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shoulder belt. In a crash, without a lap belt, such a vehicle occupant is likely to "submarine" (be thrown forward under the shoulder belt) and be seriously injured. Motorized or door-affixed shoulder belts hinder access to the vehicle, making it difficult to enter and exit—particularly if the occupant is carrying items such as a box or a purse. Vehicle owners tend to disconnect the motorized or door-affixed shoulder belt to relieve the nuisance when entering and exiting the vehicle, leaving only a lap belt for crash protection. Also, many automatic seat belt systems are incompatible with child safety seats, or only compatible with special modifications.
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825:. Inflatable seat belts have tubular inflatable bladders contained within an outer cover. When a crash occurs, the bladder inflates with gas to increase the area of the restraint contacting the occupant and also shortening the length of the restraint to tighten the belt around the occupant, improving the protection. The inflatable sections may be shoulder-only or lap and shoulder. The system supports the head during the crash better than a web-only belt. It also provides side impact protection. In 2013, Ford began offering rear-seat inflatable seat belts on a limited set of models, such as the
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were reported wearing a three-point safety belt, and the remaining 80% were reported as wearing no safety belt. The results concluded that users of the two-point lap belt had a 73% lower fatality rate, a 53% lower serious injury rate, and a 38% lower injury rate than the occupants that were reported unrestrained. Similarly, users of the three-point safety belt had a 60% lower serious injury rate and a 41% lower rate of all other injuries. Out of the 2% described as wearing a three-point safety belt, no fatalities were reported.
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1975. The study found that for injuries considered “moderate” or worse, individuals wearing a three-point safety belt had a 56.5% lower injury rate than those wearing no safety belt. The study also concluded that the effectiveness of the safety belt did not differ with the size of a car. It was determined that the variation among results of the many studies conducted in the 1960s and 70s was due to the use of different methodologies, and could not be attributed to any significant variation in the effectiveness of safety belts.
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1015:(CMVSS 210) — which were not weakened to accommodate automatic belts — vehicle models that had been eligible for easy importation in either direction across the U.S.-Canada border when equipped with manual belts became ineligible for importation in either direction once the U.S. variants obtained automatic belts and the Canadian versions retained manual belts, although some Canadian versions also had automatic seat belts. Two particular models affected were the
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dated as motor manufacturers would tool up for a particular standard that could not easily be changed. For example, in 1969 there were competing designs for lap and three-point seat belts, rapidly tilting seats, and airbags being developed. As countries started to mandate seat belt restraints the global auto industry invested in the tooling and standardized exclusively on seat belts, and ignored other restraint designs such as airbags for several decades
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eggs in an egg carton—compartmentalized, and surrounded with padding and structural integrity to secure the entire container." Although school buses are considered safe for mass transit of students, this will not guarantee that the students will be injury-free if an impact were to occur. Seat belts in buses are sometimes believed to make recovering from a roll or tip harder for passengers, as they could be easily trapped in their own safety belts.
788:. In the event of a crash, a pretensioner will tighten the belt almost instantaneously. This reduces the motion of the occupant in a violent crash. Like airbags, pretensioners are triggered by sensors in the car's body, and many pretensioners have used explosively expanding gas to drive a piston that retracts the belt. Pretensioners also lower the risk of "submarining", which occurs when a passenger slides forward under a loosely fitted seat belt.
1280:
system spurred severe backlash from an
American public who largely rejected seat belts. In 1974, Congress acted to prohibit NHTSA from requiring or permitting a system that prevents a vehicle from starting or operating with an unbelted occupant, or that gives an audible warning of an unfastened belt for more than 8 seconds after the ignition is turned on. This prohibition took effect on 27 October 1974, shortly after the 1975 model year began.
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1066:(NCAP) was put in place by the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1979. The NCAP is a government program that evaluates vehicle safety designs and sets standards for foreign and domestic automobile companies. The agency developed a rating system and requires access to safety test results. As of September 2007, manufacturers are required to place an NCAP star rating on the automobile price sticker.
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934:, then Transportation Secretary, proposed that the two passive safety restraints be phased into vehicles gradually, from vehicle model year 1987 to vehicle model year 1990, when all vehicles would be required to have either automatic seat belts or driver side air bags. Though more awkward for vehicle occupants, most manufacturers opted to use less expensive automatic belts rather than airbags during this time period.
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cause fatalities. For example, drivers in high-risk areas are more likely to use seat belts and are more likely to be in accidents, creating a non-causal correlation between seat belt use and mortality. After accounting for the endogeneity of seat belt usage, Cohen and Einav found no evidence that the risk compensation effect makes seat belt-wearing drivers more dangerous, a finding at variance with other research.
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544:" led to the progressive revision of passenger safety regulations in nearly all developed countries to require three-point belts, first in all outboard seating positions, and eventually in all seating positions in passenger vehicles. Since September 1, 2007, all new cars sold in the U.S. require a lap and shoulder belt in the center rear seat. In addition to regulatory changes, "seat belt syndrome" has led to a
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365:, the Swedish national electric utility, did a study of all fatal, on-the-job accidents among their employees. The study revealed that the majority of fatalities occurred while the employees were on the road on company business. In response, two Vattenfall safety engineers, Bengt Odelgard and Per-Olof Weman, started to develop a seat belt. Their work was presented to Swedish manufacturer
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297:. In the early 1950s, Shelden made a major contribution to the automotive industry with his idea of retractable seat belts. This came about from his care of the high number of head injuries coming through the emergency room. He investigated the early seat belts with primitive designs that were implicated in these injuries and deaths.
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presence of a different violation. In the United States, fifteen states enforce secondary laws, while 34 states, as well as the
District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands enforce primary seat belt laws. New Hampshire lacks either a primary or secondary seat belt law.
586:'s (NHTSA) Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 on January 1, 1968. However, if the shoulder strap is used without the lap belt, the vehicle occupant is likely to "submarine", or slide forward in the seat and out from under the belt, in a frontal collision. In the mid-1970s, three-point belt systems such as
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The 1959 model (which appeared in August 1958) had a major innovation in the form of front seat safety belts as standard equipment on all the cars, including the export models. Volvo was the world's first automaker to take this step, even though Ford fitted a "lap" belt on one or other of its cars in
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All aerobatic aircraft and gliders (sailplanes) are fitted with four or five-point harnesses, as are many types of light aircraft and many types of military aircraft. The seat belts in these aircraft have the dual function of crash protection and keeping the pilot(s) and crew in their seat(s) during
1977:
This has led many countries to adopt mandatory seat belt wearing laws. It is generally accepted that, in comparing like-for-like accidents, a vehicle occupant not wearing a properly fitted seat belt has a significantly and substantially higher chance of death and serious injury. One large observation
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in injuries among the target population. In crashes, small children who wear adult seat belts can suffer "seat-belt syndrome" injuries including severed intestines, ruptured diaphragms, and spinal damage. There is also research suggesting that children in inappropriate restraints are at significantly
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coupes. When the door is opened, the belts go from a fixed point in the middle of the car by the floor to the retractors on the door. Passengers must slide into the car under the belts. When the door closes, the seat belt retracts into the door. The belts have normal release buttons that are supposed
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swung away from its plumb position by rapid deceleration or rollover of the vehicle. In the absence of rapid deceleration or rollover, the reel is unlocked and the belt strap may be pulled from the reel against the spring tension of the reel. The vehicle occupant can move around with relative freedom
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A "sash" or shoulder harness is a strap that goes diagonally over the vehicle occupant's outboard shoulder and is buckled inboard of their lap. The shoulder harness may attach to the lap belt tongue, or it may have a tongue and buckle completely separate from those of the lap belt. Shoulder harnesses
2020:
According to the analysis, seat belts decreased fatalities by 1.35% for each 10% increase in seat belt use. The study controlled for endogenous motivations of seat belt use, because that creates an artificial correlation between seat belt use and fatalities, leading to the conclusion that seat belts
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In Europe, the U.S., and some other parts of the world, most modern cars include a seat-belt reminder light for the driver and some also include a reminder for the passenger, when present, activated by a pressure sensor under the passenger seat. Some cars will intermittently flash the reminder light
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in their crash test research. The center's director, Albert King, wrote in 1995 that the vehicle safety improvements made possible since 1987 by the use of cadavers in research had saved nearly 8,500 lives each year, and indicated that improvements made to three-point safety belts save an average of
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Manual lap belt with automatic motorized shoulder belt: When the door is opened, the shoulder belt moves from a fixed point near the seat back on a track mounted in the door frame of the car to a point at the other end of the track near the windshield. Once the door is closed and the car is started,
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activated by the rapid acceleration of the strap (webbing) from the reel. The belt can be pulled from the reel only slowly and gradually, as when the occupant extends the belt to fasten it. A sudden rapid pull of the belt—as in a sudden braking or collision event—causes the reel to lock, restraining
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The purpose of locking retractors (sometimes called ELR belts, for "Emergency
Locking Retractors") is to provide the seated occupant the convenience of some free movement of the upper torso within the compartment while providing a method of limiting this movement in the event of a crash. Starting in
1989:
The effects of seat belt laws are disputed by those who observe that their passage did not reduce road fatalities. There has also been concern that instead of legislating for a general protection standard for vehicle occupants, laws that required a particular technical approach would rapidly become
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This study and others led to the
Restraint Systems Evaluation Program (RSEP), started by the NHTSA in 1975 to increase the reliability and authenticity of past studies. A study as part of this program used data taken from 15,000 tow-away accidents that involved only car models made between 1973 and
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Webclamps stop the webbing in the event of an accident and limit the distance the webbing can spool out (caused by the unused webbing tightening on the central drum of the mechanism). These belts also often incorporate an energy management loop ("rip stitching") in which a section of the webbing is
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Accident investigators often examine the webbing of a seatbelt to determine if an occupant of a vehicle was wearing their seatbelt during a collision. The material of the webbing may contain traces of the occupant's clothing. Certain materials such as nylons may become permanently affixed or melted
135:
It has been suggested that although seat belt usage reduces the probability of death in any given accident, mandatory seat belt laws have little or no effect on the overall number of traffic fatalities because seat belt usage also disincentivizes safe driving behaviors, thereby increasing the total
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Starting in 1971 and ending in 1972, the United States conducted a research project on seat belt effectiveness on a total of 40,000 vehicle occupants using car accident reports collected during that time. Of these 40,000 occupants, 18% were reported wearing lap belts, or two-point safety belts, 2%
1007:
Automatic belt systems generally offer inferior occupant crash protection. In systems with belts attached to the door rather than a sturdier fixed portion of the vehicle body, a crash that causes the vehicle door to open leaves the occupant without belt protection. In such a scenario, the occupant
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resistance, lower extensibility and higher stiffness. Nylon was also prone to stretching much more than polyester, and was prone to wear and tear, with tiny abrasions drastically reducing tensile strength causing a lack of reliability in one of the most important safety measures in a vehicle. Seat
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Pros and cons have been debated about the use of seat belts in school buses. School buses, which are much bigger than the average vehicle, allow for the mass transportation of students from place to place. The
American School Bus Council states in a brief article: "The children are protected like
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In 2003, the
Transportation Research Board Committee, chaired by two psychologists, reported that "Enhanced SBRs" (ESBRs) could save an additional 1,000 lives a year. Research by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found that Ford's ESBR, which provides an intermittent chime for up to five
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The interlock systems used logic modules complex enough to require special diagnostic computers, and were not entirely dependable—an override button was provided under the hood of equipped cars, permitting one (but only one) "free" starting attempt each time it was pressed. However, the interlock
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As a result of such findings, many jurisdictions now advocate or require child passengers to use specially designed child restraints. Such systems include separate child-sized seats with their own restraints and booster cushions for children using adult restraints. In some jurisdictions, children
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General Motors introduced a three-point non-motorized passive belt system in 1980 to comply with the passive restraint requirement. However, it was used as an active lap-shoulder belt because of unlatching the belt to exit the vehicle. Despite this common practice, field studies of belt use still
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frequently use a combination harness consisting of a five-point harness with a redundant lap belt attached to a different part of the aircraft. While providing redundancy for negative-g maneuvers (which lift the pilot out of the seat), they also require the pilot to unlatch two harnesses if it is
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Belt-in-Seat type belts have been used by automakers in convertibles and pillarless hardtops, where there is no "B" pillar to affix the upper mount of the belt. Chrysler and
Cadillac are well known for using this design. Antique auto enthusiasts sometimes replace original seats in their cars with
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was the first
American car manufacturer to offer seat belts as a factory option, in its 1949 models. They were installed in 40,000 cars, but buyers did not want them and requested that dealers remove them. The feature was "met with insurmountable sales resistance" and Nash reported that after one
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Automatic belt systems also present several operational disadvantages. Motorists who would normally wear seat belts must still fasten the manual lap belt, thus rendering redundant the automation of the shoulder belt. Those who do not fasten the lap belt wind up inadequately protected only by the
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around a track under various conditions. It was found that subjects who started driving unbelted drove consistently faster when subsequently belted. Similarly, a study of habitual non-seat belt wearers driving in freeway conditions found evidence that they had adapted to use by adopting higher
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As of 2016, seat belt laws can be divided into two categories: primary and secondary. A primary seat belt law allows an officer to issue a citation for lack of seat belt use without any other citation, whereas a secondary seat belt law allows an officer to issue a seat belt citation only in the
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In 2001, Congress directed NHSTA to study the benefits of technology meant to increase the use of seat belts. NHSTA found that seat belt usage had increased to 73% since the initial introduction of the SBR system. In 2002, Ford demonstrated that seat belts were used more in Fords with seat belt
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A three-point belt is a Y-shaped arrangement, similar to the separate lap and sash belts, but unified. Like the separate lap-and-sash belt, in a collision, the three-point belt spreads out the energy of the moving body over the chest, pelvis, and shoulders. Volvo introduced the first production
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for Volvo, which introduced it in 1959 as standard equipment. In addition to designing an effective three-point belt, Bohlin demonstrated its effectiveness in a study of 28,000 accidents in Sweden. Unbelted occupants sustained fatal injuries throughout the whole speed scale, whereas none of the
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A study demonstrated that standard automotive three-point restraints fitted with pyrotechnic or electric pretensioners were not able to eliminate all interior passenger compartment head strikes in rollover test conditions. Electric pretensioners are often incorporated on vehicles equipped with
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Some systems also pre-emptively tighten the belt during fast accelerations and strong decelerations, even if no crash has happened. This has the advantage that it may help prevent the driver from sliding out of position during violent evasive maneuvers, which could cause loss of control of the
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In response to the
Congressional action, NHTSA once again amended FMVSS 208, requiring vehicles to come with a seat belt reminder system that gives an audible signal for 4 to 8 seconds and a warning light for at least 60 seconds after the ignition is turned on if the driver's seat belt is not
2096:"It has been shown that there is no net safety benefit for passengers who choose to wear 3-point restraints on passenger-carrying rail vehicles. Generally, passengers who choose not to wear restraints in a vehicle modified to accept 3-point restraints receive marginally more severe injuries."
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some collisions from happening, as well as reduce injuries in the event an actual collision occurs. Pre-emptive systems generally use electric pretensioners, which can operate repeatedly and for a sustained period, rather than pyrotechnic pretensioners, which can only operate a single time.
809:; they are designed to reduce seat belt slack in a potential collision and assist in placing the occupants in a more optimal seating position. The electric pretensioners also can operate on a repeated or sustained basis, providing better protection in the event of an extended rollover or a
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As with adult drivers and passengers, the advent of seat belts was accompanied by calls for their use by child occupants, including legislation requiring such use. Generally, children using adult seat belts suffer significantly lower injury risk when compared to non-buckled children.
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turbulence and aerobatic maneuvers. Passenger aircraft are fitted with lap belts. Unlike road vehicles, passenger aircraft seat belts are not primarily designed for crash protection. Their main purpose is to keep passengers in their seats during events such as turbulence. Many
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reminders than in those without: 76% and 71% respectively. In 2007, Honda conducted a similar study and found that 90% of people who drove Hondas with seat belt reminders used a seat belt, while 84% of people who drove Hondas without seat belt reminders used a seat belt.
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worked with Saab and Ford to determine the requirements for the most efficient seat belt reminder. One characteristic of the optimal SBR, according to the research, is that the audible warning becomes increasingly penetrating the longer the seat belt remains unfastened.
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BIS-equipped front seats, providing a measure of safety not available when these cars were new. However, modern BIS systems typically use electronics that must be installed and connected with the seats and the vehicle's electrical system in order to function properly.
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minutes if the driver is unbelted, sounding for 6 seconds then pausing for 30, increased seat belt use by 5 percentage points. Farmer and Wells found that driver fatality rates were 6% lower for vehicles with ESBR compared with otherwise-identical vehicles without.
402:, requiring their use by drivers and front-seat passengers. This legislation was enacted after trialing Hemco seat belts, designed by Desmond Hemphill (1926–2001), in the front seats of police vehicles, lowering the incidence of officer injury and death. Mandatory
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Seat belts that automatically move into position around a vehicle occupant once the adjacent door is closed and/or the engine is started were developed as a countermeasure against low usage rates of manual seat belts, particularly in the United States. The 1972
1272:(FMVSS 208) was amended by the NHTSA to require a seat belt/starter interlock system to prevent passenger cars from being started with an unbelted front-seat occupant. This mandate applied to passenger cars built after August 1973, i.e., starting with the 1974
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The use of seat belts in trains has been investigated. Concerns about survival space intrusion in train crashes and increased injuries to unrestrained or incorrectly restrained passengers led researchers to discourage the use of seat belts in trains.
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assessment concluded seat-mounted three-point belts offer better protection especially to smaller vehicle occupants, though GM did not find a safety performance improvement in vehicles with seat-mounted belts versus belts mounted to the vehicle body.
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Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning type-approval requirements for the general safety of motor vehicles, their trailers and systems, components and separate technical units intended
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looped and stitched with special stitching. The function of this is to "rip" at a predetermined load, which reduces the maximum force transmitted through the belt to the occupant during a violent collision, reducing injuries to the occupant.
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the occupant in position. The first automatic locking retractor for seat belts and shoulder harnesses in the U.S. was the Irving "Dynalock" safety device. These "Auto-lock" front lap belts were optional on AMC cars with bucket seats in 1967.
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of this separate or semi-separate type were installed in conjunction with lap belts in the outboard front seating positions of many vehicles in the North American market starting at the inception of the shoulder belt requirement of the U.S.
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for vehicle manufacturers. One Los Angeles case resulted in a $ 45 million jury verdict against Ford; the resulting $ 30 million judgment (after deductions for another defendant who settled prior to trial) was affirmed on appeal in 2006.
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weaving pattern to maximize the thread density. Modern seatbelt weaves also feature snag-proof selvedges reinforced with strong polyester threads to prevent the wear and tear, while remaining flexible. The weave features about 300
4979:"Automotive Research And Development, Automotive Service Provider, India, Vehicle Type Certification, Automotive Testing And Calibration, Vehicle Design Labs, Advanced Automotive Design Standards, Automotive Engineering Course"
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In 2005, in Sweden, 70% of all cars that were newly registered were equipped with seat belt reminders for the driver. Since November 2014, seat belt reminders are mandatory for the driver's seat on new cars sold in Europe.
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has summarized these data by stating "seat belts reduce serious crash-related injuries and deaths by about half." Most malfunctions are a result of there being too much slack in the seat belt at the time of the accident.
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Until the 1980s, three-point belts were commonly available only in the front outboard seats of cars; the back seats were often only fitted with lap belts. Evidence of the potential of lap belts to cause separation of the
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and there are two shoulder belts, making a total of five points of attachment to the seat. A 4-point harness is similar, but without the strap between the legs, while a 6-point harness has two belts between the legs. In
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Other statistical analyses have included adjustments for factors such as increased traffic and age, and based on these adjustments, which results in a reduction of morbidity and mortality due to seat belt use. However,
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1996, all passenger vehicles were required to lock pre-crash, meaning they have a locking mechanism in the retractor or in the latch plate. Seat belts are stowed on spring-loaded reels called "retractors" equipped with
98:
When in motion, the driver and passengers are traveling at the same speed as the vehicle. If the vehicle suddenly stops or crashes, the occupants continue at the same speed the vehicle was going before it stopped.
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1276:. The specifications required the system to permit the car to be started only if the belt of an occupied seat were fastened after the occupant sat down, so pre-buckling the belts would not defeat the system.
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A seat belt applies an opposing force to the driver and passengers to prevent them from falling out or making contact with the interior of the car (especially preventing contact with, or going through, the
1054:'s Automotive Safety Research Group, as well as other researchers, are testing ways to improve seat belt effectiveness and general vehicle safety apparatuses. Wayne State's Bioengineering Center uses human
703:, who was wearing a five-point harness when he suffered his fatal crash. As it was first thought that his belt had broken, and broke his neck at impact, some teams ordered a six-point harness in response.
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buckles allows for the seatbelt to be easily clasped and unclasped, accessible quickly in case of an emergency where a passenger must evacuate, and fulfills the minimum safety requirements provided by the
884:, mandated that by 1983 every new car should have either airbags or automatic seat belts. There was strong lobbying against the passive restraint requirement by the auto industry. Adams was criticized by
154:
In case of vehicle rollover, there are 10% incapacitating injury in 1994 and 10% in 2014 when the user is restrained. There are 32% incapacitating injury in 1994 and 25% in 2014 when user is unrestrained.
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is engaged, the reel locks and the strap restrains the belted occupant in position. Dual-sensing locking retractors use both vehicle G-loading and webbing payout rate to initiate the locking mechanism.
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A 2001 analysis of U.S. crash data aimed to establish the effects of legislation on driving fatalities and found that previous estimates of seat belt effectiveness had been significantly overstated.
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cars refused to shift from Park to Drive for 20 seconds if the driver is unbuckled and the car is in "teen driver" mode. A similar feature was previously available on some General Motors fleet cars.
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increased risk of head injury. One of the authors of this research said, "The early graduation of kids into adult lap and shoulder belts is a leading cause of child-occupant injuries and deaths."
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Australia has required lap/sash seat belts in new coaches since 1994. These must comply with Australian Design Rule 68, which requires the seat belt, seat and seat anchorage to withstand 20
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tried to develop a passive three point seat belt. In 1973, Volkswagen announced they had a functional passive seat belt. The first commercial car to use automatic seat belts was the 1975
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has only around 9 inches for their head to travel forward, meaning restraining the torso and head is relatively unnecessary as the head has little room to accelerate before collision.
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while the spring tension of the reel keeps the belt taut against the occupant. When the pendulum swings away from its normal plumb position due to sudden deceleration or rollover, a
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in a U.S. passenger car, there are 0.71% fatalities in 1994 and 0.87% in 2014 when user is restrained. There are 7% fatalities in 1994 and 13% in 2014 when the user is unrestrained.
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590:"Uni-Belt" began to supplant the separate lap and shoulder belts in American-made cars, though such three-point belts had already been supplied in European vehicles such as Volvo,
643:
The Belt-in-Seat (BIS) is a three-point harness with the shoulder belt attached to the seat itself, rather than to the vehicle structure. The first car using this system was the
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II. Vehicles equipped with safety-belts, safety-belt reminders, restraint systems, child restraint systems and ISOFIX child restraint systems and i-Size child restraint systems
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belted occupants was fatally injured at accident speeds below 60 mph. No belted occupant was fatally injured if the passenger compartment remained intact. Bohlin was granted
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in a U.S. passenger car or SUV, from 1994 to 2004, wearing a seat belt reduced the risk of fatalities or incapacitating injuries and increased the probability of no injury:
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In the European Union, seat belt reminders are mandatory in all new passenger cars for the driver seat. In 2014, EC Regulation 661/2009 made UN Regulation 16 applicable.
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The probability of no injury is 45% in 1994 and 44% in 2014 when the user is restrained. There were 19% no injury in 1994 and 15% in 2014 when the user is unrestrained.
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623:, first outfitted with a two-point belt at initial delivery in 1958, replaced with the three-point seat belt the following year. The three-point belt was developed by
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became mandatory on all passenger vehicles in model year 1995, most manufacturers stopped equipping cars with automatic seat belts. Exceptions include the 1995–96
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A lap belt is a strap that goes over the waist. This was the most common type of belt prior to legislation requiring three-point belts and is found in older cars.
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127:. The range of fatality reduction for front seat passengers was broad, from 20% to 55%, as was the range of major injury, from 25% to 60%. More recently, the
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2126:, permit the use of airline infant lap belts (sometimes known as an infant loop or belly belt) to secure an infant under age two sitting on an adult's lap.
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https://road-safety.transport.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-01/Road%20Safety%20Thematic%20Report%20-%20Seat%20belt%20and%20child%20restraint%20systems.pdf
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began to be introduced in the 1980s and faced opposition, with some consumers going to court to challenge the laws. Some cut seat belts out of their cars.
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The UK extended compulsory seat belt wearing to child passengers under the age of 14 in 1989. It was observed that this measure was accompanied by a 10%
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Pretensioners preemptively tighten the belt to prevent the occupant from jerking forward in a crash. Mercedes-Benz first introduced pretensioners on the
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in the late 1950s, and set the standard for seat belts in Swedish cars. The three-point seat belt was developed to its modern form by Swedish inventor
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BĂ©dard M, Guyatt GH, Stones MJ, Hirdes JP (2002). "The independent contribution of driver, crash, and vehicle characteristics to driver fatalities".
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Two specifications define the standard of seat belt reminder: UN Regulation 16, Section 8.4 and the Euro NCAP assessment protocol (Euro NCAP, 2013).
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The Ability of Automakers to Introduce a Costly, Regulated New Technology: A Case Study of Automotive Airbags in the U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle Market
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said that cars with automatic seat belts had a fatality rate of .78 per 100 million miles, compared with 2.34 for cars with regular, manual belts.
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authorities require a "fasten seat belt" sign in passenger aircraft that can be activated by a pilot during takeoff, turbulence, and landing. The
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safety package. In 1967, Volvo started to install lap belts in the rear seats. In 1972, Volvo upgraded the rear seat belts to a three-point belt.
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to be used only in an emergency, but in practice are routinely used in the same manner as manual seat belt clasps. This system also found use by
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University of Minnesota professor James J. (Crash) Ryan was the inventor of, and held the patent for, the automatic retractable lap safety belt.
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635:. Volvo then made the new seat belt design patent open in the interest of safety and made it available to other car manufacturers for free.
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Bourbeau R, Desjardins D, Maag U, Laberge-Nadeau C (1993). "Neck injuries among belted and unbelted occupants of the front seat of cars".
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2193:(Report). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Plans and Programs, Office of Planning and Analysis. July 11, 1984. p. IV-2
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Ford offered seat belts as an option in 1955. These were not popular, with only 2% of Ford buyers choosing to pay for seat belts in 1956.
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Research and development efforts are ongoing to improve the safety performance of vehicle seat belts. Some experimental designs include:
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2211:
2083:
In the United States, NHTSA now requires lap-shoulder seat belts in new "over-the-road" buses (includes most coaches) starting in 2016.
1011:
Because many automatic belt system designs compliant with the U.S. passive-restraint mandate did not meet the anchorage requirements of
414:
The 'belt' part of the typical seatbelt seen in vehicles worldwide is referred to as the 'webbing'. Modern seat belt webbing has a high
403:
4086:
2766:
2708:
5640:
4218:
4113:
974:. The shoulder belt is fixed to the aft upper corner of the vehicle door and is not motorized. The lap belt must be fastened manually.
963:
the belt moves rearward along the track to its original position, thus securing the passenger. The lap belt must be fastened manually.
927:
4658:
I. Safety-belts, restraint systems, child restraint systems and ISOFIX child restraint systems for occupants of power-driven vehicles
1986:
pre- and post-seat belt law introduction, it was found that 40% more escaped injury and 35% more escaped mild and moderate injuries.
1982:
of crash death is 0.46 with a three-point belt when compared with no belt. In another study that examined injuries presenting to the
1260:
This improvement applies from 1 September 2019 for new types of motor vehicles and from 1 September 2021 for all new motor vehicles.
774:
6237:
4750:
4484:
4252:
3500:"Assessment of a Pre-Crash Technology in Frontal Impacts by Using a New Crash Test Sled System with Controllable Pre-Impact Braking"
3170:
2828:
2603:
2006:, which says that drivers adjust their behavior in response to the increased sense of personal safety wearing a seat belt provides.
1223:
552:
While lap belts are exceedingly rare to spot in modern cars, they are the standard in commercial airliners. The lift-lever style of
5126:
1341:
Safety belts, restraint systems, child restraint systems, and ISOFIX child restraint systems for occupants of power-driven vehicles
3307:
2034:
predicts a fall in accident rate with increasing car ownership and has been demonstrated independently of seat belt legislation.
2328:
DOT HS 810 741 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date An Analysis of Motor Vehicle Rollover Crashes and March 2007 Injury outcomes
923:
558:
115:
5782:
2989:
2683:
3219:
2347:
2165:
896:
showed an increase in wearing rates with this door-mounted system. General Motors began offering automatic seat belts on the
3946:
2376:
2058:
In the U.S., six states—California, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, and Texas—require seat belts on school buses.
1073:), started testing seat belts and whiplash safety on all test cars at the Thatcham Research Centre with crash test dummies.
451:
onto the fabric as a result of heat produced by friction, whereas fiber based clothing leaves no remains on modern webbing.
3395:
2508:
5949:
3448:
3342:
2473:
Shelden, C. Hunter (November 5, 1955). "Prevention, the only cure for head injuries resulting from automobile accidents".
1167:
977:
Automatic shoulder and lap belts: This system was mainly used in General Motors vehicles, though it was also used on some
930:. In 1984, the Reagan Administration reversed its course, though in the meantime the original deadline had been extended;
3766:
966:
Manual lap belt with automatic non-motorized shoulder belt: This system was used in American-market vehicles such as the
359:
was introduced at the New York Motor Show in 1958 with safety belts fitted as standard, the practice became commonplace.
5909:
5826:
942:
290:
123:
An analysis conducted in the United States in 1984 compared a variety of seat belt types alone and in combination with
6311:
6191:
6035:
3648:
919:
858:
822:
5593:
2429:. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT-TSC-NHTSA-79-1). p. 17.
310:
To reduce the high level of injuries Shelden was seeing, he proposed, in late 1955, retractable seat belts, recessed
5575:
2905:
1111:: An experimental design from Ford where the "suspenders" are attached to the backrest, not to the frame of the car.
6081:
5959:
5869:
5766:
5050:"A comprehensive statewide analysis of seatbelt non-use with injury and hospital admissions: new data, old problem"
4501:
3609:
2565:
2053:
1175:
In crashes, unbelted rear passengers increase the risk of belted front seat occupants' death by nearly five times.
1063:
881:
810:
507:
are equipped with lap belts (although many newer coaches have three-point belts), as are passenger aircraft seats.
4057:
3537:
3369:
1365:
UN Regulation No. 44: restraining devices for child occupants of power-driven vehicles ("Child Restraint Systems")
6316:
5428:
Albers AC (2001). "Should there be laws mandating seatbelts in all school busses? Writing for the pro position".
3672:
415:
5532:
Garzon DL (2001). "Should there be laws mandating seatbelts in all school buses? Writing for the con position".
4021:
332:
in 1958. This was a continuation of an earlier patent application that Sheren had filed on September 22, 1952.
107:). Seat belts are considered primary restraint systems (PRSs), because of their vital role in occupant safety.
1231:
and sound the chime until the driver (and sometimes the front passenger, if present) fasten their seat belts.
900:. However, the company reported disappointing sales because of this feature. For the 1981 model year, the new
4626:
5914:
5738:
4268:
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA); Department of Transportation (DOT) (April 5, 2013).
3025:
2619:
1284:
fastened. This is called a seat belt reminder (SBR) system. In the mid-1990s, the Swedish insurance company
987:
700:
6275:
4571:
4546:
3419:
3198:
3112:
6326:
5994:
4391:
4376:
3136:
1345:
1051:
619:
on August 13, 1959. The first car model to have the three-point seat belt as a standard item was the 1959
80:
5848:
136:
number of accidents. This idea, known as compensating-behavior theory, is not supported by the evidence.
83:
with interior strike hazards, by keeping occupants positioned correctly for maximum effectiveness of the
6096:
5862:
5614:
4171:"Estimates of Motor Vehicle Seat Belt Effectiveness and Use: Implications for Occupant Crash Protection"
4148:
3590:
2155:
1949:
1166:
In 1955 (as a 1956 package), Ford offered lap-only seat belts in the rear seats as an option within the
922:, influenced by studies done by the auto industry, dropped the mandate; the decision was overruled in a
821:
The inflatable seat belt was invented by Donald Lewis and tested at the Automotive Products Division of
5250:
4675:
European Road Safety Observatory, Road Safety Thematic Report – Seat belt and child restraint systems,
4643:
4611:
464:
A two-point belt attaches at its two endpoints. A simple strap was first used March 12, 1910, by pilot
4928:
https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/2020/ECE-TRANS-WP.29-343-Rev.28-Add.1.pdf
5385:
Spital M, Spital A, Spital R (November 1986). "The compelling case for seat belts on school busses".
4821:
4702:
Chrysler Master Technician Service Conference Session - 1974, Volume 74-1 Seat Belt Starter Interlock
2273:
1349:
587:
395:
294:
5703:
5163:"Road traffic accidents before and after seatbelt legislation--study in a district general hospital"
3328:
3278:
3271:"The first seat offered in the US that incorporated a three-point belt—on the 1990 Mercedes-Benz SL"
2652:
2398:
263:
235:
207:
179:
6321:
781:
Seat belts in many newer vehicles are also equipped with "pretensioners" or "web clamps", or both.
644:
516:
439:
39:
6281:
4219:"Automotive Safety Research Group-Office of the Vice President for Research- Division of Research"
5944:
5924:
5410:
4706:
4419:
3065:
2935:
2292:
2150:
1328:
897:
785:
748:
679:
541:
92:
88:
5812:
4392:"Mortality of front-seat occupants attributable to unbelted rear-seat passengers in car crashes"
2875:
2248:
326:, submitted a patent application on March 31, 1955, for an automotive seat belt and was awarded
2845:
2073:
In the European Union, all new long-distance buses and coaches must be fitted with seat belts.
892:
also had automatic seat belts, and VW said that by early 1978, 90,000 cars had sold with them.
841:
6201:
6155:
6119:
5549:
5486:
5445:
5402:
5318:
5283:
5192:
5143:
5106:
5071:
5030:
4888:
4871:
Farmer CM, Wells JK (2010). "Effect of enhanced seat belt reminders on driver fatality risk".
4775:
4746:
4521:
4480:
4411:
4248:
4200:
3506:
3166:
3037:
3001:
2824:
2772:
2742:
2631:
2599:
2490:
2300:
2219:
2135:
2003:
1911:
889:
744:
locking mechanisms that stop the belt from extending off the reel during severe deceleration.
687:
683:
648:
525:
419:
283:
76:
5697:"Assessment of Three-point Passenger Restraints (seatbelts) Fitted to Seats on Rail Vehicles"
5360:
5225:
4662:
4326:
2964:
2304:
747:
There are two main types of inertial seat belt locks. A webbing-sensitive lock is based on a
429:
was used in some early seat belts (and is still used for lap belts), it was replaced by 100%
6160:
6091:
5541:
5504:
5476:
5437:
5394:
5310:
5273:
5265:
5182:
5174:
5135:
5098:
5061:
5020:
5012:
4880:
4513:
4403:
4190:
4182:
4092:
3244:
2801:
2658:
2482:
2284:
1963:
1357:
1035:
1020:
971:
761:
533:
528:
signed two bills in 1966 requiring safety belts in all passenger vehicles starting in 1968.
521:
484:
465:
148:
140:
31:
5795:"ICAO Manual Provides New Recommended Practices For Aircraft Cabin Child Restraint Systems"
5647:
5301:
Janssen W (1994). "Seat-belt wearing and driving behavior: an instrumented-vehicle study".
5251:"An experimental test of risk compensation: between-subject versus within-subject analyses"
4964:
4222:
4120:
1102:
similar to the criss-cross. The 3+2 improves protection against rollovers and side impacts.
561:
while remaining low-cost to produce. Furthermore, in case of any collision, a passenger in
5783:
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec23-785.pdf
4686:
4681:
3033:
2627:
2145:
1184:
866:
806:
612:
545:
480:
352:
323:
4569:
Road Amendment (Isabelle Broadhead Child Restraint Measures) Rules 2010. No. 46. Rule 1.
4685: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
1122:, designed by MIT, to fold without compromising the safety and comfort of the occupants.
6186:
6060:
6055:
6045:
6030:
5974:
5969:
5481:
5464:
5187:
5162:
5025:
5000:
4500:
Winston, Flaura K.; Durbin, Dennis R.; Kallan, Michael J.; Moll, Elisa K. (June 2000).
4195:
4170:
2160:
2140:
2115:
2031:
1983:
1764:
1744:
946:
931:
901:
652:
311:
60:
5139:
4978:
4407:
1135:
6300:
6265:
6232:
6206:
6050:
5999:
5919:
5733:
5545:
5441:
5414:
5314:
5269:
5102:
3086:
2904:
United States Congress House Committee on Public Works Subcommittee on Roads (1972).
2486:
2296:
1816:
982:
967:
826:
628:
591:
562:
444:
391:
279:
4423:
3825:
2654:
A Statistical Analysis of 28,000 Accidents with Emphasis on Occupant Restraint Value
2274:"The Effects of Mandatory Seat Belt Laws on Driving Behavior and Traffic Fatalities"
495:
6015:
2794:"Case Study of Clothing Fabric Transfer to Seat Belt Webbing Under Accident Forces"
2687:
1016:
995:
950:
616:
346:
5336:
2002:
Some have proposed that the number of deaths was influenced by the development of
259:
231:
203:
175:
4849:
647:, which offered BIS as standard on the front seats from 1970. Some cars like the
27:
Vehicle safety device to protect against injury during collisions and sudden stop
6285:
6216:
6165:
6150:
6106:
6086:
5979:
5929:
2516:
2122:
recommends the use of child restraints. Some airline authorities, including the
2105:
1856:
991:
978:
885:
873:
846:
672:
624:
511:
504:
483:
when his team decided the daredevil should have a "safety harness" for the 1923
434:
370:
300:
5178:
3058:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Occupant Crash Protection. Final Rule"
2187:
6242:
6145:
6040:
5989:
5984:
5954:
5066:
5049:
4884:
4700:
4119:. Transport Canada. July 22, 2010. pp. 2, 5, 8. CL9203(E). Archived from
3498:
Ito, Daisuke; Ejima, Susumu; Sukegawa, Yoshihiro; Antona, Jacobo; Ito, Hisao.
1979:
1959:
1273:
915:
862:
854:
632:
376:
362:
356:
341:
328:
104:
4779:
2963:. University of Michigan - UMTRI Automotive Safety Conference. Archived from
447:
for every 46mm wide webbing, leading to around 150 ends per inch of webbing.
17:
6247:
6211:
6196:
6101:
6076:
5001:"Seatbelt legislation in Japan: high risk driver mortality and seatbelt use"
4768:"Congress Clears Auto Safety Measure Eliminating Seat Belt Interlock System"
4517:
2958:"A Supplier's Perspective on Automotive Safety – Past, Present & Future"
2906:"1972 Highway Legislation: Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, Second Session"
2596:
The Seat Belt: Swedish Research and Development for Global Automotive Safety
2541:"The man who saved a million lives: Nils Bohlin - inventor of the seat belt"
1955:
1866:
1311:
1269:
1189:
1089:
1070:
830:
726:
711:
691:
620:
537:
430:
399:
315:
68:
5827:"Airplane Restraint Devices: Car Seats, CARES Harness & Lap Belt Rules"
5553:
5449:
5147:
5075:
5034:
4892:
4525:
4415:
4347:
4269:
3005:
2494:
5843:
5490:
5406:
5398:
5322:
5287:
5196:
5110:
4741:
Petersen Publishing (1975). "Restraint Systems". In Erwin M. Rosen (ed.).
4186:
1222:
773:
573:
6124:
5964:
5939:
5278:
4204:
2805:
1055:
756:
714:
553:
476:
71:
or a sudden stop. A seat belt reduces the likelihood of death or serious
2573:
2288:
2065:
In 2015, for the first time, NHTSA endorsed seat belts on school buses.
872:
Automatic seat belts received a boost in the United States in 1977 when
6140:
5615:"EU law makes seat belts obligatory in long distance buses and coaches"
2793:
2077:
2010:
1967:
1784:
1285:
1099:
938:
741:
319:
64:
5016:
3767:"Auto Industry Expresses Reluctance, Resignation Over Air Bag Mandate"
3679:
904:
became the first car to offer motorized automatic passive seat belts.
611:
three-point belt in 1959. The first car with a three-point belt was a
258:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
230:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
202:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
174:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
6135:
6025:
5934:
5646:. U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from
5568:"Why Aren't Seat Belts Required on School Buses? | Wonderopolis"
4502:"The danger of premature graduation to seat belts for young children"
3245:"Volvo's Three-Point Safety Belt Celebrates 50 Years of Saving Lives"
1794:
1774:
1353:
1119:
1012:
696:
418:, about 3000-6000lbs, to resist tearing at high loads such as during
387:, requiring all automobiles to comply with certain safety standards.
124:
119:
Lives saved by seat belts and airbags in the United States, 1991–2001
84:
72:
4612:
http://etsc.eu/wp-content/uploads/ETSC_Seat_belt_reminder_oct_06.pdf
2657:. 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference. Society of Automotive Engineers.
2080:
deceleration and an impact by an unrestrained occupant to the rear.
1249:
Amendment of UN Regulation 16 made seat belt reminders mandatory in
602:
5641:"Three point seat belts on coaches - the first decade in Australia"
4728:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Occupant Crash Protection"
2662:
1008:
may be thrown from the vehicle and suffer greater injury or death.
6020:
4766:
Times, Walter Rugaber Special to The New York (October 16, 1974).
2104:
1971:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1804:
1754:
1221:
1214:
below a certain size are forbidden to travel in front car seats."
1188:
1034:
840:
772:
725:
667:
601:
572:
494:
426:
366:
114:
87:(if equipped), and by preventing occupants being ejected from the
38:
5672:"NHTSA Announces Final Rule Requiring Seat Belts on Motorcoaches"
4390:
Ichikawa, Masao; Nakahara, Shinji; Wakai, Susumu (January 2002).
4319:"Ford researches possible next-generation safety belt technology"
2598:. Stockholm: Kulturvårdskommittén Vattenfall. pp. 9, 15–16.
5813:"Airline seating allocations | UK Civil Aviation Authority"
5617:. European Public Health Alliance. July 19, 2006. Archived from
3505:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from
3347:
3161:
Lindh, Björn Erik (1986). "The Amazon/120 - Beauty with Brown".
5858:
5854:
5765:. International Air Transport Association. 2012. Archived from
3370:"Lock it up! How to Lock a Seat Belt for Car Seat Installation"
2765:
Ahmad, Sheraz; Rasheed, Abher; Nawab, Yasir (August 21, 2020).
355:
introduced seat belts as standard equipment in 1958. After the
5894:
3610:"Ford says inflatable seat belt improves safety, comfort, too"
2218:. Centers for Disease Control. August 20, 2015. Archived from
1130:
244:
216:
188:
160:
5729:"Decoding the Design of In-Flight Seat Belts - Atlas Obscura"
5618:
5590:"NHTSA reverses course, now wants seat belts on school buses"
5465:"Cost-benefit analysis of safety belts in Texas school buses"
4348:"Case Studies - Seat Belt Manufacturers - GWR Safety Systems"
3880:"Sales of Automatic Seat Belts Disappointing, Chevrolet Says"
2445:"Before face masks, Americans went to war against seat belts"
2340:"Clunk, click – an invention that's saved lives for 50 years"
1970:
indicate that wearing seat belts greatly reduces the risk of
289:
In 1946, C. Hunter Shelden opened a neurological practice at
2792:
Davee, Daniel; Brown, Jeffrey C.; Raasch, Christine (2006).
953:, which had automatic safety belts along with dual airbags.
4743:
The Petersen Automotive Troubleshooting & Repair Manual
479:
made the seat belt for use by professional race car driver
30:
This article is about the safety device. For the band, see
4663:
https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2022-01/R016r10e.pdf
3722:"Airbags, seat belts to be mandatory in every car by 1983"
339:) commonly used in consumer vehicles was patented in 1955
4908:"Teens Who Don't Buckle Up: Chevy Has A Surprise For You"
4135:
4133:
3831:(Report). Transportation Research Board. 2004. p. 48
998:, a car that traditionally had a motorized shoulder belt.
690:
cars. The lap portion is connected to a belt between the
63:
device designed to secure the driver or a passenger of a
4965:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations"
4745:. New York, NY: Grosset & Dunlap. pp. 373–374.
2438:
2436:
472:, so he might remain at the controls during turbulence.
5048:
Allen S, Zhu S, Sauter C, Layde P, Hargarten S (2006).
4572:"New South Wales Government on NSW legislation website"
1368:
UN Regulation No. 129: Enhanced Child Restraint Systems
1147:
318:, automatic door locks, and passive restraints such as
3921:"Study Finds Automatic Seat Belts, Airbags Save Lives"
2566:"Trollhattan Saab—Saab 9-1, 9-3, 9-4x, 9-5, 9-7x News"
2399:"The Surprisingly Controversial History Of Seat Belts"
2241:"Clearwater Car Accident Injuries | Whiplash Injuries"
335:
The first modern three-point seat belt (the so-called
2846:"The Origin of Military Aviation in Texas, 1910–1913"
4709:
from the original on 2021-12-11 – via YouTube.
4114:"List of Vehicles Admissible From the United States"
2535:
2533:
1253:
all front and rear seats of passenger cars and vans,
1115:
888:, who said that the 1983 deadline was too late. The
6225:
6179:
6115:
6069:
6008:
5902:
4446:"Unbelted rear passengers 'biggest danger in crash"
4042:"U.S. to require airbags or automatic seat belts".
3826:
Buckling Up: Technologies to Increase Seat Belt Use
3796:"Crusade Continues, But The Intensity Has Mellowed"
2346:. Johnston Press Digital Publishing. Archived from
5210:Fenton, John (January 24, 1969). "Safety Design".
4444:
3091:Continuing Education of the Bar - California "CEB"
3087:"Karlsson v. Ford Motor Co. (2006) 140 CA4th 1202"
1114:3-point Adjustable: Experimental safety belt from
1069:In 2004, The European New Car Assessment Program (
67:against harmful movement that may result during a
5337:"State laws requiring seat belts in school buses"
2594:Andréasson, Rune; Bäckström, Claes-Göran (2000).
3220:"Three-point seatbelt inventor Nils Bohlin born"
2509:"Automobile safety belt system - Patent 2855215"
4655:Uniform provisions concerning the approval of:
4621:
4619:
2990:""Crash" Was His Name; Car Safety Was His Game"
2272:Cohen, Alma; Einav, Liran (December 10, 2001).
2014:driving speeds and closer following distances.
1218:Automated reminders and engine start interlocks
1193:This child car seat has its own belting system.
718:necessary to parachute from a failed aircraft.
699:, the 6-point harness became popular after the
438:belts are commonly 46 or 48 mm wide with a 2/2
5639:Griffths M; Paine M; Moore R (June 15, 2005).
2908:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 180
792:vehicle. These pre-emptive safety systems may
584:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
304:year "only 1,000 had been used" by customers.
5870:
4923:
4921:
4547:"Kids at Risk: When Seatbelts are Not Enough"
3970:"Automatic seat belt, airbag rules dropped".
3864:"GM's Automatic Seat Belts Go on Chevettes".
3113:"Decoding the Design of In-Flight Seat Belts"
2324:
2322:
2320:
2267:
2265:
1270:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208
385:National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
278:Seat belts were invented by English engineer
8:
4994:
4992:
4294:"3+2 Point Seatbelt and Side-Support Airbag"
2188:Passenger Car Front Seat Occupant Protection
1335:UN Regulation No. 14: safety belt anchorages
1088:: Experimental safety belt presented in the
918:, the first Transportation Secretary of the
3165:. Förlagshuset Norden, Malmö. p. 134.
2475:Journal of the American Medical Association
2420:
2418:
1974:and injury in the majority of car crashes.
383:Subsequently, in 1966, Congress passed the
5877:
5863:
5855:
5361:"It's time for seat belts on school buses"
4843:
4841:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4245:Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers
4014:"Middle Lane: Bags, Belts, and a Loophole"
3789:
3787:
3728:. Penn State. July 1, 1977. Archived from
3701:
3699:
2821:From the Wright brothers to the astronauts
2009:In one trial subjects were asked to drive
1371:
1092:. It forms a cross-brace across the chest.
909:United States Department of Transportation
394:was put in place in 1970, in the state of
129:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5480:
5277:
5186:
5065:
5024:
4194:
4080:
4078:
3820:
3818:
3816:
2120:International Civil Aviation Organization
1978:studying using U.S. data showed that the
878:United States Secretary of Transportation
5167:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
4999:Nakahara S, Ichikawa M, Wakai S (2003).
4809:
4807:
3396:"How Seatbelts Work: Extend and Retract"
2709:"Seat Belt Testing for Tensile Strength"
1731:
1310:Starting with the 2020 model year, some
1039:A test apparatus with a crash test dummy
470:Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps
422:or while restraining larger passengers.
322:be made mandatory. Glenn W. Sheren, of
4008:
4006:
3300:"Up Close: Seatbelt safety in question"
3137:"Volvo Cars airbag celebrates 20 years"
2176:
755:A vehicle-sensitive lock is based on a
675:combined with a Schroth 6-point harness
651:use this system for the front seats. A
520:and, following hearings led by Senator
345:by the Americans Roger W. Griswold and
4064:. Associated Press. September 30, 1977
3343:"Earnhardt's death a watershed moment"
3319:
3317:
3191:"Allt om Motor: Trepunktsbältet 50 år"
3163:Volvo The Cars from the 20s to the 80s
730:Seat belt with uncovered inertial reel
4443:Derbyshire, David (January 4, 2002).
2928:"Development of Automotive Seatbelts"
2880:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly
2850:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly
2760:
2758:
2730:
2728:
1344:Vehicles equipped with safety belts,
499:A lap ("2-point") belt in an airplane
7:
6271:
5760:"Guidance for Turbulence Management"
3908:. Ward's Communications. p. 27.
3765:Stevens, William K. (July 1, 1977).
3325:"In Search of the Perfect Seat Belt"
2738:Textiles for Industrial Applications
2735:Kumar, R. Senthil (April 19, 2016).
2686:. Drivers Technology. Archived from
2182:
2180:
1256:all front seats of buses and trucks.
926:the following year, and then by the
4325:. December 29, 2007. Archived from
4270:"New Car Assessment Program (NCAP)"
3945:Brody, Jane E. (December 9, 1981).
3531:"Microsoft Word - 2007-01-0709.doc"
2956:Fischer, Kurt (February 16, 2011).
2819:Foulois, Benjamin Delahauf (1980).
2771:. Springer Nature. pp. 72–73.
2397:Janik, Erika (September 25, 2017).
2338:Manby, Frederic (August 24, 2009).
404:seat belt laws in the United States
5507:Pros, Cons of School Bus Seatbelts
5303:Accident Analysis & Prevention
5258:Accident Analysis & Prevention
5127:Accident Analysis & Prevention
4906:Domonoske, Camila (May 21, 2019).
4169:Robertson, L.S. (September 1976).
3849:"GM Offers Automatic Seat Belts".
3750:"Air Bags, Automatic Seat Belts".
3608:Silke, Sharon (November 6, 2009).
3430:(1). IPC Transport Press: 62. 1964
3111:Nosowitz, Dan (January 29, 2018).
2876:"Early Military Aviation in Texas"
1934:AS/NZS 1754:2013; AS/NZS 3629:2013
615:that was delivered to a dealer in
25:
6238:Automobile auxiliary power outlet
5727:Dan Nosowitz (January 29, 2018).
4175:American Journal of Public Health
4091:(Master's Thesis). Archived from
3919:Girard, Penny (August 31, 1978).
3794:Haic, Marty (February 23, 1979).
3633:"Cool features you can buy now".
2874:Giles, Barney M. (October 1950).
2515:. October 7, 1958. Archived from
2443:Ackerman, Daniel (May 26, 2020).
2124:UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)
1373:international safety regulations
1242:European Union seat belt reminder
1226:Warning lights on a car dashboard
627:, who had earlier also worked on
6280:
6270:
6261:
6260:
5893:Part of a series of articles on
5842:
5546:10.1097/00005721-200101000-00003
5442:10.1097/00005721-200101000-00002
5103:10.1097/00005373-199311000-00024
4680:
4058:"Chrysler Doubts Air-Bag Claims"
3251:(Press release). August 11, 2009
2487:10.1001/jama.1955.02960270001001
1875:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1134:
1098:: Experimental safety belt from
990:when they created the 1991-1994
907:A study released in 1978 by the
777:Pyrotechnic pretensioner diagram
468:, a pioneering aviator with the
249:
221:
193:
165:
43:Buckling a three-point seat belt
4940:"Regs 1-20 - Transport - UNECE"
4794:"U.S.C. 30124 - Transportation"
4589:"Seat Belts Technology - RoSPA"
4457:from the original on 2022-01-12
4020:. July 23, 1984. Archived from
3906:Ward's Automotive Yearbook 1981
3306:. June 20, 2003. Archived from
1327:Several countries apply UN-ECE
4296:. May 13, 2008. Archived from
3986:"Automatic seat belts ordered"
3974:. October 24, 1981. p. 1.
3886:. February 23, 1979. p. 1
2166:Seat belt use rates by country
861:presented passive seat belts.
1:
5950:Electronic instrument cluster
5463:Begley CE, Biddle AK (1988).
5249:Streff FM, Geller ES (1988).
5140:10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00072-0
4408:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07279-3
4373:"Volvocars corporate website"
4141:"Seat Belts, How Effectiive?"
3904:Stark, Harry A., ed. (1981).
3649:"Experimental Safety Vehicle"
3449:"An industry grows on safety"
3394:Harris, Tom (April 9, 2002).
2768:Fibers for Technical Textiles
1937:GSO 1709/2005, GSO 1710/2005
536:and the sometimes-associated
5910:Automotive navigation system
5315:10.1016/0001-4575(94)90095-7
5270:10.1016/0001-4575(88)90055-3
4850:"Your car says: 'buckle up'"
4559:– via he Auto Channel.
4145:Road Safety Observatory - UK
3992:. August 4, 1982. p. 28
2684:"A Potted Seat Belt History"
2665:. SAE Technical Paper 670925
1954:In observational studies of
1356:child restraint systems and
291:Huntington Memorial Hospital
6307:Vehicle safety technologies
6036:Electronic throttle control
5054:Academic Emergency Medicine
4046:. July 11, 1984. p. 1.
3853:. June 27, 1978. p. 8.
2425:Ronan, Larry (April 1979).
2212:"Seat Belts: Get the Facts"
2038:Mass transit considerations
859:Experimental Safety Vehicle
823:Allied Chemical Corporation
769:Pretensioners and webclamps
594:, and Saab for some years.
286:, in the mid-19th century.
6343:
6082:Automatic vehicle location
5534:MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs
5430:MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs
5179:10.1177/014107689008300207
4873:Journal of Safety Research
4545:Karp, Hal (October 1999).
3474:"1967 Ambassador brochure"
2823:. Arno Press. p. 74.
2798:SAE Technical Paper Series
2741:. CRC Press. p. 252.
2054:Seat belts in school buses
2051:
1947:
1397:
1182:
1064:New Car Assessment Program
29:
6256:
5890:
5067:10.1197/j.aem.2005.11.003
4885:10.1016/j.jsr.2009.11.001
3706:"Passive-Belt Activity".
3673:"Safety Sells: Chapter 3"
3374:Car Seats For The Littles
2844:Pool, William C. (1955).
2109:An airplane lap seat belt
1958:morbidity and mortality,
1906:GSO 96/1988, GSO 97/1988
1673:
1323:International regulations
845:Automatic seat belt in a
79:by reducing the force of
2988:Mettner, J. (May 2006).
2651:Bohlin, Nils I. (1967).
2245:Clearwater Injury Lawyer
1205:in fatalities and a 12%
1031:Homologation and testing
5915:Automotive night vision
5674:. NHTSA. Archived from
4518:10.1542/peds.105.6.1179
3275:Editorial.autos.msn.com
1360:child restraint systems
1264:U.S. regulation history
994:special edition of the
988:American Specialty Cars
701:death of Dale Earnhardt
682:are typically found in
606:A three-point seat belt
477:Irvin Air Chute Company
5226:"State Seat Belt Laws"
4848:Dingfelder SF (2003).
4820:. 2014. Archived from
4085:Abeles, Ethan (1998).
3178:the middle of the 50s.
2403:Wisconsin Public Radio
2110:
1912:Child restraint system
1338:UN Regulation No. 16:
1227:
1194:
1052:Wayne State University
1040:
849:
778:
731:
676:
607:
578:
577:A seat belt and tongue
500:
337:CIR-Griswold restraint
120:
44:
6097:Remote keyless system
5399:10.1542/peds.78.5.928
5091:The Journal of Trauma
4854:Monitor on Psychology
4479:. London: UCL Press.
4187:10.2105/ajph.66.9.859
3866:The Los Angeles Times
3752:The Los Angeles Times
2926:Hedgbeth, Llewellyn.
2513:Freepatentsonline.com
2156:Passive safety device
2108:
2052:Further information:
1950:Seat belt legislation
1348:, restraint systems,
1346:safety belt reminders
1318:Regulation by country
1225:
1192:
1118:that allowed the car
1109:"belt and suspenders"
1059:61 lives every year.
1038:
924:federal appeals court
920:Reagan Administration
882:Carter Administration
844:
776:
729:
671:
605:
576:
514:cited Ryan's work in
498:
420:high-speed collisions
390:The first compulsory
377:U.S. patent 3,043,625
342:U.S. patent 2,710,649
329:U.S. patent 2,855,215
118:
42:
5851:at Wikimedia Commons
5572:www.wonderopolis.org
4475:Adams, John (1995).
4243:Roach, Mary (2003).
4062:The Montreal Gazette
3925:St. Petersburg Times
3036:. pp. 187–188.
2932:Second Chance Garage
2806:10.4271/2006-01-0904
2427:Seatbelts: 1949-1956
2216:Motor Vehicle Safety
680:Five-point harnesses
314:, reinforced roofs,
295:Pasadena, California
5367:. SafeGuard Seating
3478:oldcarbrochures.org
3424:Automobile Engineer
2570:Trollhattansaab.net
2289:10.2139/ssrn.293582
1374:
1329:vehicle regulations
664:4-, 5-, and 6-point
645:Range Rover Classic
554:commercial aircraft
517:Unsafe at Any Speed
6312:English inventions
5945:Check engine light
5925:Blind spot monitor
5829:. August 28, 2012.
4772:The New York Times
4627:"Knowledge centre"
3951:The New York Times
3771:The New York Times
3754:. October 4, 1977.
3708:The New York Times
3562:"Active Seatbelts"
3351:. February 7, 2011
3249:theautochannel.com
2994:Minnesota Medicine
2886:(October): 145–146
2856:(January): 342–371
2713:Industrial Physics
2151:List of auto parts
2111:
1964:crash test dummies
1372:
1228:
1195:
1146:. You can help by
1116:GWR Safety Systems
1041:
951:Eagle Summit Wagon
898:Chevrolet Chevette
850:
811:multiple collision
779:
749:centrifugal clutch
735:Locking retractors
732:
684:child safety seats
677:
608:
579:
542:seat belt syndrome
501:
433:due to its better
121:
93:vehicle rolls over
89:vehicle in a crash
51:, also known as a
45:
6294:
6293:
6202:Glove compartment
6156:Child safety lock
5847:Media related to
5469:Public Health Rep
5365:SafeGuardSeat.com
5161:Thomas J (1990).
5017:10.1136/ip.9.1.29
4983:www.araiindia.com
4815:"SWOV Fact sheet"
4705:. April 6, 2012.
4577:. NSW Government.
3990:Spokane Chronicle
3947:"Personal Health"
3710:. March 26, 1978.
3400:HowStuffWorks.com
3043:978-0-525-53885-1
2778:978-3-030-49224-3
2748:978-1-4665-6650-7
2637:978-0-525-53885-1
2547:. August 19, 2009
2283:. Rochester, NY.
2136:Automobile safety
2025:Increased traffic
2004:risk compensation
1998:Risk compensation
1941:
1940:
1728:Local regulations
1725:
1724:
1164:
1163:
937:When driver side
890:Volkswagen Rabbit
649:Renault Vel Satis
440:herringbone twill
271:
270:
243:
242:
215:
214:
187:
186:
81:secondary impacts
77:traffic collision
16:(Redirected from
6334:
6317:Safety equipment
6284:
6274:
6273:
6264:
6263:
6161:Rear-view mirror
6092:Power door locks
5879:
5872:
5865:
5856:
5846:
5831:
5830:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5791:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5764:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5737:. Archived from
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5708:
5702:. Archived from
5701:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5652:
5645:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5592:. Archived from
5586:
5580:
5579:
5574:. Archived from
5564:
5558:
5557:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5484:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5281:
5255:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5190:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5069:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5028:
4996:
4987:
4986:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4942:. Archived from
4936:
4930:
4925:
4916:
4915:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4826:
4819:
4811:
4802:
4801:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4711:
4710:
4697:
4691:
4684:
4673:
4667:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4623:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4448:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4375:. Archived from
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4274:Federal Register
4265:
4259:
4258:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4221:. Archived from
4215:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4147:. Archived from
4137:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4082:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4010:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3868:. June 27, 1978.
3861:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3822:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3678:. Archived from
3677:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3637:: 9. April 2013.
3635:Consumer Reports
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3568:. Archived from
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3542:
3536:. Archived from
3535:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3504:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:. March 18, 2014
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3327:. Archived from
3321:
3312:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3277:. Archived from
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3197:. Archived from
3187:
3181:
3180:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3141:Volvoclub.org.uk
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3064:. Archived from
3054:
3048:
3047:
3032:(1st ed.).
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2934:. Archived from
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2626:(1st ed.).
2616:
2610:
2609:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2572:. Archived from
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2451:. Archived from
2440:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2375:. Archived from
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2247:. Archived from
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2184:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1732:
1375:
1159:
1156:
1138:
1131:
1021:Plymouth Acclaim
972:Volkswagen Jetta
807:precrash systems
534:lumbar vertebrae
522:Abraham Ribicoff
485:Indianapolis 500
466:Benjamin Foulois
416:tensile strength
380:for the device.
379:
344:
331:
282:, to use on his
253:
252:
245:
225:
224:
217:
197:
196:
189:
169:
168:
161:
149:vehicle rollover
141:vehicle rollover
32:Seatbelts (band)
21:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6252:
6221:
6175:
6129:
6111:
6065:
6004:
5960:Head-up display
5898:
5886:
5883:
5839:
5834:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5781:
5777:
5769:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5744:
5742:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5681:
5679:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5624:
5622:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5599:
5597:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5517:
5515:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5370:
5368:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5345:
5343:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5253:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5234:
5232:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5047:
5046:
5042:
4998:
4997:
4990:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4949:
4947:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4847:
4846:
4839:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4805:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4753:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4726:
4725:
4714:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4674:
4670:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4606:
4597:
4595:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4555:
4553:
4551:Reader's Digest
4544:
4543:
4539:
4530:
4528:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4460:
4458:
4451:Telegraph.co.uk
4442:
4441:
4437:
4428:
4426:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4357:
4355:
4354:. June 10, 2014
4346:
4345:
4341:
4332:
4330:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4303:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4278:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4228:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4154:
4152:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4123:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4098:
4096:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4067:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4044:Chicago Tribune
4041:
4040:
4036:
4027:
4025:
4012:
4011:
4004:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3972:Chicago Tribune
3969:
3968:
3964:
3955:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3930:
3928:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3889:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3851:Chicago Tribune
3848:
3847:
3843:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3814:
3805:
3803:
3800:Boca Raton News
3793:
3792:
3785:
3776:
3774:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3735:
3733:
3726:Daily Collegian
3720:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3575:
3573:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3404:
3402:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3379:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3354:
3352:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3284:
3282:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3229:
3227:
3226:. July 15, 2020
3218:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3173:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3093:. June 27, 2006
3085:
3084:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3034:Riverhead Books
3026:Johnson, Steven
3024:
3023:
3019:
3010:
3008:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2941:
2939:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2889:
2887:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2800:. Vol. 1.
2791:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2717:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2666:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2630:. p. 186.
2628:Riverhead Books
2620:Johnson, Steven
2618:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2548:
2545:The Independent
2539:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2520:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2382:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2146:Crashworthiness
2132:
2103:
2089:
2071:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2027:
2000:
1952:
1946:
1925:JIS D 040122000
1874:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1814:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1742:
1730:
1570:North Macedonia
1350:child restraint
1325:
1320:
1308:
1295:
1266:
1244:
1220:
1187:
1185:Infant car seat
1181:
1179:Child occupants
1160:
1154:
1151:
1144:needs expansion
1129:
1079:
1033:
1005:
981:hatchbacks and
959:
902:Toyota Cressida
867:Volkswagen Golf
839:
819:
771:
737:
724:
709:
666:
641:
600:
571:
493:
481:Barney Oldfield
462:
457:
412:
375:
340:
327:
324:Mason, Michigan
312:steering wheels
276:
267:
254:
250:
239:
226:
222:
211:
198:
194:
183:
170:
166:
113:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6340:
6338:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6299:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6278:
6268:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6192:Center console
6189:
6183:
6181:
6180:Other elements
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6061:Steering wheel
6058:
6056:Power steering
6053:
6048:
6046:Manettino dial
6043:
6038:
6033:
6031:Cruise control
6028:
6023:
6018:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5975:Radar detector
5972:
5970:Parking sensor
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5899:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5838:
5837:External links
5835:
5833:
5832:
5818:
5804:
5786:
5775:
5772:on 2016-03-04.
5751:
5719:
5688:
5663:
5631:
5606:
5581:
5578:on 2016-01-27.
5559:
5524:
5496:
5455:
5420:
5377:
5352:
5328:
5293:
5241:
5217:
5202:
5153:
5116:
5097:(5): 794–799.
5081:
5040:
4988:
4970:
4956:
4931:
4917:
4898:
4863:
4837:
4803:
4785:
4758:
4751:
4733:
4712:
4692:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4659:
4648:
4636:
4615:
4604:
4580:
4562:
4537:
4512:(6): 1179–83.
4492:
4485:
4467:
4435:
4402:(9300): 43–4.
4382:
4379:on 2015-05-03.
4364:
4339:
4323:Media.ford.com
4310:
4285:
4260:
4253:
4235:
4210:
4181:(9): 859–864.
4161:
4129:
4126:on 2010-08-21.
4105:
4074:
4049:
4034:
4002:
3977:
3962:
3937:
3911:
3896:
3871:
3856:
3841:
3812:
3783:
3757:
3742:
3713:
3695:
3664:
3640:
3625:
3600:
3582:
3553:
3522:
3490:
3465:
3440:
3411:
3386:
3361:
3334:
3331:on 2014-07-27.
3313:
3310:on 2008-06-12.
3291:
3269:Lankard, Tom.
3261:
3236:
3211:
3195:Alltommotor.se
3182:
3171:
3153:
3143:. May 26, 2007
3128:
3103:
3078:
3049:
3042:
3017:
2980:
2948:
2918:
2896:
2866:
2836:
2829:
2811:
2784:
2777:
2754:
2747:
2724:
2700:
2675:
2663:10.4271/670925
2643:
2636:
2611:
2604:
2586:
2557:
2529:
2500:
2465:
2432:
2414:
2389:
2360:
2344:Yorkshire Post
2330:
2316:
2261:
2232:
2203:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2161:Safety harness
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:Baby transport
2138:
2131:
2128:
2116:civil aviation
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2088:
2085:
2070:
2067:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2026:
2023:
1999:
1996:
1948:Main article:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1790:
1780:
1770:
1769:United Kingdom
1760:
1750:
1749:European Union
1735:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:United Kingdom
1432:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:European Union
1399:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1342:
1336:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1304:
1294:
1291:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1243:
1240:
1219:
1216:
1183:Main article:
1180:
1177:
1162:
1161:
1141:
1139:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1103:
1093:
1078:
1075:
1032:
1029:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
975:
964:
958:
955:
947:Mercury Tracer
932:Elizabeth Dole
838:
835:
818:
815:
770:
767:
736:
733:
723:
720:
708:
705:
665:
662:
653:General Motors
640:
637:
629:ejection seats
599:
596:
570:
567:
526:Lyndon Johnson
492:
489:
461:
458:
456:
453:
411:
408:
275:
272:
269:
268:
257:
255:
248:
241:
240:
229:
227:
220:
213:
212:
201:
199:
192:
185:
184:
173:
171:
164:
159:
158:
155:
152:
112:
109:
61:vehicle safety
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6339:
6328:
6327:Vehicle parts
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6269:
6267:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6207:Molded carpet
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6051:Parking brake
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6001:
6000:Trip computer
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:Backup camera
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5889:
5880:
5875:
5873:
5868:
5866:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5850:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5814:
5808:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5779:
5776:
5768:
5761:
5755:
5752:
5741:on 2019-10-18
5740:
5736:
5735:
5734:Atlas Obscura
5730:
5723:
5720:
5709:on 2011-06-05
5705:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5678:on 2013-12-09
5677:
5673:
5667:
5664:
5653:on 2012-03-28
5649:
5642:
5635:
5632:
5621:on 2010-01-14
5620:
5616:
5610:
5607:
5596:on 2016-03-07
5595:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5525:
5514:
5510:
5508:
5500:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5475:(5): 479–85.
5474:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5456:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5393:(5): 928–32.
5392:
5388:
5381:
5378:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5309:(2): 249–61.
5308:
5304:
5297:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5280:
5279:2027.42/27199
5275:
5271:
5267:
5264:(4): 277–87.
5263:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5242:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5213:
5206:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5134:(6): 717–27.
5133:
5129:
5128:
5120:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5082:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5060:(4): 427–34.
5059:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5041:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4946:on 2018-11-24
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4827:on 2015-06-17
4823:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4762:
4759:
4754:
4752:0-448-11946-3
4748:
4744:
4737:
4734:
4729:
4723:
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4719:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4696:
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4690:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4605:
4594:
4593:www.rospa.com
4590:
4584:
4581:
4573:
4566:
4563:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4538:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4486:1-85728-068-7
4482:
4478:
4471:
4468:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4439:
4436:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4329:on 2013-07-29
4328:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4300:on 2008-05-13
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4254:9780393324822
4250:
4246:
4239:
4236:
4225:on 2016-05-12
4224:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4162:
4151:on 2020-07-22
4150:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4095:on 2010-06-12
4094:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4045:
4038:
4035:
4024:on 2010-10-29
4023:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3938:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3897:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3746:
3743:
3732:on 2012-04-02
3731:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3685:on 2011-07-27
3681:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3654:
3653:Classicvw.org
3650:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3626:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3601:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3572:on 2013-10-02
3571:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3543:on 2013-04-08
3539:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3512:on 2014-05-06
3508:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3454:
3453:Business Week
3450:
3444:
3441:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3387:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3281:on 2014-07-27
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3201:on 2009-08-17
3200:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3172:91-86442-14-7
3168:
3164:
3157:
3154:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3118:
3117:Atlas Obscura
3114:
3107:
3104:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3068:on 2010-03-25
3067:
3063:
3062:nhtsa.dot.gov
3059:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2970:on 2015-10-30
2966:
2959:
2952:
2949:
2938:on 2020-11-12
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2830:9780405122118
2826:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2690:on 2008-05-14
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2605:9789163093890
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2576:on 2011-02-27
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2519:on 2012-10-13
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2481:(10): 981–6.
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2455:on 2020-11-20
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2379:on 2011-02-26
2378:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2350:on 2016-01-02
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2251:on 2016-11-04
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2222:on 2016-02-21
2221:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2069:Motor coaches
2068:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:GB 14166-2013
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
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1736:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
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1626:
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1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1306:Delayed start
1305:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1142:This section
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:In rear seats
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1003:Disadvantages
1002:
997:
993:
989:
984:
983:Nissan Sentra
980:
976:
973:
969:
968:Hyundai Excel
965:
961:
960:
956:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
928:Supreme Court
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
905:
903:
899:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
848:
843:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
816:
814:
812:
808:
802:
798:
795:
789:
787:
782:
775:
768:
766:
763:
758:
753:
750:
745:
743:
734:
728:
721:
719:
716:
713:
706:
704:
702:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
670:
663:
661:
657:
654:
650:
646:
638:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
604:
597:
595:
593:
592:Mercedes-Benz
589:
585:
575:
568:
566:
564:
563:economy class
560:
555:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
529:
527:
523:
519:
518:
513:
508:
506:
497:
490:
488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
459:
454:
452:
448:
446:
441:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:seat belt law
388:
386:
381:
378:
372:
368:
364:
360:
358:
354:
350:
348:
343:
338:
333:
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
305:
302:
298:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
280:George Cayley
273:
265:
264:MediaWiki.org
261:
256:
247:
246:
237:
236:MediaWiki.org
233:
228:
219:
218:
209:
208:MediaWiki.org
205:
200:
191:
190:
181:
180:MediaWiki.org
177:
172:
163:
162:
156:
153:
150:
146:
145:
144:
142:
137:
133:
130:
126:
117:
111:Effectiveness
110:
108:
106:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Pre-tensioner
6170:
6016:Bowden cable
5892:
5885:Car interior
5821:
5807:
5799:www.icao.int
5798:
5789:
5778:
5767:the original
5754:
5743:. Retrieved
5739:the original
5732:
5722:
5711:. Retrieved
5704:the original
5691:
5680:. Retrieved
5676:the original
5666:
5655:. Retrieved
5648:the original
5634:
5623:. Retrieved
5619:the original
5609:
5598:. Retrieved
5594:the original
5584:
5576:the original
5571:
5562:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5516:. Retrieved
5512:
5506:
5499:
5472:
5468:
5458:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5369:. Retrieved
5364:
5355:
5344:. Retrieved
5340:
5331:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5261:
5257:
5244:
5233:. Retrieved
5229:
5220:
5211:
5205:
5173:(2): 79–81.
5170:
5166:
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5131:
5125:
5119:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5057:
5053:
5043:
5011:(1): 29–32.
5008:
5004:
4982:
4973:
4959:
4948:. Retrieved
4944:the original
4934:
4911:
4901:
4879:(1): 53–57.
4876:
4872:
4866:
4857:
4853:
4829:. Retrieved
4822:the original
4797:
4788:
4771:
4761:
4742:
4736:
4701:
4695:
4679:
4671:
4651:
4639:
4630:
4607:
4596:. Retrieved
4592:
4583:
4565:
4554:. Retrieved
4550:
4540:
4529:. Retrieved
4509:
4505:
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4470:
4459:. Retrieved
4450:
4438:
4427:. Retrieved
4399:
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4377:the original
4367:
4356:. Retrieved
4351:
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4327:the original
4322:
4313:
4302:. Retrieved
4298:the original
4288:
4277:. Retrieved
4273:
4263:
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4238:
4227:. Retrieved
4223:the original
4213:
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4164:
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4149:the original
4144:
4121:the original
4108:
4097:. Retrieved
4093:the original
4087:
4066:. Retrieved
4061:
4052:
4043:
4037:
4026:. Retrieved
4022:the original
4017:
3994:. Retrieved
3989:
3980:
3971:
3965:
3954:. Retrieved
3950:
3940:
3929:. Retrieved
3924:
3914:
3905:
3899:
3888:. Retrieved
3884:Toledo Blade
3883:
3874:
3865:
3859:
3850:
3844:
3833:. Retrieved
3804:. Retrieved
3802:. p. 8C
3799:
3775:. Retrieved
3773:. p. 18
3770:
3760:
3751:
3745:
3734:. Retrieved
3730:the original
3725:
3716:
3707:
3687:. Retrieved
3680:the original
3667:
3656:. Retrieved
3652:
3643:
3634:
3628:
3617:. Retrieved
3613:
3603:
3591:U.S. 3841654
3585:
3574:. Retrieved
3570:the original
3565:
3556:
3545:. Retrieved
3538:the original
3525:
3514:. Retrieved
3507:the original
3493:
3482:. Retrieved
3480:. p. 17
3477:
3468:
3457:. Retrieved
3452:
3443:
3432:. Retrieved
3427:
3423:
3414:
3403:. Retrieved
3399:
3389:
3378:. Retrieved
3373:
3364:
3353:. Retrieved
3346:
3337:
3329:the original
3308:the original
3303:
3294:
3283:. Retrieved
3279:the original
3274:
3264:
3253:. Retrieved
3248:
3239:
3228:. Retrieved
3223:
3214:
3203:. Retrieved
3199:the original
3194:
3185:
3176:
3162:
3156:
3145:. Retrieved
3140:
3131:
3120:. Retrieved
3116:
3106:
3095:. Retrieved
3090:
3081:
3070:. Retrieved
3066:the original
3061:
3052:
3029:
3020:
3009:. Retrieved
2997:
2993:
2983:
2972:. Retrieved
2965:the original
2951:
2940:. Retrieved
2936:the original
2931:
2921:
2910:. Retrieved
2899:
2888:. Retrieved
2883:
2879:
2869:
2858:. Retrieved
2853:
2849:
2839:
2820:
2814:
2797:
2787:
2767:
2737:
2716:. Retrieved
2712:
2703:
2692:. Retrieved
2688:the original
2678:
2667:. Retrieved
2653:
2646:
2623:
2614:
2595:
2589:
2578:. Retrieved
2574:the original
2569:
2560:
2549:. Retrieved
2544:
2521:. Retrieved
2517:the original
2512:
2503:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2457:. Retrieved
2453:the original
2448:
2426:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:
2392:
2381:. Retrieved
2377:the original
2372:
2363:
2352:. Retrieved
2348:the original
2343:
2333:
2308:. Retrieved
2280:
2253:. Retrieved
2249:the original
2244:
2235:
2224:. Retrieved
2220:the original
2215:
2206:
2195:. Retrieved
2112:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2048:School buses
2028:
2019:
2016:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1976:
1953:
1916:UN R44, R129
1677:South Africa
1352:systems and
1326:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1282:
1278:
1267:
1259:
1248:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1152:
1148:adding to it
1143:
1108:
1105:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1077:Experimental
1068:
1061:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1025:
1017:Dodge Spirit
1010:
1006:
996:Nissan 240SX
936:
913:
906:
894:
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786:1981 S-Class
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658:
642:
639:Belt-in-Seat
617:Kristianstad
613:Volvo PV 544
609:
580:
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524:, President
515:
509:
502:
474:
463:
449:
445:warp threads
424:
413:
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351:
347:Hugh DeHaven
336:
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6226:Convenience
6217:Vehicle mat
6166:Rumble seat
6151:Bucket seat
6107:VIN etching
6087:Immobiliser
5980:Speedometer
5930:Boost gauge
5903:Instruments
4798:www.gpo.gov
3927:. p. 1
3566:Autoliv.com
3224:History.com
3000:(5): 16–7.
2369:"HMRI News"
2032:Smeed's law
1962:using both
1960:experiments
1944:Legislation
1931:KMVSS 103-2
1886:Seat belts
1861:South Korea
1658:New Zealand
1655:Australasia
1452:Switzerland
1331:14 and 16:
1086:Criss-cross
992:convertible
979:Honda Civic
943:Ford Escort
886:Ralph Nader
874:Brock Adams
847:Honda Civic
707:Seven-point
673:Bucket seat
625:Nils Bohlin
598:Three-point
512:Ralph Nader
371:Nils Bohlin
357:Saab GT 750
260:Phabricator
232:Phabricator
204:Phabricator
176:Phabricator
147:In case of
139:In case of
55:or spelled
53:safety belt
6322:Seat belts
6301:Categories
6243:Cup holder
6187:Boot liner
6146:Bench seat
6070:Anti-theft
6041:Gear stick
5990:Telematics
5985:Tachometer
5955:Fuel gauge
5849:Seat belts
5745:2019-10-18
5713:2011-02-02
5682:2013-12-03
5657:2012-03-15
5625:2010-01-06
5600:2016-03-06
5518:2011-02-02
5387:Pediatrics
5371:2013-12-02
5346:2016-02-26
5341:cga.ct.gov
5235:2016-02-15
4950:2020-08-18
4831:2015-04-29
4598:2016-02-21
4556:2020-09-06
4531:2020-09-06
4506:Pediatrics
4461:2012-08-31
4429:2020-09-06
4358:2016-02-26
4333:2011-02-02
4304:2013-09-30
4279:2016-03-25
4247:. Norton.
4229:2016-03-25
4155:2020-09-06
4099:2010-09-25
4068:2010-09-25
4028:2009-12-03
3996:2009-12-03
3956:2009-12-03
3931:2009-12-03
3890:2009-12-03
3835:2017-12-14
3806:2009-12-03
3777:2009-12-03
3736:2009-12-03
3689:2011-02-02
3658:2011-02-02
3619:2011-04-03
3576:2013-09-30
3547:2013-09-30
3516:2014-06-06
3484:2020-09-06
3459:2020-09-10
3455:: 14. 1966
3434:2020-09-10
3420:"Dynalock"
3405:2020-09-06
3380:2020-09-06
3355:2013-09-30
3285:2011-02-02
3255:2021-01-11
3230:2021-01-11
3205:2011-02-02
3147:2009-08-29
3122:2024-04-26
3097:2020-09-05
3072:2011-02-02
3030:Extra Life
3011:2020-09-05
2974:2020-09-10
2942:2020-09-10
2912:2020-09-10
2890:2019-03-28
2860:2019-03-28
2718:2024-04-25
2694:2009-09-06
2669:2020-09-05
2624:Extra Life
2580:2011-02-02
2551:2009-12-08
2523:2011-04-03
2459:2020-09-05
2408:2021-01-11
2383:2011-02-02
2354:2010-12-04
2310:2011-02-02
2255:2016-11-02
2226:2016-02-15
2197:2016-02-14
2172:References
1980:odds ratio
1966:and human
1378:Continent
1274:model year
1106:Four point
916:Drew Lewis
855:Volkswagen
817:Inflatable
813:accident.
722:Technology
588:Chrysler's
363:Vattenfall
105:windshield
91:or if the
6248:Car phone
6212:Sun visor
6197:Dashboard
6171:Seat belt
6102:Smart key
5995:Tell-tale
5415:245091757
5212:The Times
5005:Inj. Prev
4780:0362-4331
4687:CC BY 4.0
3614:USA Today
3304:KHOU News
2297:152488364
2101:Airplanes
1956:car crash
1919:FMVSS 213
1892:FMVSS 209
1871:Australia
1312:Chevrolet
1169:Lifeguard
1155:June 2014
1096:3+2 Point
1090:Volvo SCC
1071:Euro NCAP
914:In 1981,
837:Automatic
712:Aerobatic
621:Volvo 122
546:liability
538:paralysis
460:Two-point
431:polyester
400:Australia
316:roll bars
69:collision
49:seat belt
6266:Category
6009:Controls
5965:Odometer
5940:Carputer
5554:11198464
5540:(1): 9.
5513:Wxia.com
5450:11198463
5436:(1): 8.
5230:ghsa.org
5148:12371777
5076:16531597
5035:12642555
4893:20226951
4707:Archived
4689:license.
4645:therefor
4526:10835054
4455:Archived
4424:24162449
4416:11809187
3028:(2021).
3006:16764412
2622:(2021).
2495:13263134
2373:Hmri.org
2130:See also
2011:go-karts
1968:cadavers
1638:Malaysia
1393:Reg 129
1381:Country
1293:Efficacy
1207:increase
1203:increase
1056:cadavers
949:and the
827:Explorer
757:pendulum
742:inertial
715:aircraft
410:Material
396:Victoria
320:air bags
125:air bags
57:seatbelt
6276:Commons
6141:Armrest
6125:Seating
5491:3140273
5482:1478133
5407:3763306
5323:8198694
5288:3415759
5197:2319551
5188:1292501
5111:8230348
5026:1730910
4730:. 2010.
4196:1653464
2449:msn.com
1922:AIS-072
1895:AIS-015
1789:Ukraine
1709:Nigeria
1621:Albania
1604:Ukraine
1520:Moldova
1503:Belarus
1398:Eurasia
1390:Reg 44
1387:Reg 16
1384:Reg 14
1286:Folksam
1100:Autoliv
957:Systems
939:airbags
880:in the
794:prevent
686:and in
505:Coaches
274:History
262:and on
234:and on
206:and on
178:and on
65:vehicle
59:, is a
6286:Portal
6136:Airbag
6120:Safety
6026:Clutch
5935:Buzzer
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1889:UN R14
1799:Turkey
1779:Russia
1674:Africa
1553:Turkey
1537:Bosnia
1486:Russia
1469:Norway
1418:Serbia
1358:i-Size
1354:ISOFIX
1120:Hiriko
1013:Canada
857:ESVW1
697:NASCAR
688:racing
540:, or "
425:While
284:glider
85:airbag
73:injury
6233:Audio
6077:Alarm
6021:Brake
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4420:S2CID
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2854:LVIII
2293:S2CID
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2043:Buses
1972:death
1881:Gulf
1851:China
1841:Japan
1831:India
1809:Egypt
1759:Japan
1738:UNECE
1692:Egypt
1587:Japan
863:Volvo
455:Types
427:nylon
367:Volvo
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5895:cars
5550:PMID
5487:PMID
5446:PMID
5403:PMID
5319:PMID
5284:PMID
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970:and
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692:legs
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