876:, and that Jesus was the God of the Old Testament through whom God the Father created the world (based on Ephesians 3:9 and John 1:1–3), and that it was Jesus Christ who personally interacted with Adam and Eve, Noah, the patriarchs, ancient Israel, and the kings and prophets of the Old Testament. It is held that in his incarnation, Jesus was sent to reveal the Father who was previously unknown. This is based on an interpretation of John 5:37, Luke 10:22, and by the large number of references Jesus made about the Father in the New Testament compared to the very few, almost figural references to God as Father in the Old Testament. This belief is also based on an interpretation of verses where Christ is believed to be discussing his personal presence in the Old Testament and interaction with ancient Israel, and on a Christological interpretation of
702:
22:
1952:: "All these texts seem to me sufficient to satisfy us, that by 'the Word,' which St. John says, 'was in the beginning, and was with God, and was God,' he does not mean a being separate from God, and inferior to him, but God himself, or the wisdom and power of God, which is the same as God, even the Father, who alone is God, nor is there any other." as well as "Jesus is the Son of God, upon account of his miraculous conception and birth. Luke i. 31–35." (pp. 82–3).
1967:, pamphlet from the Christadelphian Auxiliary Lecturing Society, 1975: "The third view is held by Christadelphians and some others. According to this view Jesus did not live personally in heaven before he was born on earth; and the verses which refer to his heavenly origin must be understood figuratively.... The birth of the Lord Jesus Christ was the result of a mighty miracle. His mother was a young unmarried woman of excellent character. She was a virgin."
1126:. Most of the eastern Church Fathers who comment on the passage in Daniel (7:9-10, 13–14) interpreted the elderly figure as a prophetic revelation of the Son before his physical incarnation. As such, Eastern Christian art will sometimes portray Jesus Christ as an old man, the Ancient of Days, to show symbolically that he existed from all eternity, and sometimes as a young man, or wise baby, to portray him as he was incarnate. This
3199:
1072:
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65:
908:). As the first fruits of the resurrection, through His divine redemption and resurrection, Christ will bring His followers into the same divine nature as He and His Father (2 Peter 1:3-4; Romans 8:29; 1 Corinthians 3:18; 4:4), to possess the same blessings and life they do. Church members refer to this as
1935:, Chap. 4: "How was Jesus Christ born?" as well as "How many Lords of Christians are there, by way of distinction from the one God?" and "Doth the Scripture avouch Christ to be the Son of God because he was eternally begotten out of the Divine essence; or for other reasons agreeing to him only as a man?"
2019:
1984 p. 112 "The question of the virgin birth occupied a good part of
Priestley's book The Corruptions of Christianity . The account of the miraculous birth of Christ is only found in the first chapters of Matthew and Luke. Priestley suggested that the earliest copies of Matthew and Luke did not have
2043:
2006 p. 463 "In his letter to
Priestley, Jefferson identified four possible views of Christ's person: "a member of the God-head," "a being of eternal pre-existence," "a man divinely inspired," "the Herald of truths reformatory of the religions of mankind." He argued that all views of Jesus should be
1912:
identifies the God of Israel with the Father of Christ... Both the
Trinity and the doctrine of two natures (divine and human) in Christ are argued to be both contradictory and unsupported by the Bible. It is argued that Christ is a man who did not pre-exist his miraculous conception in Mary, though
962:
Although
Oneness Pentecostals accept that "Christ is the same person as God," they also believe that "The 'Son' was 'born,' which means that he had a beginning." In other words, "Oneness adherents understand the term to be applicable to God only after the incarnation." They have consequently been
954:
Christians who do not accept the pre-existence of Christ as distinguished from God the Father, believing that, prior to the incarnation, only "the timeless Spirit of God (the Father)" existed. Afterwards God "simultaneously dwelt in heaven as a timeless Spirit, and inside of the Son of Man on this
2029:
Priestley, J., 1791c , A General View of the
Arguments for the Unity of God; and against the Divinity and Pre-Existence of Christ; from Reason, from the Scriptures, and from History, in Tracts. Printed and Published by the Unitarian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and the Practice of
2002:
1786 Volume 3 Chapter 3 "Of the
Conduct of our Saviour himself, with respect to his own supposed Pre-existence and Divinity." p. 64: "He never told his disciples that he had pre-existed, or that he had had any thing to do before he came into the world; much less that he had made the world"
892:(LDS Church), the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement, believe that Jesus Christ (and all people) was a pre-existent spirit who then gained a physical body at birth. In that regard, neither Christ nor the spirits of all humans were actually “created” (
535:
John bore witness of Him and cried out, saying, “This was He of whom I said, ‘He who comes after me is preferred before me, for He was before me.’”...No one has seen God at any time. The only begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, He has declared
2077:
Later, however, Coleridge changed his mind (Chapter 24): "But this I have said, and shall continue to say: that if the doctrines, the sum of which I believe to constitute the truth in Christ, be
Christianity, then Unitarianism is not, and vice versa."
971:
Throughout history there have been various groups and individuals believing that Jesus' existence began when he was conceived. Those who consider themselves
Christians while denying the pre-existence of Christ can be broadly divided into two streams.
823:
accepted the pre-existence of Christ. However, Thomas
Aquinas says that Arius "pretended that the Person of the Son of God is a creature, and less than the Father, so he maintained that He began to be, saying 'there was a time when He was not.'"
1895:
2004 Page 1041 "A Christian community is documented for Bostra for a.d. 250 at the latest: Eusebius mentions
Beryllos, the "bishop of the Arabs in Bostra," who denied the preexistence of Christ and who was the subject of discussion at a synod
1058:
rejected the pre-existence of Christ, asserting that Christ was the "Son of God" only in the sense that "God had revealed himself in Christ" and Christ "accomplished a religious and ethical work in us which only God could have done." Later,
676:, noting that it is "beyond dispute" that in John 1:1–18, "the Word is pre-existent, and Christ is the pre-existent Word incarnate," but going on to explore possible sources for the concepts expressed there, such as the writings of
1880:, accessed 27 May 2010: "We do not deny the pre-existence of Jesus Christ. We do believe that the sonship commenced at Bethlehem when flesh was made from the nature of a woman, to be a vessel for the Eternal God to dwell in."
2074:, Volume I (1817), Chapter 10: "For I was at that time and long after... yet a zealous Unitarian in religion; more accurately, I was a Psilanthropist, one of those who believe our Lord to have been the real son of Joseph"
896:). They believe the spirits of all humans are the literal offspring of God the Father (Acts 17:29; Hebrews 12:9) and that His being is a permanently joined spirit and physical body, the same as the post-ascension Christ (
650:
noted that "It has been standard teaching in historic Christology that the Logos, the Son, existed before the incarnation. That the Son so existed before the incarnation has been called the pre-existence of Christ."
2338:
629:
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 He was in the beginning with God. 3 All things came into being through him, and without him not one thing came into being.
1050:", was one of many German theologians who departed from the idea of personal ontological pre-existence of Christ, teaching that "Christ was not God but was created as the ideal and perfect man whose
916:
where in the presence of all of God's pre-existent children, the pre-existent Christ (God the Son) was chosen by God the Father to fulfill His role as the Savior and Redeemer of all God’s creations (
745:
literature from the 1990s onwards. For example, W. Terry Whalin states that the fourth person in the fiery furnace is Christ, and that "These appearances of Christ in the Old Testament are known as
963:
described as holding an essentially unitarian position on the doctrine, and of denying the pre-existence of Christ. However, some members of the movement deny this interpretation of their beliefs.
654:
Douglas McCready, in his analysis and defense of the pre-existence of Christ, notes that whereas the preexistence of Christ "is taken for granted by most orthodox Christians, and has been since
901:
939:
who succeeded Smith have taught and testified of Jesus Christ as the Son of God, His mission and role as Savior and Redeemer, including His pre-eminence and Godhood in pre-existence.
889:
2784:
1271:
If we are chosen and predestinated "from the beginning", then we must resemble Christ in existing "from the beginning" prior the coming into being of the cosmos
701:
741:
of one who is "like the son of man (for he was not yet really son of man)." The identification of specific appearances of Christ is increasingly common in
2779:
2774:
1982:
2884:
1558:
Hastings, J. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 2, Part 2 p.785 2003 -"Arius and all his disciples acknowledged the pre-existence of our Lord"
959:, a large Oneness denomination, says in their statement of faith that "The one God existed as Father, Word, and Spirit" prior to the incarnation.
956:
936:
2455:
2057:
2008 p. 72 "In 1819, he started over and created a new version called 'The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth,' often referred to now as the
2832:
1913:
he's denied to be 'merely' a man, but affirmed to be the unique Son of God, the Messiah, worthy of worship and a proper recipient of prayer."
465:
2812:
2556:
932:
614:
511:
1007:. These groups typically consider that Christ is prophesied and foreshadowed in the Old Testament, but did not exist prior to his birth.
909:
3137:
782:
1731:
815:
Some accept the pre-existence of Christ without accepting his full divinity in the Trinitarian sense. For example, it is likely that
789:) who, according to Manichaeism, actually wanted humanity to stay away from it so they would remain trapped in matter and never find
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2133:
2107:
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1963:
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761:, "the human nature" of Christ was created and began in time, where "the subsistent subject" is both uncreated and eternal.
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41:
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Today, several nontrinitarian denominations also share belief in some form of the pre-existence of Christ, including the
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1441:
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tolerated but clearly preferred the latter." (Smith truncates the original final sentence: "the religions of mankind ")
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842:
609:
The pre-existence of Christ is a central tenet of mainstream Christianity. Most mainstream churches that accept the
2924:
2827:
2757:
2518:
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1437:
912:, the highest reward given to faithful followers of Christ (D&C 76:50-70, 94,95; 132:19). During the premortal
577:
487:
138:
125:
569:
2956:
2859:
1855:
Encyclopedia of Cults and New Religions: Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormonism, Mind Sciences, Baha'i, Zen, Unitarianism
1823:, p. 14: "many Jesus-only pentecostals began to champion a decidedly unitarian, or oneness, view of the Godhead."
858:
458:
102:
1248:
565:
3006:
2879:
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1324:
At the following words: "I believe in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Only Begotten Son of God, born of the Father
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1977:
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1218:
Creation and Christology: A Study on the Johannine Prologue in the Light of Early Jewish Creation Accounts
846:
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220:
174:
144:
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3056:
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2623:
2513:
2441:
1569:"SUMMA THEOLOGICA: Things which are applicable to Christ in his being and becoming (Tertia Pars, Q. 16)"
1134:
with elderly images, although usually not properly or specifically identified as "the Ancient of Days."
976:
838:
appear to have maintained belief in the pre-existence of Christ despite their rejection of the Trinity.
491:
163:
21:
1283:
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1406:
Christology in the Making: A New Testament inquiry into the origins of the doctrine of the Incarnation
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1151:
1122:, signifying God's eternal and uncreated nature, is commonly held to identify the pre-existence of
1109:, the Logos is distinguished with a beard, "which allows him to appear ancient, even preexistent."
1103:
992:
861:
teaches Christ's pre-existence as the first and greatest of the spirit children of God the Father.
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64:
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became prevalent only by the 15th century, and Jesus was often shown as a substitute before then.
1038:
described himself as having once been a psilanthropist, believing Jesus to be the "real son of
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1949:
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1695:, sermon by Gary Antion, United Church of God, an International Association, 17 November 2009.
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2182:
2099:
Handbook of Evangelical Theology: A historical, Biblical, and contemporary survey and review
1924:
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1131:
1055:
1023:
1019:
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709:
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29:
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views that question the aspect of personal pre-existence, the aspect of divinity, or both.
3147:
3110:
2697:
2675:
2530:
2302:
2292:
2119:
2058:
1986:
1931:
1800:, p. 239: "Oneness Pentecostals affirm a christologically unitarian understanding of God."
1718:
1238:
1118:
1060:
1721:
at ApostolicTheology.com (Oneness Pentecostal theological website), accessed 27 May 2010.
1632:
Conviction Without Compromise: Standing Strong in the Core Beliefs of the Christian Faith
2171:""The Eastern Christian Exegetical Tradition of Daniel's Vision of the Ancient of Days""
1761:
1063:
described the pre-existence of Christ as "not only irrational but utterly meaningless."
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3142:
3001:
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1244:
The Word Leaps the Gap. Essays on Scripture and Theology in Honor of Richard B. Hays
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3062:
3035:
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2864:
2503:
2259:
2055:
Founding Faith: Providence, Politics, and the Birth of Religious Freedom in America
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239:
1874:
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times", during the past century the doctrine has been increasingly questioned by
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2929:
2919:
2653:
1127:
1123:
1051:
1027:
1015:
951:
931:) affirmed this doctrine. In 1830, the LDS Church was founded with Smith as its
877:
770:
742:
687:
643:
521:
400:
337:
304:
266:
180:
107:
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1948:(1759) in The works of Nathaniel Lardner in five volumes, Volume 5, pp. 380–3.
868:, also referred to as the "Sabbatarian Churches of God" or, more pejoratively,
3089:
2589:
1311:
1266:
1141:
1106:
827:
733:
728:
684:
395:
1289:
First Thessalonians, Philippians, Second Thessalonians, Colossians, Ephesians
777:. Considered a divine being, he was believed to have been the entity to lead
564:
also refers to the Father loving Jesus "before the foundation of the world".
3154:
1381:
He Came Down From Heaven: The Preexistence of Christ and the Christian Faith
1329:
1328:" The expression "Before of all ages" means Before the time and creation of
1145:
1011:
980:
923:
Church members believe the appearance of God the Father and Jesus Christ to
746:
387:
2186:
2061:. In Jefferson's version, Jesus was not divine. The virgin birth – gone."
1789:
Exploring Protestant Traditions: An invitation to theological hospitality
854:
820:
329:
203:
33:
2297:
Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought
1877:
Answering Gregory Boyd's "Sharing Your Faith with a Oneness Pentecostal"
3095:
2979:
691:
604:
507:
408:
232:
2125:
The Historical Jesus: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 1
1010:
Second, there are those who also deny the virgin birth. This includes
3159:
3115:
2732:
1491:
The Ante-nicene Fathers: the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325
790:
499:
483:
90:
37:
1834:
The Religious Fringe: A history of alternative religions in America
1094:, the Logos is normally shown with the distinctive appearance, and
2464:
2339:
Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus
2041:
Faith and the Presidency: From George Washington to George W. Bush
1812:
A Reader in Pentecostal Theology: Voices from the first generation
1079:
1070:
816:
700:
677:
495:
20:
778:
635:
587:
The pre-existence of Christ is affirmed at the Beginning of the
510:
interpretation, Christ is identified with a pre-existent divine
2437:
1336:"The Only Begotten God. Eternal Generation in the Nicene Creed"
857:
by translating with the phrase "a god," rather than "God". The
2352:
Development of Christian Doctrine: Some Historical Prolegomena
2256:. Grand Rapids: InterVarsity Press. Eerdmans Publishing. 2003.
1906:
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Trinity > Unitarianism
1764:
The Oneness/Trinity Debate-Areas of Agreement and Disagreement
2370:
Invitation to Christian Spirituality: An Ecumenical Anthology
2254:
Christology in Cultural Perspective: Marking Out the Horizons
2030:
Virtue. Vol. 1, London: The Unitarian Society, pp. 179–214.
1865:, pp. 366–387: "their denial of the pre-existence of Christ"
613:
consider the nature of Christ's pre-existence as the divine
1102:
this looks forward to an incarnation yet to occur. In some
2270:
Thirsty for God: A Brief History of Christian Spirituality
2384:
The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth
2122:, "New Testament and Mythology," in Craig A. Evans (ed),
2433:
2148:
Interpreting Christian Art: Reflections on Christian art
1362:, 1983, reprinted by Regent College Publishing, 1993,
737:
Ch.21 sees a pre-existent appearance of Christ in the
2000:
An history of early opinions concerning Jesus Christ
1893:
Early Christian Mission: Paul & the early church
552:
when Jesus refers to the glory that he had with the
3125:
3044:
2970:
2893:
2850:
2793:
2723:
2489:
1591:
Locke, Socinianism, "Socinianism", and Unitarianism
975:First, there are those who nevertheless accept the
793:. Likewise, Manichaeans associated Christ with the
769:A clear idea of Christ's pre-existence is given in
16:
Existence of Christ before his incarnation as Jesus
2363:The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600)
1844:, p. 164: "They deny the preexistence of Christ."
1609:Archetypal Heresy: Arianism through the centuries
1359:An Evangelical Christology: Ecumenic and Historic
864:Among the many churches which separated from the
1532:Heuser, Manfred; Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1998).
646:or the second person of the Trinity. Theologian
890:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
884:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
672:, examines the development of this doctrine in
627:
533:
28:– Christ depicted as the creator of the world,
2785:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
2225:. Edinburgh: T & T Clark Publishing. 1996.
904:, who was in a spirit prior to birth by Mary (
698:in order to become human. Others reject this.
642:In Trinitarianism this "Logos" is also called
2449:
2365:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1971.
1098:that identifies Christ; in depictions of the
459:
8:
849:, the latter group identifying Jesus as the
935:and prophet. Since that time, the church's
2780:New Testament places associated with Jesus
2775:Historical background of the New Testament
2456:
2442:
2434:
2390:
2386:. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1995.
2372:. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999.
2289:. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1998.
2279:. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1993.
2249:. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing. 1993.
2223:Early Christianity and Hellenistic Judaism
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1504:Alpha Teach Yourself the Bible in 24 Hours
1424:
1422:
1130:emerged in the 6th century, mostly in the
1030:, and in the 19th century was also called
466:
452:
47:
2145:Heidi J. Hornik and Mikeal Carl Parsons,
1593:, from p. 111 in M. A. Stewart (editor),
3107:Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)
1535:Studies in Manichaean Literature and Art
773:thought, where he is conferred the name
1964:Did Jesus Really Come Down from Heaven?
1736:United Pentecostal Church International
1334:Charles Lee Irons (29 September 2020).
1187:
957:United Pentecostal Church International
797:and saw him as a holy emanation of the
531:More particularly, John 1:15, 18 says:
55:
2354:. London: Yale University Press. 1969.
2323:Salvation for All: God's Other Peoples
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2017:The religious life of Thomas Jefferson
1595:English Philosophy in the Age of Locke
1391:
1389:
1213:
1211:
1054:constituted his divinity." Similarly,
1003:. Today the view is primarily held by
660:less orthodox theologians and scholars
556:"before the world existed" during the
2379:. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. 1968.
2315:. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. 1980.
2299:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 1998.
7:
2272:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 2005.
2230:An Introduction to the New Testament
1383:. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2005.
1196:Signs & symbols in Christian art
2265:. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. 1999.
3098:(traditional maternal grandfather)
3092:(traditional maternal grandmother)
2175:Journal of Early Christian Studies
1857:, Harvest House Publishers, 1999,
1815:, Indiana University Press, 2006,
1635:, Harvest House Publishers, 2008,
1116:theology, the Old Testament title
1046:, sometimes called "the father of
1026:. This view is often described as
14:
2247:Backgrounds in Early Christianity
2151:, Mercer University Press, 2003,
1612:, Oxford University Press, 1996,
584:knew the preexistence of Christ.
514:(substantive reality) called the
3198:
3197:
2005:The Corruptions of Christianity.
1853:John Ankerberg and John Weldon,
1693:Whatever Happened to the Father?
1144:
63:
3104:(paternal grandfather per Luke)
1629:Norman Geisler and Ron Rhodes,
1446:Holman Christian Standard Bible
2808:Quest for the historical Jesus
2313:The Christological Controversy
2306:Jesus Christ in Modern Thought
1167:, a term in Western philosophy
872:, there is a shared belief in
548:This doctrine is supported in
1:
2102:, Kregel Publications, 1995,
1738:. 24 May 2011. Archived from
1078:, a 14th-century fresco from
900:). They believe Christ to be
714:In the beginning was the Word
2377:Gnosis and the New Testament
2232:. New York: Doubleday. 1997.
2207:Cartlidge and Elliott, 69-72
1836:, InterVarsity Press, 1993,
1792:, InterVarsity Press, 2006,
1472:(Inter-Varsity Press, 1994,
1464:, and Protestant theologian
1442:New Revised Standard Version
902:Jehovah of the Old Testament
819:and most early advocates of
2169:McKay, Gretchen K. (1999).
1979:Christ in the Old Testament
843:Church of God (Seventh-Day)
749:or 'appearances of God' ".
3270:
2758:Five Discourses of Matthew
2308:. London: SCM Press. 1990.
2242:, London: SCM Press. 1989.
1732:"Our Doctrinal Foundation"
1468:likewise denies it in his
1460:condemned this in 1951 in
1440:2:7, as translated in the
1408:, 2nd ed, Eerdmans, 1996,
1249:Eerdman Publishing Company
1092:Trinity is depicted in art
1014:, and Unitarians, such as
808:
785:instead of the Devil (AKA
598:
26:God resting after creation
3193:
2471:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2393:
2240:Christology in the Making
2070:Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
1809:Douglas Gordon Jacobsen,
1538:. BRILL. pp. 55–60.
859:Latter Day Saint movement
690:believe that God the Son
670:Christology in the Making
482:asserts the existence of
2985:In comparative mythology
2395:Pre-existence of Christ
1989:, CMPA, Birmingham 1996.
1768:. Onenesspentecostal.com
1717:4 September 2011 at the
1682:, Bookcraft, p. 165
1462:Sempiternus Rex Christus
1044:Friedrich Schleiermacher
706:In principio erat verbum
299:Christological doctrines
3138:Interactions with women
2382:Witherington, Ben III.
2345:Oxford University Press
2327:Oxford University Press
2311:Norris, Richard A. Jr.
2020:these introductions..."
1654:"New World Translation"
1171:Trinity (Andrei Rublev)
1036:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
866:Worldwide Church of God
832:William Ellery Channing
524:for "word"). There are
480:pre-existence of Christ
3254:Nature of Jesus Christ
3148:Mary, sister of Martha
2768:Oral gospel traditions
2187:10.1353/earl.1999.0019
2096:Robert Paul Lightner,
1985:30 August 2010 at the
1680:The Millennial Messiah
1220:by Masanobu Endo 2002
1194:George Ferguson, 1996
1087:
967:Denial of the doctrine
927:in 1820 (known as the
725:
640:
621:or Word, described in
546:
494:. One of the relevant
145:Communicatio idiomatum
45:
3229:Christian terminology
2875:Life of Christ Museum
2870:Life of Christ in art
1074:
955:earth." However, the
809:Further information:
781:into eating from the
704:
24:
2691:Sayings on the cross
2649:Entry into Jerusalem
2287:The Person of Christ
2252:Greene, Colin J. D.
2072:Biographia Literaria
2015:Sanford, Charles B.
1930:12 June 2011 at the
1165:Logos (Christianity)
948:Oneness Pentecostals
943:Oneness Pentecostals
438:Lutheran Christology
3224:Systematic theology
3180:Race and appearance
3118:(traditional uncle)
3024:Jesus the Splendour
2666:Agony in the Garden
2581:Sermon on the Mount
2350:Pelikan, Jaroslav.
2263:Jesus Symbol of God
2245:Ferguson, Everett.
2128:, Routledge, 2004,
1946:Letter on the Logos
1925:A Twofold Catechism
1890:Eckhard J. Schnabel
1786:W. David Buschart,
1470:Systematic Theology
1152:Christianity portal
1076:The Ancient of Days
993:Jacobus Palaeologus
950:are nontrinitarian
847:Jehovah's Witnesses
799:Father of Greatness
775:Jesus the Splendour
601:Nicene Christianity
595:Nicene Christianity
432:Extra calvinisticum
51:Part of a series on
3165:Rejection of Jesus
2842:Christ myth theory
2659:Farewell Discourse
2426:Genealogy of Jesus
2277:The Work of Christ
2039:Smith, Gary Scott
1910:Racovian Catechism
1875:Mark. W. Bassett,
1676:McConkie, Bruce R.
1606:Maurice F. Wiles,
1404:James D. G. Dunn,
1379:Douglas McCready.
1088:
787:Prince of Darkness
726:
718:Clementine Vulgate
674:early Christianity
578:Colossians 1:15–17
558:Farewell Discourse
46:
3211:
3210:
3133:Language of Jesus
3080:Brothers of Jesus
2952:Session of Christ
2828:Mara bar Serapion
2629:Great Commandment
2524:Flight into Egypt
2432:
2431:
2423:Succeeded by
2319:O'Collins, Gerald
2268:Holt, Bradley P.
1998:Joseph Priestley
1832:Richard G. Kyle,
1356:Bernard L. Ramm,
1284:Vincent M. Smiles
1001:Nathaniel Lardner
851:archangel Michael
811:Nontrinitarianism
805:Nontrinitarianism
783:Tree of Knowledge
696:divine attributes
570:2 Corinthians 8:9
476:
475:
151:Consubstantiality
3261:
3201:
3200:
3076:(alleged father)
2930:Person of Christ
2803:Historical Jesus
2634:Olivet Discourse
2562:Great Commission
2458:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2408:Preceded by
2391:
2375:Wilson, R. Mcl.
2360:
2335:
2293:McGrath, Alister
2275:Letham, Robert.
2228:Brown, Raymond.
2208:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2166:
2160:
2143:
2137:
2117:
2111:
2094:
2081:
2068:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2007:
1996:
1990:
1974:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1942:
1936:
1920:
1914:
1903:
1897:
1887:
1881:
1872:
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1807:
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1784:
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1728:
1722:
1709:
1696:
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1684:
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1672:
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1650:
1644:
1627:
1621:
1604:
1598:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1529:
1523:
1517:Summa Theologica
1513:
1507:
1502:W. Terry Whalin
1500:
1494:
1489:Robert, Rev. A.
1487:
1481:
1455:
1449:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1417:
1402:
1396:
1395:McCready, p. 11.
1393:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1326:before all ages.
1322:
1316:
1315:
1294:Liturgical Press
1280:
1274:
1273:
1235:
1229:
1215:
1206:
1192:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1132:Byzantine Empire
1114:Eastern Orthodox
1056:Albrecht Ritschl
1048:liberal theology
1024:Thomas Jefferson
1020:Joseph Priestley
1005:Christadelphians
979:. This includes
638:
625:, which begins:
544:
506:) where, in the
468:
461:
454:
275:Threefold office
193:Hypostatic union
139:Active obedience
85:Christ (Messiah)
67:
48:
40:. Depictions of
30:Byzantine mosaic
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3189:
3121:
3040:
2972:In other faiths
2966:
2889:
2885:Transfiguration
2846:
2789:
2719:
2619:Transfiguration
2493:
2485:
2467:
2462:
2428:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2358:
2333:
2283:Macleod, Donald
2221:Borgen, Peder.
2217:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2144:
2140:
2120:Rudolf Bultmann
2118:
2114:
2095:
2084:
2069:
2065:
2059:Jefferson Bible
2053:Steven Waldman
2052:
2048:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2010:
1997:
1993:
1987:Wayback Machine
1975:
1971:
1960:
1956:
1943:
1939:
1932:Wayback Machine
1921:
1917:
1904:
1900:
1888:
1884:
1873:
1869:
1852:
1848:
1831:
1827:
1808:
1804:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1742:on 12 June 2011
1730:
1729:
1725:
1719:Wayback Machine
1712:The Incarnation
1710:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1628:
1624:
1605:
1601:
1589:John Marshall,
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1571:. Newadvent.org
1567:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1480:, pp. 549–552).
1456:
1452:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1355:
1351:
1333:
1323:
1319:
1304:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1259:
1251:. p. 463.
1239:Richard B. Hays
1237:
1236:
1232:
1216:
1209:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1119:Ancient of Days
1104:Early Christian
1069:
1061:Rudolf Bultmann
969:
945:
918:Abraham 3:22-28
886:
853:, interpreting
813:
807:
767:
755:
734:Against Marcion
692:emptied himself
639:
633:
607:
599:Main articles:
597:
566:Ephesians 1:4–5
545:
540:
472:
443:
442:
425:By denomination
405:
379:
363:
347:
295:
294:
285:
284:
271:
245:
225:
209:
186:
168:
135:
112:
96:
77:
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3267:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3244:Trinitarianism
3241:
3239:Gospel of John
3236:
3231:
3226:
3216:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3143:Mary Magdalene
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3066:
3065:(legal father)
3060:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3016:
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3010:
3009:
2999:
2998:
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2987:
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2899:
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2882:
2877:
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2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
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2844:
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2810:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2763:Gospel harmony
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2481:List of topics
2478:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2368:Tyson, John R.
2366:
2355:
2348:
2330:
2316:
2309:
2303:Macquarrie, J.
2300:
2290:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:Dunn, J. D. G.
2233:
2226:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2161:
2138:
2112:
2082:
2063:
2046:
2032:
2022:
2008:
1991:
1969:
1961:Alan Hayward,
1954:
1937:
1915:
1898:
1882:
1867:
1846:
1825:
1802:
1779:
1762:"Jason Dulle,
1753:
1723:
1697:
1685:
1667:
1645:
1622:
1599:
1582:
1560:
1551:
1544:
1524:
1508:
1495:
1482:
1450:
1430:
1418:
1397:
1385:
1372:
1349:
1340:Credo Magazine
1317:
1302:
1296:. p. 42.
1275:
1257:
1230:
1207:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1176:Eternal Buddha
1173:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1139:
1136:
1100:Garden of Eden
1096:cruciform halo
1068:
1065:
1032:psilanthropism
968:
965:
944:
941:
898:D&C 130:22
885:
882:
806:
803:
766:
763:
759:Thomas Aquinas
754:
751:
722:Gospel of John
668:, in his book
631:
596:
593:
538:
526:nontrinitarian
474:
473:
471:
470:
463:
456:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
435:
427:
426:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
404:
403:
401:Homoiousianism
398:
392:
390:
385:
380:
378:
377:
372:
366:
364:
362:
361:
356:
350:
348:
346:
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327:
317:
312:
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301:
300:
296:
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287:
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282:
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264:
259:
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136:
134:
133:
128:
123:
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111:
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105:
99:
97:
95:
94:
87:
81:
78:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
60:
59:
53:
52:
42:God the Father
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3266:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3204:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Mental health
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2995:In the Talmud
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2962:Cosmic Christ
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:Second Coming
2945:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2935:Pre-existence
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2725:New Testament
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2602:Lord's Prayer
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Unknown years
2535:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:Date of birth
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2416:New Testament
2406:
2402:
2401:
2400:Life of Jesus
2392:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2157:0-86554-850-1
2154:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:0-415-32751-2
2131:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2108:0-8254-3145-X
2105:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:0-7369-0074-8
1860:
1856:
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1478:0-85110-652-8
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1458:Pope Pius XII
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914:grand council
911:
907:
906:Ether 3:14-17
903:
899:
895:
894:D&C 93:29
891:
883:
881:
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874:binitarianism
871:
870:Armstrongites
867:
862:
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757:According to
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62:
61:
58:
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43:
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35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
3249:Unitarianism
3085:Holy Kinship
3036:Master Jesus
3014:Baháʼí Faith
2934:
2908:Christianity
2895:Christianity
2865:Christ Child
2860:Bibliography
2710:Resurrection
2624:Homelessness
2533:(apocryphal)
2514:Virgin birth
2504:Annunciation
2496:Jesus's life
2414:
2398:
2383:
2376:
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2312:
2305:
2296:
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2253:
2246:
2239:
2229:
2222:
2215:Bibliography
2203:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2159:, pp. 32–35.
2146:
2141:
2123:
2115:
2110:, pp. 74–75.
2097:
2071:
2066:
2054:
2049:
2040:
2035:
2025:
2016:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1978:
1976:Tennant, H.
1972:
1962:
1957:
1945:
1940:
1923:
1918:
1901:
1892:
1885:
1876:
1870:
1854:
1849:
1833:
1828:
1810:
1805:
1787:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1763:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1740:the original
1735:
1726:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1656:. Wol.jw.org
1648:
1630:
1625:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1563:
1554:
1534:
1527:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1498:
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1469:
1466:Wayne Grudem
1453:
1433:
1405:
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1325:
1320:
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1243:
1233:
1217:
1195:
1190:
1160:Christophany
1117:
1111:
1089:
1075:
1009:
989:Ferenc David
983:, and early
977:virgin birth
974:
970:
961:
946:
929:First Vision
925:Joseph Smith
922:
887:
863:
840:
836:Isaac Newton
826:
814:
795:Tree of Life
768:
756:
732:
727:
713:
705:
682:
669:
664:
653:
648:Bernard Ramm
641:
634:John 1:1–3,
628:
611:Nicene Creed
608:
589:Nicene Creed
586:
547:
534:
530:
516:
498:passages is
479:
477:
430:
419:Theopaschism
414:Nestorianism
383:Miaphysitism
370:Dyophysitism
354:Dyothelitism
343:Monoenergism
320:Chalcedonism
315:Eutychianism
310:Apollinarism
240:Syncatabasis
238:
231:
221:Intercession
202:
179:
143:
130:
118:
89:
25:
18:
3234:Christology
3111:Descendants
3069:Holy Family
3052:Genealogies
3019:Manichaeism
2925:Incarnation
2920:Christology
2913:1st century
2795:Historicity
2686:Crucifixion
2654:Last Supper
2181:: 139–161.
1944:Lardner N.
1438:Philippians
1128:iconography
1124:God the Son
1052:sinlessness
1028:adoptionism
1016:Symon Budny
997:John Biddle
952:Pentecostal
888:Members of
878:Melchizedek
765:Manichaeism
753:Catholicism
747:Theophanies
743:evangelical
716:, from the
688:theologians
644:God the Son
623:John 1:1–18
617:called the
522:Koine Greek
508:Trinitarian
504:John 1:1–18
488:incarnation
338:Dyoenergism
305:Adoptionism
164:Humiliation
126:Incarnation
108:God the Son
57:Christology
3218:Categories
2957:Son of God
2852:Depictions
2590:Beatitudes
2547:Temptation
2491:Chronology
2325:. Oxford:
2260:Haight, R.
1922:J. Biddle
1746:2 February
1660:15 January
1312:1203878112
1267:1203876941
1182:References
1107:sarcophagi
985:Unitarians
910:exaltation
828:John Locke
771:Manichaean
729:Tertullian
685:Protestant
666:James Dunn
615:hypostasis
580:show that
562:John 17:24
512:hypostasis
409:Homoianism
262:Perfection
159:Exaltation
103:Son of God
3185:Sexuality
3170:Criticism
3155:Christmas
3031:Mandaeism
3007:Ahmadiyya
2715:Ascension
2639:Anointing
2574:Disciples
2557:Selecting
2195:170245894
2136:, p. 328.
1330:Genesis 1
1090:When the
1012:Ebionites
981:Socinians
933:president
724:, 1:1–18.
550:John 17:5
388:Henotikon
293:Doctrines
252:Knowledge
216:Imitation
3203:Category
3074:Panthera
3059:(mother)
2818:Josephus
2671:Betrayal
2614:Miracles
2609:Parables
2569:Ministry
2552:Apostles
2509:Nativity
2343:Oxford:
1983:Archived
1928:Archived
1908:: "This
1715:Archived
1678:(1982),
1643:, p. 55.
1620:, p. 83.
1506:Page 119
1370:, p. 47.
1286:(2005).
1241:(2008).
1228:page 233
1138:See also
987:such as
937:prophets
855:John 1:1
845:and the
821:Arianism
632:—
539:—
330:Docetism
280:Redeemer
204:Prosopon
181:Homoiōma
75:Concepts
34:Monreale
3126:Related
3096:Joachim
2990:Judaism
2980:Jesuism
2880:Statues
2833:Gospels
2823:Tacitus
2813:Sources
2738:Matthew
2733:Gospels
2644:Passion
2597:Prayers
2542:Baptism
2531:Infancy
2476:Outline
2419:Events
2410:Nothing
2361:
2347:. 2009.
2336:
2329:. 2008.
1772:18 July
1597:(2000),
1575:18 July
1205:page 92
1084:Georgia
605:Trinity
233:Kenosis
175:God-man
3160:Easter
3116:Clopas
3063:Joseph
3045:Family
2942:Relics
2903:Christ
2698:Burial
2676:Arrest
2357:
2332:
2193:
2155:
2132:
2106:
1950:Online
1896:in..."
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1310:
1300:
1265:
1255:
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1067:In art
1040:Joseph
1022:, and
999:, and
834:, and
791:gnosis
554:Father
500:John 1
484:Christ
267:Wisdom
198:Person
91:Kyrios
38:Sicily
3002:Islam
2681:Trial
2585:Plain
2465:Jesus
2191:S2CID
1080:Ubisi
817:Arius
710:Latin
683:Some
678:Philo
619:Logos
517:Logos
496:Bible
492:Jesus
120:Logos
3102:Heli
3090:Anne
3057:Mary
2753:John
2748:Luke
2743:Mark
2703:Tomb
2153:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2104:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1774:2012
1748:2015
1662:2019
1637:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1577:2012
1540:ISBN
1493:p381
1474:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1346:(3).
1308:OCLC
1298:ISBN
1263:OCLC
1253:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1199:ISBN
779:Adam
712:for
636:NRSV
603:and
582:Paul
576:and
536:Him.
478:The
257:Love
2494:of
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