Predatory publishing - Knowledge (XXG)

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without actual unethical perspective, due to concerns that North American and European journals might be prejudiced against scholars from non-Western countries, high publication pressure or lack of research proficiency. Hence predatory publishing also questions the geopolitical and commercial context of scholarly knowledge production. Nigerian researchers, for example, publish in predatory journals due to the pressure to publish internationally while having little to no access to Western international journals, or due to the often higher APCs practiced by mainstream OA journals. More generally, the criteria adopted by high JIF journals, including the quality of the English language, the composition of the editorial board or the rigour of the peer review process itself tend to favour familiar content from the "centre" rather than the "periphery". It is thus important to distinguish between exploitative publishers and journals – whether OA or not – and legitimate OA initiatives with varying standards in digital publishing, but which may improve and disseminate

861:. The investigation found that "the results show that Beall is good at spotting publishers with poor quality control." However, the managing director of DOAJ, Lars Bjørnshauge, estimates that questionable publishing probably accounts for fewer than 1% of all author-pays, open-access papers, a proportion far lower than Beall's estimate of 5–10%. Instead of relying on blacklists, Bjørnshauge argues that open-access associations such as the DOAJ and the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association should adopt more responsibility for policing publishers: they should lay out a set of criteria that publishers and journals must comply with to win a place on a 'white list' indicating that they are trustworthy. 191:. On the one hand, Beall's list as well as Cabell's International database do include truly fraudulent and deceptive OA publishers, that pretend to provide services (in particular quality peer review) which they do not implement, show fictive editorial boards and/or ISSN numbers, use dubious marketing and spamming techniques or even hijacking known titles. On the other hand, they also list journals with subpar standards of peer review and linguistic correction. The number of predatory journals thus defined has grown exponentially since 2010. The demonstration of existing unethical practices in the OA publishing industry also attracted considerable media attention. 955:

review conducted by journals' editors and publishers. The portal also provides a list of questionable journals analyzed by the editors of the portal. The founders of the portal get inspiration from the commentary authored by Ch. Mahmood Anwar titled "Emergence of false realities about the concept of “Silaturrahim”: an academic social construction perspective". The commentary was published in Tourism Critiques back in 2022. In this commentary, the author floated very important concepts of false information reporting, academic social artifacts, academic social construction, false citation chains, and other related concepts.

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category have captured the largest market share. As of 2022, almost one third of the 100 largest publishers (by journal count) could be deemed predatory. The regional distribution of both the publisher's country and authorship is highly skewed, with three-quarters of the authors from Asia or Africa. Authors paid an average fee of US $ 178 each for articles to be published rapidly without review, typically within two to three months of submission. As reported in 2019, some 5% of Italian researchers have published in predatory journals, with a third of those journals engaging in fraudulent editorial practices.

332:, and the individual Srinubabu Gedela, an Indian national who is president of the companies. In the lawsuit, the defendants are accused of "deceiving academics and researchers about the nature of its publications and hiding publication fees ranging from hundreds to thousands of dollars". The FTC was also responding to pressure to take action against predatory publishers. Attorneys for the OMICS Group published a response on their website, claiming "your FTC allegations are baseless. Further we understand that FTC working towards favoring some subscription based journals publishers who are earring [ 908:, which found that it had no proximate connection to public order, "arbitrarily, excessively and disproportionately invades the right of free speech", and that the description of offences is "open-ended, undefined and vague." As such, it is not possible for the OMICS Group to proceed against Beall under section 66A, but it could mount a defamation case. Finally, in August 2016, OMICS was sued for "deceptive business practices related to journal publishing and scientific conferences" by the Federal Trade Commission (a US government agency), who won an initial court ruling in November 2017. 1314:, 30 October 2017): "These publications often are called predatory journals, on the assumption that well-meaning academics are duped into working with them – tricked by flattering emails from the journals inviting them to submit a paper or fooled by a name that sounded like a journal they knew."But it's increasingly clear that many academics know exactly what they're getting into, which explains why these journals have proliferated despite wide criticism. The relationship is less predator and prey, some experts say, than a new and ugly symbiosis." 33: 749:(APC) business model, in which authors are charged to publish rather than to read. Such a model provides incentives for publishers to focus on the quantity of articles published, rather than their quality. APCs have gained increasing popularity in the last two decades as a business model for OA, due to the guaranteed revenue streams they offer, as well as a lack of competitive pricing within the OA market, which allows vendors full control over how much they choose to charge. 946:, Cabell's International, a company that offers scholarly publishing analytics and other scholarly services, announced that it intended to launch a blacklist of predatory journals (not publishers) in June, and said that access would be by subscription only. The company had started work on its blacklist criteria in early 2016. In July 2017, both a black list and a white list were offered for subscription on their website. 1160:

editorial and publication practices, a lack of transparency, and/or the use of aggressive and indiscriminate solicitation practices.” Adequacy of peer review was not included in the definition because this factor was deemed too subjective to evaluate. Critics of this definition argued that excluding the quality of peer review from the definition "could strengthen rather than weaken" predatory journals.

6447: 891:, which makes it illegal to use a computer to publish "any information that is grossly offensive or has menacing character" or to publish false information. The letter stated that three years in prison was a possible penalty, although a U.S. lawyer said that the threats seemed to be a "publicity stunt" that was meant to "intimidate". Section 66A has been criticised in an 821: 844:

rush: the good and the bad. Yet many of the criteria used are either impossible to quantify..., or can be found to apply as often to established OA journals as to the new entrants in this area... Some of the criteria seem to make First World assumptions that aren't valid worldwide." Beall differed with these opinions and wrote a letter of rebuttal in mid-2015.

107:. Nevertheless, identifying (and even providing a quantitative definition) of predatory journals remains difficult, because it is a spectrum rather than binary phenomenon. In the same issue of a journal it is possible to find articles which meet the highest criteria for scientific integrity, and articles which have one or more unethical issues. 1130:

that he only examines one kind of predation—the kind that naturally crops up in the context of author-pays OA." Anderson suggests that the term "predatory" be retired in the context of scholarly publishing. "It's a nice, attention-grabbing word, but I'm not sure it's helpfully descriptive... it generates more heat than light." A 2017 article in

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Mabizela, Mahlubi; Manca, Andrea; Milzow, Katrin; Mouton, Johann; Muchenje, Marvelous; Olijhoek, Tom; Ommaya, Alexander; Patwardhan, Bhushan; Poff, Deborah; Proulx, Laurie; Rodger, Marc; Severin, Anna; Strinzel, Michaela; Sylos-Labini, Mauro; Tamblyn, Robyn; van Niekerk, Marthie; Wicherts, Jelte M.; Lalu, Manoj M. (12 December 2019).

887:] against you in INDIA and USA." Beall responded that the letter was "poorly written and personally threatening" and expressed his opinion that the letter "is an attempt to detract from the enormity of OMICS's editorial practices". OMICS' lawyers stated that damages were being pursued under section 66A of India's 799:(COPE) recommends against blindly trusting any list of fake or predatory journals, especially if they do not publish the criteria by which journals are evaluated. Some lists of purported predatory publishers have been criticized for being based on the authors' personal judgement, rather than objective evidence. 1156:

aspirant journals are science-oriented despite their below-average peer review (e.g. student-run journals), junk and fake journals are predominantly or exclusively profit-oriented. Junk and fake Open Access journals have superficial or no peer review procedures, despite their claims of being peer-reviewed.

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In December 2023, a portal titled "Scholarly Criticism" was launched by a few Malaysian and US based research scholars in response to false and erroneous research published by so-called top-tier business journals. The presented criticism significantly provides evidence of little, no, or nescient peer

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Sterligov, I. A.; Savina, T. F.; Chichkova, A. O. (January 2020). "A Study of Grant Support from Russian Scientific Foundations to Domestic Publications in Leading International Journals (based on Data from Scopus and Web of Science, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, and the Russian Science

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To further define and distinguish predatory journals, Leonhard Dobusch and Maximilian Heimstädt in 2019 proposed a tripartite classification of Open Access journals with below-average peer review quality. Based on their procedures, there would be 1) "aspirant" 2) "junk" and 3) "fake" journals. While

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A number of measures have been suggested to further combat predatory journals. Others have called on research institutions to improve the publication literacy notably among junior researchers in developing countries. Some organisations have also developed criteria in which predatory publishers could

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In 2016, researchers Stefan Eriksson and Gert Helgesson identified 25 signs of predatory publishing. They warn that a journal will not necessarily be predatory if they meet one of the criteria, "but the more points on the list that apply to the journal at hand, the more sceptical you should be." The

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for "fraudster"), and applied on her behalf for an editor position to 360 scholarly journals. Szust's qualifications were dismal for the role of an editor; she had never published a single article and had no editorial experience. The books and book chapters listed on her CV were made-up, as were the

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A 2020 study has found hundreds of scientists say they have reviewed papers for journals termed 'predatory' — although they might not know it. An analysis of the Publons has found that it hosts at least 6,000 records of reviews for more than 1,000 predatory journals. "The researchers who review most

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databases. This policy aims at (1) preventing the researchers from falling into the traps of predatory publishers, without having the Foundations to issue their own lists of acceptable journals; (2) making sure that the results of their funded works are readily discovered by other people, as Web of

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In 2017, Ramzi Hakami reported on his own successful attempt to get an intentionally poor paper accepted by a publisher on the list and referenced a resurrected version of Beall's list. This version includes Beall's original list and updates by an anonymous purported "postdoctoral researcher in one

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Ultimately, quality control relies on good editorial policies and their enforcement, and the conflict between rigorous scholarship and profit can be successfully managed by selecting which articles are published purely based on (peer-reviewed) methodological quality. Most OA publishers ensure their

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Similarly, a study published in January 2018 found that "Scholars in the developing world felt that reputable Western journals might be prejudiced against them and sometimes felt more comfortable publishing in journals from the developing world. Other scholars were unaware of the reputation of the

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in accepting article submissions. More objective discriminating metrics have been proposed, such as a "predatory score" and positive and negative journal quality indicators. The International Academy of Nursing Editors (INANE) have encouraged authors to consult subject-area expert-reviewed journal

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threatened to sue Beall for $ 1 billion for his "ridiculous, baseless, impertinent" inclusion of them on his list, which "smacks of literal unprofessionalism and arrogance". An unedited sentence from the letter read: "Let us at the outset warn you that this is a very perilous journey for you

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by a Canadian publisher which appears on the list. He reports that he has been the subject of online harassment for his work on the subject. His list has been criticized for relying heavily on analysis of publishers' web sites, not engaging directly with publishers, and including newly founded but

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One-third of the journals to which Szust applied were sampled from Beall's List of predatory journals. Forty of these predatory journals accepted Szust as editor without any background vetting and often within days or even hours. By comparison, she received minimal to no positive response from the

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In 2015, Rick Anderson, associate dean in the J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah, challenged the term itself: "what do we mean when we say 'predatory,' and is that term even still useful?... This question has become relevant because of that common refrain heard among Beall's critics:

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used 26 criteria related to poor journal standards and practices, 9 related to journal editors and staff members, 7 related to ethics and integrity, 6 related to the publisher's business practices, and 6 'other' general criteria related to publishers. He also listed 26 additional practices, which

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Beall's analyses have been called sweeping generalizations with no supporting evidence, and he has also been criticized for being biased against open-access journals from less economically developed countries. One librarian wrote that Beall's list "attempts a binary division of this complex gold

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are said to be especially at risk of being misled by predatory publishers. A 2022 report found, that "nearly a quarter of the respondents from 112 countries, and across all disciplines and career stages, indicated that they had either published in a predatory journal, participated in a predatory

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Grudniewicz, Agnes; Moher, David; Cobey, Kelly D.; Bryson, Gregory L.; Cukier, Samantha; Allen, Kristiann; Ardern, Clare; Balcom, Lesley; Barros, Tiago; Berger, Monica; Ciro, Jairo Buitrago; Cugusi, Lucia; Donaldson, Michael R.; Egger, Matthias; Graham, Ian D.; Hodgkinson, Matt; Khan, Karim M.;

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The majority of predatory OA publishers appear to be based in Asia and Africa, but in one study over half of authors publishing in them were found to be from "higher-income or upper-middle-income countries". It has been argued that authors who publish in predatory journals may do so unwittingly

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Predatory journals have rapidly increased their publication volumes from 53,000 in 2010 to an estimated 420,000 articles in 2014, published by around 8,000 active journals. Early on, publishers with more than 100 journals dominated the market, but since 2012 publishers in the 10–99 journal size

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Beall's list was used as an authoritative source by South Africa's Department of Higher Education and Training in maintaining its list of accredited journals: articles published in those journals will determine funding levels for their authors; however, journals identified as predatory will be

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In April 2019, 43 participants from 10 countries met in Ottawa, Canada to formulate a consensus definition: “Predatory journals and publishers are entities that prioritize self-interest at the expense of scholarship and are characterized by false or misleading information, deviation from best

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reported that Beall's list and web site were "widely read by librarians, researchers, and open-access advocates, many of whom applaud his efforts to reveal shady publishing practices." Others have raised the objection that "(w)hether it's fair to classify all these journals and publishers as

1091:, and the World Association of Medical Editors. Various journal review websites (crowd-sourced or expert-run) have been started, some focusing on the quality of the peer review process and extending to non-OA publications. A group of libraries and publishers launched an awareness campaign. 923:

In January 2017, Beall shut down his blog and removed all its content, citing pressure from his employer. Beall's supervisor wrote a response stating that he did not pressure Beall to discontinue his work, or threaten his employment; and had tried hard to support Beall's academic freedom.

835:, who coined the term "predatory publishing", first published his list of predatory publishers in 2010. Beall's list of potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers attempted to identify scholarly open access publishers with questionable practices. In 2013, 586:

Emails from the journal editor are written in poor language, include exaggerated flattering (everyone is a leading profile in the field), and make contradictory claims (such as "You have to respond within 48 h" while later on saying "You may submit your manuscript whenever you find

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legitimate journals. Beall has responded to these complaints by posting the criteria he uses to generate the list, as well as instituting an anonymous three-person review body to which publishers can appeal to be removed from the list. For example, a 2010 re-evaluation resulted in

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business model, where the journal or publisher prioritizes self-interest at the expense of scholarship. It is characterized by misleading information, deviates from the standard peer review process, is highly non-transparent, and often utilizes aggressive solicitation practices.

139:. In July 2008, Richard Poynder's interview series brought attention to the practices of new publishers who were "better able to exploit the opportunities of the new environment." Doubts about honesty and scams in a subset of open-access journals continued to be raised in 2009. 1199:

their potential authors by "giving false or misleading information about their publishing charges, the services they provide (like indexing, peer-review, or having an impact factor), where the publisher is based, or the identity of the owner, editor or members of the editorial

1080:, has been advocated to combat predatory journals. Others have argued instead that the discussion on predatory journals should not be turned "into a debate over the shortcomings of peer review—it is nothing of the sort. It is about fraud, deception, and irresponsibility..." 980:

to launch a blacklist called Chinese Early Warning Journal List (EWJL). EWJL classifies journals into three grades: low, medium or high risk, rather than two (predatory or not) like most other lists. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing criticism of this list as well.

1054: 1145:' was another factor influencing many scholars' decisions to publish in these fast-turnaround journals. In some cases, researchers did not have adequate guidance and felt they lacked the knowledge of research to submit to a more reputable journal." 6659: 757:

and complying with a standardised set of conditions. A 2018 study has shown that Beall's criteria of "predatory" publishing were in no way limited to OA publishers and that, applying them to both OA and non-OA journals in the field of

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conference, or did not know if they had. The majority of those who did so unknowingly cited a lack of awareness of predatory practices; whereas the majority of those who did so knowingly cited the need to advance their careers."

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Predatory publishers are so regarded because scholars are tricked into publishing with them, although some authors may be aware that the journal is poor quality or even fraudulent but publish in them anyway. New scholars from

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around 2012, when he described "publishers that are ready to publish any article for payment". However, criticisms about the label "predatory" have been raised. A lengthy review of the controversy started by Beall appears in

180:) which was accepted for a fee (but withdrawn by the author). Predatory publishers have been reported to hold submissions hostage, refusing to allow them to be withdrawn and thereby preventing submission in another journal. 4287:

Moreover, Beall points out, many researchers and universities will instead judge a journal's quality by whether it is indexed in major citation databases, such as Elsevier's Scopus index, rather than looking at the DOAJ's

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journals, which are characterised by poor cumulative criteria (such as disregarding negative reviews of manuscripts and publishing articles outside the declared journal's scope), without an apparent deceitful intent (see

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The scope is too broad or inconsistent, e.g., it covers both biomedical and non-biomedical topics, irrespective of the title of the journal. They publish special issues on topics that are clearly outside the scope of the

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journals in which they published and would not have selected them had they known. However, some scholars said they would still have published in the same journals if their institution recognised them. The pressure to '

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Teixeira da Silva JA, Nazarovets S, Daly T, Kendall G. The Chinese Early Warning Journal List: Strengths, weaknesses and solutions in the light of China's global scientific rise. J Acad Librariansh. 2024;50(4) doi:

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Eysenbach, Gunther. Black sheep among Open Access Journals and Publishers. Gunther Eysenbach Random Research Rants Blog. Originally posted 2008-03-08, updated (postscript added) 2008-04-21, 2008-04-23, 3 June 2008.

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implemented somewhat similar criteria, although they do not specify any quantitative metrics. Also, Web of Science (unlike Scopus) checks for excessive citations of the works authored by the journal board members.

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suggests that a significant number of academics are "eager" to publish their work in these journals, making the relationship more a "new and ugly symbiosis" than a case of scholars being exploited by "predators".

1644: 1171:, with a series of recommendations. This study emphasized, that predatory publishing practices is not a binary (good or bad) phenomenon, but rather a spectrum. They proposed the following classification: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1122:

has warned that predatory publishing, fabricated data, and academic plagiarism erodes public confidence in the medical profession, devalues legitimate science, and undermines public support for

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who created a list of "deceptive and fraudulent" Open Access (OA) publishers which was used as reference until withdrawn in 2017. The term has been reused since for a new for-profit database by

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against OMICS practices. It is unlikely that the FTC will ever collect the award, since the rulings of US courts are not enforceable in India, and since OMICS does not have property in the US.

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One of the Associate Editors of Frontiers remarked 'Frontiers being added to Beall's list reveals the big weakness of Beall's list: It's not based on solid data but on Beall's intuition.'

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Omobowale, Ayokunle Olumuyiwa; Akanle, Olayinka; Adeniran, Adebusuyi Isaac; Adegboyega, Kamorudeen (2014). "Peripheral Scholarship and the Context of Foreign Paid Publishing in Nigeria".

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In an effort to "set apart legitimate journals and publishers from non-legitimate ones", principles of transparency and best practice have been identified and issued collectively by the

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The journal sends you an unsolicited invitation to submit an article for publication, while making it blatantly clear that the editor has absolutely no idea about your field of expertise

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among open access publishers and journals" and highlighted in his blog publishers and journals which resorted to excessive spam to attract authors and editors, criticizing in particular

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Since Beall's list closed, other list groups have started. These include Kscien's list, which used Beall's list as a starting point, updating it to add and remove publishers.

4754: 3495: 4718: 3094: 917: 6649: 1973: 344:] scientists literature", suggesting that corporations in the scientific publishing business were behind the allegations. In March 2019, the FTC won the suit in a 1965: 4872: 645:

The published papers are of poor quality because they have never been peer-reviewed or edited. In most of the cases, they publish a large number of papers per issue.

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Xia, Jingfeng; Harmon, Jennifer L.; Connolly, Kevin G.; Donnelly, Ryan M.; Anderson, Mary R.; Howard, Heather A. (2014). "Who publishes in "predatory" journals?".

901:, and would not have been able to fall back on truth as a final defense; under section 66A, the truth of any information is irrelevant if it is grossly offensive. 590:

The journal charges a submission or handling fee, instead of a publication fee (which means that you have to pay even if the paper is not accepted for publication)

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Oermann, Marilyn H.; Conklin, Jamie L.; Nicoll, Leslie H.; Chinn, Peggy L.; Ashton, Kathleen S.; Edie, Alison H.; Amarasekara, Sathya; Budinger, Susan C. (2016).

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automatically flags a journal that is an outlier in two consecutive years according to any of three criteria comparing it with peer journals in its subject field

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and for popular science publications, tested the open access system by submitting to a number of such journals a deeply flawed paper on the purported effect of a

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Recognizing common characteristics of predatory publishers can help to avoid them. Complaints that are associated with predatory open-access publishing include:

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listings, such as the Directory of Nursing Journals, vetted by their organisation, and to make use of Jeffrey Beall's open access list of predatory journals.

6757: 6644: 6516: 1235: 1088: 147: 3614: 973: 5151:"Discriminating Between Legitimate and Predatory Open Access Journals: Report from the International Federation for Emergency Medicine Research Committee" 1584: 651:

They state false or misleading information about their indexing service(s) and/or are indexed in irrelevant agencies or not indexed in relevant databases.

6310: 272:(DOAJ), 8 of 120 accepted Szust. The DOAJ has since removed some of the affected journals in a 2016 purge. None of the 120 sampled journals listed in 3335: 6038: 5519: 5473: 2089: 1057: 2613: 897:

editorial for its potential for misuse in "stifling political dissent, crushing speech and ... enabling bullying". Beall could have been sued for

762:, even top tier non-OA journals could be qualified as predatory; see also on difficulties of demarcating predatory and non-predatory journals in 516:

There are fundamental errors in the titles and abstracts, or frequent and repeated typographical or factual errors throughout the published papers

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Perlin, Marcelo S.; Imasato, Takeyoshi; Borenstein, Denis (2018). "Is Predatory Publishing a Real Threat? Evidence from a Large Database Study".

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According to one study, 60% of articles published in predatory journals receive no citations over the five-year period following publication.

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They state false or misleading information about the costs involved in publishing with them or authors are surprised to discover hidden fees.

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The publisher of the journal has released an overwhelmingly large suite of new journals at one occasion or during a very short period of time

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Oermann, Marilyn H.; Nicoll, Leslie H.; Chinn, Peggy L.; et al. (2018). "Quality of Articles Published in Predatory Nursing Journals".

6797: 6541: 5296: 1149: 1009: 393: 268:"control" journals which "must meet certain standards of quality, including ethical publishing practices." Among journals sampled from the 2736: 1951: 673:

The website is either not up-to-date or lacks important information about submission requirements and manuscript processing and reviewing.

3979:"Why do researchers decide to publish in questionable journals? A review of the literature: Why authors publish in questionable journals" 2721: 1225: 365: 195:

for these titles tend to be young, inexperienced and affiliated with institutions in low-income nations in Africa and the Middle East."

5289: 3758:"Format Aside: Applying Beall's Criteria to Assess the Predatory Nature of Both OA and Non-OA Library and Information Science Journals" 3316: 2559: 6489: 6486:. "Leading scholars and publishers from ten countries have agreed a definition of predatory publishing that can protect scholarship." 3185: 3145: 380:

Listing academics as members of editorial boards without their permission, and not allowing academics to resign from editorial boards.

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Actors seeking to maintain the scholarly ecosystem have sought to minimize the influence of predatory publishing through the use of

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services from 2022 onwards, the Web of Science and Scopus listings are no longer considered as essential by the Russian agencies.

539:" while being located on another continent) or includes "International" in its title while having a single-country editorial board 6509: 6105: 6017: 4930: 943: 888: 849: 679:

They do not usually mention the contact details. There is also false or misleading information about the location of the journal.

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They have no information about the strategy for handling misconduct (such as plagiarism, salami slicing, or a retraction policy).

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Lists of acceptable sources, on the other hand, have been criticized as not being relevant to how academics evaluate journals.

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Predatory publishing does not refer to a homogeneous category of practices. The name itself was coined by American librarian

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The papers of the journal are of poor research quality, and may not be academic at all (for instance allowing for obvious

1539:"How is open access accused of being predatory? The impact of Beall's lists of predatory journals on academic publishing" 648:

They invite researchers to submit manuscripts with expertise in fields that are clearly outside the scope of the journal.

600:(hinting that the journal's peer review process is minimal or non-existent)—or boasts an equally unrealistic track-record 6954: 6944: 6583: 4571: 2213:"'Blacklists" and 'Whitelists" to Tackle Predatory Publishing : A Cross-Sectional Comparison and Thematic Analysis" 1930: 1077: 477:

The publisher is not a member of any recognized professional organisation committed to best publishing practices (like

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and you will be completely exposing yourself to serious legal implications including criminal cases lunched [

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Nwagwu, W.E. (2016). "Open Access in the Developing Regions: Situating the Altercations About Predatory Publishing".

5364:[Russia has introduced a moratorium on indicators based on publications of scientists in foreign journals]. 806:

is an example of a free whitelist. Other lists of pre-approved journals are available from large research funders.

7043: 6888: 6700: 6350: 5792: 3791:"Potential Predatory and Legitimate Biomedical Journals: Can You Tell the Difference? A Cross-Sectional Comparison" 2585: 1291: 1107: 561: 128: 6787: 6772: 6613: 5416:

Polka, Jessica K.; Kiley, Robert; Konforti, Boyana; Stern, Bodo; Vale, Ronald D. (2018). "Publish Peer Reviews".

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Science and Scopus are subscribed to by most reputable institutions. However, in parallel with the withdrawal of

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The types of submission/publication fees and what they amount to are not clearly stated on the journal's website

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in India removed 4,305 dubious journals from a list of publications used for evaluating academic performance.

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or similar metrics. Most of these journals claim to have an impact factor, despite being too new to have one.

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Leonard, Michelle; Stapleton, Suzanne; Collins, Perry; Selfe, Terry Kit; Cataldo, Tara (23 September 2021).

550: 36:"Think. Check. Submit." poster by an international initiative to help researchers avoid predatory publishing 5015: 3354: 6928: 6863: 6853: 6843: 6833: 6828: 6695: 6536: 4053:"'Predatory' Open Access Journals as Parody: Exposing the Limitations of 'Legitimate' Academic Publishing" 2797:"On the limitations of recent lawsuits against Sci-Hub, OMICS, ResearchGate, and Georgia State University" 1946: 996:

Multiple science funders have taken special measures against predatory publishing, especially in terms of

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were 'reflective of poor journal standards' which were not necessarily indicative of predatory behaviour.

431: 4605: 2115: 6923: 6908: 6898: 6893: 6858: 6848: 6838: 6723: 6085: 5270: 1123: 597: 529:

The journal website does not reveal the journal's editorial office location or uses an incorrect address

2746: 2670: 2533: 96: 6987: 6918: 6878: 6868: 6334: 6265: 6198: 5864: 5561: 5425: 4521: 4254: 3933: 3615:"A walk on the wild side: 'Predatory' journals and information asymmetries in scientific evaluations" 3042: 2847: 2462: 1760: 1442: 1395: 1281: 1276: 1111: 615: 303: 299: 234: 75: 1986: 676:

The manuscripts are submitted through the email of the journal or directly on the journal's website.

607:

agreements clearly or demands the copyright of the paper while claiming to be an open access journal

6690: 6557: 5393: 4580: 2068: 1991: 1271: 611: 152: 52: 2168:

Djuric, Dragan (2015). "Penetrating the Omerta of Predatory Publishing: The Romanian Connection".

1368: 853:

investigation, the DOAJ has tightened up its inclusion criteria, with the purpose of serving as a

7028: 6669: 6593: 6424: 6291: 6234: 6163: 5773: 5718: 5587: 5449: 5343: 5095: 4877: 4547: 4368: 4166: 4033: 3998: 3959: 3637: 3595: 3150: 3068: 2921: 2897: 2816: 2488: 2428: 2345: 2193: 2046: 1835: 1815: 1784: 1717: 1671: 1560: 1468: 1286: 1132: 557: 400: 167: 160:'s journals duplicated papers already published elsewhere; the case was subsequently reported in 136: 132: 4589: 17: 4111: 787:

Lists of journals or publishers deemed either acceptable or unacceptable have been published.

6573: 6412: 6402: 6283: 6226: 6120: 6012: 5987: 5941: 5710: 5579: 5500: 5441: 5229: 5180: 4820: 4637: 4585: 4539: 4360: 4321: 4278: 4270: 4223: 4158: 3951: 3902: 3865: 3822: 3525: 3463: 3414: 3246: 3060: 3000: 2875: 2480: 2420: 2385: 2300: 2242: 2185: 2038: 1776: 1751: 1624: 1519: 1460: 1411: 1176: 1142: 1103: 985: 345: 329: 226: 209: 172: 116: 32: 4840:"Open access, power, and privilege: A response to 'What I learned from predatory publishing'" 2269:"'Predatory' open access: a longitudinal study of article volumes and market characteristics" 6728: 6588: 6483: 6378: 6273: 6252:

Dobusch, Leonhard; Heimstädt, Maximilian; Mayer, Katja; Ross-Hellauer, Tony (2 April 2020).

6216: 6206: 6153: 6073: 5977: 5931: 5899: 5831: 5763: 5702: 5618: 5569: 5490: 5482: 5433: 5335: 5260: 5219: 5211: 5170: 5162: 5085: 4995: 4851: 4810: 4802: 4529: 4488: 4434: 4401: 4352: 4262: 4213: 4203: 4150: 4064: 4025: 3990: 3941: 3894: 3855: 3812: 3802: 3769: 3718: 3668: 3629: 3585: 3517: 3453: 3445: 3404: 3396: 3236: 3228: 3050: 2990: 2982: 2931: 2926: 2865: 2855: 2808: 2773: 2643: 2470: 2412: 2377: 2335: 2327: 2290: 2280: 2232: 2224: 2177: 2150: 2120: 2093: 2028: 1825: 1768: 1707: 1661: 1653: 1616: 1550: 1509: 1499: 1450: 1403: 1256: 1099: 1073: 302:, has generated papers that have been accepted by a number of predatory journals as well as 283: 162: 5822:

Beall, Jeffrey (1 April 2013). "Unethical Practices in Scholarly, Open-Access Publishing".

3193: 2145:

Silver, Andrew (31 May 2017). "Pay-to-view blacklist of predatory journals set to launch".

1853: 535:

The journal title claims a national affiliation that does not match its location (such as "

389:

Making misleading claims about the publishing operation, such as providing false locations.

6982: 6949: 4964: 4575: 3885: 1969: 1911: 1588: 997: 574: 523: 260: 2381: 964: 815: 788: 91: 6452: 6311:"World academies call for concerted action to combat predatory journals and conferences" 6269: 6202: 5565: 5429: 4525: 4258: 3937: 3574:"Who are the 100 largest scientific publishers by journal count? A webscraping approach" 3509: 3046: 2851: 2507: 2466: 1904: 1764: 1446: 1399: 1338: 6992: 6977: 6685: 5495: 5468: 5224: 5199: 5175: 5150: 4815: 4790: 4634:"High Noon – A Publisher Threatens to "Lunch" a Criminal Case Against Librarian Critic" 4218: 4191: 4138: 3817: 3790: 3458: 3433: 3409: 3384: 3241: 3216: 2995: 2970: 2870: 2835: 2724:. No. FTC MATTER/FILE NUMBER: 152 3113. FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION. 15 October 2019. 2295: 2268: 2237: 2212: 1514: 1487: 1029: 713: 655: 510: 497: 377:

Aggressively campaigning for academics to submit articles or serve on editorial boards.

364:

Accepting articles quickly with little or no peer review or quality control, including

230: 3290: 253:

In 2015, four researchers created a fictitious sub-par scientist named Anna O. Szust (

7017: 6739: 6479: 6295: 6238: 6167: 5959: 5362:"В России введен мораторий на показатели по публикациям ученых в зарубежных журналах" 5347: 5099: 4564: 4372: 4170: 4037: 3599: 2820: 2432: 2404: 2050: 1839: 1788: 1564: 1383: 1119: 865: 832: 577:

of the journal is editor in chief also for other journals with widely different focus

546: 460: 404: 204: 184: 60: 5888:"Addressing Faculty Publishing Concerns with Open Access Journal Quality Indicators" 5777: 5722: 5453: 4002: 3641: 2197: 1721: 1675: 1028:

require their grant recipients to publish only in the journals included into either

298:, a computer program that randomly generates academic computer science papers using 146:

practices from these journals prompted leading open access publishers to create the

6997: 6967: 5591: 4551: 4192:"Checklists to detect potential predatory biomedical journals: a systematic review" 4093: 3963: 3072: 2955: 2741: 2618: 2492: 2349: 1749:

Brainard J (2020). "Articles in 'predatory' journals receive few or no citations".

1266: 1261: 1246: 1241: 1106:

variant), one researcher has argued for platinum open access, where the absence of

442: 415: 5265: 5248: 3898: 3705:

Vanholsbeeck, Marc; Thacker, Paul; Sattler, Susanne; et al. (11 March 2019).

3336:"Vanity and predatory academic publishers are corrupting the pursuit of knowledge" 1472: 916:

is reviewing all journals on Beall's list, and has started removing them from the

6367:

Jeffrey Beall is back after he went silent and website disappeared around January

6065: 5982: 5963: 5274: 5166: 3633: 2860: 1736:"Combatting Predatory Academic Journals and Conferences (Full Report in English)" 1555: 1538: 6525: 4695: 3920:

Moher, David; Shamseer, Larissa; Cobey, Kelly D.; et al. (September 2017).

3723: 3706: 2019: 1830: 1803: 1605:

Kearney, Margaret H. (2015). "Predatory Publishing: What Authors Need to Know".

1230: 893: 840:'predatory' is an open question—several shades of gray may be distinguishable." 763: 667:

They are not monitored by or member of a regional or international organization.

503:

The publisher claims to be a "leading publisher" even though it just got started

124: 120: 6278: 6253: 6211: 6186: 5437: 5389:"Is this peer reviewed? Predatory journals and the transparency of peer review" 5090: 5074:"Kscien's list; a new strategy to discourage predatory journals and publishers" 5073: 4406: 4387: 4208: 4154: 4069: 4052: 2416: 2090:"U.S. government agency sues publisher, charging it with deceiving researchers" 1407: 6416: 5339: 4190:

Cukier, Samantha; Helal, Lucas; Rice, Danielle B.; et al. (18 May 2020).

3807: 3400: 3217:"New corruption detected: Bogus impact factors compiled by fake organizations" 2331: 2285: 2181: 2154: 1334: 1251: 898: 419: 349: 176:

blog) submitted a manuscript consisting of computer-generated nonsense (using

6158: 5486: 5072:

Kakamad, Fahmi H.; Mohammed, Shvan H.; Najar, Kayhan A.; et al. (2020).

5000: 4983: 4568: 4274: 4162: 4029: 3449: 2986: 2069:"Open-Access Publisher Appears to Have Accepted Fake Paper From Bogus Center" 1488:"Open access versus subscription journals: A comparison of scientific impact" 928:

of the uropean universities a hands-on experience with predatory journals."

692:

implemented policies to identify and combat predatory journals. For example,

631:

A Pakistani scholar proposed the following criteria of predatory publishing:

6972: 6608: 4723: 3756:

Olivarez, Joseph; Bales, Stephen; Sare, Laura; Vanduinkerken, Wyoma (2018).

3590: 3573: 1772: 1504: 1216:

Some journals can be simultaneously classified into two or more categories.

1038: 858: 854: 771: 721: 707: 619: 604: 100: 86: 6383: 6287: 6230: 6077: 5991: 5945: 5904: 5887: 5714: 5583: 5504: 5445: 5233: 5184: 4856: 4839: 4824: 4543: 4493: 4476: 4439: 4422: 4364: 4282: 4227: 3955: 3906: 3869: 3826: 3689:"Developing an Effective Market for Open Access Article Processing Charges" 3521: 3467: 3418: 3250: 3064: 3004: 2879: 2484: 2424: 2389: 2304: 2246: 2211:

Strinzel, Michaela; Severin, Anna; Milzow, Katrin; Egger, Matthias (2019).

2189: 2042: 1925: 1780: 1628: 1523: 1464: 1415: 820: 639:

They accept all submitted papers and pretend to have a peer review process.

506:

The journal and the publisher are unfamiliar to you and all your colleagues

6142:"Predatory publishing in management research: A call for open peer review" 5752:"Predatory publishing is just one of the consequences of gold open access" 5607:"Quality Open Access Market and Other Initiatives: A Comparative Analysis" 5215: 4242: 3232: 3166: 2935: 2228: 549:

in spite of the fact that the journal is new (which means that the impact

59:

The phenomenon of "open access predatory publishers" was first noticed by

6762: 6603: 5691:

Clark, J.; Smith, R. (2015). "Firm action needed on predatory journals".

4806: 4356: 3547:"Study finds huge increase in articles published by 'predatory' journals" 3291:"Predatory publishing: Favoritism and self-promotion pollute peer review" 2700:"Federal Trade Commission begins to crack down on 'predatory' publishers" 2590: 1042: 913: 238: 222: 143: 6221: 5835: 5800: 4747:"US court issues injunction against OMICS to stop 'deceptive practices'" 3774: 3757: 2340: 1802:

Björk, Bo-Christer; Kanto-Karvonen, Sari; Harviainen, J. Tuomas (2020).

374:

Accepting papers which are outside of the declared scope of the journal.

6807: 6578: 5936: 5919: 5693: 5200:"Ranking Predatory Journals: Solve the Problem Instead of Removing It!" 4392: 2508:"Dozens of Scientific Journals Offered Her a Job. But She Didn't Exist" 542:

The journal mimics another journal title or the website of said journal

493: 325: 5520:"Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing" 4097: 3994: 3860: 3841: 3613:

Bagues, Manuel; Sylos-Labini, Mauro; Zinovyeva, Natalia (March 2019).

2812: 1712: 1695: 1657: 1620: 642:

They are not affiliated with any reputable organization or university.

6782: 5768: 5751: 5706: 5623: 5606: 5249:"The extent of South African authored articles in predatory journals" 3789:

Shamseer, Larissa; Moher, David; Maduekwe, Onyi; et al. (2017).

3673: 3656: 1804:"How Frequently are Articles in Predatory Open Access Journals Cited" 1666: 1033: 693: 661:

They state false or misleading information about its editorial board.

295: 214: 177: 6398:

Combatting predatory academic journals and conferences : report

6141: 5574: 5549: 4534: 4509: 4266: 3946: 3921: 3055: 3030: 2898:"'Predatory' Online Journals Lure Scholars Who Are Eager to Publish" 2796: 2534:"A Scholarly Sting Operation Shines a Light on 'Predatory' Journals" 2475: 2450: 2033: 2014: 1455: 1430: 567:

The journal website posts non-related or non-academic advertisements

1820: 371:

Notifying academics of article fees only after papers are accepted.

6335:

https://www.science.org/content/article/feature-how-hijack-journal

5113: 3385:"The false academy: predatory publishing in science and bioethics" 2951:"Journal accepts bogus paper requesting removal from mailing list" 2737:"FTC hits predatory scientific publisher with a $ 50 million fine" 2560:""Paging Dr. Fraud": The Fake Publishers That Are Ruining Science" 2405:"Hundreds of scientists have peer-reviewed for predatory journals" 1189: 1052: 819: 596:

The journal gives unrealistic promises regarding the speed of the

386:

Mimicking the name or web site style of more established journals.

321: 31: 4904: 3317:"Predatory Publishing: The Dark Side of the Open-Access Movement" 2722:"Enforcement » Cases and Proceedings » OMICS Group Inc" 2368:

Bohannon, John (4 October 2013). "Who's afraid of peer review?".

1645:

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology

904:

In an unrelated case in 2015, Section 66A was struck down by the

728:) do not have a publicly disclosed policy on predatory journals. 580:

The journal includes articles (very far) outside its stated scope

6351:"Critic of 'predatory' publishing returns with scathing article" 5736: 4423:"Beyond Beall's List: Better understanding predatory publishers" 3738: 2644:"FTC sues OMICS group: Are predatory publishers' days numbered?" 2614:"Predatory publishers: the journals that churn out fake science" 2586:"How three MIT students fooled the world of scientific journals" 1209: 423: 6498: 6473: 4949: 2671:"COMPLAINT FOR PERMANENT INJUNCTION AND OTHER EQUITABLE RELIEF" 1098:

As Beall has ascribed predatory publishing to a consequence of

237:), and several universities, accepted the faked medical paper. 6494: 4663: 883: 745:

The root cause of exploitative practices is the author-facing

340: 334: 5149:

Hansoti, Bhakti; Langdorf, Mark I.; Murphy, Linda S. (2016).

4873:"Predatory Journals: Write, Submit, and Publish the Next Day" 4341:

Haug, C. (2013). "The Downside of Open-Access Publishing".

3355:"Criteria for Determining Predatory Open-Access Publishers" 1582:"Many Academics Are Eager to Publish in Worthless Journals" 1008:

On 18 September 2018, Zbigniew Błocki, the director of the

556:

The journal claims an unrealistically high impact based on

217:

constituent, and published the results in a paper called, "

6140:

Dobusch, Leonhard; Heimstädt, Maximilian (November 2019).

5640:"Avoiding fake journals and judging the work in real ones" 2836:"Ten simple rules for avoiding predatory publishing scams" 6066:"India's UGC-approved list teeming with dubious journals" 4569:

Journals, 'Journals' and Wannabes: Investigating The List

988:

of 93 lists, only three were assessed as evidence-based.

4660:"Publisher Threatens Librarian With $ 1 Billion Lawsuit" 3265:"Don't get fooled of Journal's "Indexed in" information" 2116:"The FTC is Cracking Down on Predatory Science Journals" 6254:"Defining predatory journals: no peer review, no point" 6039:"India culls 4,305 dubious journals from approved list" 5851:"How to better achieve integrity in science publishing" 3146:"For Scientists, an Exploding World of Pseudo-Academia" 3095:"On Predatory Publishers: a Q&A With Jeffrey Beall" 1869:"Black sheep among Open Access Journals and Publishers" 6106:"List of ICI Journal Titles Found to be not qualified" 3434:"Revisiting the Term Predatory Open Access Publishing" 2971:"Revisiting the Term Predatory Open Access Publishing" 1169:

Combatting Predatory Academic Journals and Conferences

526:

or gives insufficient detail on names and affiliations

221:". About 60% of those journals, including journals of 6803:

Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition

6309:

Partnership (IAP), the InterAcademy (11 March 2022).

4388:"Reactionary Rhetoric Against Open Access Publishing" 3482:"Scopus content policy and selection | Elsevier" 3031:"Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing" 610:

The journal displays no strategies for how to handle

27:

Fraudulent business model for scientific publications

6373:

Discussion document: Predatory Publishing (Report).

5892:

Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication

4931:"Cabell's New Predatory Journal Blacklist: A Review" 4606:"Publisher Threatens to Sue Blogger for $ 1-Billion" 3383:

Eriksson, Stefan; Helgesson, Gert (7 October 2016).

348:

and was awarded $ 50,130,811 in damages and a broad

6937: 6816: 6714: 6678: 6627: 6550: 6007:"Should We Retire the Term 'Predatory Publishing'?" 4965:"List of Journals Publishing Questionable Research" 4901:"Beall's List of Predatory Journals and Publishers" 4086:

Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science

5469:"Science for sale: the rise of predatory journals" 4455: 4137:Kendall, Graham; Linacre, Simon (September 2022). 1181:journals, which mimic existing reputable journals; 287:in March 2017, and widely presented in the press. 6090:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 5247:Mouton, Johann; Valentine, Astrid (August 2017). 5016:"The precarious prevalence of predatory journals" 4139:"Predatory Journals: Revisiting Beall's Research" 3842:"Study of Predatory Open Access Nursing Journals" 2444: 2442: 1537:Krawczyk, Franciszek; Kulczycki, Emanuel (2021). 1431:"Predatory publishers are corrupting open access" 918:International Bibliography of the Social Sciences 795:is an example of a paid blacklist database. The 150:in 2008. In another early precedent, in 2009 the 6179: 6177: 5964:"The Problem of Publication-Pollution Denialism" 4924: 4922: 4326:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3657:"Co-Operating for Gold Open Access without APCs" 2363: 2361: 2359: 2267:Shen, Cenyu; Björk, Bo-Christer (October 2015). 2062: 2060: 1972:. Retrieved 2008-06-03. (Archived by WebCite at 1888:"The Open Access Interviews: Dove Medical Press" 441:Predatory publishers have also been compared to 281:The results of the experiment were published in 6187:"Predatory journals: no definition, no defence" 5793:"(Gold) Open Access: the two sides of the coin" 5328:Scientific and Technical Information Processing 3572:Nishikawa-Pacher, Andreas (21 September 2022). 2638: 2636: 1950:, Volume 11, Number 1, July 2009, pp. 29–32(4) 1696:"Why do authors publish in predatory journals?" 1384:"Predatory journals: no definition, no defence" 488:The journal is not indexed in well-established 6115:. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. 5886:Beaubien, Sarah; Eckard, Max (10 April 2014). 5667:"Awareness Campaign on 'Predatory' Publishing" 4684: 4682: 4680: 4421:Berger, Monica; Cirasella, Jill (March 2015). 3922:"Stop this waste of people, animals and money" 383:Appointing fake academics to editorial boards. 311:Federal Trade Commission vs. OMICS Group, Inc. 6510: 6480:Predatory journals: No definition, No defence 5290:"(Letter from Prof. dr hab. Zbigniew Błocki)" 2612:Hern, Alex; Duncan, Pamela (10 August 2018). 1382:Grudniewicz; et al. (11 December 2019). 532:The publishing schedule is not clearly stated 437:Favoritism and self-promotion in peer review. 8: 6758:Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association 6490:AMWA – EMWA – ISMPP Joint Position statement 5198:Dadkhah, Mehdi; Bianciardi, Giorgio (2016). 4457:"Predatory Publishers | Peer to Peer Review" 4308:. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015 3707:"Ten Hot Topics around Scholarly Publishing" 2891: 2889: 2140: 2138: 1236:Conflicts of interest in academic publishing 1089:Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association 414:" by academic social networking sites (like 264:publishing houses that published the books. 254: 148:Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association 1576: 1574: 1486:Björk, Bo-Christer; Solomon, David (2012). 974:Ministry of Science and Technology of China 753:quality by registering their titles in the 430:) as if they were prestigious or reputable 170:graduate student Phil Davis (editor of the 123:journal, drew attention to what he called " 6517: 6503: 6495: 6429:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4791:"What I learned from predatory publishers" 4689:Venkataramakrishnan, Rohan (19 May 2013). 4599: 4597: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 1689: 1687: 1685: 6382: 6277: 6220: 6210: 6157: 5981: 5935: 5924:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 5903: 5767: 5638:Benderly, Beryl Lieff (13 October 2015). 5622: 5573: 5494: 5264: 5223: 5174: 5155:The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 5089: 4999: 4963:Criticism, Scholarly (26 December 2023). 4948:Criticism, Scholarly (26 December 2023). 4855: 4814: 4719:"SC strikes down 'draconian' Section 66A" 4533: 4492: 4438: 4405: 4217: 4207: 4068: 3945: 3859: 3816: 3806: 3773: 3722: 3672: 3589: 3510:"Common Misconceptions about Open Access" 3457: 3408: 3240: 3139: 3137: 3054: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2994: 2869: 2859: 2474: 2339: 2294: 2284: 2236: 2032: 1926:"Ten challenges for open-access journals" 1829: 1819: 1711: 1665: 1554: 1513: 1503: 1454: 654:They falsify the information about their 5518:COPE/DOAJ/OASPA/WAME (10 January 2014). 5474:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 3514:The ACS Guide to Scholarly Communication 2451:"Predatory journals recruit fake editor" 2013:Sanderson, Katharine (13 January 2010). 791:was an example of a free blacklist, and 522:The journal website does not present an 338:] Billions of dollars rom [ 3167:""Junk Journals" und die "Peter-Panne"" 1944:Beall, Jeffrey (2009), "Bentham Open", 1326: 1303: 700:Substantially higher self-citation rate 622:of articles when no longer in operation 564:, which is far beyond the top notation) 519:The journal website is not professional 6422: 6118: 6083: 5799:. University of Oxford. Archived from 5288:Błocki, Zbigniew (18 September 2018). 4766: 4764: 4319: 4241:Van Noorden, Richard (1 August 2014). 3334:Brown, Michael J. I. (2 August 2015). 2403:Van Noorden, Richard (11 March 2020). 1072:More transparent peer review, such as 703:Substantially lower number of citation 5078:International Journal of Surgery Open 4982:Anwar, Ch. Mahmood (26 August 2022). 4844:College & Research Libraries News 4757:from the original on 8 December 2017. 4745:Retraction Watch (22 November 2017). 4481:College & Research Libraries News 4427:College & Research Libraries News 4185: 4183: 4116:COPE: Committee on Publication Ethics 3977:Frandsen, Tove Faber (January 2019). 2680:. United States District Court Nevada 2584:Connor-Simons, Adam (14 April 2015). 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 1543:The Journal of Academic Librarianship 1188:papers from legitimate journals (see 1041:from Russia in 2022 and the pause in 1026:Russian Foundation for Basic Research 684:Policies of leading scholar databases 454: 67:The Journal of Academic Librarianship 7: 6798:Registry of Open Access Repositories 5791:Cobo, Cristobal (17 November 2014). 5665:Straumsheim, Carl (2 October 2015). 5297:The National Science Centre (Poland) 3553:from the original on 4 February 2016 3389:Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 2382:10.1126/science.2013.342.6154.342_60 2114:Molteni, Megan (19 September 2016). 1886:Poynder, Richard (5 November 2008). 857:, very much like Beall's has been a 468:Eriksson and Helgesson's 25 criteria 5387:Swoger, Bonnie (26 November 2014). 4477:"Response to 'Beyond Beall's List'" 3739:"Directory of Open Access Journals" 2896:Stratford, Michael (4 March 2012). 2449:Sorokowski, Piotr (22 March 2017). 1985:Abrahams, Marc (22 December 2009). 1226:List of scholarly publishing stings 1095:be spotted through providing tips. 558:spurious alternative impact factors 6064:S. Jayaraman, K. (23 March 2018). 5849:Teixeira; da Silva, J. A. (2013). 5041:Siegfried, Elaine (16 June 2017). 2949:Safi, Michael (25 November 2014), 2922:"Editor will quit over hoax paper" 1987:"Strange academic journals: Scam?" 1903:For the series of interviews, see 1354:"Definition of Write-Only Journal" 1352:Riehle, Dirk (13 September 2011). 320:(FTC) filed a lawsuit against the 278:(JCR) offered Szust the position. 25: 6748:Directory of Open Access Journals 5548:Perkel, Jeffrey (30 March 2015). 5529:. Committee on Publication Ethics 5306:from the original on 4 March 2019 4838:Swauger, Shea (4 December 2017). 3545:Carl Straumsheim (October 2015). 3438:Journal of Korean Medical Science 3353:Beall, Jeffrey (1 January 2015). 3215:Jalalian, Mehrdad (August 2013). 3186:"Bogus New Impact Factor Appears" 3165:Neumann, Ralf (2 February 2012). 3103:The Chronicle of Higher Education 2975:Journal of Korean Medical Science 2920:Gilbert, Natasha (15 June 2009). 2903:The Chronicle of Higher Education 2506:Kluger, Jeffrey (22 March 2017). 2088:McCook, Alison (26 August 2016). 2074:The Chronicle of Higher Education 1369:"OSI Brief: Deceptive publishing" 864:Beall has been threatened with a 804:Directory of Open Access Journals 755:Directory of Open Access Journals 270:Directory of Open Access Journals 207:, a staff writer for the journal 105:Directory of Open Access Journals 6445: 6018:Society for Scholarly Publishing 5605:van Gerestein, Danielle (2015). 5253:South African Journal of Science 5204:Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 4717:Sriram, Jayant (25 March 2015). 4510:"Open-access website gets tough" 4243:"Open-access website gets tough" 3762:College & Research Libraries 3120:Beall, Jeffrey (1 August 2012). 2795:Manley, Stewart (23 July 2019). 1608:Research in Nursing & Health 1580:Kolata, Gina (30 October 2017). 1367:Anderson, Rick (19 March 2019). 944:Society for Scholarly Publishing 931: 889:Information Technology Act, 2000 18:Predatory open-access publishing 6635:Budapest Open Access Initiative 6375:Committee on Publication Ethics 5750:Beall, Jeffrey (1 April 2013). 4929:Anderson, Rick (25 July 2017). 4691:"Send Section 66A bullies home" 4344:New England Journal of Medicine 2558:Burdick, Alan (22 March 2017). 2015:"Two new journals copy the old" 1924:Suber, Peter (2 October 2009). 1085:Committee on Publication Ethics 942:At the May 2017 meeting of the 797:Committee on Publication Ethics 760:library and information science 690:abstract and citation databases 6734:Directory of Open Access Books 6005:Anderson, Rick (11 May 2015). 4658:Chappell, Bill (15 May 2013). 4632:Anderson, Rick (20 May 2013). 4475:Beall, Jeffrey (1 June 2015). 3847:Journal of Nursing Scholarship 2767:Oransky, Ivan (2 April 2019). 2532:Kolata, Gina (22 March 2017). 2170:Science and Engineering Ethics 965:Beall's List § Successors 603:The journal does not describe 158:Scientific Research Publishing 1: 6753:Initiative for Open Citations 6080:(inactive 12 September 2024). 5930:(6): 569–571. November 2014. 5824:Journal of Information Ethics 5139:10.1016/j.acalib.2024.102898. 4611:Chronicle of Higher Education 4454:Coyle, Karen (4 April 2013). 4143:Publishing Research Quarterly 4051:Bell, Kirsten (8 July 2017). 3899:10.1016/j.outlook.2017.05.005 3184:Brezgov, Stef (3 June 2019). 3144:Kolata, Gina (7 April 2013). 3093:Elliott, Carl (5 June 2012). 3029:Butler, Declan (March 2013). 2735:Timmer, John (3 April 2019). 2067:Basken, Paul (10 June 2009). 829:University of Colorado Denver 6955:List of open-access journals 6945:Access to Knowledge movement 6584:Copyright transfer agreement 6365:– via Newspapers.com. 6349:Spears, Tom (14 June 2017). 6113:University Grants Commission 5983:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.02.017 5167:10.5811/westjem.2016.7.30328 4386:Bivens-Tatum, Wayne (2014). 3634:10.1016/j.respol.2018.04.013 2861:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009377 1931:SPARC Open Access Newsletter 1556:10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102271 1150:University Grants Commission 1078:post-publication peer review 850:Who's Afraid of Peer Review? 219:Who's Afraid of Peer Review? 6706:Delayed open-access journal 6569:Subscription business model 5467:Bartholomew, R. E. (2014). 5368:(in Russian). 21 March 2022 5266:10.17159/sajs.2017/20170010 4112:"Identifying fake journals" 3724:10.3390/publications7020034 3432:Memon, Aamir Raoof (2019). 2969:Memon, Aamir Raoof (2019). 1831:10.3390/publications8020017 871:some journals being removed 473:full list is quoted below: 467: 366:hoax and nonsensical papers 7060: 6701:Hybrid open-access journal 6279:10.1038/d41586-020-00911-x 6212:10.1038/d41586-019-03759-y 5438:10.1038/d41586-018-06032-w 5397:. Macmillan Publishers Ltd 5114:"Kscien's Predatory Lists" 5091:10.1016/j.ijso.2019.11.001 4885:(5): 32–33. Archived from 4407:10.31269/triplec.v12i2.617 4209:10.1186/s12916-020-01566-1 4155:10.1007/s12109-022-09888-z 4070:10.31269/triplec.v15i2.870 3661:Insights: The UKSG Journal 2840:PLOS Computational Biology 2417:10.1038/d41586-020-00709-x 1905:The Open Access Interviews 1408:10.1038/d41586-019-03759-y 1292:Center for Promoting Ideas 1108:article processing charges 1022:Russian Science Foundation 962: 938:Cabells' Predatory Reports 935: 932:Cabells' Predatory Reports 813: 793:Cabells' Predatory Reports 452: 198: 129:Bentham Science Publishers 6963: 6788:Public Library of Science 6773:Open Knowledge Foundation 6614:Article processing charge 6532: 6377:(COPE). 1 November 2019. 6125:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5340:10.3103/S0147688220010074 4604:New, Jake (15 May 2013). 3808:10.1186/s12916-017-0785-9 3655:Eve, Martin Paul (2015). 3401:10.1007/s11019-016-9740-3 2332:10.1007/s11192-018-2750-6 2286:10.1186/s12916-015-0469-2 2182:10.1007/s11948-014-9521-4 2155:10.1038/nature.2017.22090 1854:"The guardians of Scopus" 1238:(covers publishers' COIs) 998:national journal rankings 831:librarian and researcher 747:article-processing charge 726:Chemical Abstract Service 7024:Open access (publishing) 6793:Public Knowledge Project 6778:Open Society Foundations 6768:Open Archives Initiative 6665:NIH Public Access Policy 6393:InterAcademy Partnership 6159:10.1177/1350507619878820 5856:European Science Editing 5487:10.1177/0141076814548526 5001:10.1108/TRC-03-2022-0004 4508:Van Noorden, R. (2014). 4030:10.1177/0011392113508127 3578:Journal of Documentation 3450:10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e99 2987:10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e99 1968:29 December 2014 at the 1910:1 September 2016 at the 1339:"Write-Only Publication" 1165:InterAcademy Partnership 1110:removes the publisher's 978:Center of Scientometrics 912:removed from this list. 626: 551:cannot yet be calculated 545:The journal provides an 448: 318:Federal Trade Commission 275:Journal Citation Reports 233:(through its subsidiary 119:, publisher of an early 5969:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 5863:(4): 97. Archived from 4969:The Scholarly Criticism 4789:Beall, Jeffrey (2017). 4776:Stellenbosch University 3591:10.1108/JD-04-2022-0083 2909:(subscription required) 1773:10.1126/science.aba8116 1587:5 November 2017 at the 1505:10.1186/1741-7015-10-73 1429:Beall, Jeffrey (2012). 1010:National Science Centre 537:American Journal of ... 432:bibliographic databases 316:On 25 August 2016, the 6696:Open-access repository 6384:10.24318/cope.2019.3.6 6315:www.interacademies.org 6078:10.1038/nindia.2018.39 5920:"Predatory Publishing" 5905:10.7710/2162-3309.1133 5737:"Think. Check. Submit" 4871:Hakami, Ramzi (2017). 4857:10.5860/crln.78.11.603 4494:10.5860/crln.76.6.9334 4440:10.5860/crln.76.3.9277 3522:10.1021/acsguide.10506 3122:"Predatory Publishing" 1947:The Charleston Advisor 1069: 906:Supreme Court of India 878:OMICS Publishing Group 825: 410:Boasting about being " 255: 189:Cabell's International 37: 7039:Scientific misconduct 6724:The Cost of Knowledge 6474:Think. Check. Submit. 5216:10.15171/apb.2016.001 4950:"Scholarly Criticism" 4935:The Scholarly Kitchen 4772:"Accredited Journals" 4306:Scholarly Open Access 3233:10.14661/2013.685-686 3190:Scholarly Open Access 2936:10.1038/news.2009.571 2229:10.1128/mBio.00411-19 2149:: nature.2017.22090. 1873:Random Research Rants 1694:Kurt, Serhat (2018). 1124:evidence-based policy 1067:Think. Check. Submit. 1064: 823: 616:conflicts of interest 453:Further information: 304:predatory conferences 249:"Dr Fraud" experiment 199:Bohannon's experiment 99:, as well as through 51:, is an exploitative 45:write-only publishing 35: 7034:Academic terminology 6619:Predatory publishing 6463:Predatory publishing 4807:10.11613/bm.2017.029 4581:Cites & Insights 4357:10.1056/NEJMp1214750 4302:"List of Publishers" 3221:Electronic Physician 1867:Eysenbach, Gunther. 1337:(24 November 2008). 1282:Predatory conference 1277:Peer review failures 1167:published a report, 1112:conflict of interest 984:According to a 2020 809: 732:Growth and structure 706:Substantially lower 490:electronic databases 300:context-free grammar 156:blog had found that 76:developing countries 49:deceptive publishing 41:Predatory publishing 6874:Republic of Ireland 6691:Open-access mandate 6270:2020Natur.580...29D 6203:2019Natur.576..210G 6146:Management Learning 6043:www.natureindex.com 5836:10.3172/jie.22.1.11 5566:2015Natur.520..119P 5550:"Rate that journal" 5430:2018Natur.560..545P 5394:Scientific American 5043:"Fake medical News" 4526:2014Natur.512...17V 4259:2014Natur.512...17V 3938:2017Natur.549...23M 3775:10.5860/crl.79.1.52 3109:on 8 February 2014. 3047:2013Natur.495..433B 2852:2021PLSCB..17E9377L 2467:2017Natur.543..481S 1992:Improbable Research 1765:2020Sci...367..129B 1447:2012Natur.489..179B 1400:2019Natur.576..210G 1272:Open access journal 1163:In March 2022, the 950:Scholarly Criticism 873:from Beall's list. 598:peer review process 455:§ Beall's List 153:Improbable Research 53:academic publishing 6670:Research Works Act 6660:Geneva Declaration 6645:Bethesda Statement 6640:Berlin Declaration 6594:Scientific journal 5937:10.1111/jmwh.12273 5756:Learned Publishing 4907:on 4 February 2019 4889:on 15 August 2018. 4878:Skeptical Inquirer 4574:2014-10-31 at the 3983:Learned Publishing 3151:The New York Times 2801:Learned Publishing 2747:Condé Nast Digital 2678:Case 2:16-cv-02022 2650:. 2 September 2016 2538:The New York Times 1700:Learned Publishing 1593:The New York Times 1312:The New York Times 1287:Pseudo-scholarship 1195:c) journals which 1184:b) journals which 1133:The New York Times 1102:(particularly its 1070: 826: 720:As of summer 2024 291:SCIgen experiments 168:Cornell University 137:Libertas Academica 133:Dove Medical Press 97:Cabell's blacklist 38: 7044:Online publishing 7011: 7010: 6574:Subscribe to Open 6408:978-1-7330379-3-8 6197:(7786): 210–212. 6013:Scholarly Kitchen 5960:Caplan, Arthur L. 5803:on 29 August 2015 5560:(7545): 119–120. 5424:(7720): 545–547. 5047:Dermatology Times 5022:. 28 January 2018 4988:Tourism Critiques 4638:Scholarly Kitchen 4094:Project MUSE 4018:Current Sociology 3995:10.1002/leap.1214 3861:10.1111/jnu.12248 3531:978-0-8412-3586-1 3321:ASH Clinical News 3041:(7442): 433–435. 2813:10.1002/leap.1254 2461:(7646): 481–483. 1713:10.1002/leap.1150 1658:10.1002/asi.23265 1621:10.1002/nur.21640 1394:(7786): 210–212. 1298:Explanatory notes 1148:In May 2018, the 1143:publish or perish 1062: 986:systematic review 741:Causes and impact 562:bioethics journal 560:(such as 7 for a 346:summary judgement 330:Conference Series 173:Scholarly Kitchen 117:Gunther Eysenbach 16:(Redirected from 7051: 6744: 6741: 6729:Creative Commons 6655:Durham Statement 6589:Academic journal 6519: 6512: 6505: 6496: 6449: 6448: 6434: 6428: 6420: 6388: 6386: 6369: 6364: 6362: 6337: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6281: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6224: 6214: 6181: 6172: 6171: 6161: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6116: 6110: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6089: 6081: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5985: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5939: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5867:on 23 March 2016 5846: 5840: 5839: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5771: 5769:10.1087/20130203 5747: 5741: 5740: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5707:10.1136/bmj.h210 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5671:Inside Higher Ed 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624:10.18352/lq.9911 5602: 5596: 5595: 5577: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5524: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5498: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5305: 5294: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5268: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5227: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5178: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5093: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5053:on 16 March 2018 5049:. 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No. 138. 1923: 1922: 1918: 1912:Wayback Machine 1896: 1894: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1693: 1692: 1683: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1589:Wayback Machine 1579: 1572: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1456:10.1038/489179a 1428: 1427: 1423: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1222: 1053: 1051: 1018: 1006: 994: 992:Science funders 967: 961: 952: 940: 934: 818: 812: 785: 780: 743: 734: 686: 629: 575:editor in chief 524:editorial board 470: 457: 451: 418:) and standard 358: 356:Characteristics 314: 293: 251: 201: 115:In March 2008, 113: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7057: 7055: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7016: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6993:Open knowledge 6990: 6985: 6980: 6978:Open education 6975: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 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5141: 5131: 5120:. 8 March 2015 5105: 5064: 5033: 5007: 4974: 4955: 4940: 4918: 4892: 4863: 4830: 4801:(2): 273–278. 4781: 4760: 4737: 4709: 4676: 4650: 4624: 4593: 4557: 4500: 4487:(6): 340–341. 4467: 4446: 4433:(3): 132–135. 4413: 4400:(2): 441–446. 4378: 4351:(9): 791–793. 4333: 4292: 4233: 4179: 4149:(3): 530–543. 4129: 4118:. 6 April 2023 4103: 4076: 4063:(2): 651–662. 4043: 4024:(5): 666–684. 4008: 3969: 3912: 3875: 3854:(6): 624–632. 3832: 3781: 3748: 3730: 3697: 3680: 3647: 3628:(2): 462–477. 3605: 3584:(7): 450–463. 3564: 3537: 3530: 3501: 3487: 3473: 3424: 3395:(2): 163–170. 3375: 3364:(3rd ed.) 3345: 3326: 3308: 3282: 3271:. 2 March 2019 3256: 3227:(3): 685–686. 3207: 3176: 3157: 3133: 3112: 3078: 3010: 2961: 2941: 2912: 2885: 2826: 2807:(4): 375–381. 2787: 2759: 2727: 2713: 2691: 2661: 2632: 2604: 2576: 2564:The New Yorker 2550: 2524: 2498: 2438: 2395: 2355: 2320:Scientometrics 2310: 2252: 2203: 2176:(1): 183–202. 2160: 2134: 2106: 2080: 2056: 2005: 1977: 1954: 1937: 1916: 1892:Open and Shut? 1878: 1859: 1845: 1794: 1741: 1727: 1681: 1634: 1597: 1570: 1529: 1478: 1421: 1374: 1359: 1344: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1302: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1233: 1228: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1201: 1193: 1182: 1050: 1047: 1030:Web of Science 1017: 1014: 1005: 1002: 993: 990: 960: 957: 951: 948: 936:Main article: 933: 930: 847:Following the 814:Main article: 811: 808: 784: 781: 779: 776: 742: 739: 733: 730: 714:Web of Science 711: 710: 704: 701: 685: 682: 681: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656:impact factors 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 628: 625: 624: 623: 608: 601: 594: 591: 588: 584: 581: 578: 571: 568: 565: 554: 543: 540: 533: 530: 527: 520: 517: 514: 511:pseudo-science 507: 504: 501: 498:Web of Science 486: 469: 466: 450: 447: 443:vanity presses 439: 438: 435: 408: 405:impact factors 397: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 357: 354: 313: 308: 292: 289: 250: 247: 231:Wolters Kluwer 200: 197: 112: 109: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7056: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6988:Open hardware 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6717:organizations 6713: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 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1363: 1360: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1313: 1310:Gina Kolata ( 1307: 1304: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1120:Arthur Caplan 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1068: 1049:Other efforts 1048: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1003: 1001: 999: 991: 989: 987: 982: 979: 975: 970: 966: 958: 956: 949: 947: 945: 939: 929: 925: 921: 919: 915: 909: 907: 902: 900: 896: 895: 890: 886: 885: 879: 876:In 2013, the 874: 872: 867: 862: 860: 856: 852: 851: 845: 841: 838: 834: 833:Jeffrey Beall 830: 824:Jeffrey Beall 822: 817: 810:Beall's List 807: 805: 800: 798: 794: 790: 782: 777: 775: 773: 767: 765: 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