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804:, with his appointment as First Consul, established himself as the head of a more autocratic and centralised republican government in France while not declaring himself sole ruler. Due to the long-lasting institutions established during these years, Robert B. Holtman has called the consulate "one of the most important periods of all French history." By the end of this period, Bonaparte had engineered an authoritarian personal rule now viewed as a
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1181:, drawn up not in the Catholic Church's interest but in that of his own policy, by giving satisfaction to the religious feeling of the country, allowed him to put down the constitutional democratic Church, to rally round him the consciences of the peasants, and above all to deprive the royalists of their best weapon. The
1376:
D'Enghien was found guilty of being in violation of
Article 2 of a law of 6 October 1791, to wit, "Any conspiracy and plot aimed at disturbing the State by civil war, and arming the citizens against one another, or against lawful authority, will be punished by death." He was executed in the ditch of
1372:
D'Enghien during his questioning at the court told them that he was being paid 4,200 pounds per year by
Britain "in order to combat not France but a government to which his birth had made him hostile." Further, he stated that "I asked England if I might serve in her armies, but she replied that that
1229:
France enjoyed a high level of peace and order under
Bonaparte that helped to raise the standard of comfort. Prior to this, Paris had often suffered from hunger and thirst, and lacked fire and light, but under Bonaparte, provisions became cheap and abundant, while trade prospered and wages ran high.
1380:
The aftermath caused hardly a ripple in France, but abroad, it produced a storm of anger. Many of those who had favoured or been neutral to
Bonaparte now turned against him, but Bonaparte always assumed full responsibility for allowing the execution and continued to believe that, on balance, he had
1324:
for their return to France from
England. Pichegru met Moreau, one of Bonaparte's generals and a former protege of Pichegru, on 28 January 1804. The next day, a British secret agent named Courson was arrested and he, under torture, confessed that Pichegru, Moreau, and Cadoudal were conspiring to
1017:
was a governmental body equal to the three aforementioned legislative assemblies and verified the draft bills and directly advised the First Consul on the implications of such bills. Ultimate executive authority was vested in three consuls, who were elected for ten years. Popular suffrage was
1264:
reduced the republican army to a nullity. Constant war helped demoralise and scatter the military's leaders, who were jealous of their "comrade" Bonaparte. The last major challenge to
Bonaparte's authority came from Moreau, who was compromised in a royalist plot; he too was sent into exile.
1332:
These further arrests revealed that the
Royalist conspiracy would eventually involve the active participation of the Duke of Enghien, who was a relatively young Bourbon prince and thus another possible heir to a restored Bourbon monarchy. The Duke, at that time, was living as a French
1056:
While this near-unanimity is certainly open to question, Bonaparte was genuinely popular among many voters, and after a period of strife, many in France were reassured by his dazzling but unsuccessful offers of peace to the victorious Second
Coalition, his rapid disarmament of the
981:
Initially, the 18 Brumaire coup seemed to be a victory for Sieyès, rather than for
Bonaparte. Sieyès was a proponent of a new system of government for the Republic, and the coup initially seemed certain to bring his system into force. Bonaparte's cleverness lay in counterpoising
1365:, Bonaparte had enough. Based on d'Enghien's who were seized at his home in Germany and the material from the police, d'Enghien was charged as a conspirator in time of war and was subject to a military court. He was ordered to be tried by a court of seven colonels at
1355:, Bonaparte's minister of police who had warned that "the air is full of daggers", the First Consul came to the conclusion that the Duke must be dealt with. Two hundred French soldiers crossed the border, surrounded the Duke's home in Baden and arrested him.
1225:
towards the nation's universities. He constructed or consolidated the funds necessary for national institutions, local governments, a judiciary system, organs of finance, banking, codes, and traditions of conscientious of a well-disciplined labour force.
851:
for the two councils in March and April had produced a new "Neo-Jacobin" majority in the two bodies, and being unhappy with the existing five man
Directory, by 5 June 1799, these councils had found an irregularity in the election of the Director
876:. The three new directors were generally seen by the anti-Jacobin elite of France as non-entities, but that same elite could take some comfort in knowing that the five man Directory was still in anti-Jacobin hands, but with a reduced majority.
1033:. Sieyès had intended to reserve this important position for himself, and by denying him the job Bonaparte helped reinforce the authority of the consuls, an office which he would assume. Nor was Bonaparte content simply to be part of an equal
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confirmed the new constitution. It vested all of the real power in the hands of the First Consul, leaving only a nominal role for the other two consuls. A full 99.9% of voters approved the motion, according to the released results.
2041:
Gouvernements, ministères et constitutions de la France depuis cent ans: Précis historique des révolutions, des crises ministérielles et gouvernementales, et des changements de constitutions de la France depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1890
5420:
1268:
In contradistinction to the opposition of senators and republican generals, the majority of the French populace remained uncritical of Bonaparte's authority. No suggestion of the possibility of his death was tolerated.
1065:, and his talk of stability of government, order, justice, and moderation. He gave everyone a feeling that France was governed once more by a real statesman, and that a competent government was finally in charge.
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826:
French military disasters in 1798 and 1799 had shaken the Directory, and eventually shattered it in November 1799. Historians sometimes date the start of the political downfall of the Directory to 18 June 1799
1185:
hid from the eyes of his companions-in-arms and councillors a reaction which, in fact if not in law, restored to a submissive Church, despoiled of her revenues, her position as the religion of the state.
6480:
903:) was necessary. The new Directory government, led by Sieyès, decided that the necessary revision of the constitution would require "a head" (his own) and "a sword" (a general to back him). With General
1018:
retained, though mutilated by the lists of notables (on which the members of the Assemblies were to be chosen by the Senate). The four aforementioned governmental organs were retained under the
1197:, paid all the costs, gave Napoleon a pretext for endowing himself with a consulate, not for ten years but for life, as a recompense from the nation. Bonaparte's path to emperor began with the
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Bonaparte needed to rid himself of Sieyès and of those republicans who had no desire to hand over the republic to one man, particularly Moreau and Masséna, his military rivals. At the
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On the way back to France, d'Enghien stated that "he had sworn implacable hatred against Bonaparte as well as against the French; he would take every occasion to make war on them."
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1045:, as well as the Assemblies, weak and subservient. By consolidating power, Bonaparte was able to transform the aristocratic constitution of Sieyès into an unavowed dictatorship.
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were also driven to resign, although one long time anti-Jacobin, popularly known for his cunning, survived the day's coup; they were replaced by the Jacobin baron
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1173:, gave nearly the whole of Italy to France, and permitted Bonaparte to eliminate from the Assemblies all the leaders of the opposition in the discussion of the
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961:, seizing French parliamentary and military power and forcing the sitting directors of the government to resign. On the night of 10 November, a remnant of the
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Because Bonaparte's hold on political power was still tenuous, French royalists devised a plot that involved kidnapping and assassinating him and inviting
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overthrow the consulate. The French government sought more details of this plot by arresting and torturing Louis Picot, Cadoudal's servant. General
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with Austria, which restored peace to Europe, was signed in February 1801. Austria, which had been disarmed by Moreau's victory at the
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had contributed to this royalist conspiracy by financing one million pounds and providing naval transport (with the ship of Captain
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on 24 December allowed Napoleon to make a clean sweep of the democratic republicans, who despite their innocence, were deported to
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This article is about the government of France from 1799–1804. For France's diplomatic missions also known as "consulates", see
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ordered the city gates of Paris to be closed from 7 pm to 6 am while Pichegru and Moreau were arrested during the next month.
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895:), royalist intrigues, and the end became certain. In order to soothe the populace and protect the frontier, more than the
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1221:; over-centralised, strictly utilitarian administrative and bureaucratic methods, and a policy of subservient pedantic
1037:. As the years progressed he would move to consolidate his own power as First Consul, and leave the two other consuls,
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was impossible: I must wait on the Rhine, where I would have a part to play immediately, and I was in fact waiting."
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1011:, whose members could not discuss the bills but voted on them after reviewing the Tribunate's debate record. The
942:, the fortunes of the Directory were still not restored. Success was reserved for Bonaparte, suddenly landing at
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was held, this time to confirm Bonaparte as "First Consul for Life." Once again, a vote claimed 99.7% approval.
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on 14 June 1800, what briefly seemed like a potential defeat for France was ultimately secured by the generals
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Bonaparte was largely able to quell dissent within government by expelling his more vocal critics, such as
1022:, which recognised Bonaparte as the French sovereign, but their respective powers were greatly diminished.
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1154:. This offered a further opportunity to Napoleon's ambitions by increasing his popularity. The royalist
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
986:'s plan to that of Sieyès, and in retaining only those portions of each which could serve his ambition.
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After three plots to assassinate him and the further financing of a supposed insurrection in
1162:. Napoleon annulled the Assemblies and made the Senate omnipotent in constitutional matters.
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969:, ordained the consulate, and legalised the coup in favour of Bonaparte with the
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in his new form of one-man government. Like the old monarchy, he re-introduced
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2124:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 859–860.
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disturbances in a dozen departments of the western part of France (mainly in
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2078:" (September 2005), The Napoleonic Series website. Accessed October 2006.
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The new government was composed of three parliamentary assemblies: the
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7303:
6871:
1211:
As Bonaparte increased his power, he borrowed many techniques of the
261:
3222:
1005:
which could not vote on the bills but instead debated them, and the
879:
Additional military disasters, royalist insurrections in the south,
1233:
In strengthening the machinery of the state, Bonaparte created the
5355:
2101:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1908:, ed. Rafe Blaufarb (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008), 54–56.
1904:
Antoine-Claire Thibaudeau, "Creation of the Consular Government,"
1347:, which was close to the French border. Possibly at the urging of
1276:
1130:
988:
1193:
with the United Kingdom, of which France's allies, Spain and the
7576:
6986:
6840:
220:
6844:
6462:
6309:
6204:
5394:
4744:
3990:
3349:
3226:
2454:
2132:
5421:
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
5235:
1072:
777:) was the top-level government of France from the fall of the
2450:
1919:"From Life Consulship to the hereditary Empire (1802–1804)"
1906:
Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents
1090:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1025:
Bonaparte vetoed Sieyès's original idea of having a single
2071:
website (English language version). Accessed October 2006.
1833:(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), 31.
1281:
Portrait of Louis Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Enghien, by
993:
Constitution of the year VIII and later the French Empire
957:
On 9 November 1799 (18 Brumaire VIII), Bonaparte led the
954:'s death (1797), appearing as sole master of the armies.
915:] on 15 August, he turned to General Napoleon Bonaparte.
907:
being unattainable as his sword, Sieyès favoured General
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1096:
1976:
Lucius Hudson Holt; Alexander Wheeler Chilton (1919).
1851:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.
6151:
List of people associated with the French Revolution
1393:
Provisional consuls (10 November – 12 December 1799)
938:
lingered on the frontier as they had done after the
7743:
7644:
7531:
7424:
7353:
7274:
7155:
7124:
7047:
7000:
6967:
6946:
6890:
6881:
6804:
6735:
6631:
6572:
6533:
6494:
6383:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
6159:
5993:
5986:
5871:
5728:
5650:
5561:
5454:
5401:
5352:
5317:
5287:
5262:
5219:
5093:
5084:
5062:
4767:
4751:
4709:
4672:
4627:
4534:
4481:
4412:
4282:
4256:
4173:
4070:
3997:
3942:
3923:
3896:
3833:
3769:
3664:
3597:
3546:
3500:
3473:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
3383:
3356:
3113:
3041:
2957:
2794:
2625:
2515:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2362:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2286:
2260:
2239:
2232:
2206:
2167:
131:
121:
113:
105:
100:
41:
1941:
1844:
56:Executive government of the French First Republic
5309:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
1135:Portrait of First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, by
543:
3351:Significant civil and political events by year
6856:
6474:
3238:
2466:
2144:
746:
8:
7232:
7211:
7071:
6404:
6363:
6339:
6320:
5304:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
2083:
2066:
1242:
1234:
1058:
85:
77:
69:
1847:The Cambridge Illustrated History of France
1443:Consulate (12 December 1799 – 18 May 1804)
7650:
7537:
7430:
7359:
6887:
6863:
6849:
6841:
6786:Last cabinet of the French Second Republic
6481:
6467:
6459:
6306:
6201:
5990:
5508:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
5391:
5090:
4764:
4741:
3987:
3346:
3245:
3231:
3223:
2473:
2459:
2451:
2236:
2151:
2137:
2129:
1507:
1300:that would precede the restoration of the
785:on 9 November 1799 until the start of the
753:
739:
148:
38:
5773:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
5431:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
5254:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
2224:Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance
1308:on the throne. The British government of
1119:Learn how and when to remove this message
899:'s usual terrorist measures (such as the
3489:Nationalization of the Church properties
1979:A Brief History of Europe from 1789–1815
1505:The ministers under the Consulate were:
1388:
6434:Historiography of the French Revolution
5705:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
5416:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
2076:The d'Enghien Affair: Crime or Blunder?
2006:
1892:
1822:
1349:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-PĂ©riogord
872:and by non-Jacobin, or "weak" Jacobin,
789:on 18 May 1804. By extension, the term
613:
162:
151:
5441:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-PĂ©rigord
5396:Other significant figures and factions
2704:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
2252:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-PĂ©rigord
1550:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-PĂ©rigord
1204:On 2 August 1802 (14 Thermidor, X), a
1068:
911:; but, when Joubert was killed at the
27:Government of France from 1799 to 1804
5488:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
5244:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
5183:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
5141:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
3621:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary
1343:, but he also kept a rented house in
32:List of diplomatic missions of France
7:
7910:1799 events of the French Revolution
5642:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
5054:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
3841:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III
3209:
2394:Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano
1351:, Bonaparte's foreign minister, and
1201:dated 4 August 1802 (16 Thermidor).
866:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
5249:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
6439:Influence of the French Revolution
6429:Symbolism in the French Revolution
5193:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
5154:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
3409:Convocation of the Estates General
2846:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
1069:Bonaparte's consolidation of power
25:
6489:Governments of France (1792–1870)
6081:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
5813:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
5115:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
4897:François Christophe de Kellermann
4136:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
3145:"China is a sleeping giant" quote
1152:François Christophe de Kellermann
7920:1804 disestablishments in France
6652:First ministry of Louis-Philippe
5808:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
5715:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
5685:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
5576:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
5354:
5319:
5289:
5264:
5221:
5095:
4972:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
4753:
3525:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
3208:
3200:
3199:
2616:
2375:Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait
2268:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
2219:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
2193:
2162:(10 November 1799 – 18 May 1804)
2094:
1988:August 1802 referendum napoleon.
1749:Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait
1568:Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès
1463:
1456:
1449:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1077:
1039:Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès
862:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
856:, who thus retired in favour of
722:
707:
173:
72:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
62:
6146:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
5893:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
5818:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
5029:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert SĂ©rurier
5024:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
5004:Catherine-Dominique de PĂ©rignon
4832:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
3750:Marie Antoinette is guillotined
3087:Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker
1501:Cabinet of the French Consulate
7202:Government of National Defense
6820:Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III
6564:Provisional Government of 1815
6549:Provisional Government of 1814
6419:Women in the French Revolution
6021:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
5198:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
4862:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
4491:French invasion of Switzerland
2045:Marchal et Billard. p. 61
793:also refers to this period of
1:
7915:1799 establishments in France
7111:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
7106:War of the Spanish Succession
6815:Third cabinet of Napoleon III
6424:Incroyables and merveilleuses
6243:Pierre Claude François Daunou
6031:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
5162:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
5133:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
4430:Naval Engagement off Brittany
4183:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies
4157:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
3966:Constitution of the Year VIII
3701:Committee of General Security
3586:National Legislative Assembly
3441:National Constituent Assembly
2370:Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry
1736:Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry
1156:plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise
1137:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
984:Pierre Claude François Daunou
971:Constitution of the Year VIII
6707:Transitional cabinet of 1839
6342:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
6136:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
6026:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
5923:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
5823:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
5513:Charles Malo François Lameth
5188:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
5019:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
4962:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
4162:Second Battle of Wissembourg
3849:Constitution of the Year III
2318:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
1656:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
1020:Constitution of the Year XII
967:Constitution of the Year III
909:Barthélemy Catherine Joubert
870:Jean-François-Auguste Moulin
6238:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
5863:Antoine Christophe Saliceti
5798:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
5758:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
5637:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
5622:JĂ©rĂ´me PĂ©tion de Villeneuve
5617:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
5426:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
5279:William V, Prince of Orange
4149:First Battle of Wissembourg
4106:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
3822:Closing of the Jacobin Club
3691:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
3648:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
3508:Abolition of the Parlements
3481:Women's March on Versailles
2880:War of the Fourth Coalition
2440:First Cabinet of Napoleon I
1377:the fortress of Vincennes.
7941:
7592:French subdivisions by GDP
7339:2022 presidential election
7324:2017 presidential election
6642:Paris Municipal Commission
6510:Committee of Public Safety
6373:French Republican calendar
5928:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
5553:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
4907:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
4857:Charles François Dumouriez
4847:Jacques François Dugommier
4661:League of Armed Neutrality
4494:(28 January – 17 May 1798)
4446:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz
4269:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
4248:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
3912:Second Congress of Rastatt
3696:Committee of Public Safety
3683:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
3189:Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)
3054:Column of the Grande Armée
2916:War of the Sixth Coalition
2892:War of the Fifth Coalition
2868:War of the Third Coalition
1498:
1206:second national referendum
1199:Constitution of the Year X
833:French Republican calendar
815:
29:
7853:
7653:
7540:
7433:
7362:
7096:Second Hundred Years' War
6938:Liberalism and radicalism
6388:Cult of the Supreme Being
6316:
6305:
6211:
6200:
5548:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
5403:Patriotic Society of 1789
5390:
5206:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
5128:Karl Aloys zu FĂĽrstenberg
4740:
4645:Convention of Alessandria
3986:
3931:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI
3392:What Is the Third Estate?
3345:
3260:
3197:
3019:Saint-Domingue expedition
2904:French invasion of Russia
2805:French Revolutionary Wars
2614:
2488:
2428:
2418:Jean François Aimé Dejean
2247:Charles-Frédéric Reinhard
2191:
1831:The Napoleonic Revolution
1810:Jean François Aimé Dejean
1799:
1783:
1767:
1723:
1679:
1661:
1643:
1599:
1555:
1537:Charles-Frédéric Reinhard
1524:
1441:
1391:
1262:Saint-Domingue expedition
1029:as supreme executive and
1001:which drafted bills, the
950:, and now, after General
948:his victories in the East
61:
54:
7367:Administrative divisions
6096:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
6061:Joséphine de Beauharnais
5943:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
5913:François-Nicolas Vincent
5898:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
5072:Charles-Alexandre Linois
4967:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
4947:François Séverin Marceau
4927:François Joseph Lefebvre
4822:Jean-Étienne Championnet
4797:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
4792:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
4787:Alexandre de Beauharnais
4777:Eustache Charles d'Aoust
4499:French Invasion of Egypt
4377:Second Battle of Bassano
4111:Battle of Kaiserslautern
3885:Conspiracy of the Equals
3578:The Constitution of 1791
3449:Storming of the Bastille
2932:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
2528:Joséphine de Beauharnais
2304:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
2294:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
1638:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
1612:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
1310:William Pitt the Younger
1290:Louis Antoine de Bourbon
1241:(Legion of Honour), the
934:, and the Allies of the
905:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
532:
494:
324:
313:
292:
7587:Franc (former currency)
7192:Coup of 2 December 1851
7165:Long nineteenth century
6076:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
5948:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
5908:Antoine-François Momoro
5903:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
5720:François de Neufchâteau
5670:Charles-François Lebrun
5612:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
5493:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
5369:Luis Firmin de Carvajal
5175:Rudolf Ritter von Otto
5170:Karl Mack von Leiberich
4802:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
4616:Second Battle of Zurich
4507:Irish Rebellion of 1798
4353:First Battle of Bassano
4191:Second Battle of Boulou
3992:Revolutionary campaigns
3950:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
3865:Council of Five Hundred
3653:First republic declared
3589:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
3570:Declaration of Pillnitz
3294:Constitutional monarchy
3064:Palace of Fontainebleau
2278:Claude Ambroise RĂ©gnier
2121:Encyclopædia Britannica
2107:Wiriath, Paul (1911). "
2027:Cronin 1994, pp. 243–44
1964:August 1802 referendum.
1594:Claude Ambroise RĂ©gnier
1485:Charles-François Lebrun
1043:Charles-François Lebrun
854:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
829:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
88:Charles-François Lebrun
7607:Science and technology
7264:Provisional Government
7233:
7212:
7072:
6746:Provisional Government
6405:
6364:
6340:
6321:
5833:Prieur de la CĂ´te-d'Or
5828:Jean-Pierre-André Amar
5738:Maximilien Robespierre
5571:Jacques Pierre Brissot
5436:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
4867:Louis-Charles de Flers
4852:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
4817:Jean François Carteaux
4592:First Battle of Zurich
4555:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
4510:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
4470:Treaty of Campo Formio
4216:Glorious First of June
4144:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
4103:Expedition to Sardinia
3781:Desmoulins guillotined
3716:Assassination of Marat
3708:Fall of the Girondists
3680:Revolutionary Tribunal
3672:Execution of Louis XVI
3562:Champ de Mars massacre
3465:Abolition of Feudalism
2852:Battle of the Pyramids
2657:Assassination attempts
2559:Carlo Maria Buonaparte
2406:François Barbé-Marbois
2180:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
2084:
2067:
1794:François Barbé-Marbois
1429:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
1381:done the right thing.
1316:) to the conspirators
1285:
1273:Duke of Enghien affair
1243:
1235:
1139:
1099:by rewriting it in an
1059:
1048:On 7 February 1800, a
994:
841:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
835:). This was when anti-
774:
368:Valois-AngoulĂŞme kings
86:
78:
70:
6278:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
5543:Jean-Charles Pichegru
5523:Jean-François Rewbell
5009:Jean-Charles Pichegru
4892:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
4882:Jacques Maurice Hatry
4653:Battle of Hohenlinden
4526:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
4361:Battle of Emmendingen
4308:Battle of Castiglione
4195:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
4126:Battle of Hondschoote
3797:Thermidorian Reaction
3761:(throughout the year)
3534:Fête de la Fédération
3460:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
3444:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
3428:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
2068:Histoire et Figurines
1982:. Macmillan. p.
1940:Frank McLynn (2002).
1843:Jones, Colin (1994).
1322:Jean-Charles Pichegru
1280:
1171:Battle of Hohenlinden
1134:
992:
946:with the prestige of
812:Fall of the Directory
806:military dictatorship
7412:World Heritage Sites
7329:Coronavirus pandemic
6751:Executive Commission
6647:Provisional Ministry
6206:Influential thinkers
5953:Jean-François Varlet
5853:Jean-Lambert Tallien
5848:Jean Bon Saint-André
5675:Pierre-Joseph Cambon
5597:Marquis de Condorcet
5446:Nicolas de Condorcet
5211:Dagobert von Wurmser
5044:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
4987:Pierre-Jacques Osten
4902:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
4837:Louis-Nicolas Davout
4827:Chapuis de Tourville
4369:Battle of Schliengen
4316:Battle of Theiningen
4237:Battle of Aldenhoven
4121:Battle of Wattignies
4090:Battle of Neerwinden
3904:Coup of 18 Fructidor
3417:Death of the Dauphin
2874:Battle of Austerlitz
2731:Weaponry and warfare
2354:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
2344:Pierre-Simon Laplace
1778:Hugues-Bernard Maret
1718:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
1692:Pierre-Simon Laplace
800:During this period,
576:Provisional Republic
358:Valois-Orléans kings
7905:First French Empire
7550:Automotive industry
7334:2021 labor protests
7091:Peace of Westphalia
6959:History of Normandy
6954:History of Brittany
6505:National Convention
6293:Mary Wollstonecraft
6071:Jean Sylvain Bailly
5858:Pierre Louis Prieur
5803:Jean-Henri Voulland
5778:Jacques-Louis David
5710:Jean Joseph Mounier
5411:Jean Sylvain Bailly
5049:Belgrand de Vaubois
4937:Jean-Antoine Marbot
4877:Emmanuel de Grouchy
4682:Treaty of Lunéville
4321:Battle of Neresheim
4266:Siege of Luxembourg
4245:Siege of Luxembourg
4200:Battle of Tourcoing
4131:Siege of Bellegarde
3958:Coup of 18 Brumaire
3870:Council of Ancients
3645:National Convention
3637:September Massacres
3613:Brunswick Manifesto
3605:France declares war
3372:Assembly of Vizille
3133:Cultural depictions
2927:Battle of Vauchamps
2647:Coup of 18 Brumaire
2506:First French Empire
2273:André Joseph Abrial
2168:Provisional consuls
2085:Louis Antoine Henri
2038:Muel, LĂ©on (1891).
2018:Cronin 1994, p. 242
1948:. Arcade. pp.
1829:Robert B. Holtman,
1581:André Joseph Abrial
1341:Electorate of Baden
1167:Treaty of Lunéville
963:Council of Ancients
959:coup of 18 Brumaire
858:Louis-JĂ©rĂ´me Gohier
783:coup of 18 Brumaire
139:First French Empire
92:(left to right) by
7925:French governments
7617:Telecommunications
7319:2015 Paris attacks
7182:Revolution of 1848
7010:Visigothic Kingdom
6796:Louis Napoleon (2)
6791:Louis Napoleon (1)
6131:Loménie de Brienne
6106:Madame de Lamballe
6041:Napoléon Bonaparte
5838:Prieur de la Marne
5753:Camille Desmoulins
5607:Marie Jean HĂ©rault
5483:Jean-Sifrein Maury
5478:Arnaud de La Porte
5334:Alexander Korsakov
5120:Count of Clerfayt
5039:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
4952:Auguste de Marmont
4807:Napoléon Bonaparte
4698:Algeciras campaign
4690:Treaty of Florence
4568:Battle of Stockach
4401:Ireland expedition
4385:Battle of Calliano
4345:Battle of Rovereto
4337:Battle of WĂĽrzburg
3789:Law of 22 Prairial
3758:Anti-clerical laws
3733:The Death of Marat
3554:Flight to Varennes
3171:Retour des cendres
3150:German Romanticism
3100:Rue de la Victoire
3014:Law of 20 May 1802
2949:Battle of Waterloo
2910:Battle of Borodino
2598:Caroline Bonaparte
2546:Alexandre Walewski
2413:War Administration
2389:Secretary of State
2214:Napoleon Bonaparte
2175:Napoleon Bonaparte
1800:War Administration
1768:Secretary of State
1472:Napoleon Bonaparte
1423:Napoleon Bonaparte
1314:John Wesley Wright
1286:
1283:Jean-Michel Moreau
1140:
1101:encyclopedic style
1088:is written like a
1014:SĂ©nat conservateur
995:
977:The new government
918:Although Generals
802:Napoleon Bonaparte
729:History portal
225: until 50 BC
80:Napoleon Bonaparte
68:The three consuls
7887:
7886:
7849:
7848:
7640:
7639:
7527:
7526:
7519:Political parties
7455:Foreign relations
7420:
7419:
7349:
7348:
7132:French Revolution
7086:Thirty Years' War
7067:Absolute monarchy
7032:Kingdom of France
6928:Foreign relations
6908:Political history
6838:
6837:
6554:First restoration
6456:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6330:Cockade of France
6301:
6300:
6263:Antoine Lavoisier
6253:Benjamin Franklin
6233:Anacharsis Cloots
6196:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6116:Louis de Breteuil
5958:Theophile Leclerc
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5339:Alexander Suvorov
5080:
5079:
5014:JĂłzef Poniatowski
4932:Étienne Macdonald
4736:
4735:
4637:Battle of Marengo
4600:Battle of Trebbia
4584:Battle of Cassano
4576:Battle of Magnano
4560:Battle of Ostrach
4462:Battle of Neuwied
4224:Battle of Fleurus
4208:Battle of Tournay
4085:War in the Vendée
4021:Royalist Revolts
3982:
3981:
3539:
3515:Abolition of the
3433:Tennis Court Oath
3425:National Assembly
3254:French Revolution
3220:
3219:
3115:Legacy and memory
3059:Equestrian statue
3042:Homes and honours
2970:Concordat of 1801
2922:Battle of Leipzig
2898:Battle of EckmĂĽhl
2862:Battle of Marengo
2835:Battle of Bassano
2817:French Revolution
2699:Sale of Louisiana
2603:Pauline Bonaparte
2448:
2447:
2424:
2423:
2363:Navy and Colonies
2088:, duke of Enghien
1959:978-1-55970-631-5
1815:
1814:
1787:27 September 1801
1725:Navy and Colonies
1587:14 September 1802
1577:14 September 1802
1492:
1491:
1254:Benjamin Constant
1219:plenipotentiaries
1195:Batavian Republic
1179:Concordat of 1801
1144:Battle of Marengo
1129:
1128:
1121:
1050:public referendum
897:French Revolution
891:, and eventually
763:
762:
714:France portal
607:
606:
504:
503:
415:Kingdom of France
405:French Revolution
396:Long 19th century
386:
385:
334:
333:
304:Kingdom of France
239:
238:
147:
146:
132:Succeeded by
48:Consulat français
16:(Redirected from
7932:
7900:French Consulate
7651:
7567:Economic history
7538:
7431:
7360:
7238:
7217:
7116:Seven Years' War
7081:Wars of Religion
7077:
7062:House of Bourbon
7057:Early modern era
7037:Fundamental laws
6913:Military history
6888:
6865:
6858:
6851:
6842:
6830:Cousin-Montauban
6520:French Consulate
6515:French Directory
6483:
6476:
6469:
6460:
6410:
6398:Temple of Reason
6369:
6345:
6326:
6307:
6258:Thomas Jefferson
6202:
6121:de Chateaubriand
6051:Joseph Bonaparte
6046:Lucien Bonaparte
6036:Marie Antoinette
5991:
5978:Sylvain Maréchal
5933:François Hanriot
5768:Louis Philippe I
5695:Louis Philippe I
5690:Philippe Égalité
5632:Olympe de Gouges
5602:Charlotte Corday
5592:Étienne Clavière
5392:
5374:Antonio Ricardos
5359:
5358:
5344:Andrei Rosenberg
5324:
5323:
5294:
5293:
5269:
5268:
5239:Ralph Abercromby
5226:
5225:
5201:
5178:
5165:
5157:
5149:
5136:
5123:
5100:
5099:
5091:
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4942:Marcellin Marbot
4765:
4758:
4757:
4746:Military leaders
4742:
4729:
4721:
4717:Treaty of Amiens
4702:
4694:
4686:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4620:
4619:(25–26 Sep 1799)
4612:
4604:
4603:(17–20 Jun 1799)
4596:
4588:
4587:(27–28 Apr 1799)
4580:
4572:
4564:
4563:(20–21 Mar 1799)
4556:
4548:
4544:Second Coalition
4527:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4474:
4466:
4458:
4454:Treaty of Leoben
4450:
4442:
4441:(14–15 Jan 1797)
4438:Battle of Rivoli
4434:
4426:
4422:Italian campaign
4405:
4397:
4396:(15–17 Nov 1796)
4393:Battle of Arcole
4389:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4329:Battle of Amberg
4325:
4312:
4304:
4300:Battle of Lonato
4296:
4292:Italian campaign
4270:
4249:
4241:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4187:
4166:
4165:(26–27 Dec 1793)
4153:
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4107:
4099:
4095:Battle of Famars
4063:
3988:
3970:
3962:
3954:
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3889:
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3649:
3641:
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3609:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3557:(20–21 Jun 1791)
3537:
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3512:
3493:
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3347:
3247:
3240:
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3224:
3212:
3211:
3203:
3202:
3138:Napoleon complex
3080:Maison Bonaparte
3034:
3004:Organic Articles
2840:Battle of Rivoli
2796:Battles and wars
2780:
2766:
2715:Mesures usuelles
2643:
2620:
2590:JĂ©rĂ´me Bonaparte
2580:Lucien Bonaparte
2575:Joseph Bonaparte
2567:Letizia Ramolino
2475:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2434:French Directory
2349:Lucien Bonaparte
2237:
2197:
2160:French Consulate
2153:
2146:
2139:
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2125:
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2019:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1991:
1990:
1973:
1967:
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1947:
1937:
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1930:
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1926:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1867:
1866:
1850:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1771:25 December 1799
1742:22 November 1799
1732:22 November 1799
1729:12 November 1799
1705:Lucien Bonaparte
1698:25 December 1799
1688:25 December 1799
1685:12 November 1799
1667:11 November 1799
1649:11 November 1799
1605:11 November 1799
1574:25 December 1799
1564:25 December 1799
1561:11 November 1799
1543:22 November 1799
1533:22 November 1799
1530:11 November 1799
1508:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1417:
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1403:
1389:
1318:Georges Cadoudal
1302:Bourbon monarchy
1248:
1240:
1237:LĂ©gion d'honneur
1183:Organic Articles
1124:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1081:
1080:
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1008:Corps législatif
999:Council of State
936:Second Coalition
755:
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727:
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710:
603:
519:
518:
401:
400:
354:
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315:Direct Capetians
254:
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197:
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177:
167:
149:
126:French Directory
122:Preceded by
91:
83:
75:
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43:French Consulate
39:
21:
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7890:
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7863:
7845:
7826:Public holidays
7739:
7698:Life expectancy
7636:
7523:
7416:
7345:
7314:Great Recession
7287:Fourth Republic
7282:1900 to present
7270:
7187:Second Republic
7151:
7120:
7043:
6996:
6963:
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6834:
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6776:Petit ministère
6737:Second Republic
6731:
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6448:
6323:La Marseillaise
6312:
6311:Cultural impact
6297:
6207:
6188:
6155:
6111:Madame du Barry
6101:Catherine Théot
6091:Thérésa Tallien
5982:
5973:Gracchus Babeuf
5918:François Chabot
5875:
5867:
5788:Georges Couthon
5783:Marquis de Sade
5748:Jean-Paul Marat
5724:
5680:Bertrand Barère
5646:
5557:
5538:Boissy d'Anglas
5533:Madame de Staël
5498:Antoine Barnave
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5199:
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5147:
5134:
5121:
5110:JĂłzsef Alvinczi
5094:
5076:
5058:
4999:Nicolas Oudinot
4989:
4922:Claude Lecourbe
4917:Charles Leclerc
4812:Guillaume Brune
4782:Pierre Augereau
4752:
4747:
4732:
4727:
4725:Treaty of Paris
4719:
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4692:
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4218:
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4202:
4194:
4185:
4169:
4164:
4151:
4143:
4141:Siege of Toulon
4105:
4097:
4080:First Coalition
4066:
4057:
3993:
3978:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3938:
3933:
3919:
3914:
3906:
3892:
3887:
3879:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3829:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3765:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3742:Law of Suspects
3736:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3690:
3688:Reign of Terror
3682:
3674:
3660:
3655:
3647:
3639:
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3607:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3542:
3527:
3519:
3510:
3496:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3468:(4–11 Aug 1789)
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3401:RĂ©veillon riots
3395:
3379:
3374:
3366:
3352:
3341:
3256:
3251:
3221:
3216:
3193:
3155:Napoleonic Code
3109:
3105:Warsaw monument
3049:Arc de Triomphe
3037:
3028:
2992:Infamous Decree
2987:Grand Sanhedrin
2965:Catholic Church
2953:
2944:Battle of Ligny
2886:Battle of Eylau
2811:Siege of Toulon
2790:
2774:
2760:
2688:Napoleonic Wars
2637:
2635:Stay in Auxonne
2627:Life and career
2621:
2612:
2608:Elisa Bonaparte
2585:Louis Bonaparte
2511:
2510:
2484:
2479:
2449:
2444:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2358:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2282:
2256:
2240:Foreign Affairs
2228:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2163:
2157:
2106:
2095:
2093:
2074:Tom Holmberg, "
2063:
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2022:
2017:
2013:
2005:
1994:
1975:
1974:
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1960:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
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1903:
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1891:
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1863:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1711:21 January 1801
1701:21 January 1801
1526:Foreign Affairs
1503:
1497:
1487:
1480:
1478:J.J. Cambacérès
1473:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1387:
1294:Duke of Enghien
1275:
1258:Madame de Staël
1191:Peace of Amiens
1189:The March 1802
1125:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1097:help improve it
1094:
1082:
1078:
1071:
979:
940:Battle of Valmy
926:won battles at
920:Guillaume Brune
901:Law of Hostages
824:
816:Main articles:
814:
759:
723:
721:
708:
706:
701:
609:
608:
601:
586:Fourth Republic
567:
534:Interwar period
516:
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465:Second Republic
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109:9 November 1799
96:
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15:
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7782:Cultural icons
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7602:Stock exchange
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7409:
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7402:National parks
7399:
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7384:
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7377:Climate change
7374:
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7299:Fifth Republic
7296:
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7207:Third Republic
7204:
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7178:
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7142:First Republic
7139:
7137:Napoleonic era
7134:
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7119:
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6982:Greek colonies
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6669:
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6662:Casimir Perier
6659:
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6644:
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6496:First Republic
6492:
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6402:
6401:
6400:
6393:Cult of Reason
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6337:
6335:Flag of France
6332:
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6157:
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6154:
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6148:
6143:
6141:Jacques Necker
6138:
6133:
6128:
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6118:
6113:
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5997:
5995:
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5975:
5970:
5965:
5963:Claire Lacombe
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5888:Jacques HĂ©bert
5884:
5882:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5855:
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5845:
5840:
5835:
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5795:
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5755:
5750:
5745:
5743:Georges Danton
5740:
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5722:
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5707:
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5599:
5594:
5589:
5587:Henri Grégoire
5583:
5578:
5573:
5567:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5528:Camille Jordan
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5469:
5467:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5275:
5273:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5232:
5230:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5172:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5143:
5138:
5130:
5125:
5117:
5112:
5106:
5104:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4762:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4722:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4695:
4687:
4678:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4633:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4613:
4608:Battle of Novi
4605:
4597:
4595:(4–7 Jun 1799)
4589:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4549:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4418:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4388:(6–7 Nov 1796)
4382:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4334:
4326:
4318:
4313:
4305:
4303:(3–4 Aug 1796)
4297:
4288:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4274:Peace of Basel
4271:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4242:
4234:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4188:
4179:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4159:
4154:
4146:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4116:Siege of Mainz
4113:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4052:
4047:
4045:Siege of Mainz
4042:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3909:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3877:13 Vendémiaire
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3854:
3846:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3729:
3724:Levée en masse
3721:
3713:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3685:
3677:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3629:10th of August
3626:
3618:
3610:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3522:
3513:
3511:(Feb–Jul 1790)
3504:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3125:
3123:Bank of France
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3083:
3076:
3074:Longwood House
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2857:Siege of Jaffa
2854:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Battle of Lodi
2827:
2824:13 Vendémiaire
2820:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2753:2nd abdication
2750:
2748:Route Napoléon
2745:
2744:
2743:
2736:1st abdication
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Looting of art
2718:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:Constitutions
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2494:Napoleonic era
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2116:Chisholm, Hugh
2091:
2079:
2072:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2009:, p. 861.
1992:
1968:
1958:
1932:
1921:. Napoleon.org
1910:
1897:
1895:, p. 860.
1868:
1861:
1835:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1755:3 October 1801
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:3 October 1801
1743:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1631:8 October 1800
1628:
1627:
1622:
1621:8 October 1800
1619:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1481:Second Consul
1475:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1386:
1383:
1274:
1271:
1127:
1126:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1067:
978:
975:
965:abolished the
913:Battle of Novi
849:elections held
813:
810:
795:French history
761:
760:
758:
757:
750:
743:
735:
732:
731:
703:
702:
700:
699:
694:
689:
688:
687:
682:
677:
667:
662:
661:
660:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
619:
616:
615:
611:
610:
605:
604:
598:
596:Fifth Republic
592:
591:
588:
582:
581:
578:
572:
571:
568:
566:
565:
560:
554:
551:
550:
547:
540:
539:
536:
529:
528:
525:
523:Third Republic
517:
512:
511:
508:
507:
502:
501:
498:
491:
490:
487:
485:Third Republic
481:
480:
477:
471:
470:
467:
461:
460:
457:
451:
450:
447:
441:
440:
437:
431:
430:
427:
425:First Republic
421:
420:
417:
411:
410:
407:
399:
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
383:
380:
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
360:
347:
342:
341:
338:
337:
332:
331:
328:
321:
320:
317:
310:
309:
306:
300:
299:
296:
289:
288:
285:
279:
278:
275:
269:
268:
265:
252:
247:
246:
243:
242:
237:
236:
235:50 BC – 486 AD
233:
227:
226:
223:
217:
216:
215:600 BC – 49 BC
213:
211:Greek colonies
207:
206:
203:
195:
190:
189:
186:
185:
179:
178:
170:
169:
160:
159:
152:
145:
144:
142:
141:
135:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
98:
97:
94:Auguste Couder
67:
59:
58:
52:
51:
46:
42:
26:
24:
18:Premier Consul
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7937:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7852:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7742:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7719:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7663:Birth control
7661:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7530:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7438:Constitutions
7436:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7352:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7242:
7237:
7236:
7235:Années folles
7231:
7230:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7197:Second Empire
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7176:
7175:July Monarchy
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7074:Ancien RĂ©gime
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6999:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6866:
6861:
6859:
6854:
6852:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6806:Second Empire
6803:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:July Monarchy
6630:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6603:Richelieu (2)
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6588:Richelieu (1)
6586:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6525:Paris Commune
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6484:
6479:
6477:
6472:
6470:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6407:Sans-culottes
6403:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6378:Metric system
6376:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6308:
6304:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6203:
6199:
6185:
6182:
6178:
6177:Panthéon Club
6175:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6066:Joachim Murat
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5843:Gilbert Romme
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5665:de Cambacérès
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5581:Madame Roland
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5518:André Chénier
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5473:Grace Elliott
5471:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5389:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Joseph Souham
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:Joachim Murat
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:André Masséna
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4743:
4739:
4728:(25 Jun 1802)
4726:
4723:
4720:(25 Mar 1802)
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4699:
4696:
4693:(18 Mar 1801)
4691:
4688:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4662:
4659:
4654:
4651:
4648:(15 Jun 1800)
4646:
4643:
4640:(14 Jun 1800)
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4617:
4614:
4611:(15 Aug 1799)
4609:
4606:
4601:
4598:
4593:
4590:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4574:
4571:(25 Mar 1799)
4569:
4566:
4561:
4558:
4553:
4552:Siege of Acre
4550:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4524:
4523:Peasants' War
4521:
4516:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4500:
4497:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4473:(17 Oct 1797)
4471:
4468:
4465:(18 Apr 1797)
4463:
4460:
4457:(17 Apr 1797)
4455:
4452:
4449:(25 Jan 1797)
4447:
4444:
4439:
4436:
4433:(13 Jan 1797)
4431:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4375:
4372:(26 Oct 1796)
4370:
4367:
4364:(19 Oct 1796)
4362:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4338:
4335:
4332:(24 Aug 1796)
4330:
4327:
4324:(11 Aug 1796)
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4246:
4243:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4227:(26 Jun 1794)
4225:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4211:(22 May 1794)
4209:
4206:
4203:(18 May 1794)
4201:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4186:(24 Apr 1794)
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4152:(13 Oct 1793)
4150:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4098:(23 May 1793)
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3972:
3969:(24 Dec 1799)
3967:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3953:(18 Jun 1799)
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3934:(11 May 1798)
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3852:(22 Aug 1795)
3850:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3825:(11 Nov 1794)
3823:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3809:(28 Jul 1794)
3806:
3803:
3800:(27 Jul 1794)
3798:
3795:
3792:(10 Jun 1794)
3790:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3759:
3756:
3753:(16 Oct 1793)
3751:
3748:
3745:(17 Sep 1793)
3743:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3727:(23 Aug 1793)
3725:
3722:
3719:(13 Jul 1793)
3717:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3678:
3675:(21 Jan 1793)
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3656:(22 Sep 1792)
3654:
3651:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3632:(10 Aug 1792)
3630:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3616:(25 Jul 1792)
3614:
3611:
3608:(20 Apr 1792)
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3576:
3573:(27 Aug 1791)
3571:
3568:
3565:(17 Jul 1791)
3563:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3538:(14 Jul 1790)
3536:
3535:
3531:
3528:(12 Jul 1790)
3526:
3523:
3520:(23 Jun 1790)
3518:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3476:(26 Aug 1789)
3474:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3455:
3452:(14 Jul 1789)
3450:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3436:(20 Jun 1789)
3434:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3420:(4 June 1789)
3418:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3404:(28 Apr 1789)
3402:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3375:(21 Jul 1788)
3373:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3280:Ancien RĂ©gime
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3215:
3206:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Les Invalides
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2982:Jewish people
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2330:Joseph Fouché
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Lazare Carnot
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2103:public domain
2092:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1936:
1933:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1907:
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7758:Architecture
7730:Social class
7688:Homelessness
7673:Demographics
7627:Trade unions
7560:Central bank
7502:criminal law
7465:Human rights
7448:presidential
7292:Algerian War
7275:Contemporary
7249:Vichy France
7244:World War II
7214:Belle Époque
7147:First Empire
7049:Early Modern
7020:West Francia
6559:Hundred Days
6535:First Empire
6519:
6414:Phrygian cap
6359:Bastille Day
6273:Thomas Paine
6228:Edmund Burke
6223:Beaumarchais
6217:Les Lumières
6215:
6056:Joseph Fesch
5968:Pauline LĂ©on
5938:Jacques Roux
5877:
5461:
4887:Lazare Hoche
4872:Paul Grenier
4842:Louis Desaix
4701:(8 Jul 1801)
4685:(9 Feb 1801)
4656:(3 Dec 1800)
4579:(5 Apr 1799)
4380:(6 Nov 1796)
4356:(8 Sep 1796)
4348:(4 Sep 1796)
4340:(3 Sep 1796)
4311:(5 Aug 1796)
4240:(2 Oct 1794)
4219:(1 Jun 1794)
3973:
3961:(9 Nov 1799)
3907:(4 Sep 1797)
3844:(1 Apr 1795)
3814:White Terror
3807:guillotined
3784:(5 Apr 1794)
3731:
3711:(2 Jun 1793)
3581:(3 Sep 1791)
3532:
3492:(2 Nov 1789)
3484:(5 Oct 1789)
3412:(5 May 1789)
3390:
3367:(7 Jun 1788)
3334:
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3207: /
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2938:Hundred Days
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2555:
2541:Charles LĂ©on
2537:
2533:Marie Louise
2524:
2438:Followed by
2432:Preceded by
2380:Denis Decrès
2201:First Consul
2159:
2119:
2110:
2061:Bibliography
2047:. Retrieved
2040:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2007:Wiriath 1911
1987:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1943:
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1913:
1905:
1900:
1893:Wiriath 1911
1846:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1762:Denis Decrès
1618:2 April 1800
1608:2 April 1800
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1320:and General
1297:
1296:, to lead a
1287:
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1203:
1188:
1164:
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1141:
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917:
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675:Christianity
563:Vichy France
514:20th century
496:Belle Époque
435:First Empire
348:
344:Early modern
294:West Francia
283:Carolingians
273:Merovingians
47:
36:
7878:WikiProject
7693:Immigration
7683:Health care
7545:Agriculture
7497:enforcement
7254:Free France
7223:World War I
7170:Restoration
7157:Late Modern
7027:Middle Ages
7002:Middle Ages
6987:Celtic Gaul
6574:Restoration
6498:(1792–1804)
6283:Abbé Sieyès
6268:Montesquieu
6184:Social Club
6126:Jean Chouan
6016:Louis XVIII
5793:Roger Ducos
5763:Paul Barras
5730:Montagnards
5660:Abbé Sieyès
5463:monarchiens
5271:Netherlands
5200:(Hungarian)
5148:(Hungarian)
5064:French Navy
4990: [
4912:Jean Lannes
4769:French Army
4547:(1798–1802)
4518:(1798–1800)
4502:(1798–1801)
4232:Chouannerie
4193:(Pyrenees)
4058: [
4025:Chouannerie
3817:(Fall 1794)
3805:Robespierre
3128:Bonapartism
3029: [
2999:Protestants
2775: [
2761: [
2638: [
2551:Napoleon II
2185:Roger Ducos
1806:18 May 1804
1790:18 May 1804
1774:18 May 1804
1758:18 May 1804
1714:18 May 1804
1670:18 May 1804
1652:18 May 1804
1634:18 May 1804
1590:18 May 1804
1546:18 May 1804
1435:Roger Ducos
1306:Louis XVIII
1298:coup d'Ă©tat
1035:triumvirate
874:Roger Ducos
845:Paul Barras
822:18 Brumaire
818:30 Prairial
628:Health care
558:Free France
445:Restoration
249:Middle Ages
221:Celtic Gaul
164:History of
117:18 May 1804
106:Established
7894:Categories
7821:Philosophy
7806:Literature
7718:secularism
7514:Parliament
7309:2005 riots
7259:Liberation
7125:Revolution
6992:Roman Gaul
6977:Prehistory
6933:Journalism
6766:Barrot (2)
6761:Barrot (1)
6717:Thiers (2)
6692:Thiers (1)
6687:de Broglie
6583:Talleyrand
6172:Cordeliers
6086:Talleyrand
6011:Louis XVII
5873:HĂ©bertists
5627:Jean Debry
5457:Feuillants
5086:Opposition
4982:Michel Ney
4404:(Dec 1796)
4012:Thionville
3915:(Dec 1797)
3888:(May 1796)
3880:5 Oct 1795
3857:Directoire
3737:(painting)
3640:(Sep 1792)
3624:(Jun 1792)
3457:Great Fear
3396:(Jan 1789)
3287:Revolution
3160:Propaganda
2694:Coronation
1818:References
1499:See also:
1363:Strasbourg
1175:Civil Code
264:settlement
231:Roman Gaul
201:Prehistory
7678:Education
7632:Transport
7482:Judiciary
7443:Elections
7397:Mountains
7355:Geography
7101:Louis XIV
6891:Overviews
6808:(1852–70)
6756:Cavaignac
6739:(1848–52)
6722:Soult (3)
6712:Soult (2)
6667:Soult (1)
6635:(1830–48)
6623:Mortemart
6613:Martignac
6593:Dessolles
6576:(1814–30)
6537:(1804–14)
6006:Louis XVI
6001:Charles X
5652:The Plain
5563:Girondins
5503:Lafayette
5164:(Walloon)
5146:Pál Kray
5122:(Walloon)
4664:(1800–02)
4515:Quasi-War
3974:Consulate
3860:(1795–99)
3315:Consulate
3308:Directory
2758:2nd exile
2741:1st exile
2652:Consulate
2572:Brothers:
2538:Children:
2233:Ministers
2199:Bonaparte
2109:France §
1925:9 January
1520:Minister
1495:Ministers
1367:Vincennes
1345:Ettenheim
1245:Concordat
1003:Tribunate
839:Director
779:Directory
767:Consulate
697:Territory
590:1946–1958
580:1944–1946
570:1940–1944
549:1920–1929
538:1919–1939
527:1870–1940
500:1871–1914
489:1870–1940
479:1852–1870
469:1848–1852
459:1830–1848
449:1814–1830
439:1804–1814
429:1792–1804
419:1791–1792
409:1789–1799
382:1589–1792
372:1515–1589
362:1498–1515
330:1328–1498
114:Disbanded
7868:Category
7801:Language
7713:Religion
7658:Abortion
7612:Taxation
7509:Military
7470:Intersex
7460:Politics
7426:Politics
7228:Interwar
6923:Economic
6918:Language
6903:Timeline
6825:Ollivier
6771:Hautpoul
6702:Molé (2)
6697:Molé (1)
6657:Laffitte
6618:Polignac
6544:Napoleon
6366:Panthéon
6354:Muscadin
6349:Marianne
6288:Voltaire
6167:Jacobins
6160:Factions
5700:Mirabeau
5156:(French)
4050:Jemappes
4034:Dauphiné
3517:Nobility
3329:Journals
3322:Glossary
3301:Republic
3273:Timeline
3205:Category
3010:Slavery
2595:Sisters:
2499:timeline
2482:Napoleon
2401:Treasury
2337:Interior
1944:Napoleon
1784:Treasury
1681:Interior
1511:Ministry
893:Normandy
885:Brittany
775:Consulat
692:Taxation
670:Religion
665:Politics
658:Consorts
653:Monarchs
648:Military
643:Medicine
319:987–1328
308:987–1792
262:Frankish
260:and the
183:Timeline
155:a series
153:Part of
7859:Outline
7841:Theatre
7836:Symbols
7796:Gardens
7786:Fashion
7778:Cuisine
7745:Culture
7735:Welfare
7708:Poverty
7646:Society
7622:Tourism
7582:Exports
7555:Banking
7533:Economy
7492:history
7387:Islands
7382:Borders
7015:Francia
6969:Ancient
6947:Regions
6898:History
6883:History
6781:Faucher
6682:Mortier
6608:Villèle
6598:Decazes
6248:Diderot
5994:Figures
5879:Enragés
5585:Father
5296:Prussia
5228:Britain
5177:(Saxon)
5135:(Swiss)
5102:Austria
3214:Commons
3184:Studies
2726:Tactics
2709:Holland
2564:Mother:
2556:Father:
2313:Finance
2261:Justice
2207:Consuls
2118:(ed.).
2111:History
2105::
1645:Finance
1557:Justice
1385:Consuls
1339:in the
1095:Please
837:Jacobin
831:by the
781:in the
685:Judaism
623:Economy
602:present
298:843–987
287:751–987
277:481–751
258:Francia
192:Ancient
101:History
7873:Portal
7773:Cinema
7753:Anthem
7725:Racism
7703:People
7597:Mining
7572:Energy
7407:Rivers
7372:Cities
7304:May 68
6875:topics
6872:France
6727:Guizot
6672:GĂ©rard
5987:Others
5326:Russia
4760:France
4425:(1797)
4295:(1796)
4030:Vendée
4007:Verdun
3834:1795–6
3777:Danton
3336:Museum
3266:Causes
2525:Wives:
2517:Family
2325:Police
2114:". In
2099:
1956:
1859:
1663:Police
1336:émigré
1292:, the
1260:. The
1177:. The
1061:Vendée
944:Fréjus
932:Zurich
928:Bergen
881:Chouan
771:French
718:·
716:
614:Topics
326:Valois
267:
205:
166:France
157:on the
84:, and
7831:Sport
7816:Music
7811:Media
7668:Crime
7392:Lakes
6677:Maret
6444:Films
5361:Spain
4994:]
4062:]
4055:Namur
4040:Lille
4017:Valmy
3177:Penis
3093:Milan
3033:]
3026:Women
2975:Tiara
2958:Views
2779:]
2772:Death
2765:]
2642:]
2049:3 May
1952:–54.
1855:–94.
1514:Start
1304:with
889:Maine
720:
680:Islam
600:1958–
7791:Flag
7577:Euro
7475:LGBT
5876:and
5460:and
4710:1802
4674:1801
4629:1800
4536:1799
4483:1798
4414:1797
4284:1796
4258:1795
4175:1794
4072:1793
3999:1792
3943:1799
3924:1798
3897:1797
3779:and
3770:1794
3665:1793
3598:1792
3547:1791
3501:1790
3384:1789
3357:1788
3165:Tomb
2784:mask
2680:1815
2675:1804
2670:1802
2665:1799
2051:2014
1954:ISBN
1927:2012
1857:ISBN
1256:and
1165:The
1150:and
1041:and
930:and
922:and
864:and
820:and
765:The
638:LGBT
7763:Art
7487:Law
5236:Sir
2287:War
2042:...
1984:206
1950:253
1853:193
1601:War
1517:End
633:Law
7896::
4992:fr
4060:fr
3031:fr
2777:fr
2763:fr
2640:fr
1995:^
1986:.
1962:.
1871:^
1369:.
973:.
887:,
808:.
797:.
773::
76:,
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2090:"
2081:"
2053:.
2036:*
1929:.
1865:.
1122:)
1116:(
1111:)
1107:(
1103:.
827:(
769:(
754:e
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740:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
