40:
217:
426:
The first ossification centers in the area of the future premaxilla appear during the seventh week above the germ of the second incisor on the outer surface of the nasal capsule. After eleven weeks an accessory ossification center develops into the
58:
442:. However, experiments using mice have shown a different result. The bone that has been called the "premaxilla" (incisive bone) in mice consists of two parts: most of the bone covering the face originates from the
543:, has been largely replaced by septomaxilla; and that only a palatal part of the incisive bone remains a vestige of premaxilla. If this hypothesis is accurate, the bones that have been called "premaxilla" in
328:, the premaxillary element projects higher than the maxillary element behind. The palatal portion of the premaxilla is a bony plate with a generally transverse orientation. The
940:
912:
Wible, John R.; Miao, Desui; Hopson, James A. (March 1990). "The septomaxilla of fossil and recent synapsids and the problem of the septomaxilla of monotremes and armadillos".
973:
351:
was not the first one to discover the incisive bone in humans, he was the first to prove its presence across mammals. Hence, the incisive bone is also known as
435:
of the maxilla. The boundary between the premaxilla and the maxilla remains discernible after birth and a suture is often observable up to five years of age.
278:
119:
1113:
431:
of the premaxilla. Then a premaxillary process grow upwards to fuse with the frontal process of the maxilla; and later expands posteriorly to fuse with the
367:
to premaxilla in non-mammalian animals. However, there are counterarguments. According to them, the incisive bone is a novel character first acquired in
636:
254:
95:
941:"The history and homology of the os paradoxum or dumb-bell-shaped bone of the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Mammalia, Monotremata)"
1393:
1078:
722:
Higashiyama, Hiroki; Koyabu, Daisuke; Hirasawa, Tatsuya; Werneburg, Ingmar; Kuratani, Shigeru; Kurihara, Hiroki (November 2, 2021).
462:, as following section. In any case, the development and evolution of this region is complex and needs to be considered carefully.
1106:
395:
in 1905 and demonstrated by developmental biological- and paleontological experiments in 2021. This issue is still under debate.
574:
977:
837:
273:
114:
2312:
1475:
1099:
999:
Brownstein, Chase D.; Meyer, Dalton L.; Fabbri, Matteo; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2022-11-29).
539:
However, embryonic and fossil studies in 2021 suggest that the incisive bone, which has been called "premaxilla" in
1064:
585:
547:
are not entirely homologous to the original premaxilla of other vertebrates. This homology is, however, contended.
348:
805:"Growth Characteristics of the Premaxilla and Orthodontic Treatment Principles in Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate"
581:
were the first to describe the incisive bone as a separate bone within the skull in 1779 and 1780, respectively.
383:. In the incisive bones, only the palatine process corresponds to the premaxilla, while the other parts are the
285:
407:
which start their migration down to the face during the fourth week of gestation. A pair of symmetrical nasal
578:
451:
439:
372:
332:
is bound anteriorly and laterally by the premaxilla and posteriorly by the palatine process of the maxilla.
78:
46:
2144:
261:
249:
126:
102:
90:
604:
vertebra, and within it, the intermaxillary bone rests as evidence linking the species to other animals.
415:) are each divided into medial and lateral processes by the nasal pits. The medial processes become the
1754:
804:
1881:
1891:
1012:
735:
601:
466:
443:
380:
1856:
1492:
1329:
1544:
1420:
593:
475:
growth is excessive and directed more horizontally, resulting in a protrusive premaxilla at birth.
1614:
1554:
1354:
1314:
1257:
511:
455:
384:
376:
1674:
1594:
1381:
1267:
1184:
680:
404:
388:
364:
1740:
1735:
1334:
1177:
1589:
2174:
2151:
2067:
1599:
1441:
1074:
1046:
1028:
894:
763:
672:
632:
1349:
2137:
1920:
1689:
1679:
1387:
1220:
1036:
1020:
952:
921:
884:
876:
753:
743:
664:
626:
432:
329:
655:
Barteczko, K; Jacob, M (March 2004). "A re-evaluation of the premaxillary bone in humans".
487:, the premaxillary bones comprise only the central part in more primitive forms. They are
2264:
1839:
1763:
1235:
1016:
781:
739:
1927:
1664:
1647:
1497:
1447:
1359:
1339:
1194:
1041:
1000:
925:
889:
864:
758:
723:
570:
520:
972:
Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. (2006).
221:
The bony palate and alveolar arch. (Premaxilla is not labeled, but region is visible.)
2306:
2058:
2013:
1990:
1824:
1791:
1712:
1669:
1502:
1452:
1435:
1399:
1309:
1288:
1245:
1215:
1200:
1068:
550:
The differences in the size and composition in the premaxilla of various families of
492:
303:
152:
841:
684:
561:
are fused; this feature can be used to distinguish fossil squamates from relatives.
469:, the growth pattern of the premaxilla differs significantly from the normal case;
438:
It is also common in non-mammals, such as chickens, that premaxilla is derived from
39:
2008:
2003:
1848:
1730:
1528:
1524:
1486:
1425:
1344:
1272:
1251:
1230:
1171:
865:"New basal eutherian mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol biota, Liaoning, China"
698:
Gaupp, E. (1905). "Neue
Deutungen auf dem Gebiete der Lehre vom Säugetierschädel".
416:
336:
325:
363:
Incisive bone is a term used for mammals, and it has been generally thought to be
1091:
2190:
2087:
1885:
1876:
1429:
1324:
1225:
496:
392:
1024:
2269:
2208:
2178:
1962:
1870:
1609:
1604:
1571:
1560:
1210:
1163:
668:
484:
428:
412:
73:
1032:
2259:
2253:
2213:
2184:
2096:
1967:
1781:
1703:
1656:
1534:
1375:
1262:
748:
597:
533:
515:
510:
have a large, paired, intramembranous bone behind the premaxilla called the
507:
488:
266:
107:
17:
2290:
Parentheses denote bones that receive a different name in particular clades
1050:
898:
880:
767:
676:
347:, but not always. They are connected to the maxilla and the nasals. While
2092:
2023:
1934:
1896:
1860:
1811:
1786:
1771:
1566:
1516:
1129:
1126:
957:
863:
Hu, Yaoming; Meng, Jin; Li, Chuankui; Wang, Yuanqing (January 22, 2010).
558:
525:
500:
420:
2247:
2082:
2047:
1998:
1902:
1819:
1801:
1796:
1775:
1549:
1538:
1319:
1205:
1154:
589:
454:. This may be due to the replacement of most of the incisive bone with
408:
321:
164:
291:
132:
2218:
2041:
1972:
1941:
1866:
1696:
1684:
1479:
544:
540:
529:
471:
459:
447:
368:
168:
1070:
The Edge of
Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
324:, and encompasses the anterior nasal spine and alar region. In the
628:
Clinical anatomy of the masticatory apparatus peripharyngeal spaces
216:
57:
2036:
2031:
1581:
1462:
1456:
1190:
1142:
344:
237:
160:
2293:
Italics denote neomorphic bones present only in particular clades
1001:"Evolutionary origins of the prolonged extant squamate radiation"
1829:
1722:
1122:
1635:
1140:
1095:
551:
340:
156:
27:
Cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw of many animals
600:
and their permutations. The human skull is one example of a
573:
was the first to illustrate the incisive suture in humans.
532:
mammal. Intriguingly the septomaxilla is still present in
1073:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 194.
391:
to the non-mammalian premaxilla. This was hypothesized by
387:. Based on this, the incisive bone is not completely
2239:
2167:
2129:
2106:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2022:
1989:
1912:
1847:
1838:
1810:
1762:
1753:
1721:
1655:
1646:
1580:
1515:
1413:
1368:
1302:
1281:
1162:
1153:
272:
260:
248:
236:
231:
226:
209:
113:
101:
89:
84:
72:
67:
32:
528:) this species is believed to be the oldest known
159:of many animals, usually, but not always, bearing
320:) and is the part of the maxilla which bears the
335:It is formed from the fusion of a pair of small
483:Forming the oral edge of the upper jaw in most
403:In the embryo, the nasal region develops from
175:. Other terms used for this structure include
1107:
8:
717:
715:
713:
371:as a composition of premaxilla derived from
724:"Mammalian face as an evolutionary novelty"
620:
618:
313:
2072:
2063:
2054:
1909:
1844:
1835:
1759:
1652:
1643:
1632:
1378:(Supraoccipital+Exoccipital+Basioccipital)
1365:
1278:
1159:
1150:
1137:
1114:
1100:
1092:
215:
56:
38:
1040:
956:
914:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
888:
757:
747:
614:
306:, the premaxilla is referred to as the
976:. Animal Diversity Web. Archived from
289:
206:
130:
29:
592:, and formed the impression that all
163:. In humans, they are fused with the
7:
2181:) (Tibiale+Intermedium+Centrale 3+4)
650:
648:
926:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1990.tb01207.x
25:
1402:(Squamosal+Petrosal+Ectotympanic)
343:of many animals, usually bearing
506:Reptiles and most non-mammalian
62:Human premaxilla and its sutures
575:Pierre Marie Auguste Broussonet
171:has been usually termed as the
1:
939:Wible, John R. (March 2022).
155:at the very tip of the upper
840:. ZipCodeZoo. Archived from
554:is used for classification.
359:Incisive bone and premaxilla
151:) is one of a pair of small
1390:(Parasphenoid+Basisphenoid)
1065:Gillispie, Charles Coulston
596:, being bodies composed of
2329:
1025:10.1038/s41467-022-34217-5
586:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
349:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2286:
2204:
1958:
1642:
1631:
1471:
1149:
1136:
803:Vergervik, Karin (1983).
669:10.1007/s00429-003-0366-x
446:, and only a part of the
284:
214:
125:
55:
37:
1384:(Exoccipital+Opisthotic)
514:. Because this bone is
286:Anatomical terms of bone
749:10.1073/pnas.2111876118
625:Lang, Johannes (1995).
452:medial nasal prominence
440:medial nasal prominence
373:medial nasal prominence
339:at the very tip of the
79:Median nasal prominence
47:Spinosaurus aegyptiacus
2145:Intermediate cuneiform
1291:(Postparietal+Tabular)
881:10.1098/rspb.2009.0203
657:Anatomy and Embryology
479:Evolutionary variation
314:
167:. The "premaxilla" of
127:Anatomical terminology
50:, premaxilla in orange
1005:Nature Communications
974:"Premaxillae of bats"
784:. Medscape. June 2011
1637:Postcranial skeleton
1396:(Prootic+Opisthotic)
958:10.3897/vz.72.e80508
812:Cleft Palate Journal
497:cartilaginous fishes
467:cleft lip and palate
450:originates from the
444:maxillary prominence
411:(thickenings in the
381:maxillary prominence
2193:(Distal tarsal 4+5)
1017:2022NatCo..13.7087B
740:2021PNAS..11811876H
734:(44): e2111876118.
594:animals are similar
557:The premaxillae of
187:intermaxillary bone
2313:Vertebrate anatomy
1675:Cervical vertebrae
945:Vertebrate Zoology
844:on 21 January 2012
423:, and premaxilla.
405:neural crest cells
2300:
2299:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2200:
2199:
2168:Composite tarsals
2152:Lateral cuneiform
2150:Distal tarsal 3 (
2143:Distal tarsal 2 (
2136:Distal tarsal 1 (
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1954:
1953:
1940:Distal carpal 4 (
1933:Distal carpal 3 (
1926:Distal carpal 2 (
1919:Distal carpal 1 (
1749:
1748:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1511:
1510:
1409:
1408:
1298:
1297:
980:on 3 January 2012
875:(1679): 229–236.
638:978-3-13-799101-4
579:Félix Vicq-d'Azyr
485:jawed vertebrates
300:
299:
295:
192:os intermaxillare
177:premaxillary bone
141:
140:
136:
16:(Redirected from
2320:
2138:Medial cuneiform
2076:Proximal tarsals
2073:
2064:
2055:
1910:
1882:Lateral centrale
1845:
1836:
1760:
1690:Caudal vertebrae
1680:Dorsal vertebrae
1653:
1644:
1633:
1388:Parabasisphenoid
1366:
1279:
1160:
1151:
1138:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1044:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
969:
963:
962:
960:
936:
930:
929:
909:
903:
902:
892:
860:
854:
853:
851:
849:
834:
828:
827:
825:
823:
809:
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
778:
772:
771:
761:
751:
719:
708:
707:
695:
689:
688:
652:
643:
642:
622:
433:alveolar process
330:incisive foramen
317:
292:edit on Wikidata
219:
207:
133:edit on Wikidata
60:
42:
30:
21:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2274:
2265:Ossified tendon
2223:
2196:
2163:
2160:Distal tarsal 5
2157:Distal tarsal 4
2125:
2102:
2053:
2018:
1977:
1950:
1947:Distal carpal 5
1908:
1892:Medial centrale
1834:
1806:
1764:Pectoral girdle
1745:
1717:
1709:
1638:
1619:
1576:
1507:
1467:
1405:
1369:Composite bones
1364:
1294:
1282:Composite bones
1277:
1145:
1132:
1120:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1063:
1062:
1058:
998:
997:
993:
983:
981:
971:
970:
966:
938:
937:
933:
911:
910:
906:
862:
861:
857:
847:
845:
836:
835:
831:
821:
819:
807:
802:
801:
797:
787:
785:
782:"Nasal Anatomy"
780:
779:
775:
721:
720:
711:
697:
696:
692:
654:
653:
646:
639:
624:
623:
616:
610:
588:began studying
567:
545:therian mammals
541:therian mammals
481:
401:
369:therian mammals
361:
296:
222:
205:
182:os premaxillare
169:therian mammals
137:
63:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2326:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2187:(Centrale 1+2)
2182:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2131:
2130:Distal tarsals
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1913:Distal carpals
1907:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1879:
1874:
1864:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1768:
1766:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1498:Sclerotic ring
1495:
1493:Extracolumella
1490:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1360:Supraoccipital
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1340:Orbitosphenoid
1337:
1332:
1330:Laterosphenoid
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1056:
991:
964:
931:
920:(3): 203–228.
904:
855:
829:
795:
773:
709:
690:
663:(6): 417–437.
644:
637:
613:
612:
611:
609:
606:
584:In the 1790s,
571:Volcher Coiter
566:
563:
524:(a Cretaceous
521:Acristatherium
495:and absent in
480:
477:
460:therian mammal
400:
397:
360:
357:
298:
297:
288:
282:
281:
276:
270:
269:
264:
258:
257:
252:
246:
245:
240:
234:
233:
229:
228:
224:
223:
220:
212:
211:
204:
201:
139:
138:
129:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
82:
81:
76:
70:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2325:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:Miscellaneous
2238:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2014:Epipubic bone
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1991:Pelvic girdle
1988:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Radius (bone)
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:Interclavicle
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1713:Haemal arches
1711:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1630:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1503:Wormian bones
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:Ectopterygoid
1419:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:Basioccipital
1308:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1290:
1289:Interparietal
1287:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:Supratemporal
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1246:Quadratojugal
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1185:Intertemporal
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1082:
1080:0-691-02350-6
1076:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
992:
979:
975:
968:
965:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
905:
900:
896:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:Proc Biol Sci
866:
859:
856:
843:
839:
833:
830:
817:
813:
806:
799:
796:
783:
777:
774:
769:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:
716:
714:
710:
705:
701:
694:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
651:
649:
645:
640:
634:
630:
629:
621:
619:
615:
607:
605:
603:
602:metamorphosed
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
564:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
478:
476:
474:
473:
468:
465:In bilateral
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:derived from
378:
374:
370:
366:
358:
356:
354:
353:Goethe's bone
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:cranial bones
333:
331:
327:
323:
322:incisor teeth
319:
318:
316:
309:
308:incisive bone
305:
304:human anatomy
293:
287:
283:
280:
277:
275:
271:
268:
265:
263:
259:
256:
253:
251:
247:
244:
241:
239:
235:
230:
225:
218:
213:
210:Incisive bone
208:
203:Human anatomy
202:
200:
198:
197:Goethe's bone
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:incisive bone
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:cranial bones
150:
146:
134:
128:
124:
121:
118:
116:
112:
109:
106:
104:
100:
97:
94:
92:
88:
83:
80:
77:
75:
71:
66:
59:
54:
49:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2252:
2246:
2046:
1901:
1755:Appendicular
1731:Cervical rib
1702:
1695:
1615:Tympanohyoid
1559:
1555:Prearticular
1529:Ectotympanic
1487:Entotympanic
1485:
1440:
1426:Epipterygoid
1355:Sphenethmoid
1345:Parasphenoid
1315:Basisphenoid
1258:Septomaxilla
1250:
1240:
1231:Postparietal
1183:
1176:
1069:
1059:
1008:
1004:
994:
982:. Retrieved
978:the original
967:
948:
944:
934:
917:
913:
907:
872:
868:
858:
846:. Retrieved
842:the original
838:"Premaxilla"
832:
820:. Retrieved
815:
811:
798:
786:. Retrieved
776:
731:
727:
703:
699:
693:
660:
656:
627:
583:
568:
556:
549:
538:
519:
512:septomaxilla
505:
482:
470:
464:
456:septomaxilla
437:
425:
402:
385:septomaxilla
377:septomaxilla
362:
352:
334:
326:nasal cavity
315:os incisivum
312:
311:
307:
301:
255:A02.1.12.031
243:os incisivum
242:
196:
191:
190:
186:
181:
180:
176:
172:
148:
144:
142:
96:A02.1.12.031
45:
18:Premaxillary
2088:Intermedium
1877:Intermedium
1595:Ceratohyoid
1430:Alisphenoid
1382:Otoccipital
1325:Exoccipital
1226:Postorbital
1221:Postfrontal
1011:(1): 7087.
951:: 143–158.
429:alar region
393:Ernst Gaupp
232:Identifiers
149:praemaxilla
85:Identifiers
2270:Osteoderms
2209:Metatarsal
2175:Astragalus
2122:Centrale 4
2119:Centrale 3
2116:Centrale 2
2113:Centrale 1
1963:Metacarpal
1871:Triquetral
1741:Caudal rib
1736:Dorsal rib
1610:Thyrohyoid
1605:Stylohyoid
1572:Surangular
1561:Predentary
1335:Opisthotic
1241:Premaxilla
1236:Prefrontal
1178:Internasal
1164:Skull roof
984:3 December
848:3 December
822:3 December
788:3 December
706:: 273–310.
631:. Thieme.
608:References
534:monotremes
508:therapsids
493:blowfishes
413:epithelium
399:Embryology
389:homologous
365:homologous
145:premaxilla
33:Premaxilla
2260:Gastralia
2254:Baubellum
2214:Phalanges
2185:Navicular
2107:Centralia
2097:Calcaneum
1968:Phalanges
1928:Trapezoid
1921:Trapezium
1782:Cleithrum
1704:Pygostyle
1657:Vertebrae
1590:Basihyoid
1535:Articular
1476:Columella
1448:Pterygoid
1376:Occipital
1303:Braincase
1263:Squamosal
1195:Zygomatic
1033:2041-1723
700:Anat. Anz
598:vertebrae
569:In 1573,
559:squamates
526:eutherian
516:vestigial
501:sturgeons
74:Precursor
44:Skull of
2307:Category
2093:Fibulare
2024:Hindlimb
1935:Capitate
1897:Pisiform
1861:Scaphoid
1812:Forelimb
1787:Coracoid
1772:Clavicle
1600:Epihyoid
1567:Splenial
1545:Coronoid
1517:Mandible
1453:Quadrate
1442:Prevomer
1436:Palatine
1400:Temporal
1394:Petrosal
1216:Parietal
1201:Lacrimal
1130:skeleton
1127:tetrapod
1067:(1960).
1051:36446761
899:19419990
768:34716275
685:13069026
677:14760532
499:such as
472:in utero
421:philtrum
409:placodes
2248:Baculum
2083:Tibiale
2048:Patella
1999:Ischium
1903:Pteroid
1857:Radiale
1820:Humerus
1802:Sternum
1797:Scapula
1776:Furcula
1550:Dentary
1539:Malleus
1525:Angular
1350:Prootic
1320:Ethmoid
1273:Tabular
1252:Rostral
1206:Maxilla
1172:Frontal
1155:Cranium
1125:in the
1042:9708687
1013:Bibcode
890:2842663
759:8673075
736:Bibcode
590:zoology
565:History
530:therian
458:in the
227:Details
165:maxilla
68:Details
2219:Ungual
2191:Cuboid
2068:Tarsus
2042:Fibula
1973:Ungual
1942:Hamate
1886:Lunate
1867:Ulnare
1849:Carpus
1697:Coccyx
1685:Sacrum
1480:Stapes
1414:Palate
1077:
1049:
1039:
1031:
897:
887:
766:
756:
683:
675:
635:
448:palate
417:septum
195:, and
2179:Talus
2037:Tibia
2032:Femur
2009:Pubis
2004:Ilium
1840:Manus
1665:Atlas
1648:Axial
1582:Hyoid
1463:Vomer
1457:Incus
1211:Nasal
1191:Jugal
1143:Skull
1123:Bones
808:(PDF)
681:S2CID
489:fused
345:teeth
290:[
279:77231
238:Latin
161:teeth
131:[
120:77231
1830:Ulna
1723:Ribs
1670:Axis
1075:ISBN
1047:PMID
1029:ISSN
986:2011
895:PMID
850:2011
824:2011
790:2011
764:PMID
728:PNAS
673:PMID
633:ISBN
577:and
552:bats
375:and
341:jaws
250:TA98
147:(or
143:The
91:TA98
2059:Pes
1037:PMC
1021:doi
953:doi
922:doi
885:PMC
877:doi
873:277
818:(4)
754:PMC
744:doi
732:118
665:doi
661:207
518:in
491:in
302:In
274:FMA
267:833
262:TA2
189:or
179:or
157:jaw
115:FMA
108:833
103:TA2
2309::
1045:.
1035:.
1027:.
1019:.
1009:13
1007:.
1003:.
949:72
947:.
943:.
918:98
916:.
893:.
883:.
871:.
867:.
816:20
814:.
810:.
762:.
752:.
742:.
730:.
726:.
712:^
704:27
702:.
679:.
671:.
659:.
647:^
617:^
536:.
503:.
419:,
355:.
199:.
185:,
2251:/
2177:(
2154:)
2147:)
2140:)
2099:)
2095:(
1944:)
1937:)
1930:)
1923:)
1888:)
1884:(
1873:)
1869:(
1863:)
1859:(
1778:)
1774:(
1541:)
1537:(
1531:)
1527:(
1482:)
1478:(
1459:)
1455:(
1432:)
1428:(
1197:)
1193:(
1115:e
1108:t
1101:v
1083:.
1053:.
1023::
1015::
988:.
961:.
955::
928:.
924::
901:.
879::
852:.
826:.
792:.
770:.
746::
738::
687:.
667::
641:.
310:(
294:]
135:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
