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in the future, and no credible restraint is placed on the rising military power not to exploit its future advantage, it is rational for the state with declining military power to use a preventative attack while it has a higher chance of winning the war. Fearon points out that the declining state attacks are caused not by fear of a future attack but because the future peace settlement would be worse for it than in the current period. The lack of trust that leads to a declining power's preemptive strike stems not from uncertainty about intentions of different nations but from "the situation, the structure of preferences and opportunities, that gives one party incentive to renege" on its peaceful cooperation and exploit its increased military potential in the future to win a more profitable peace settlement for itself. Thus, Fearon shows that preemptive military action is taken by nations when there is an unfavorable shift in military potential in the future that leads to a shrinking bargain range for a peaceful settlement in the current period but with no credible commitment by the other party to avoid exploiting its improved military potential in the future.
77:
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3575:"Preemptive attack is morally justified when three conditions are fulfilled: The existence of an intention to injure, the undertaking of military preparations that increase the level of danger, and the need to act immediately because of a higher degree of risk. Since these conditions were met in Israel's Six Day War, Israel's preemptive attack on Egypt on June 5, 1967 was a legitimate act of self-defense." Mark R. Amstutz
2298:
2690:
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reasonable to assume that if no armed attack has yet occurred that no automatic justification for preemptive 'self-defense' has yet been made 'legal' under the UN Charter. Others conclude that the "inherent right of collective or individual self-defense" in
Article 51 includes the preemptive, or anticipatory, self-defense recognized under customary international law, as articulated in the
2612:
3329:
p. 59 "The
British plan which was adopted was more modest. While ostensibly intended to bring Allied troops to the Finnish front, it laid its main emphasis on operations in northern Norway and Sweden. The main striking force was to land at Narvik and advance along the railroad to its eastern terminus
3371:
p.67,68 "The objectives were to take Narvik, the railroad, and the
Swedish ore fields;" "an intercepted radio message setting 14 March as the deadline for preparation of transport groups indicated that the Allied operation was getting under way. But another message, intercepted on the 15th, ordering
2758:
The model shows that a peaceful settlement can be reached at any period that both states prefer, but strategic issues arise when there is no credible third-party guaranteer of the two states committing to a peaceful foreign policy. If there is going to be a shift in the military power between states
2633:
gave rise to a certain argument by scholars on preemption. They argued that the threat need not be "imminent" in the classic sense and that the illicit acquisition of the weapons, with their capacity to unleash massive destruction, by rogue states, created the requisite threat to peace and stability
2333:
was in fact a "defensive war," as it had allegedly been invaded by a group of Polish saboteurs, signaling a potentially-larger invasion of
Germany by Poland that was soon to be under way. Thus, Germany was left with no option but to preemptive invade Poland to halt the alleged Polish plans to invade
2072:
or known to be planned. The U.S. Department of
Defense defines a preventive war as an armed conflict "initiated in the belief that military conflict, while not imminent, is inevitable, and that to delay would involve greater risk." A preemptive war is launched in anticipation of immediate aggression
2264:
In the 1920s, the League peaceably settled numerous international disputes and was generally perceived as succeeding in its primary purpose. It was only in the 1930s that its effectiveness in preventing wars began to come into question. Such questions began to arise when it first became apparent in
2080:
requires that states refrain from the initiation of armed conflict, that is being the first to 'break the peace' unless authorized by the UN Security
Council as an enforcement action under Article 42. Some authors have claimed that when a presumed adversary first appears to be beginning confirmable
2749:
In his "Rationalist
Explanations for War," James Fearon attributes the use of preemptive strikes by rational states to both offensive advantages and commitment problems between states. When a nation possesses a first strike advantage and believes itself to have a high probability of winning a war,
3350:
p. 66, 67 "The
British held back two divisions from France, intending to put them into the field in Norway, and planned to expand their force eventually to 100,000 men. The French intended to commit about 50,000. The British and French staffs agreed that the latter half of March would be the best
2809:
for additional discussion.) In order to be justified as an act of self-defense, two conditions must be fulfilled which are widely regarded as necessary for its justification. The first of these is that actor must have believed that the threat is real, as opposed to (merely) perceived. The second
2754:
bargaining range between it and an opposing country for peaceful settlements. In extreme cases, if the probability of winning minus the probable costs of war is high enough, no self-enforcing peaceful outcome exists. In his discussion of preventative war arising from a commitment problem, Fearon
2320:
shortly followed suit by exiting the League in 1937. Soon, Italy and
Germany also began engaging in militaristic campaigns designed to either enlarge their borders or to expand their sphere of military control, and the League was shown to be powerless to stop them. The perceived impotency of the
2658:
as examples of the counterproliferation self-help paradigm. Regarding the Osirak attack, Roberts noted that at the time, few legal scholars argued in support of the
Israeli attack, but he noted further that "subsequent events demonstrated the perspicacity of the Israelis, and some scholars have
2800:
of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state". However, in the modern framework of the UN Charter, it is the phrase "if an armed attack occurs" in Article 51 that draws the line between legitimate and illegitimate military force. Some scholars believe it is
2431:. However, "the mines were not laid until the morning of 8 April, by which time the German ships were advancing up the Norwegian coast." However, the Nuremberg trials determined that no Allied invasion was imminent and therefore rejected Germany's argument of being entitled to attack Norway.
2144:
wrote that when a nation uses force "within the territory of a power at peace, nothing less than a clear and absolute necessity can afford ground of justification" and that the necessity for the use of armed force must be "instant, overwhelming, leaving no choice of means, and no moment for
2659:
re-visited that attack arguing that it was justified under anticipatory self-defense." After the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, US forces captured a number of documents detailing conversations that Saddam had with his inner sanctum. The archive of documents and recorded meetings confirm that
2360:
Once again, during the course of the even more widespread and lethal World War II, the hope of somehow definitively ending all war, including preemptive war, was seriously discussed. That dialogue ultimately resulted in the establishment of the successor organization to the League, the
3589:"The United States has often walked a fine line between preemption and prevention. In fact there have only been a handful of clear-cut cases of military preemption by any states in the last 200 years. (Israeli preemption in the Six Day War of 1967 is perhaps the most cited example)."
2396:. An Allied invasion was ordered on March 12, and the Germans intercepted radio traffic setting March 14 as deadline for the preparation. Peace in Finland interrupted the Allied plans, but Hitler became rightly convinced that the Allies would try again and ordered Operation
3655:
test, especially after it became clear following the attack that there was no overwhelming threat that justified the attack to ensure Israel's survival. Gathii, James Thuo. "Assessing Claims of a New Doctrine of Preemptive War Under the Doctrine of Sources."
2755:
builds an infinite-horizon model expected payoffs from period t on are (pt/(l - δ)) - Ca for state A and ((1 -pt)/(l - δ)) - Cb for state B, where Ca and Cb are costs incurred the respective states and δ is the state discount of the future period payoffs.
2136:
The British asserted that their actions were permissible under the international law of self-defense. The United States did not deny that preemptive force might be lawful under some circumstances but claimed the facts did not support its use in this case.
2663:
was indeed aiming to strike at Israel. In a 1982 conversation Hussein stated, "Once Iraq walks out victorious, there will not be any Israel." Of Israel's anti-Iraqi endeavors he noted, "Technically, they are right in all of their attempts to harm Iraq."
2368:
In analyzing the many components of World War II, which one might consider as separate individual wars, the various attacks on previously-neutral countries, and the attacks against Iran and Norway might be considered to have been preemptive wars.
2073:
by another party. Most contemporary scholarship equates preventive war with aggression, and therefore argues that it is illegitimate. The waging of a preemptive war has less stigma attached than does the waging of a preventive war.
2225:
were required to agree to desist from the initiation of all wars, preemptive or otherwise. All of the victorious nations emerging out of World War I eventually signed the agreement, with the notable exception of the United States.
2522:
2293:
and that since the Chinese were the aggressors, the Japanese were merely "defending themselves."' A predominance of evidence has since indicated that the railway had actually been blown up by Japanese operatives.
3796:
2742:
The intention with a preemptive strike is to gain the advantage of initiative and to harm the enemy at a moment of minimal protection, for instance, while vulnerable during transport or
3563:"The Six Day War between Israel and alliance of Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq was an example of preemption." And, "It exemplifies preemption." Charles W. Kegley, Gregory A. Raymond
2476:. Some have referred to the war as an act of "interceptive self-defense." According to that view, no single Egyptian step may have qualified as an armed attack, but some perceive
3985:
2825:
2081:
preparations for a possible future attack, but has not yet actually attacked, that the attack has in fact 'already begun', however this opinion has not been upheld by the UN.
2365:(UN). As with the League, the primary aim and hope of the UN was to prevent all wars, including preemptive wars. Unlike the League, the UN had the United States as a member.
2057:
that is commenced in an attempt to repel or defeat a perceived imminent offensive or invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in an impending (allegedly unavoidable) war
3491:
2195:
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3551:"Classic examples of preemptive wars include the July Crisis of 1914 and the Six Day War of 1967 in which Israel preemptively attacked Egypt...." Karl P. Mueller
2182:
in 1913. There is however no agreement among historians that Conrad's proposals were preemptive and not preventive. According to other historians, Conrad (a
3484:"Israel's National Security Doctrine: The Report of the Committee on the Formulation of the National Security Doctrine (Meridor Committee), Ten Years Later"
3834:
2480:'s collective actions as clear that it was bent on an armed attack on Israel. One academic has claimed that Israel's attack was not permissible under the
76:
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1000:
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2068:: the difference is that a preventive war is launched to destroy the potential threat of the targeted party, when an attack by that party is not
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3181:
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to provoke a German reaction by laying mines in Norwegian waters, and once Germany showed signs of taking action, Allied forces would occupy
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Whether using preemptive force is consistent with the terms and purposes of the UN Charter and other applicable international agreements.
3990:
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test, was Israel's first strike against Egypt in 1967. Few regarded it as a good example of a permissible anticipatory attack under the
1783:
3921:
Can a member of The United Nations unilaterally decide to use preemptive force against another state without violating the UN Charter?
3116:
2896:
2886:
2592:, adopted a similar but slightly-varied set of criteria and noted three factors to evaluate the justification of a preemptive strike.
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at Lulea, occupying Kiruna and Gallivare along the way. By late April two Allied brigades were to be established along that line."
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Kofi Annan discusses his unwillingness to accept proposed new changes in UN policy towards the use of preemptive force, and why.
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Israel incorporates preemptive war in its strategic doctrine to maintain a credible deterrent posture, based on its lack of
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Germany. It was later discovered that Germany had fabricated the evidence for the alleged Polish saboteurs as a part of the
2317:
2175:
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3322:
2792:(literally "compelling law" but in practice "higher international law") and prohibits all UN members from exercising "the
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by the need to forestall an Allied invasion and that her action was therefore preemptive." The German defence referred to
2351:
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1483:
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2281:, attempting to "preempt" supposedly-aggressive Chinese intentions towards the Japanese. According to the Japanese, the
1973:
437:
3098:"The Diplomatic and Official Papers of Daniel Webster While Secretary of State" pp. 105, 110 (Harper & Bros. 1848).
2392:, a supply that Britain was determined to stop. One adopted British plan was to go through Norway and occupy cities in
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1983:
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843:
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3034:"Adoption of Policy of Pre-emption Could Result in Proliferation of Uniliteral, Lawless Use of Force: By Kofi Annan"
2672:
After the departure of the Bush administration, the Obama administration adopted and continued many policies of the
2525:
in October 2002, authorizing the American president to use military force against Saddam's government. However, The
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2514:
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3975:
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condition is that the force used in self-defense must be proportional to the harm which the actor is threatened.
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characterized a state's right of self-defense to include the right to forestall an attack forcibly. In 1685, the
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414:
288:
142:
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that attack materializes. It is a war that preemptively 'breaks the peace' before an impending attack occurs.
2008:
1875:
1422:
1115:
933:
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2248:
2217:" began to be seriously considered. As a further expression of that hope, upon the conclusion of the war, the
2194:. Serbia had the image of an aggressive and expansionist power and was seen as a threat to Austria-Hungary in
3815:
3023:
A US Army sponsored discussion of various justifications for preemptive, preventive and 'precautionary' war.
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2286:
2213:
During the course of the destructive and costly World War I, for the first time in history, the concept of "
1961:
1943:
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1125:
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might be given to militant groups and that the nation's security was at a great risk. Congress passed its
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Vytautas Kacerauskis, International Journal of Baltic Law Volume 2, No. 1 (January, 2005) ISSN 1648-9349
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In 1933, the impotency of the League became more pronounced when notices were provided by Japan and
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3381:"COMMAND DECISIONS", CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2000.
3360:"COMMAND DECISIONS", CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2000.
3339:"COMMAND DECISIONS", CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2000.
3318:"COMMAND DECISIONS", CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2000.
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Egyptian Forces captured Israeli invaders near Alexandria (shown above) during the conflict.
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deliberation," which conditions did not apply in this case. That formulation is part of the
2003:
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1900:
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3308:
The International Law of War: Transnational Coercion and World Public Order" pp. 211, 212
2388:
and its predecessors. Norway was vital to Germany as a transport route for iron ore from
3445:
2468:
on June 5, 1967, has been widely described as a preemptive war and is, according to the
3934:
speaks with Alan Dershowitz about his book "Preemption: A Knife that Cuts Both Ways"...
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2891:
2858:
2660:
2589:
2539:
Many critics have questioned the true intention of the administration for invading Iraq
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2510:
2473:
2362:
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1998:
1988:
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2106:. In 1837, a certain legal precedent regarding preemptive wars was established in the
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228:
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120:
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3539:
The Six Day War is, "A classic example of preemptive war." Henry Shue, David Rodin
3372:
the submarines to disperse revealed that the peace had disrupted the Allied plan."
2880:
2743:
2654:, (identified by US intelligence to have been a chemical weapons facility) and the
2472:, "perhaps the most cited example ." Others have alternatively referred to it as a
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2313:
2297:
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1948:
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1923:
1818:
1763:
1397:
1392:
1215:
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878:
612:
513:
310:
214:
3202:
Discussion of Woodrow Wilson's desire to make World War I the War to End All Wars.
2573:
The likelihood that the threat will be realized unless preemptive action is taken;
17:
3750:
27:
Armed conflict to thwart or gain an advantage over imminent invasion or offensive
3234:
3002:"The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: a Reconsideration"
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2639:
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1933:
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853:
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204:
199:
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The undertaking of military preparations that increase the level of danger; and
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3263:
3197:
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2785:
2781:
2776:
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1890:
1860:
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951:
3647:"The closest case that might have, but is now regarded as not having met the
2133:. During the affair, an American citizen was killed by a Canadian sheriff.
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1454:
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647:
333:
300:
189:
3553:
Striking first: preemptive and preventive attack in U.S. national security
2221:
was formed. Its primary aim was to prevent war, as all signatories to the
3058:
Permissibility of State-Sponsored Assassination during Peace and War, The
2617:
2464:. The Six-Day War, which began when Israel launched mass attacks against
2408:
2385:
2329:. It is noteworthy that Germany claimed at the time that its invasion of
2290:
1895:
1870:
1503:
1135:
1110:
728:
283:
157:
2611:
2487:; he claims that there was no overwhelming threat to Israel's survival.
2325:
in 1939. The start of World War II is generally dated from the event of
2714: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2380:, the German defense argued that Germany had been "compelled to attack
1905:
1865:
1629:
1463:
1459:
806:
791:
667:
328:
323:
293:
232:
194:
3725:
International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Cases in Global Politics
3578:
International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Cases in Global Politics
3797:"Papers From Iraqi Archive Reveal Conspiratorial Mind-Set of Hussein"
3286:"Factmonster Encyclopedia— League of Nations: Successes and Failures"
3213:"Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site: League of Nations article"
2420:
2412:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2253:
1412:
813:
630:
366:
3157:
Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification, OUP 2007, p. 31
3134:
Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915
3937:
3224:
Article summarizing the primary objective of the League of Nations.
2610:
2477:
2465:
2451:
2296:
2247:
888:
424:
419:
2958:
On Assassination as Anticipatory Self-Defense: The Case of Israel
2942:
Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
2501:
The doctrine of preemption gained renewed interest following the
3075:
A History of the Peoples of the British Isles: From 1688 to 1914
2635:
2316:
that they would be terminating their memberships in the League.
2252:
Japanese experts inspect the scene of the "railway sabotage" at
184:
179:
2602:
The need to act immediately because of a higher degree of risk.
2576:
The availability and exhaustion of alternatives to using force;
2683:
2566:
identified four key elements for justification of preemption:
2517:. At the time, American decision-makers claimed that Saddam's
2054:
57:
3938:
The American Strategy of Preemptive War and International Law
3109:
The 'War on Terror' and the Framework of International Law
2190:
war against Serbia more than 20 times before, starting in
3949:
Pre-emptive Self-Defence, International Law and US Policy
3565:
The Global Future: A Brief Introduction to World Politics
3422:
No conquest, no defeat: Iran's national security strategy
2527:
Iraq Intelligence Commission confirmed in its 2005 report
2321:
League was a contributing factor to the full outbreak of
3061:, vol. 5, Temp. Int'l & Comp. L.J., p. 231
2656:
1981 Israeli attack on Iraq's nuclear facility at Osirak
2152:, which "is broadly cited as enshrining the appropriate
41:"Preemptive strike" redirects here. For other uses, see
2553:
Arguments for preemptive war during Bush administration
2509:
claimed that it was necessary to intervene to prevent
2202:(June 1914) was used as an excuse for Austria-Hungary
2826:
A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm
2629:
The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction by
2277:, Japan claimed to be fighting a "defensive war" in
2265:
1931 that it was incapable of halting aggression by
3901:
Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification
3541:
Preemption: military action and moral justification
3297:
Description of the demise of the League of Nations.
2973:
Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification
2634:as to have justified the use of preemptive force.
2434:In August 1941, Soviet and British forces jointly
3903:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print.
3738:Denver Journal of International Law & Policyy
3680:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print.
3424:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 91.
3492:Institute for National Security Studies (Israel)
2570:The nature and magnitude of the threat involved;
3753:Center for Defense Information, 5 December 2003
3306:Myres Smith McDougal, Florentino P. Feliciano,
3254:
3252:
2638:'s Deputy Assistant Secretary General for WMD,
2102:conducted a preemptive military strike against
3235:"Mukden Incident and Manchukuo: C. Peter Chen"
3126:
3124:
2668:Post–Bush administration period (2009–present)
3916:Preemptive warfare: A viable strategic option
2030:
8:
2961:, vol. 20, Hofstra L. Rev., p. 321
2113:, during which an Anglo-Canadian force from
3986:George W. Bush administration controversies
3955:U.S. National Security Strategy: a New Era
3790:
3788:
3786:
3592:U.S. National Security Strategy: a New Era
2064:Preemptive war is sometimes confused with
2037:
2023:
47:
3707:
3668:
3666:
3638:p. 192, Cambridge University Press (2005)
3625:p. 192, Cambridge University Press (2005)
2821:Controversies relating to the Six-Day War
2730:Learn how and when to remove this message
2438:with the aim of preempting an Axis coup.
2200:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
2607:Counter proliferation self-help paradigm
2596:The existence of an intention to injure;
1001:List of military strategies and concepts
3198:"United States History: Woodrow Wilson"
2920:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 215.
2908:
55:
38:in the face of a less immediate threat.
3795:Gordon, Michael R. (25 October 2011).
3275:A timeline of all major League events.
2971:Shue, Henry and Rhodin, David (2007).
2178:, argued for a preemptive war against
3971:Counterterrorism in the United States
3945:Mary Ellen O’Connell Professor of Law
3696:European Journal of International Law
3111:. Cambridge University Press. p. 157.
7:
3814:Krauthammer, Charles (23 May 2011).
3751:Preemptive War and International Law
3464:from the original on August 27, 2019
3131:Richard L. DiNardo (14 April 2015).
2712:adding citations to reliable sources
2285:had started the war by blowing up a
2230:League of Nations period (1919–1939)
3943:The Myth of Preemptive Self-Defense
3736:Colonel Guy Roberts, USMC (Ret) 27
2975:. Oxford University Press. p. 116.
3835:"Rationalist Explanations for War"
3072:Thomas Heyck (27 September 2013).
2897:The best defense is a good offense
2887:Soviet offensive plans controversy
2621:with 6.5 aerial victory marks and
2588:Professor Mark R. Amstutz, citing
43:Preemptive strike (disambiguation)
25:
3692:"On the Necessity of Pre-emption"
3660:, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 1–34, 2005.
3519:Federation of American Scientists
2807:Self-defence in international law
3816:"Obama adopts the Bush Doctrine"
3636:War, aggression and self-defense
3622:War, Aggression and Self-Defense
3403:"Law Regulating Resort to Force"
2688:
75:
3981:Aggression in international law
3595:U.S. Department of State (2002)
2955:Beres, Louis Rene (1991–1992),
2699:needs additional citations for
2304:today. It was the scene of the
2094:As early as 1625, Dutch jurist
3246:Details of the Mukden Incident
2788:is generally considered to be
2583:
2470:United States State Department
1:
3515:"Strategic Doctrine - Israel"
3446:"Israel's Strategic Doctrine"
3420:Tabatabai, Ariane M. (2020).
2652:Sudanese pharmaceutical plant
2557:
2507:George W. Bush administration
2503:American-led invasion of Iraq
2352:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3351:time for going into Norway;"
3260:"League of Nations Timeline"
2991:Shue and Rodin 2007, p. 118.
2327:Germany's invasion of Poland
2174:Chief of the General Staff,
2519:weapons of mass destruction
2176:Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
2125:and captured and burnt the
1494:Military–industrial complex
973:Operational manoeuvre group
4027:
3991:International criminal law
3842:International Organization
3137:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 13–.
2877:Pre-emptive nuclear strike
2766:
2541:, based on possibility of
2494:
2445:
2403:The new Allied plans were
2345:
2233:
2223:League of Nations Covenant
2163:
40:
29:
3854:10.1017/s0020818300033324
3690:Sofaer Abraham D (2003).
3078:. Routledge. p. 29.
2374:German invasion of Norway
2356:German invasion of Norway
1558:Loss-of-strength gradient
415:Combat information center
3957:U.S. Department of State
3883:"UN Charter: Article 51"
3658:Osgoode Hall Law Journal
3176:. NYU Press. p. 7.
3055:Beres, Louis R. (1991),
2918:A Dictionary of Aviation
2916:Wragg, David W. (1973).
2615:Israeli Air Force F-16A
2342:World War II (1939–1945)
2287:South Manchurian Railway
2258:South Manchurian Railway
1876:Military science fiction
1361:Technology and equipment
782:List of military tactics
30:Not to be confused with
3899:David, and Henry Shue.
2835:(documentary TV series)
2584:Walzer's three elements
2491:Invasion of Iraq (2003)
2160:World War I (1914–1918)
2139:U.S. Secretary of State
1944:Wartime sexual violence
1700:Full-spectrum dominance
1511:Supply-chain management
3833:Fearon, James (1995).
3262:. 2006. Archived from
3173:The World War I Reader
3007:. 2007. Archived from
2626:
2558:Sofaer's four elements
2457:
2309:
2261:
2236:Causes of World War II
2196:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1856:Awards and decorations
1829:Peace through strength
1804:Low-intensity conflict
1438:Conscientious objector
1311:Area of responsibility
3762:Kacerauskis pp. 84–85
3709:10.1093/ejil/14.2.209
3605:Choice or Necessity (
3107:Duffy, Helen (2005).
2767:Further information:
2614:
2497:2003 Invasion of Iraq
2455:
2423:and launch a raid on
2300:
2251:
2076:Article 2 (4) of the
448:Torpedo data computer
438:Ship gun fire-control
2944:. 2002. p. 413.
2852:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2782:Article 2, Section 4
2750:there is a narrower
2708:improve this article
2644:Cuban Missile Crisis
2564:Abraham David Sofaer
2547:September 11 attacks
2537:capability existed.
2090:Prior to World War I
1974:Military occupations
1809:Military engineering
1711:Unrestricted Warfare
1568:Force multiplication
466:Military manoeuvrers
3771:Roberts, n. 528–536
2302:Gliwice Radio Tower
2100:Scottish government
2085:Theory and practice
1660:Penal military unit
1645:Rules of engagement
1321:Command and control
946:Operations research
410:Director (military)
400:Fire-control system
170:Command and control
51:Part of a series on
3780:Roberts n. 530–532
3678:Defending Humanity
3457:. September 1981.
3388:2007-12-30 at the
3367:2007-12-30 at the
3346:2007-12-30 at the
3325:2007-12-30 at the
3168:Michael S. Neiberg
2805:noted above. (See
2627:
2535:biological weapons
2458:
2442:Six Day War (1967)
2376:, during the 1946
2310:
2262:
2244:Invasion of Poland
2215:the war to end war
2129:, a ship owned by
1769:Counter-insurgency
1690:Command of the sea
1635:Jewish laws on war
1610:Geneva Conventions
1146:Divide and conquer
941:Military operation
906:Tactical objective
405:Fire-control radar
382:Electronic-warfare
18:Pre-emptive strike
3749:Steven C. Welsh,
3722:Mark R. Amstutz,
3431:978-0-19-753460-1
3183:978-0-8147-5832-8
3144:978-1-4408-0093-1
3085:978-1-134-41521-2
2981:978-0-19-923313-7
2872:War of aggression
2769:War of aggression
2740:
2739:
2732:
2642:, cited the 1962
2336:Gleiwitz incident
2308:in September 1939
2306:Gleiwitz incident
2283:Republic of China
2219:League of Nations
2047:
2046:
1939:Horses in warfare
1886:Anti-war movement
1789:Gunboat diplomacy
1779:Disaster response
1727:Philosophy of war
1722:Principles of war
1695:Deterrence theory
1640:Right of conquest
1563:Lanchester's laws
1331:Principles of war
1021:Counter-offensive
1006:Military campaign
911:Target saturation
834:Counterinsurgency
443:Gun data computer
377:Close air support
339:Aircraft carriers
16:(Redirected from
4018:
3976:Counterterrorism
3927:Washington Times
3904:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3885:. Archived from
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3864:. Archived from
3839:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3754:
3747:
3741:
3734:
3728:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3687:
3681:
3670:
3661:
3645:
3639:
3634:Distein, Yoram,
3632:
3626:
3619:Distein, Yoram,
3617:
3611:
3602:
3596:
3587:
3581:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3488:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3454:Rand Corporation
3450:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3405:. Archived from
3399:
3393:
3379:
3373:
3358:
3352:
3337:
3331:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3282:
3276:
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3271:
3256:
3247:
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3209:
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3119:
3105:
3099:
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3069:
3063:
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3052:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2913:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2692:
2684:
2523:joint resolution
2378:Nuremberg trials
2372:As for the 1940
2204:to attack Serbia
2184:social Darwinist
2172:Austro-Hungarian
2131:Reformist rebels
2039:
2032:
2025:
1794:Humanitarian aid
1732:Security dilemma
1553:Power projection
1336:Economy of force
1316:Chain of command
1031:Defence in depth
1016:Commerce raiding
839:Defeat in detail
175:Defense ministry
79:
70:
69:
60:
48:
36:anticipatory war
21:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4011:Warfare by type
3961:
3960:
3912:
3907:
3898:
3894:
3889:on May 5, 2009.
3881:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3820:Chicago Tribune
3813:
3812:
3808:
3794:
3793:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3748:
3744:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3717:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3671:
3664:
3646:
3642:
3633:
3629:
3618:
3614:
3603:
3599:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3495:. February 2019
3486:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3390:Wayback Machine
3380:
3376:
3369:Wayback Machine
3359:
3355:
3348:Wayback Machine
3338:
3334:
3327:Wayback Machine
3317:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3279:
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3097:
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3086:
3071:
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3066:
3054:
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3049:
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3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2970:
2966:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2816:
2803:Caroline test''
2779:
2765:
2736:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2705:
2693:
2682:
2670:
2609:
2586:
2560:
2555:
2531:nuclear weapons
2513:from deploying
2499:
2493:
2462:strategic depth
2450:
2444:
2358:
2344:
2275:Mukden Incident
2246:
2240:Interwar period
2234:Main articles:
2232:
2168:
2162:
2092:
2087:
2043:
2014:
2013:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1814:Multilateralism
1799:Law enforcement
1759:
1749:
1748:
1717:Just war theory
1675:
1665:
1664:
1615:Geneva Protocol
1585:
1575:
1574:
1548:
1538:
1537:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1376:
1366:
1365:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1261:
1251:
1250:
1181:Network-centric
1101:
1091:
1090:
998:
988:
987:
936:
926:
925:
874:Rapid dominance
779:
769:
768:
724:Electromagnetic
633:
623:
622:
609:
562:
510:
486:
476:
475:
471:Combat training
452:
429:
395:Combat systems:
391:
353:
349:Auxiliary ships
315:
275:
271:Military police
237:
160:
150:
149:
89:
63:
62:
61:
56:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4024:
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3998:
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3959:
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3946:
3940:
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3929:
3924:
3918:
3911:
3910:External links
3908:
3906:
3905:
3892:
3874:
3871:on 2020-06-25.
3848:(3): 379–414.
3825:
3806:
3801:New York Times
3782:
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3742:
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3612:
3609:, May 8, 2009)
3607:New York Times
3597:
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3430:
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3409:on 2009-10-14.
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3117:978-0521547352
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2899:
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2892:Hobbesian trap
2889:
2884:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2861:' in WikiQuote
2859:preventive war
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2661:Saddam Hussein
2646:, the 1998 US
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2590:Michael Walzer
2585:
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2511:Saddam Hussein
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2474:preventive war
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2363:United Nations
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2267:Imperial Japan
2231:
2228:
2164:Main article:
2161:
2158:
2142:Daniel Webster
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2088:
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2066:preventive war
2059:shortly before
2051:preemptive war
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130:
129:
128:
123:
113:
112:
111:
104:Post-classical
101:
96:
90:
85:
84:
81:
80:
72:
71:
53:
52:
32:preventive war
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4023:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4001:War on terror
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3956:
3953:
3951:Chris Richter
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
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3914:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
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3836:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3791:
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3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3521:. 25 May 2000
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3494:
3493:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3266:on 2016-08-27
3265:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3051:
3048:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3014:on 2017-02-16
3010:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2927:9780850451634
2923:
2919:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2866:Jus ad bellum
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2839:Bush Doctrine
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2773:Jus ad bellum
2770:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2734:
2731:
2723:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2697:This section
2695:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2674:Bush Doctrine
2667:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2631:rogue nations
2624:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2454:
2449:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2429:Sola airfield
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2318:Fascist Italy
2315:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2206:, leading to
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2186:) proposed a
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2154:customary law
2151:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:United States
2120:
2119:Niagara River
2116:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2104:Clan Campbell
2101:
2097:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Warrior caste
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1836:Show of force
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Peacebuilding
1822:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Air supremacy
1678:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:Islamic rules
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Court-martial
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:Arms industry
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1359:
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1354:
1352:
1349:
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1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
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1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
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1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:Broken-backed
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
991:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
958:Expeditionary
956:
954:
953:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
935:
930:
929:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
890:
887:
886:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
829:Counterattack
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
772:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
754:Psychological
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
690:Combined arms
688:
686:
683:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
632:
627:
626:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
602:
599:
598:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
567:
564:
563:
555:
552:
551:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
529:Fortification
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
511:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
489:
488:
485:
480:
479:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
350:
347:
345:
344:Landing craft
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
295:
292:
291:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
234:
230:
229:Standing army
227:
225:
222:
220:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
159:
154:
153:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
127:
124:
122:
121:pike and shot
119:
118:
117:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
88:
83:
82:
78:
74:
73:
67:
59:
54:
50:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
4006:Wars by type
3900:
3895:
3887:the original
3877:
3866:the original
3845:
3841:
3828:
3819:
3809:
3800:
3776:
3767:
3758:
3745:
3737:
3732:
3723:
3718:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3677:
3672:George, and
3657:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3630:
3620:
3615:
3606:
3600:
3590:
3585:
3576:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3535:
3523:. Retrieved
3509:
3497:. Retrieved
3490:
3478:
3466:. Retrieved
3452:
3440:
3421:
3415:
3407:the original
3397:
3377:
3356:
3335:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3280:
3268:. Retrieved
3264:the original
3239:. Retrieved
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3207:
3192:
3172:
3162:
3153:
3133:
3108:
3103:
3094:
3074:
3067:
3057:
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3009:the original
2996:
2987:
2972:
2967:
2957:
2950:
2941:
2936:
2917:
2911:
2881:counterforce
2864:
2844:
2830:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2780:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2744:mobilization
2741:
2726:
2717:
2706:Please help
2701:verification
2698:
2671:
2628:
2625:bombing mark
2616:
2587:
2562:The scholar
2561:
2500:
2482:
2459:
2436:invaded Iran
2433:
2402:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2348:World War II
2323:World War II
2314:Nazi Germany
2311:
2263:
2212:
2187:
2169:
2147:
2135:
2126:
2117:crossed the
2115:Upper Canada
2108:
2096:Hugo Grotius
2093:
2075:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2048:
1949:Fifth column
1929:War resister
1924:Women in war
1819:Peacekeeping
1764:Arms control
1709:
1398:Mobilization
1393:Conscription
1351:Intelligence
1304:Organization
950:
879:Encirclement
759:Radiological
695:Conventional
549:Subterranean
456:Development:
455:
432:
394:
356:
319:Naval units:
318:
311:Signal corps
278:
256:Intelligence
241:Specialties:
240:
165:Organization
116:Early modern
35:
34:, namely an
3932:ThoughtCast
2640:Guy Roberts
2543:retaliation
2448:Six-Day War
2427:to destroy
2208:World War I
2166:World War I
2156:standard."
1934:War studies
1757:Non-warfare
1685:Appeasement
1650:Martial law
1489:War economy
1428:Transgender
1381:Recruitment
1141:Containment
1026:Culminating
934:Operational
854:Envelopment
797:Air assault
678:Air cavalry
638:Air defence
618:Information
519:Cold-region
484:Battlespace
433:Historical:
279:Land units:
205:Space force
200:Coast guard
133:Late modern
94:Prehistoric
3996:Law of war
3965:Categories
3702:(2): 220.
3674:Jens Ohlin
3525:27 January
3292:2010-11-30
3270:2010-11-30
3241:2010-11-30
3219:2010-11-30
3040:2010-12-02
3018:2010-12-02
2904:References
2855:statements
2832:Battleplan
2790:jus cogens
2786:UN Charter
2777:UN Charter
2495:See also:
2446:See also:
2398:WeserĂĽbung
2346:See also:
2289:line near
2188:preventive
2078:UN Charter
1994:War crimes
1984:Operations
1891:Foot drill
1861:Battle cry
1774:deterrence
1433:Harassment
1408:Specialism
1231:Technology
1226:Succession
1171:Liberation
1106:Asymmetric
1041:Empty fort
952:Blitzkrieg
921:Withdrawal
884:Investment
663:Camouflage
658:Biological
596:Underwater
571:Amphibious
490:Aerospace
357:Air units:
334:Submarines
143:fourth-gen
138:industrial
126:napoleonic
3499:27 August
3468:27 August
2720:July 2017
2680:Intention
2425:Stavanger
2417:Trondheim
2279:Manchuria
2273:. In the
2271:Manchuria
2121:into the
1881:War novel
1784:Grey-zone
1744:War games
1705:Overmatch
1655:War crime
1605:Desertion
1595:Ceasefire
1590:Armistice
1477:Logistics
1455:Mercenary
1443:Volunteer
1374:Personnel
1346:Engineers
1291:Sociology
1246:World war
1241:Total war
1221:Strategic
1211:Religious
1196:Political
1191:Perpetual
1166:Irregular
1081:Offensive
1056:Defensive
1051:Deception
1011:Attrition
864:Guerrilla
859:Formation
802:Airbridge
734:Loitering
648:Artillery
301:Artillery
251:Engineers
219:Irregular
190:Air force
3862:38573183
3653:Caroline
3649:Caroline
3459:Archived
3386:Archived
3365:Archived
3344:Archived
3323:Archived
3170:(2007).
2845:Caroline
2814:See also
2763:Legality
2752:de facto
2618:Netz 107
2529:that no
2483:Caroline
2409:Plan R 4
2386:Plan R 4
2148:Caroline
2127:Caroline
2109:Caroline
2070:imminent
1896:War song
1871:War film
1504:Materiel
1423:Children
1403:Training
1341:Medicine
1326:Doctrine
1281:Training
1216:Resource
1201:Princely
1151:Economic
1136:Conquest
1131:Colonial
1126:Cold war
1111:Blockade
996:Strategy
968:Maneuver
729:Infantry
685:Chemical
539:Mountain
499:Airborne
362:Fighters
329:Warships
284:Infantry
210:Reserves
158:Military
3200:. 2010.
2784:of the
2545:in the
2405:Wilfred
2256:of the
2009:Writers
2004:Weapons
1969:Battles
1918:Related
1906:Wargame
1901:Uniform
1849:Culture
1630:Perfidy
1625:Justice
1546:Science
1531:Outpost
1484:History
1464:Warrior
1460:Soldier
1448:foreign
1386:counter
1286:Service
1236:Theater
1176:Limited
1156:Endemic
1071:Nuclear
844:Foxhole
819:Cavalry
807:Airdrop
792:Airlift
777:Tactics
749:Nuclear
739:Missile
668:Cavalry
653:Barrage
631:Weapons
591:Surface
372:Command
367:Bombers
324:Frogman
294:Cavalry
266:Medical
233:Militia
215:Regular
195:Marines
109:castles
99:Ancient
87:History
66:outline
3860:
3428:
3288:. 2010
3237:. 2010
3215:. 2010
3180:
3141:
3115:
3082:
3036:. 2003
2979:
2924:
2847:affair
2794:threat
2775:, and
2648:attack
2623:Osirak
2505:. The
2421:Bergen
2413:Narvik
2394:Sweden
2390:Sweden
2382:Norway
2354:, and
2331:Poland
2291:Mukden
2254:Mukden
2242:, and
2198:. The
2180:Serbia
2111:affair
1989:Sieges
1673:Theory
1413:Morale
1271:Policy
1266:Branch
1046:Mosaic
1036:Fabian
983:Covert
916:Trench
901:Screen
824:Charge
814:Battle
787:Aerial
705:Denial
673:Horses
601:Seabed
554:Tunnel
534:Jungle
524:Desert
494:Aerial
3869:(PDF)
3858:S2CID
3838:(PDF)
3487:(PDF)
3462:(PDF)
3449:(PDF)
3392:p. 68
3012:(PDF)
3005:(PDF)
2650:on a
2478:Egypt
2466:Egypt
2053:is a
1962:Lists
1418:Women
1356:Ranks
1276:Staff
1206:Proxy
1121:Class
1076:Naval
1061:Depth
896:Swarm
889:Siege
869:Naval
849:Drone
744:Music
719:Robot
715:Drone
700:Cyber
643:Armor
613:Cyber
586:Green
581:Brown
544:Urban
504:Space
425:Radar
420:Sonar
289:Armor
246:Staff
224:Ranks
3527:2014
3501:2019
3470:2019
3426:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3139:ISBN
3113:ISBN
3080:ISBN
2977:ISBN
2922:ISBN
2857:on '
2636:NATO
2515:WMDs
2485:test
2419:and
2407:and
2192:1909
2170:The
2150:test
1999:Wars
1516:Base
1066:Goal
978:Raid
576:Blue
514:Land
185:Navy
180:Army
3850:doi
3740:483
3704:doi
3383:URL
3362:URL
3341:URL
3320:URL
2798:use
2796:or
2710:by
2533:or
2269:in
2055:war
1583:Law
1526:FOB
1521:MOB
566:Sea
58:War
3967::
3856:.
3846:49
3844:.
3840:.
3818:.
3799:.
3785:^
3700:14
3698:.
3694:.
3676:.
3665:^
3517:.
3489:.
3451:.
3251:^
3123:^
2771:,
2746:.
2676:.
2549:.
2415:,
2400:.
2350:,
2338:.
2238:,
2210:.
2049:A
1462:/
717:/
231:/
217:/
3852::
3822:.
3803:.
3712:.
3706::
3529:.
3503:.
3472:.
3434:.
3295:.
3273:.
3244:.
3222:.
3186:.
3147:.
3088:.
3043:.
3021:.
2930:.
2883:)
2879:(
2733:)
2727:(
2722:)
2718:(
2704:.
2260:.
2038:e
2031:t
2024:v
68:)
64:(
45:.
20:)
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