaeval India by Ishwari Prashad
482:Jagannatha Vallabha Natakam by Ramananda Raya
321:river. Ismail marched on to the holy city of
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1059:"HISTORY OF ODISHA (FROM 1435 TO 1803 A.D.)"
840:"HISTORY OF ODISHA (FROM 1435 TO 1803 A.D.)"
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1006:"Lord Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and His Mercy"
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241:of river Krishna on 4 November 1500 AD.
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705:Personality and Historical Consequences
153:: ଗଜପତି ପ୍ରତାପରୁଦ୍ର ଦେବ) was the third
1148:. New York: Routledge. 1998. pp.
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169:and adherent of the famous saint, Sri
157:emperor of Odisha from the Suryavamsa
899:. Century Publishers. 1949. pp.
500:The king himself authored works like
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1087:"Puri, The Home of Lord Jagannatha"
473:Sarasvativilasam by Lalla Laxmidhar
1034:"Mahaprabhu and King Prataparudra"
966:Nandapur A Forsaken Kingdom Part-I
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624:Charikhani or Sabdabrahma Samhita
317:fort on the southern side of the
701:dance tradition was introduced.
665:Agatbhabishya·Malika Arthatareni
270:Second conflict with Vijayanagar
212:Military Conflicts on All Fronts
811:"Relations With the Gajapathis"
245:First conflict with Vijayanagar
1123:www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
818:www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
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1241:15th-century Indian monarchs
1013:www.sreecgmathchandigarh.org
207:Gajapati Pratapaparudra Deva
786:"South Indian Inscriptions"
581:Jagamohan or Dandi Ramayana
249:The Saluva dynasty Emperor
161:founded by his grandfather
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1231:History of India by region
1116:"The Panchasakha Movement"
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559:Gundicha Vijay Dutibandha
522:Manva Dharmasastra Dipika
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1256:Jagannath Temple Complex
929:: CS1 maint: location (
873:. Northern Book Centre.
1094:www.nabakalebara.gov.in
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513:Praudha Pratapa Martand
637:Premabhakti Brahmagita
587:Vedantasara Gupta Gita
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640:Govinda Chandra Gita
634:Govinda Chandra Gita
604:By Achyutananda Dasa
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255:Tuluva Narasa Nayaka
1201:Gajapati of Odisha
1066:www.ddceutkal.ac.in
867:Ray, Dipti (2007).
847:www.ddceutkal.ac.in
790:www.whatisindia.com
565:Chaupadi Manasiksha
370:Sultan of Golconda
1246:People from Odisha
1179:Suryavamsa dynasty
1174:Prataparudra Deva
1096:. pp. 194–195
1038:www.purebhakti.com
985:www.d6.krishna.com
618:Baran Charita Gita
542:By Jagannatha Dasa
507:Kautuka Chintamani
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1261:Gajapati emperors
1226:History of Odisha
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1207:Succeeded by
1195:Purushottama Deva
880:978-81-7211-195-3
820:. pp. 73–100
762:History of Orissa
683:Hetu Uday Bhagava
629:By Jasobanta Dasa
228:or Bengal sultan
147:Prataparudra Deva
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