1029:
considerably shorter than their hindlimbs. A small forelimb such as those present in early ornithischians would not have been useful for locomotion, and it is evident that early ornithischians were bipedal dinosaurs. The entire skeleton was lightly built, with a largely fenestrated skull and a very stout neck and trunk. The tail is nearly half of the dinosaurs' overall length. The long tail presumably acted as a counterbalance and as a compensating mechanism for shifts in the creature's center of gravity. The hindlimbs of early ornithischians show that the tibia is considerably longer than the femur, a feature that suggests that early ornithischians were adapted for bipedality, and were fast runners.
2035:
1755:
1504:
4969:, with sauropodomorphs being outside the grouping. Under this case, the omnivory in the earliest sauropodomorphs and ornithischians would be the ancestral condition for dinosaurs, along with the grasping abilities seen in the earliest ornithischians and theropods. While Ornithoscelida is a possible hypothesis for the evolution of dinosaurs and the close relationships of Ornithischia, follow-up studies have not found it statistically more likely than the traditional dichotomy of Ornithischia and Saurischia, or the third alternative,
2396:
2754:
9918:
9925:
9938:
9057:
1075:
9046:
777:. Early ornithischians ranged around 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) in length, with them increasing in size over time so that the largest armoured ornithischians were around 7.5 m (25 ft) and 9 t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons), the largest horned ornithischians were around 8.5 m (28 ft) and 11 t (11 long tons; 12 short tons), and the largest crested ornithischians were around 15 m (49 ft) and 13.5 t (13.3 long tons; 14.9 short tons).
1277:, a new phylogenetic study was published authored by Paul-Emile Dieudonné and colleagues that instead found Heterodontosauridae to nest alongside Pachycephalosauria within Marginocephalia, changing the early evolution of ornithopods considerably, and showing that the evolution of ornithischians was far from definitive. Below are the cladograms of Sereno, Butler and colleagues, and Dieudonné and colleagues, restricted to the major clades of Ornithischia, Heterodontosauridae,
1084:
9945:
9931:
2313:
3261:
204:
781:
5050:
4953:. This hypothesis has found support in multiple different phylogenetic analyses, but the results are not yet accepted as definitive enough to contradict other possible evolutionary strategies of dinosaurs. Alternatively, and more in line with earlier studies on dinosaur evolution, silesaurids may be the sister taxa to the Saurischia-Ornithischia split, or even other arrangements of the three main dinosaur groups Ornithischia,
3344:
9092:
4039:
4299:
126:
2096:
2067:
1809:
1787:
1448:
1426:
1958:
1668:
1355:
9040:
3036:
9064:
3659:
2478:
1979:
1689:
1376:
3810:
9051:
958:, show a unique skull anatomy that is unlike any other ornithischian. The bones of the top of the skull are thickened and in many taxa expanded significantly to form round bony domes as the top of the head, as well as possessing small nodes or elongate spikes along the back edge of the skull. Many taxa are only known from these thick skull domes, which are fused from the
5948:
2977:
3949:
3883:
3492:
5018:, supporting the earlier results of Müller and Garcia and their evolutionary trends for early ornithischian anatomy. Norman and colleagues used Prionodontia over both Saphornithischia and Genasauria, since all were recovered as encompassing the same node. The earliest ornithischians under this reconstruction were faunivorous, as seen by
706:. There is strong evidence that certain groups of ornithischians lived in herds, often segregated by age group, with juveniles forming their own flocks separate from adults. Some were at least partially covered in filamentous (hair- or feather- like) pelts, and there is much debate over whether these filaments found in specimens of
5925:, with hooked claws, fork-like teeth, and stomach contents suggesting that it may have fed on fish. The members of Genasauria were primarily herbivores. Genasaurians most often had their head at the level of one meter, which suggests they were feeding primarily on “ground-level plants such as ferns, cycads, and other herbaceous
2201:. Ankylosaurs were only recognized as a distinct group from stegosaurs in the 1920s despite many members being known for decades before, with the group now encompassing a broad array of heavy, quadrupedal ornithischians with extensive armour covering their body and skull. The fifth recognized major subgroup of ornithischians is
1056:, but this is controversial, as other authors argue that dromaeosaurids are mesopubic. It has also been argued that the opisthopubic condition is basal to maniraptorans (including among others birds, therizinosauroids and dromaeosaurids), with some clades having later experienced a reversal to the propubic condition.
1041:), parallel with the ischium (Figure 1a). Additionally, the ilium had a forward-pointing process (the preacetabular process) to support the abdomen. This resulted in a four-pronged pelvic structure. In contrast to this, the saurischian pelvis was "propubic", meaning the pubis pointed toward the head (
4424:
and heterodontosaurids. It is possible that the limited early record of ornithischians is due to them inhabiting environments that were less conducive to fossilization, or that the phylogenetics of the group were incorrect and that early ornithischians were already known but identified as members of
907:
and mandibular fenestra are all closed, the sutures separating skull bones are almost completely obliterated by surface texturing, and there is bony armour above the orbits, and at the top and bottom corners of the back of the skull. Teeth are sometimes absent from the premaxilla, and both the upper
935:
are enlarged into sizeable canines. In later ornithopods, the skulls are more elongate and sometimes fully rectangular, with a very large nasal opening, and a thin, elongate palpebral that can extend the entire way across the orbit. Teeth are almost always absent from the premaxilla, the antorbital
1201:
and more derived ornithopods, the study of Sereno placed ceratopsians with ankylosaurs and stegosaurs. It has since been recognized by that ceratopsians are closer to ornithopods than the armoured ankylosaurs and stegosaurs, but the relationships of some groups are still in states of change, with
2215:
on account of their similarly omnivorous and unique teeth. Pachycephalosaurians are unique for their tall, thickened skulls and small, bipedal bauplan, suggesting that their domes were for sexual display or combat in the form of head-butting or flank-butting. Some taxa, particularly those at one
2196:
evolved complex dental anatomy in the form of batteries of teeth. Stegosaurs are comparatively limited, restricted to a primarily
Jurassic group of moderate to large, quadrupedal herbivores with two rows of vertical plates ornamenting their spine, which possibly did not go extinct until the Late
974:
bones. As in many other ornithischians, the snout is short and tapering, the nasal opening is small, the antorbital fossa is sometimes absent, and there are premaxillary teeth, though only three. The two palpebrals are also incorporated into the skull roof as in thyreophorans, rather than free.
4416:, and there were multiple occurrences of herbivory throughout Triassic reptiles. Removing the list of Triassic tooth taxa from Ornithischia, the early diversity of the group was substantially reduced, especially in comparison to the known Triassic diversity of theropods and sauropodomorphs. If
1028:
Early ornithischians were relatively small dinosaurs, averaging about 1–2 meters in body length, with a triangular skull that had large circular orbits on the sides. This suggests that early ornithischians had relatively huge eyes that faced laterally. The forelimbs of early ornithischians are
736:
Ornithischia is a very large and diverse group of dinosaurs, with members known from all continents, habitats, and a very large range of sizes. They are primarily herbivorous browsers or grazers, but some members may have also been opportunistic omnivores. Ornithischians are united by multiple
5888:
Most ornithischians were herbivorous. In fact, most of the unifying characters of
Ornithischia are thought to be related to this herbivory. For example, the shift to an opisthopubic pelvis is thought to be related to the development of a large stomach or stomachs and gut which would allow
2227:
to provide rules and regulations on the use of taxonomic names for groups, the internal classification of
Ornithischia was revised by Daniel Madzia and colleagues in 2021 to provide a framework of definitions and taxa for other studies to follow and modify from. They names the new clade
1243:
and colleagues, including many primitive ornithischians and members from all of the major subgroups, to test some of the hypotheses given previously about ornithischian evolution and the relationships of the groups. Thyreophora was found to be a supported group, as well as the clade of
5007:, has also been found as the basalmost ornithischian at times when Ornithoscelida is recovered, but it does not share any unique features with ornithischians and redescribing its anatomy found it fairly confidently to be a basal dinosaur not related closely to Ornithischia.
2238:
may sometimes be found to be ornithischians outside this core grouping. Madzia and colleagues also provided a composite cladogram of
Ornithischia to illustrate the consensus of internal divisions, which can be seen below. Ornithischia has been defined as all taxa closer to
4948:
and commonly as the sister group to
Dinosauria, may instead be the earliest ornithischians. They show adaptations for the evolution of herbivory, and can fill in the gap in early evolution of ornithischians that were otherwise only clearly known since the beginning of the
5899:
individuals reached just 65–75 cm. Previously, only carnivorous, saurischian theropods were known to reach such small sizes. At the other end of the spectrum, the largest known ornithischians reach about 15 meters (smaller than the largest saurischians).
4377:
were all at one time considered to be
Triassic ornithischians with only their teeth known, but are now recognized to be completely unrelated. The only early ornithischians that were considered to be diagnostic in a 2004 review by Norman and colleagues were
2192:, which has the longest skull of any terrestrial vertebrate. Ornithopods, which range from the Early Jurassic in some studies until the end of the Cretaceous with continuous diversity, are generally bipedal and unarmoured, though some later groups like
2167:
was then recognized as a unique group related to ornithopods and stegosaurs by Marsh by 1894, with each of the three suborders still being recognized as distinct groups today. Ceratopsians are recognized as group that grew in diversity later in the
4990:. While it was originally named as a derived theropod with unique anatomy, it was found in studies based on Baron and colleagues results to instead be either the basalmost ornithischian, or a sauropodomorph. As the earliest ornithischian,
1272:
was found to be the most primitive ornithischian, but while overall results agreed with earlier studies and showed some stability, areas of the evolutionary tree were found to be problematic, and with potential for later change. In
4994:
tied multiple details of ornithischian and theropod anatomy together supporting their union in
Ornithoscelida, though when it is not the basalmost ornithischian, a traditional Saurischia is recovered. The problematic nature of
4328:
ornithischians respectively. Many suggestions of taxa and specimens that could be referred to
Ornithischia from the Triassic were based on teeth and jaw bones, as they showed similar adaptations for herbivory. The genera
2228:
Saphornithischia to unite heterodontosaurids with more derived ornithischians to encompass the concept of the well-supported clear ornithischians, as the origins of the group and the relationships of primitive taxa like
1126:
that ornithopods and stegosaurs, which shared many features in the skull, limbs, and hip, were unrelated to other dinosaurs, and so he proposed that
Dinosauria was an unnatural grouping of two independently-evolved
994:
bones flare to the sides to create a pentagonal skull seen from above, the nasal opening is closer to the top of the snout than the teeth, and while the snout tapers in some taxa, it is very deep and short in
7512:
Cabreira, S.F.; Kellner, A.W.A.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; da Silva, L.R.; Bronzati, M.; Marsola, J.C.A.; Müller, R.T.; Bittencourt, J.S.; Batista, B.J.A.; Raugust, T.; Carrilho, R.; Brodt, A.; Langer, M.C. (2016).
4400:, with all the tooth taxa being considered undiagnostic. Referrals of isolated teeth to Ornithischia based on herbivorous features began to be extensively questioned by William G. Parker and colleagues in
5885:
Ornithischians shifted from bipedal to quadrupedal posture at least three times in their evolutionary history and it has been shown primitive members may have been capable of both forms of movement.
1005:
progresses on these features with the addition of horns above each orbit and on the top of the snout, as well as substantial elongation of the frill and in many genera the development of two large
6046:
Norman, D.B.; Baron, M.G.; Garcia, M.S.; Müller, R.T. (2022). "Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for
Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)".
1143:
within Dinosauria, but with additional work and new discoveries the unnatural nature of Dinosauria came to be accepted, and the names Seeley proposed found common use. After further decades, in
859:, show similarities in the box-like skull that tapers to the front. The antorbital fossa is smaller and forming an elongate oval in both taxa, and the palpebral which is elongate and slender in
925:. The orbit and antorbital fossa are large, but the nasal opening is small, and while teeth are present in the premaxilla, there is a toothless front tip that likely formed a keratinous
4980:, which was supported as the earliest ornithischian for a time before being considered just as likely to be a silesaur rather than an ornithischian, an additional problematic taxon is
7062:
Milner, A.R.; Norman, D.B. (1984). "The biogeography of advanced ornithopod dinosaurs (Archosauria: Ornithischia) - a cladistic-vicariance model". In Reif, W.E.; Westphal, F. (eds.).
10171:
1001:. The ceratopsian palpebral is generally triangular, and the back edge of the skull roof forms a flat frill that is enlarged in more derived ceratopsians. The ceratopsian family
4965:
phylogenetic study of Matthew G. Baron and colleagues suggested that instead of a Saurischia-Ornithischia split, ornithischians were instead closest to theropods in the clade
899:, the other group of armoured ornithischians, have very robust, immobile skulls, with three significant features that separate them from other groups. The antorbital fossa,
908:
and lower jaws have deeply inset teeth creating large cheeks. Ankylosaurs also have very extensive and complicated network of sinuses, formed by bone growth in the palate.
6345:
Mayr, Gerald; Peters, Stefan D.; Plodowski, Gerhard; Vogel, Olaf (2002-08-01). "Bristle-like integumentary structures at the tail of the horned dinosaur Psittacosaurus".
2220:, are now recognized to not fall within any of the major ornithischian groups, and either be outside Genasauria, or on the basal stem of Neornithischia outside Cerapoda.
8075:
Barrett, P. M., & Rayfield, E. J. (2006). Ecological and evolutionary implications of dinosaur feeding behaviour. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 21(4), 217–224.
7964:
Yannan, Ji; Xuri, Wang; Yongqing, Liu; Qiang, Ji (2011-02-01). "Systematics, Behavior and Living Environment of Shantungosaurus Giganteus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae)".
7657:
Langer, M.C.; Ezcurra, M.D.; Rauhut, O.W.M.; Benton, M.J.; Knoll, F.; McPhee, B.W.; Novas, F.E.; Pol, D.; Brusatte, S.L. (2017). "Untangling the dinosaur family tree".
4290:
could either be a clade within Ornithischia, its members could form an evolutionary gradient, or some members found form a clade while others are part of a gradient.
10377:
10269:
1092:
The general pelvis of Ornithischia (left) and Saurischia (right) illustrating the differences highlighted by Seeley (1888) as justifying their independent evolution
1224:, contained ornithopods, ceratopsians, pachycephalosaurs, and small primitive forms. One group of the small primitive forms considered to be cerapodans by Sereno,
6157:
Fonseca, A.O.; Reid, I.J.; Venner, A.; Duncan, R.J.; Garcia, M.S.; Müller, R.T. (2024). "A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on early ornithischian evolution".
4944:, some taxa generally considered non-dinosaurs show similarities to ornithischians in the teeth and jaw anatomy. These basal taxa, which were then grouped within
10282:
8097:
1266:, were instead found to be outside of both Ornithopoda and Ceratopsia, but still closer to those two groups than thyreophorans. The early Argentinian taxon
1154:
provided new evidence in support of the grouping of ornithischians and saurischians together within a natural Dinosauria, which has been supported since.
1202:
some more consistent results than others. An early study that looked at the relationships within Ornithischia with greater detail was that of Sereno in
8084:
Fastovsky, D. E., & Weishampel, D. B. (2012). Dinosaurs: a concise natural history (2nd ed). Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
948:
where teeth are continuously replaced, and in many genera the development of prominent cranial crests formed by multiple different bones of the skull.
8125:
1210:
was the most primitive ornithischian, with all other ornithischians united within the clade Genasauria, which has two subgroups. The first subgroup,
10364:
1139:
bone. Many researchers did not follow the division of Seeley at first, with Marsh naming the group Predentata to unite ornithopods, stegosaurs, and
893:, the palpebral forms the top border of the orbit as a flat brow bone, but the antorbital fossa is reduced to the point of absence in some genera.
8057:
Ji, Q.; Wu, X.; Cheng, Y.; Ten, F.; Wang, X.; Ji, Y. (2016). "Fish-hunting ankylosaurs (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Cretaceous of China".
1206:, who provided features that supported the evolution of all ornithischian groups and shared similarities with earlier studies. Sereno found that
978:
Ceratopsians, the sister group to pachycephalosaurs, also display many cranial adaptations, most importantly the evolution of a bone called the
9128:
6498:
7477:
Ferigolo, J.; Langer, M.C. (2007). "A Late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone".
6405:
936:
fossa is reduced and round to slit-like, the tip of the snout is sometimes flared to form a broad beak. Members of the ornithopod family
10446:
6668:
Norman, D.B.; Sues, H.-D.; Witmer, L.M.; Coria, R.A. (2004). "Basal Ornithopoda". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).
2197:
Cretaceous, though at the time of Marsh Stegosauria was used for all armored and quadrupedal taxa, many of which are now separated into
9917:
4999:
requires further revisiting of its anatomy, but the details of vertebral air pockets, pelvis shape, and hand support it as a theropod.
919:, showing similar general features. Skulls are relatively tall with shorter snouts, but the snout is elongated in some later taxa like
10441:
10436:
7235:
Poropat, S.F.; Bell, P.R.; Hart, L.J.; Salisbury, S.W.; Kear, B.P. (2023). "An annotated checklist of Australian Mesozoic tetrapods".
6216:
1135:
and Ornithischia. It is from the anatomy of the hip that Seeley chose the name Ornithischia, referencing the bird-like anatomy of the
6256:"Social Behaviour and Mass Mortality in the Basal Ceratopsian Dinosaur Psittacosaurus (early Cretaceous, People's Republic of China)"
7011:
6874:
6816:
6788:
6760:
6730:
6702:
6677:
6649:
6619:
6591:
6566:
6534:
1118:, containing genera from a broad geographic and stratigraphic distribution. While often these groups were placed within Dinosauria,
9937:
6751:
Maryańska, T.; Chapman, R.E.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Pachycephalosauria". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).
7907:
Butler, Richard J.; Galton, Peter M.; Porro, Laura B.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Henderson, Donald M.; Erickson, Gregory M. (2010-02-07).
2163:
When Ornithischia was first named, Seeley united the orders Ornithopoda and Stegosauria of Marsh's taxonomy within the new group.
6557:
Norman, D.B.; Witmer, L.M.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Basal Ornithischia". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).
9924:
6640:
Vickaryous, M.K.; Maryańska, T.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Ankylosauria". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).
6582:
Norman, D.B.; Witmer, L.M.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Basal Thyreophora". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).
3086:
6721:
Horner, J.R.; Weishampel, D.B.; Forster, C.A. (2004). "Hadrosauridae". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).
4420:
represented the earliest ornithischian, there would be at least a 20 million year gap in the evolution of Ornithischia until
9944:
9056:
7614:
Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (2017). "A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution".
6404:
Godefroit, P.; Sinitsa, S.M.; Dhouailly, D.; Bolotsky, Y.L.; Sizov, A.V.; McNamara, M.E.; Benton, M.J.; Spagna, P. (2014).
8118:
7909:"Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America"
3675:
3653:
9930:
9045:
6779:
You, H.; Dodson, P.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Basal Ceratopsia". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).
1007:
988:
980:
968:
960:
942:
901:
883:
834:
826:
818:
810:
771:
763:
755:
747:
739:
7080:
Norman, D.B. (1984). "A systematic reappraisal of the reptile order Ornithischia". In Reif, W.E.; Westphal, F. (eds.).
6807:
Dodson, P.; Forster, C.A.; Sampson, S.D. (2004). "Ceratopsidae". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).
2034:
1754:
1503:
203:
9888:
7177:
Dieudonné, P.-E.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Godefroit, P.; Tortosa, T. (2021). "A new phylogeny of cerapodan dinosaurs".
3535:
3163:
2843:
10287:
9121:
9095:
7442:
Dzik, J. (2003). "A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland".
7113:
Sereno, P.C. (1984). "Thy phylogeny of the Ornithischia : a reappraisal". In Reif, W.E.; Westphal, F. (eds.).
7095:
Norman, D.B. (1984). "On the Cranial Morphology and Evolution of Ornithopod Dinosaurs". In Ferguson, M.W.J. (ed.).
5014:
recovered the members of Silesauridae as forming an ancestral grade within Ornithischia even with the inclusion of
8231:
7567:"A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs"
6903:
Cope, E.D. (1866). "The anomalous relations existing between the tibia and fibula in certain of the Dinosauria".
5917:
3975:
3936:
3692:
3367:
2741:
2552:
9063:
7407:
Irmis, R.B.; Parker, W.G.; Nesbitt, S.J.; Liu, J. (2007). "Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record".
2395:
9216:
8974:
8111:
2915:
2753:
1048:
The opisthopubic pelvis independently evolved at least three times in dinosaurs (in ornithischians, birds and
4212:
Multiple taxa within Ornithischia fall around the origin of the group, or cannot be classified definitively.
10431:
2300:
10196:
9312:
8668:
6610:
Galton, P.M.; Upchurch, P.C. (2004). "Stegosauria". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).
5439:
5091:
3804:
3248:
3214:
3069:
2724:
2359:
1106:, a name that is now recognized as a synonym of Ornithischia. Discussions on the taxonomy of dinosaurs by
361:
9039:
10403:
10308:
9565:
9114:
8758:
5936:
where large numbers of individuals of the same species and of different age groups died simultaneously.
3909:
3518:
3445:
3337:
3180:
2700:
1107:
548:
5024:, which has typical teeth like theropods. Serrations on teeth become larger for taxa more derived than
10243:
9833:
9588:
9050:
8496:
7973:
7858:
7766:
7719:
7687:
7666:
7623:
7526:
7486:
7451:
7416:
7302:
7244:
7186:
7146:
7036:
6976:
6441:
6420:
6354:
6270:
5932:
There is strong evidence that some ornithischians lived in herds. This evidence consists of multiple
5011:
4962:
4935:
4401:
4286:
are dubious ornithischians of uncertain basal classification. Depending on the phylogenetic results,
3478:
3384:
3055:
2664:
2647:
2613:
2206:
1274:
1236:
1203:
1158:
1144:
1123:
1099:
7270:
Sullivan, R.M. (2006). "A taxonomic review of the Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)".
1228:, has since been found to be a group of very early ornithischians of similar evolutionary status as
9865:
9433:
8204:
7291:"A new silesaurid from Carnian beds of Brazil flls a gap in the radiation of avian line archosaurs"
5904:
4055:
4026:
4002:
3870:
3092:
2964:
2528:
2504:
2383:
2306:
1603:
1225:
1119:
1103:
490:
269:
140:
10355:
10150:
9877:
8997:
7997:
7137:
Butler, R.J.; Upchurch, P.; Norman, D.B. (2008). "The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs".
6693:
Norman, D.B. (2004). "Basal Iguanodontia". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).
6454:
6386:
6294:
3314:
3030:
3016:
2970:
2891:
2431:
2217:
2202:
2083:
1781:
1420:
951:
687:
537:
198:
180:
2312:
1074:
1037:
The ornithischian pelvis was "opisthopubic", meaning that the pubis pointed down and backwards (
10408:
10313:
10234:
6525:
Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Ornithischia". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).
6462:
6233:
3260:
1235:
The first large-scale numerical analysis of the phylogenetics of Ornithischia was published in
10390:
10295:
10118:
9463:
8039:
7989:
7946:
7928:
7886:
7792:
7735:
7692:
7639:
7596:
7544:
7515:"A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet"
7384:
7328:
7007:
6889:
Holtz, T.R. and Osmólska, H. (2004). "Saurischia." In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds.),
6870:
6835:
6812:
6784:
6756:
6726:
6698:
6673:
6645:
6615:
6587:
6562:
6530:
6494:
6446:
6378:
6370:
6286:
6212:
6113:
6080:
Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021).
6004:
Seeley, H.G. (1888). "On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria".
4240:
3762:
3745:
3504:
3451:
3287:
3254:
3220:
2465:
2088:
1483:
1240:
1083:
931:
916:
780:
309:
135:
10395:
10382:
4244:
cannot be classified beyond Ornithischia as it is either an ankylosaur or a ceratopsian, and
10274:
9697:
8652:
8412:
8216:
8031:
7981:
7936:
7920:
7876:
7866:
7847:"Dynamic Locomotor Capabilities Revealed by Early Dinosaur Trackmakers from Southern Africa"
7827:
7782:
7774:
7727:
7682:
7674:
7631:
7586:
7578:
7534:
7494:
7459:
7424:
7374:
7366:
7318:
7310:
7252:
7194:
7154:
7044:
6984:
6831:
6436:
6428:
6362:
6325:
6278:
6166:
6103:
6093:
6055:
6013:
5952:
5889:
ornithischians to more effectively digest plant matter. The smallest known ornithischian is
5031:
3922:
3836:
3186:
2921:
2877:
2365:
1147:
824:
that opens from the side of the skull into the palate is large, shallow and triangular, the
574:
10300:
7818:
Quarry (Triassic: Rhaetian) of New Mexico and its relationships to other early dinosaurs".
5049:
902:
10140:
9845:
9713:
9201:
9176:
9085:
8963:
8906:
8517:
8295:
8273:
8243:
8134:
5263:
5135:
4970:
4954:
4826:
4724:
4615:
4602:
4486:
4361:
2999:
2558:
2048:
1768:
1407:
1245:
1162:
1151:
1053:
44:
7977:
7862:
7770:
7723:
7670:
7627:
7530:
7490:
7455:
7420:
7323:
7306:
7290:
7248:
7190:
7150:
7040:
7027:
Bakker, R.T.; Galton, P.M. (1974). "Dinosaur Monophyly and a New Class of Vertebrates".
6980:
6424:
6358:
6274:
4408:
showing that the "ornithischian-like" teeth were from an animal more closely related to
954:, at one time thought to be close to ornithopods and now known to be related instead to
835:
672:), meaning "hip". However, birds are only distantly related to this group, as birds are
10155:
10135:
10086:
10011:
9796:
9706:
9644:
9609:
9529:
9080:
8936:
8437:
8350:
8316:
7941:
7908:
7881:
7846:
7787:
7754:
7591:
7566:
7379:
7350:
6108:
6081:
5732:
4966:
4737:
4331:
4321:
4304:
4258:
4061:
3961:
3942:
3876:
3856:
3731:
3431:
3390:
3343:
3300:
2849:
2829:
2686:
2599:
2534:
2178:
1719:
1166:
1008:
997:
921:
875:
are much longer and lower, with the width at the back being greater than the height in
801:
720:
714:
522:
470:
40:
8016:
6255:
4038:
1025:
the largest of any known terrestrial vertebrate, at over 2 m (6.6 ft) long.
832:
is large and round and has a palpebral creating a brow, and the lower jaw has a large
10425:
10103:
10053:
9811:
9782:
9768:
9752:
9637:
9630:
9522:
9442:
9366:
9359:
9327:
8929:
8922:
8878:
8857:
8812:
8675:
8466:
7985:
6458:
6298:
6282:
5690:
5642:
5158:
5067:
4373:
4355:
4270:
4218:
4032:
4008:
3988:
3895:
3484:
3465:
3200:
2747:
2633:
2471:
2389:
2193:
2173:
1912:
1639:
1470:
1313:
1256:
1216:
1193:
1187:
1176:
1049:
1021:
937:
851:
819:
796:
786:
641:
484:
477:
369:
324:
145:
82:
8001:
6390:
4973:, where ornithischians and sauropodomorphs are closer to each other than theropods.
4298:
2095:
2066:
1808:
1786:
1447:
1425:
125:
10145:
10096:
10039:
10025:
10018:
9973:
9789:
9744:
9672:
9651:
9554:
9421:
9413:
9389:
9343:
8951:
8870:
8802:
8682:
8640:
8633:
8625:
8583:
8474:
8421:
8365:
8341:
5912:
5666:
5502:
5463:
5383:
5189:
5097:
5073:
4945:
4699:
4565:
4451:
4397:
4388:
4367:
4349:
4343:
4287:
4264:
3842:
3714:
3273:
3234:
2490:
2451:
2417:
2257:
2251:
2235:
2230:
2198:
1974:
1957:
1684:
1667:
1580:
1371:
1354:
1268:
1002:
943:
811:
737:
features of the skull, teeth, and skeleton, including especially the presence of a
699:
504:
440:
417:
393:
385:
316:
160:
155:
7810:
Nesbitt, S.J.; Sues, H.-D. (2021). "The osteology of the early-diverging dinosaur
7256:
7212:
Sternberg, C.M. (1945). "Pachycephalosauridae Proposed for Dome-Headed Dinosaurs,
7198:
6170:
3035:
1248:
in 1986. Some taxa considered earlier to be ornithopods, like heterodontosaurids,
1098:
The first recognition of an herbivorous group of dinosaurs was named Orthopoda in
7871:
7831:
6922:
Kuhn, O. (1946). "Das System der fossilen und rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien".
6864:
6059:
5903:
However, not all ornithischians were strictly herbivorous. Some groups, like the
4312:
For a long time, the only understanding of the origins of Ornithischia came from
10349:
10256:
10228:
10074:
10046:
10004:
9997:
9990:
9822:
9721:
9686:
9623:
9577:
9502:
9381:
9351:
9304:
9296:
8915:
8894:
8886:
8843:
8696:
8689:
8661:
8604:
8597:
8558:
8452:
8445:
8395:
8372:
8358:
8327:
5715:
5600:
5583:
5407:
5206:
5061:
5055:
5026:
5004:
4982:
4276:
4252:
4224:
3658:
3629:
2897:
2477:
2345:
2335:
2275:
2269:
2029:
1952:
1939:
1749:
1662:
1625:
1498:
1349:
1336:
1250:
1211:
1115:
1111:
912:
877:
872:
856:
703:
695:
691:
682:
517:
463:
409:
401:
353:
331:
286:
190:
185:
165:
150:
57:
10340:
8035:
7314:
7099:. Vol. 52. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. pp. 521–547.
6941:
Marsh, O.C. (1881). "Principal characters of the American Jurassic Dinosaurs".
3809:
1978:
1688:
1375:
1052:). Some argue that the opisthopubic pelvis evolved a fourth time, in the clade
1013:
forming holes in the frill. The skull and frill elongation makes the skulls of
884:
740:
10067:
10060:
9854:
9803:
9775:
9760:
9736:
9679:
9658:
9536:
9515:
9491:
9484:
9470:
9456:
9405:
9397:
9373:
8822:
8792:
8775:
8710:
8703:
8618:
8548:
8538:
8459:
8430:
8379:
8189:
8164:
7539:
7514:
7498:
7428:
7158:
6406:"A Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur from Siberia with both feathers and scales"
6366:
6138:
Sereno, P.C. (1986). "Phylogeny of the Bird-Hipped Dinosaurs (Ornithischia)".
5926:
5891:
5559:
5519:
5359:
5239:
5121:
5109:
5085:
5079:
5043:
5020:
4940:
4813:
4803:
4711:
4577:
4473:
4463:
4282:
3822:
3149:
2245:
2188:
2183:
2169:
2164:
2061:
1803:
1442:
1181:
1140:
1132:
1015:
955:
896:
845:
764:
748:
708:
677:
511:
432:
424:
301:
175:
170:
102:
67:
10219:
8103:
7993:
7932:
7845:
Jeffrey A. Wilson; Claudia A. Marsicano; Roger M. H. Smith (6 October 2009).
6988:
6374:
6290:
1157:
The first cladistic studies on Ornithischia were published simultaneously in
969:
676:
dinosaurs. Ornithischians with well known anatomical adaptations include the
10032:
9665:
9449:
9335:
8986:
8611:
8485:
8173:
7349:
Parker, W.G.; Irmis, R.B.; Nesbitt, S.J.; Martz, J.W.; Browne, L.S. (2005).
6432:
5922:
5280:
5038:
and later ornithischians, the lower jaw becomes more elongate in taxa above
4958:
4842:
4750:
4590:
4502:
4409:
4393:
3639:
2263:
2224:
1262:
1171:
981:
961:
808:. The rear of its skull is box-like, while the snout tapers to a point. The
626:
377:
294:
215:
107:
51:
8043:
7950:
7924:
7890:
7796:
7739:
7696:
7643:
7600:
7582:
7548:
7388:
7370:
7332:
6450:
6382:
6117:
6017:
4392:, limiting the early ornithischian record to only two Triassic genera from
4232:
has been found as a basal ornithischian or a non-ornithischian silesaurid,
2976:
756:
133:
A collection of ornithischian fossil skeletons. Clockwise from upper left:
6330:
6313:
3948:
3882:
3491:
989:
827:
772:
17:
10334:
10213:
9983:
9477:
9320:
9185:
9161:
8832:
8730:
8569:
8158:
5933:
5908:
4950:
4876:
4337:
4325:
4308:, a genus originally considered an early ornithischian based on its teeth
4246:
4234:
2989:
2016:
1736:
1397:
1221:
1197:
and its relatives. While the study of Norman placed ceratopsians between
1128:
1042:
1038:
673:
629:
456:
346:
248:
235:
97:
92:
77:
72:
62:
8017:"Ecological and evolutionary implications of dinosaur feeding behaviour"
7778:
7731:
7678:
7635:
7355:
and its implications for the diversity of early ornithischian dinosaurs"
6098:
4431:
Possible evolutionary relationships of Ornithischia
1214:, unites ankylosaurs and stegosaurs along with more primitive taxa like
10369:
10111:
9543:
9167:
7710:
Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (2017). "Baron et al. reply".
6839:
6314:"Juvenile-only clusters and behaviour of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur
2211:
1136:
805:
725:
619:
112:
87:
10261:
9155:
8152:
7048:
800:, which is a taxon known from multiple skulls and skeletons from the
640:, or "bird-hipped", reflects this similarity and is derived from the
632:
characterized by a pelvic structure superficially similar to that of
225:
10190:
6964:
4238:
has been a basal ornithischian or a basal member of Neornithischia,
2176:, encompassing a diverse array of bodyforms from the small, bipedal
881:. The snout and lower jaw are long and deep, and in some genera the
1169:. These studies differed somewhat in their results, but found that
7463:
6811:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 494–513.
6783:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 478–494.
6755:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 464–477.
6725:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 438–463.
6697:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 413–437.
6672:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 393–412.
6644:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 363–392.
6614:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 343–362.
6586:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 335–342.
6561:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 325–334.
6529:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 323–324.
5048:
4987:
4297:
779:
622:
7913:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
6232:
Colbert, Edwin H. (Edwin Harris); Knight, Charles Robert (1951).
10248:
9729:
9003:
7115:
Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers
7082:
Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers
7064:
Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers
4413:
4404:
after the discovery of skull and skeleton material clearly from
4222:
have been found as basal thyreophorans or basal ornithischians,
926:
794:
Much of the knowledge of early ornithischian anatomy comes from
633:
10194:
9960:
9263:
9148:
9110:
9106:
8145:
8107:
7006:(3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 148–163.
2255:. Genasauria has been defined as the smallest clade containing
6905:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
6493:(3rd ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 261–373.
867:
and completely incorporated into the skull as a flat bone in
5046:
angling backwards, and the modification of the ankle joint.
592:
580:
6893:, second edition. Berkeley: University of California Press.
6254:
Qi, Zhao; Barrett, Paul M.; Eberth, David A. (2007-09-01).
610:
604:
586:
6235:
The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives
6082:"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs"
7272:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
595:
4396:
and the United States and one Early Jurassic genus from
2209:
after being confused for a long time with the theropod
5010:
The phylogenetic analysis of Norman and colleagues in
2182:
up to the very large, quadrupedal, horned and frilled
1110:
identified two major groups of herbivorous dinosaurs,
929:. The premaxillary teeth and the first lower tooth in
10172:
List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks
7755:"Multiple optimality criteria support Ornithoscelida"
7097:
The Structure, Development, and Evolution of Reptiles
1244:
pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians that Sereno named
986:
that forms the top beak opposite the predentary. The
940:
show further adaptations, including the formation of
601:
598:
583:
577:
8960:
8854:
8839:
8828:
8818:
8808:
8798:
8788:
8744:
8580:
8565:
8554:
8544:
8534:
8409:
8338:
8323:
8312:
7237:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
6924:
Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bamberg
6834:(1981). A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the
690:
or "thick-headed" dinosaurs, the armored dinosaurs (
10324:
10203:
10164:
10128:
10084:
9971:
9876:
9853:
9844:
9821:
9696:
9607:
9576:
9553:
9501:
9432:
9276:
9227:
9200:
8985:
8959:
8950:
8905:
8853:
8773:
8743:
8728:
8651:
8579:
8515:
8484:
8420:
8408:
8393:
8337:
8293:
8242:
8215:
8188:
6605:
6603:
5973:
660:
646:
589:
6965:"The typical Ornithopoda of the American Jurassic"
6207:Fastovsky, David E.; Weishampel, David B. (2012).
7560:
7558:
6635:
6633:
6631:
7172:
7170:
7168:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6863:Currie, Philip J.; Padian, Kevin (1997-10-06).
6520:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6510:
4228:is either a theropod or a basal ornithischian,
2216:point groupt together in the ornithopod family
7753:Parry, L.A.; Baron, M.G.; Vinther, J. (2017).
6774:
6772:
6663:
6661:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6546:
871:. Skulls in members of the thyreophoran group
9122:
8119:
7344:
7342:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7124:
6802:
6800:
6716:
6714:
8:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7075:
7073:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6027:
5042:, and core ornithischians are united by the
5003:, typically a theropod or close relative of
4320:, which together represented the best-known
8100:, from Palæos. (cladogram, characteristics)
7108:
7106:
667:
653:
607:
10191:
9968:
9957:
9850:
9615:
9507:
9288:
9284:
9273:
9260:
9206:
9197:
9145:
9129:
9115:
9107:
8956:
8862:
8781:
8740:
8736:
8589:
8527:
8523:
8417:
8405:
8401:
8305:
8301:
8290:
8221:
8194:
8185:
8142:
8126:
8112:
8104:
6958:
6956:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6006:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
5999:
5997:
5995:
5921:, appears to have been at least partially
1232:, although this result is not definitive.
855:, two early members of the armoured group
124:
31:
7940:
7880:
7870:
7820:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
7786:
7688:1983/d088dae2-c7fa-4d41-9fa2-aeebbfcd2fa3
7686:
7590:
7538:
7378:
7322:
6484:
6482:
6442:1983/a7ae6dfb-55bf-4ca4-bd8b-a5ea5f323103
6440:
6329:
6211:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6107:
6097:
6048:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1045:), as in ancestral reptiles (Figure 1b).
8015:Barrett, P. M.; Rayfield, E. J. (2006).
5053:Lower jaws and teeth of (top to bottom)
7966:Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition
5991:
5964:
6491:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
7902:
7900:
6858:
6856:
6238:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 152.
6202:
6200:
911:The skulls are known from many early
7:
7117:. ATTEMPTO Verlag. pp. 219–226.
7084:. ATTEMPTO Verlag. pp. 157–162.
7066:. ATTEMPTO Verlag. pp. 145–150.
6869:. Academic Press. pp. 537–538.
6249:
6247:
6245:
6209:Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History
6198:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6180:
1179:than other ornithopods, followed by
7814:(Archosauria: Dinosauria) from the
7565:Müller, R.T.; Garcia, M.S. (2020).
7289:Müller, R.T.; Garcia, M.S. (2023).
7139:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
6159:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
5707:
5682:
5658:
5634:
5575:
5551:
5544:
5494:
5487:
5479:
5455:
5431:
5423:
5399:
5375:
5351:
5255:
5231:
5181:
5174:
5150:
5128:
5116:
5104:
4869:
4819:
4809:
4799:
4743:
4717:
4692:
4685:
4608:
4583:
4558:
4551:
4479:
4469:
4444:
4437:
3994:
3967:
3928:
3901:
3862:
3828:
3796:
3737:
3727:
3720:
3645:
3635:
3510:
3471:
3437:
3359:
3330:
3306:
3279:
3240:
3206:
3155:
3145:
3061:
3051:
3022:
3012:
3005:
2995:
2956:
2883:
2873:
2866:
2835:
2716:
2692:
2639:
2629:
2605:
2520:
2496:
2457:
2447:
2423:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2292:
2282:
2054:
2022:
2012:
1945:
1935:
1928:
1904:
1894:
1774:
1742:
1732:
1725:
1655:
1631:
1621:
1596:
1572:
1562:
1476:
1413:
1403:
1342:
1332:
1305:
1295:
7444:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
7359:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
25:
8024:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
7351:"The Late Triassic pseudosuchian
7002:Romer, A.S. (1966). "Dinosaurs".
2223:Following the publication of the
9943:
9936:
9929:
9923:
9916:
9091:
9090:
9062:
9055:
9049:
9044:
9038:
7986:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00378.x
6283:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00709.x
5946:
4037:
3947:
3881:
3808:
3657:
3490:
3342:
3259:
3034:
2975:
2752:
2476:
2394:
2311:
2094:
2065:
2033:
1977:
1956:
1807:
1785:
1753:
1687:
1666:
1502:
1446:
1424:
1374:
1353:
1082:
1073:
680:or "horn-faced" dinosaurs (e.g.
573:
202:
3087:Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis
889:does not have any teeth. As in
1:
7257:10.1080/03115518.2023.2228367
7199:10.1080/08912963.2020.1793979
6322:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
6171:10.1080/14772019.2024.2346577
4891:"traditional" ornithischians
3676:Macrogryphosaurus gondwanicus
3654:Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis
1220:, while the second subgroup,
7872:10.1371/journal.pone.0007331
6844:Museum Northern Arizona Bull
6140:National Geographic Research
6969:American Journal of Science
6943:American Journal of Science
5974:
3536:Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis
3164:Psittacosaurus mongoliensis
2844:Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis
2205:, which was first named in
661:
647:
10463:
10447:Taxa named by Harry Seeley
8135:Avemetatarsalia / Pan-Aves
8036:10.1016/j.tree.2006.01.002
7832:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa080
7759:Royal Society Open Science
7315:10.1038/s41598-023-32057-x
6060:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac062
5911:. At least one species of
4986:from the Late Jurassic of
4938:naming of the early taxon
118:(Possible Triassic record)
27:Extinct clade of dinosaurs
10442:Maastrichtian extinctions
10437:Carnian first appearances
9967:
9956:
9913:
9618:
9510:
9291:
9287:
9272:
9259:
9209:
9196:
9144:
9075:
9036:
8865:
8784:
8739:
8592:
8530:
8526:
8404:
8308:
8304:
8289:
8270:
8224:
8197:
8184:
8141:
7540:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040
7499:10.1080/08912960600845767
7429:10.1080/08912960600719988
7353:Revueltosaurus callenderi
7159:10.1017/S1477201907002271
6866:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
6367:10.1007/s00114-002-0339-6
5918:Liaoningosaurus paradoxus
5855:
5729:
5712:
5705:
5687:
5680:
5663:
5656:
5639:
5632:
5597:
5580:
5573:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5516:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5477:
5460:
5453:
5436:
5429:
5421:
5404:
5397:
5380:
5373:
5356:
5349:
5331:
5277:
5260:
5253:
5236:
5229:
5203:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5155:
5148:
5133:
5126:
5114:
4889:
4874:
4867:
4840:
4824:
4817:
4807:
4797:
4763:
4748:
4741:
4722:
4715:
4697:
4690:
4629:
4613:
4606:
4588:
4581:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4524:
4500:
4484:
4477:
4467:
4449:
4442:
4052:
4023:
3999:
3992:
3976:Probactrosaurus gobiensis
3972:
3965:
3937:Iguanodon bernissartensis
3933:
3926:
3906:
3899:
3867:
3860:
3833:
3826:
3801:
3794:
3759:
3742:
3735:
3725:
3718:
3693:Talenkauen santacrucensis
3689:
3672:
3650:
3643:
3633:
3532:
3515:
3508:
3476:
3469:
3442:
3435:
3381:
3368:Arrhinoceratops brachyops
3364:
3357:
3335:
3328:
3311:
3304:
3284:
3277:
3245:
3238:
3211:
3204:
3177:
3160:
3153:
3143:
3083:
3066:
3059:
3049:
3027:
3020:
3010:
3003:
2993:
2961:
2954:
2912:
2888:
2881:
2871:
2864:
2840:
2833:
2742:Ankylosaurus magniventris
2738:
2721:
2714:
2697:
2690:
2661:
2644:
2637:
2627:
2610:
2603:
2553:Struthiosaurus austriacus
2549:
2525:
2518:
2501:
2494:
2462:
2455:
2445:
2428:
2421:
2380:
2356:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2297:
2290:
2081:
2059:
2052:
2027:
2020:
2010:
1972:
1950:
1943:
1933:
1926:
1909:
1902:
1801:
1779:
1772:
1747:
1740:
1730:
1723:
1682:
1660:
1653:
1636:
1629:
1619:
1601:
1594:
1577:
1570:
1496:
1481:
1474:
1440:
1418:
1411:
1401:
1369:
1347:
1340:
1330:
1310:
1303:
753:, an increased number of
668:
654:
543:
536:
282:
277:
199:Scientific classification
197:
132:
123:
34:
7812:Daemonosaurus chauliodus
6989:10.2475/ajs.s3-48.283.85
2916:Thescelosaurus neglectus
1165:, Andrew R. Milner, and
790:, an early ornithischian
724:may have been primitive
7218:Journal of Paleontology
7004:Vertebrate Paleontology
6433:10.1126/science.1253351
5030:, the development of a
2301:Heterodontosaurus tucki
658:), meaning "bird", and
7925:10.1098/rspb.2009.1494
7583:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417
7371:10.1098/rspb.2004.3047
7216:, n. sp., Described".
6018:10.1098/rspl.1887.0117
5440:Diodorus scytobrachion
5101:
5092:Diodorus scytobrachion
4309:
3805:Tenontosaurus tilletti
3249:Protoceratops andrewsi
3215:Leptoceratops gracilis
3070:Sphaerotholus goodwini
2725:Saichania chulsanensis
2360:Huayangosaurus taibaii
2172:after evolving in the
1890:Dieudonné et al., 2021
903:supratemporal fenestra
791:
10404:Paleobiology Database
10309:Paleobiology Database
6331:10.4202/app.2012.0128
5892:Fruitadens haagarorum
5052:
4301:
3910:Hypselospinus fittoni
3519:Achelousaurus horneri
3446:Nasutoceratops titusi
3338:Anchiceratops ornatus
3181:Chaoyangsaurus youngi
2701:Pinacosaurus grangeri
1122:suggested instead in
1108:Othniel Charles Marsh
783:
6963:Marsh, O.C. (1894).
6012:(258–265): 165–171.
5953:Dinosaurs portal
5034:in teeth is seen in
3479:Centrosaurus apertus
3385:Triceratops horridus
3056:Pachycephalosaurinae
2665:Shamosaurus scutatus
2648:Gobisaurus domoculus
2614:Hylaeosaurus armatus
9434:Heterodontosauridae
7978:2011AcGlS..85...58J
7863:2009PLoSO...4.7331W
7779:10.1098/rsos.170833
7771:2017RSOS....470833P
7732:10.1038/nature24012
7724:2017Natur.551E...4B
7679:10.1038/nature24011
7671:2017Natur.551E...1L
7636:10.1038/nature21700
7628:2017Natur.543..501B
7531:2016CBio...26.3090C
7491:2007HBio...19...23F
7456:2003JVPal..23..556D
7421:2007HBio...19....3I
7307:2023NatSR..13.4981M
7249:2023Alch...47..129P
7191:2021HBio...33.2335D
7151:2008JSPal...6....1B
7041:1974Natur.248..168B
6981:1894AmJS...48...85M
6489:Paul, G.S. (2024).
6425:2014Sci...345..451G
6359:2002NW.....89..361M
6347:Naturwissenschaften
6275:2007Palgy..50.1023Q
6099:10.7717/peerj.12362
4934:First noted in the
4056:Lambeosaurus lambei
4027:Saurolophus osborni
4003:Hadrosaurus foulkii
3871:Camptosaurus dispar
3093:Pachycephalosaurini
2965:Hypsilophodon foxii
2529:Panoplosaurus mirus
2505:Nodosaurus textilis
2384:Stegosaurus stenops
2307:Heterodontosauridae
1604:Heterodontosauridae
1558:Butler et al., 2008
1226:Heterodontosauridae
1120:Harry Govier Seeley
1104:Edward Drinker Cope
836:mandibular fenestra
491:Heterodontosauridae
451:Madzia et al., 2021
341:Norman et al., 2022
141:Heterodontosauridae
10151:Hypsilophodontidae
9889:Pachycephalosauria
9878:Pachycephalosauria
8059:Journal of Geology
7479:Historical Biology
7409:Historical Biology
7295:Scientific Reports
7179:Historical Biology
5905:heterodontosaurids
5102:
4310:
3315:Chasmosaurus belli
3031:Stegoceras validum
3017:Pachycephalosauria
2971:Hypsilophodontidae
2892:Orodromeus makelai
2432:Mymoorapelta maysi
2218:Hypsilophodontidae
2203:Pachycephalosauria
2089:heterodontosaurids
2084:Pachycephalosauria
1782:Pachycephalosauria
1421:Pachycephalosauria
1009:parietal fenestrae
952:Pachycephalosauria
917:heterodontosaurids
792:
773:opisthopubic pubis
181:Pachycephalosauria
10419:
10418:
10391:Open Tree of Life
10296:Open Tree of Life
10197:Taxon identifiers
10188:
10187:
10184:
10183:
10180:
10179:
10119:Serendipaceratops
9952:
9951:
9911:
9910:
9907:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9899:
9898:
9603:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9464:Heterodontosaurus
9255:
9254:
9251:
9250:
9247:
9246:
9104:
9103:
9071:
9070:
9034:
9033:
9030:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9022:
9021:
9018:
9017:
9014:
9013:
8946:
8945:
8769:
8768:
8724:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8511:
8510:
8507:
8506:
8389:
8388:
8285:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8266:
8265:
8262:
8261:
7919:(1680): 375–381.
7622:(7646): 501–506.
7525:(22): 3090–3095.
7365:(1566): 963–969.
7214:Stegoceras lambei
7185:(10): 2335–2355.
7035:(5444): 168–172.
6836:Kayenta Formation
6500:978-0-691-23157-0
6419:(6195): 451–455.
6312:Zhao, Q. (2013).
5877:
5876:
5868:
5867:
5852:
5851:
5843:
5842:
5834:
5833:
5825:
5824:
5816:
5815:
5807:
5806:
5798:
5797:
5789:
5788:
5780:
5779:
5771:
5770:
5762:
5761:
5753:
5752:
5744:
5743:
5621:
5620:
5612:
5611:
5531:
5530:
5427:Sulcimentisauria
5328:
5327:
5319:
5318:
5310:
5309:
5301:
5300:
5292:
5291:
5218:
5217:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4918:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4900:
4899:
4853:
4852:
4794:
4793:
4785:
4784:
4776:
4775:
4678:
4677:
4669:
4668:
4660:
4659:
4651:
4650:
4642:
4641:
4546:
4545:
4537:
4536:
4513:
4512:
4241:Serendipaceratops
4209:
4208:
4200:
4199:
4191:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4163:
4155:
4154:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4119:
4118:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4100:
4092:
4091:
4083:
4082:
4074:
4073:
4065:
4036:
4012:
3946:
3880:
3846:
3783:
3782:
3774:
3773:
3763:Zalmoxes robustus
3746:Rhabdodon priscus
3704:
3703:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3600:
3592:
3591:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3573:
3565:
3564:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3546:
3505:Pachyrhinosaurini
3488:
3455:
3452:Nasutoceratopsini
3421:
3420:
3412:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3394:
3288:Ceratops montanus
3258:
3255:Protoceratopsidae
3224:
3221:Leptoceratopsidae
3190:
3132:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3096:
2974:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2901:
2853:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2751:
2676:
2675:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2538:
2475:
2466:Polacanthus foxii
2407:
2406:
2393:
2369:
2310:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2092:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1484:Heterodontosauria
1460:
1459:
1387:
1386:
1241:Richard J. Butler
1050:therizinosauroids
932:Heterodontosaurus
761:, the absence of
688:pachycephalosaurs
566:
565:
560:
552:
500:
452:
342:
310:Serendipaceratops
273:
136:Heterodontosaurus
16:(Redirected from
10454:
10412:
10411:
10399:
10398:
10386:
10385:
10373:
10372:
10360:
10359:
10358:
10345:
10344:
10343:
10317:
10316:
10304:
10303:
10291:
10290:
10278:
10277:
10265:
10264:
10252:
10251:
10239:
10238:
10237:
10224:
10223:
10222:
10192:
9969:
9958:
9947:
9941:
9940:
9934:
9933:
9927:
9921:
9920:
9851:
9698:Thescelosauridae
9616:
9508:
9289:
9285:
9274:
9261:
9207:
9198:
9191:
9190:
9146:
9131:
9124:
9117:
9108:
9094:
9093:
9066:
9060:
9059:
9053:
9048:
9042:
8962:
8957:
8863:
8856:
8841:
8830:
8820:
8810:
8800:
8790:
8782:
8746:
8741:
8737:
8653:Sulcimentisauria
8590:
8582:
8567:
8556:
8546:
8536:
8528:
8524:
8418:
8413:Pterosauromorpha
8411:
8406:
8402:
8340:
8325:
8314:
8306:
8302:
8291:
8232:Archosauromorpha
8222:
8217:Archosauromorpha
8195:
8186:
8179:
8178:
8143:
8128:
8121:
8114:
8105:
8085:
8082:
8076:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8054:
8048:
8047:
8021:
8012:
8006:
8005:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7944:
7904:
7895:
7894:
7884:
7874:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7790:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7707:
7701:
7700:
7690:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7611:
7605:
7604:
7594:
7562:
7553:
7552:
7542:
7509:
7503:
7502:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7404:
7393:
7392:
7382:
7346:
7337:
7336:
7326:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7232:
7226:
7225:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7174:
7163:
7162:
7134:
7119:
7118:
7110:
7101:
7100:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7077:
7068:
7067:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7049:10.1038/248168a0
7024:
7018:
7017:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6960:
6951:
6950:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6900:
6894:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6860:
6851:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6804:
6795:
6794:
6776:
6767:
6766:
6748:
6737:
6736:
6718:
6709:
6708:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6665:
6656:
6655:
6637:
6626:
6625:
6607:
6598:
6597:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6554:
6541:
6540:
6522:
6505:
6504:
6486:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6467:
6461:. Archived from
6444:
6410:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6269:(5): 1023–1029.
6260:
6251:
6240:
6239:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6204:
6175:
6174:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6135:
6122:
6121:
6111:
6101:
6077:
6064:
6063:
6054:(4): 1273–1309.
6043:
6022:
6021:
6001:
5979:
5977:
5969:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5708:
5683:
5659:
5635:
5576:
5552:
5545:
5495:
5488:
5480:
5456:
5432:
5424:
5400:
5376:
5352:
5256:
5232:
5182:
5175:
5151:
5129:
5117:
5105:
4870:
4820:
4810:
4800:
4744:
4718:
4693:
4686:
4609:
4584:
4559:
4552:
4480:
4470:
4445:
4438:
4428:
4427:
4059:
4041:
4030:
4006:
3995:
3968:
3951:
3940:
3929:
3923:Hadrosauriformes
3902:
3885:
3874:
3863:
3840:
3837:Dryosaurus altus
3829:
3812:
3797:
3738:
3728:
3721:
3661:
3646:
3636:
3511:
3494:
3482:
3472:
3449:
3438:
3388:
3360:
3346:
3331:
3307:
3280:
3263:
3252:
3241:
3218:
3207:
3187:Chaoyangsauridae
3184:
3156:
3146:
3090:
3062:
3052:
3038:
3023:
3013:
3006:
2996:
2979:
2968:
2957:
2922:Thescelosaurinae
2919:
2895:
2884:
2878:Thescelosauridae
2874:
2867:
2847:
2836:
2756:
2745:
2717:
2693:
2640:
2630:
2606:
2556:
2532:
2521:
2497:
2480:
2469:
2458:
2448:
2424:
2398:
2387:
2366:Huayangosauridae
2363:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2315:
2304:
2293:
2283:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2070:
2069:
2055:
2038:
2037:
2023:
2013:
1981:
1961:
1960:
1946:
1936:
1929:
1905:
1895:
1812:
1811:
1790:
1789:
1775:
1758:
1757:
1743:
1733:
1726:
1691:
1671:
1670:
1656:
1632:
1622:
1597:
1573:
1563:
1507:
1506:
1477:
1451:
1450:
1429:
1428:
1414:
1404:
1378:
1358:
1357:
1343:
1333:
1306:
1296:
1148:Robert T. Bakker
1086:
1077:
1010:
991:
983:
971:
963:
945:
944:dental batteries
904:
886:
837:
829:
821:
820:antorbital fossa
813:
774:
766:
758:
757:sacral vertebrae
750:
742:
671:
670:
664:
657:
656:
650:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
558:
547:
498:
450:
448:Saphornithischia
340:
268:
263:
207:
206:
128:
117:
54:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
10462:
10461:
10457:
10456:
10455:
10453:
10452:
10451:
10422:
10421:
10420:
10415:
10407:
10402:
10394:
10389:
10381:
10376:
10368:
10363:
10354:
10353:
10348:
10339:
10338:
10333:
10320:
10312:
10307:
10299:
10294:
10286:
10281:
10273:
10268:
10260:
10255:
10247:
10242:
10233:
10232:
10227:
10218:
10217:
10212:
10199:
10189:
10176:
10160:
10141:Phytodinosauria
10124:
10080:
9963:
9948:
9935:
9928:
9915:
9895:
9872:
9846:Marginocephalia
9840:
9817:
9714:Changchunsaurus
9692:
9612:
9595:
9572:
9549:
9497:
9428:
9281:
9268:
9243:
9223:
9217:Avemetatarsalia
9202:Avemetatarsalia
9192:
9177:Avemetatarsalia
9151:
9150:
9140:
9135:
9105:
9100:
9086:Phytodinosauria
9067:
9054:
9010:
8981:
8975:Sauropodomorpha
8964:Sauropodomorpha
8942:
8907:Herrerasauridae
8901:
8849:
8778:
8765:
8733:
8716:
8647:
8575:
8520:
8518:Dinosauromorpha
8503:
8480:
8398:
8385:
8333:
8298:
8296:Avemetatarsalia
8277:
8274:Avemetatarsalia
8258:
8244:Avemetatarsalia
8238:
8211:
8180:
8148:
8147:
8137:
8132:
8094:
8089:
8088:
8083:
8079:
8074:
8070:
8056:
8055:
8051:
8019:
8014:
8013:
8009:
7963:
7962:
7958:
7906:
7905:
7898:
7844:
7843:
7839:
7809:
7808:
7804:
7752:
7751:
7747:
7718:(7678): E4–E5.
7709:
7708:
7704:
7665:(7678): E1–E3.
7656:
7655:
7651:
7613:
7612:
7608:
7571:Biology Letters
7564:
7563:
7556:
7519:Current Biology
7511:
7510:
7506:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7406:
7405:
7396:
7348:
7347:
7340:
7288:
7287:
7283:
7269:
7268:
7264:
7234:
7233:
7229:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7176:
7175:
7166:
7136:
7135:
7122:
7112:
7111:
7104:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7079:
7078:
7071:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7026:
7025:
7021:
7014:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6962:
6961:
6954:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6921:
6920:
6916:
6902:
6901:
6897:
6888:
6884:
6877:
6862:
6861:
6854:
6830:
6826:
6819:
6806:
6805:
6798:
6791:
6778:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6750:
6749:
6740:
6733:
6720:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6692:
6691:
6687:
6680:
6667:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6639:
6638:
6629:
6622:
6609:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6569:
6556:
6555:
6544:
6537:
6524:
6523:
6508:
6501:
6488:
6487:
6480:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6408:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6258:
6253:
6252:
6243:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6219:
6206:
6205:
6178:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6137:
6136:
6125:
6079:
6078:
6067:
6045:
6044:
6025:
6003:
6002:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5982:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5883:
5878:
5869:
5860:
5859:
5853:
5844:
5835:
5826:
5817:
5808:
5799:
5790:
5781:
5772:
5763:
5754:
5745:
5622:
5613:
5532:
5483:Parapredentata
5336:
5335:
5329:
5320:
5311:
5302:
5293:
5264:Sauropodomorpha
5219:
5136:Herrerasauridae
4971:Phytodinosauria
4955:Sauropodomorpha
4928:
4919:
4910:
4901:
4854:
4827:Sauropodomorpha
4795:
4786:
4777:
4725:Sauropodomorpha
4679:
4670:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4616:Sauropodomorpha
4603:Phytodinosauria
4547:
4538:
4514:
4487:Sauropodomorpha
4362:Protecovasaurus
4296:
4210:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4174:
4165:
4156:
4147:
4138:
4129:
4120:
4111:
4102:
4093:
4084:
4075:
3784:
3775:
3705:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3495:
3422:
3413:
3404:
3347:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3000:Marginocephalia
2944:
2935:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2677:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2559:Struthiosaurini
2408:
2234:and members of
2161:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2093:
2064:
2049:Marginocephalia
2032:
2000:
1991:
1955:
1886:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1806:
1784:
1769:Marginocephalia
1752:
1710:
1701:
1665:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1501:
1461:
1445:
1423:
1408:Marginocephalia
1388:
1352:
1246:Marginocephalia
1163:David B. Norman
1152:Peter M. Galton
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1067:
1062:
1054:Dromaeosauridae
1035:
1012:
993:
985:
973:
965:
947:
906:
888:
839:
831:
823:
815:
776:
768:
760:
752:
744:
734:
576:
572:
267:
261:
201:
119:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
50:200.91–66
49:
48:
45:Late Cretaceous
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10460:
10458:
10450:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10432:Ornithischians
10424:
10423:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10413:
10400:
10387:
10374:
10361:
10346:
10330:
10328:
10322:
10321:
10319:
10318:
10305:
10292:
10279:
10266:
10253:
10240:
10225:
10209:
10207:
10201:
10200:
10195:
10186:
10185:
10182:
10181:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10174:
10168:
10166:
10165:Other articles
10162:
10161:
10159:
10158:
10156:Jeholosauridae
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10136:Ornithoscelida
10132:
10130:
10126:
10125:
10123:
10122:
10115:
10108:
10100:
10092:
10090:
10087:Incertae sedis
10082:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10071:
10064:
10057:
10050:
10043:
10036:
10029:
10022:
10015:
10012:Ferganocephale
10008:
10001:
9994:
9987:
9979:
9977:
9965:
9964:
9961:
9954:
9953:
9950:
9949:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9908:
9905:
9904:
9901:
9900:
9897:
9896:
9894:
9893:
9892:
9891:
9882:
9880:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9870:
9869:
9868:
9859:
9857:
9848:
9842:
9841:
9839:
9838:
9837:
9836:
9827:
9825:
9819:
9818:
9816:
9815:
9808:
9800:
9797:Thescelosaurus
9793:
9786:
9779:
9772:
9765:
9757:
9749:
9741:
9733:
9726:
9718:
9710:
9707:Albertadromeus
9702:
9700:
9694:
9693:
9691:
9690:
9683:
9676:
9669:
9662:
9655:
9648:
9645:Kulindadromeus
9641:
9634:
9627:
9619:
9613:
9610:Neornithischia
9608:
9605:
9604:
9601:
9600:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9593:
9592:
9591:
9582:
9580:
9574:
9573:
9571:
9570:
9569:
9568:
9559:
9557:
9551:
9550:
9548:
9547:
9540:
9533:
9530:Scutellosaurus
9526:
9519:
9511:
9505:
9499:
9498:
9496:
9495:
9488:
9481:
9474:
9467:
9460:
9453:
9446:
9438:
9436:
9430:
9429:
9427:
9426:
9418:
9410:
9402:
9394:
9386:
9378:
9370:
9363:
9356:
9348:
9340:
9332:
9324:
9317:
9309:
9301:
9292:
9282:
9277:
9270:
9269:
9264:
9257:
9256:
9253:
9252:
9249:
9248:
9245:
9244:
9242:
9241:
9240:
9239:
9233:
9231:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9219:
9210:
9204:
9194:
9193:
9189:
9188:
9179:
9170:
9164:
9158:
9149:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9134:
9133:
9126:
9119:
9111:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9098:
9088:
9083:
9081:Ornithoscelida
9076:
9073:
9072:
9069:
9068:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9028:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9008:
9007:
9006:
9000:
8991:
8989:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8968:
8966:
8954:
8948:
8947:
8944:
8943:
8941:
8940:
8937:Staurikosaurus
8933:
8926:
8919:
8911:
8909:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8899:
8891:
8883:
8875:
8866:
8860:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8847:
8837:
8826:
8816:
8806:
8796:
8785:
8779:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8762:
8761:
8752:
8750:
8734:
8729:
8726:
8725:
8722:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8715:
8714:
8707:
8700:
8693:
8686:
8679:
8672:
8665:
8657:
8655:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8645:
8637:
8630:
8622:
8615:
8608:
8601:
8593:
8587:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8563:
8552:
8542:
8531:
8521:
8516:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8490:
8488:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8471:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8442:
8438:Faxinalipterus
8434:
8426:
8424:
8415:
8399:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8383:
8376:
8369:
8362:
8355:
8351:Incertovenator
8346:
8344:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8331:
8321:
8317:Incertovenator
8309:
8299:
8294:
8287:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8279:
8278:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8255:
8254:
8248:
8246:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8234:
8225:
8219:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8207:
8198:
8192:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8176:
8167:
8161:
8155:
8146:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8123:
8116:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8093:
8092:External links
8090:
8087:
8086:
8077:
8068:
8049:
8030:(4): 217–224.
8007:
7956:
7896:
7837:
7826:(1): 150–179.
7802:
7765:(10): 170833.
7745:
7702:
7649:
7606:
7554:
7504:
7469:
7450:(3): 556–574.
7434:
7394:
7338:
7281:
7262:
7243:(2): 129–205.
7227:
7204:
7164:
7120:
7102:
7087:
7069:
7054:
7019:
7012:
6994:
6975:(283): 85–90.
6952:
6933:
6914:
6895:
6891:The Dinosauria
6882:
6875:
6852:
6832:Colbert, E. H.
6824:
6817:
6809:The Dinosauria
6796:
6789:
6781:The Dinosauria
6768:
6761:
6753:The Dinosauria
6738:
6731:
6723:The Dinosauria
6710:
6703:
6695:The Dinosauria
6685:
6678:
6670:The Dinosauria
6657:
6650:
6642:The Dinosauria
6627:
6620:
6612:The Dinosauria
6599:
6592:
6584:The Dinosauria
6574:
6567:
6559:The Dinosauria
6542:
6535:
6527:The Dinosauria
6506:
6499:
6478:
6396:
6353:(8): 361–365.
6337:
6316:Psittacosaurus
6304:
6241:
6224:
6218:978-1107276468
6217:
6176:
6165:(1): 2346577.
6149:
6123:
6065:
6023:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5941:
5938:
5907:, were likely
5895:. The largest
5882:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5733:Neornithischia
5728:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5711:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5686:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5662:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5638:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5579:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5555:
5550:
5548:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5498:
5493:
5491:
5486:
5484:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5459:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5435:
5430:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5379:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5355:
5350:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5259:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5235:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5185:
5180:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5154:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5132:
5127:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5103:
4967:Ornithoscelida
4930:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4823:
4818:
4816:
4808:
4806:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4738:Ornithoscelida
4734:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4721:
4716:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4612:
4607:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4587:
4582:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4476:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4448:
4443:
4441:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4425:other groups.
4406:Revueltosaurus
4332:Revueltosaurus
4322:Early Jurassic
4305:Revueltosaurus
4295:
4292:
4259:Ferganocephale
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4062:Lambeosaurinae
4051:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3962:Hadrosauroidea
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3943:Iguanodontidae
3932:
3927:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3877:Camptosauridae
3866:
3861:
3859:
3857:Ankylopollexia
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3732:Rhabdodontidae
3726:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3634:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3432:Centrosaurinae
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3391:Triceratopsini
3380:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3301:Chasmosaurinae
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2850:Jeholosauridae
2839:
2834:
2832:
2830:Neornithischia
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:Ankylosaurinae
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2600:Ankylosauridae
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2535:Panoplosaurini
2524:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2179:Psittacosaurus
2160:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1720:Neornithischia
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1175:was closer to
1167:Paul C. Sereno
1091:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:Classification
1058:
1034:
1031:
1006:
998:Psittacosaurus
987:
979:
967:
959:
941:
922:Thescelosaurus
900:
882:
863:is widened in
843:The skulls of
833:
825:
817:
816:is small, the
809:
802:Early Jurassic
770:
762:
754:
746:
738:
733:
730:
721:Kulindadromeus
715:Psittacosaurus
564:
563:
562:
561:
553:
541:
540:
534:
533:
532:
531:
530:
529:
528:
527:
526:
525:
523:Neornithischia
520:
515:
508:
493:
488:
481:
474:
471:Ferganocephale
467:
460:
445:
437:
429:
421:
414:
406:
398:
390:
382:
374:
366:
358:
350:
338:Parapredentata
335:
328:
321:
313:
306:
298:
291:
280:
279:
275:
274:
259:
252:
251:
246:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
195:
194:
130:
129:
121:
120:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
55:
41:Early Jurassic
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10459:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10429:
10427:
10410:
10405:
10401:
10397:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10366:
10362:
10357:
10356:Fabrosauridae
10351:
10347:
10342:
10336:
10332:
10331:
10329:
10327:
10326:Fabrosauridae
10323:
10315:
10310:
10306:
10302:
10297:
10293:
10289:
10284:
10280:
10276:
10271:
10267:
10263:
10258:
10254:
10250:
10245:
10241:
10236:
10230:
10226:
10221:
10215:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10193:
10173:
10170:
10169:
10167:
10163:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10133:
10131:
10127:
10121:
10120:
10116:
10114:
10113:
10109:
10106:
10105:
10104:Dravidosaurus
10101:
10099:
10098:
10094:
10093:
10091:
10089:
10088:
10083:
10077:
10076:
10072:
10070:
10069:
10065:
10063:
10062:
10058:
10056:
10055:
10054:Syngonosaurus
10051:
10049:
10048:
10044:
10042:
10041:
10037:
10035:
10034:
10030:
10028:
10027:
10023:
10021:
10020:
10016:
10014:
10013:
10009:
10007:
10006:
10002:
10000:
9999:
9995:
9993:
9992:
9988:
9986:
9985:
9981:
9980:
9978:
9976:
9975:
9970:
9966:
9959:
9955:
9946:
9942:
9939:
9932:
9926:
9919:
9890:
9886:
9885:
9884:
9883:
9881:
9879:
9875:
9867:
9863:
9862:
9861:
9860:
9858:
9856:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9843:
9835:
9831:
9830:
9829:
9828:
9826:
9824:
9820:
9814:
9813:
9812:Zephyrosaurus
9809:
9806:
9805:
9801:
9799:
9798:
9794:
9792:
9791:
9787:
9785:
9784:
9783:Oryctodromeus
9780:
9778:
9777:
9773:
9771:
9770:
9769:Nevadadromeus
9766:
9763:
9762:
9758:
9755:
9754:
9753:Koreanosaurus
9750:
9747:
9746:
9742:
9739:
9738:
9734:
9732:
9731:
9727:
9724:
9723:
9719:
9716:
9715:
9711:
9709:
9708:
9704:
9703:
9701:
9699:
9695:
9689:
9688:
9684:
9682:
9681:
9677:
9675:
9674:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9663:
9661:
9660:
9656:
9654:
9653:
9649:
9647:
9646:
9642:
9640:
9639:
9638:Hypsilophodon
9635:
9633:
9632:
9631:Hexinlusaurus
9628:
9626:
9625:
9621:
9620:
9617:
9614:
9611:
9606:
9590:
9586:
9585:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9579:
9575:
9567:
9563:
9562:
9561:
9560:
9558:
9556:
9552:
9546:
9545:
9541:
9539:
9538:
9534:
9532:
9531:
9527:
9525:
9524:
9523:Scelidosaurus
9520:
9518:
9517:
9513:
9512:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9500:
9494:
9493:
9489:
9487:
9486:
9482:
9480:
9479:
9475:
9473:
9472:
9468:
9466:
9465:
9461:
9459:
9458:
9454:
9452:
9451:
9447:
9445:
9444:
9443:Abrictosaurus
9440:
9439:
9437:
9435:
9431:
9424:
9423:
9419:
9416:
9415:
9411:
9408:
9407:
9403:
9400:
9399:
9395:
9392:
9391:
9387:
9384:
9383:
9379:
9376:
9375:
9371:
9369:
9368:
9367:Lesothosaurus
9364:
9362:
9361:
9360:Laquintasaura
9357:
9354:
9353:
9349:
9346:
9345:
9341:
9338:
9337:
9333:
9330:
9329:
9328:Eucoelophysis
9325:
9323:
9322:
9318:
9315:
9314:
9310:
9307:
9306:
9302:
9299:
9298:
9294:
9293:
9290:
9286:
9283:
9280:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9262:
9258:
9237:
9236:
9235:
9234:
9232:
9230:
9226:
9218:
9214:
9213:
9212:
9211:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9187:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9165:
9163:
9159:
9157:
9153:
9152:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9132:
9127:
9125:
9120:
9118:
9113:
9112:
9109:
9097:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9078:
9077:
9074:
9065:
9061:
9058:
9052:
9047:
9041:
9005:
9001:
8999:
8995:
8994:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8984:
8976:
8972:
8971:
8970:
8969:
8967:
8965:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8949:
8939:
8938:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8930:Sanjuansaurus
8927:
8925:
8924:
8923:Herrerasaurus
8920:
8918:
8917:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8908:
8904:
8897:
8896:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8884:
8881:
8880:
8879:Daemonosaurus
8876:
8873:
8872:
8868:
8867:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8858:Herrerasauria
8852:
8846:
8845:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8827:
8825:
8824:
8817:
8815:
8814:
8813:Daemonosaurus
8807:
8805:
8804:
8797:
8795:
8794:
8787:
8786:
8783:
8780:
8777:
8772:
8760:
8756:
8755:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8749:
8742:
8738:
8735:
8732:
8727:
8713:
8712:
8708:
8706:
8705:
8701:
8699:
8698:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8687:
8685:
8684:
8680:
8678:
8677:
8676:Eucoelophysis
8673:
8671:
8670:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8650:
8643:
8642:
8638:
8636:
8635:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8623:
8621:
8620:
8616:
8614:
8613:
8609:
8607:
8606:
8602:
8600:
8599:
8595:
8594:
8591:
8588:
8585:
8578:
8572:
8571:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8553:
8551:
8550:
8543:
8541:
8540:
8533:
8532:
8529:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8514:
8498:
8494:
8493:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8487:
8483:
8477:
8476:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8467:Scleromochlus
8464:
8462:
8461:
8457:
8455:
8454:
8450:
8448:
8447:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8407:
8403:
8400:
8397:
8392:
8382:
8381:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8370:
8368:
8367:
8363:
8361:
8360:
8356:
8353:
8352:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8343:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8311:
8310:
8307:
8303:
8300:
8297:
8292:
8288:
8276:
8275:
8269:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8241:
8233:
8229:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8214:
8206:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8175:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8162:
8160:
8156:
8154:
8150:
8149:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8129:
8124:
8122:
8117:
8115:
8110:
8109:
8106:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8081:
8078:
8072:
8069:
8064:
8060:
8053:
8050:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8018:
8011:
8008:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7960:
7957:
7952:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7903:
7901:
7897:
7892:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7857:(10): e7331.
7856:
7852:
7848:
7841:
7838:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7806:
7803:
7798:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7749:
7746:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7706:
7703:
7698:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7653:
7650:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7610:
7607:
7602:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7550:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7508:
7505:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7473:
7470:
7465:
7464:10.1671/A1097
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7438:
7435:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7390:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7354:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7334:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7282:
7277:
7273:
7266:
7263:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7231:
7228:
7224:(5): 534–538.
7223:
7219:
7215:
7208:
7205:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7173:
7171:
7169:
7165:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7116:
7109:
7107:
7103:
7098:
7091:
7088:
7083:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7065:
7058:
7055:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7023:
7020:
7015:
7013:0-7167-1822-7
7009:
7005:
6998:
6995:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6949:(3): 417–423.
6948:
6944:
6937:
6934:
6929:
6925:
6918:
6915:
6910:
6906:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6883:
6878:
6876:9780080494746
6872:
6868:
6867:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6828:
6825:
6820:
6818:0-520-24209-2
6814:
6810:
6803:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6790:0-520-24209-2
6786:
6782:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6762:0-520-24209-2
6758:
6754:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6739:
6734:
6732:0-520-24209-2
6728:
6724:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6704:0-520-24209-2
6700:
6696:
6689:
6686:
6681:
6679:0-520-24209-2
6675:
6671:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6653:
6651:0-520-24209-2
6647:
6643:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6621:0-520-24209-2
6617:
6613:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6595:
6593:0-520-24209-2
6589:
6585:
6578:
6575:
6570:
6568:0-520-24209-2
6564:
6560:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6543:
6538:
6536:0-520-24209-2
6532:
6528:
6521:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6492:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6468:on 2019-02-09
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6397:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6341:
6338:
6332:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6317:
6308:
6305:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6263:Palaeontology
6257:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6237:
6236:
6228:
6225:
6220:
6214:
6210:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6153:
6150:
6146:(2): 234–256.
6145:
6141:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5976:
5968:
5965:
5958:
5954:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5913:ankylosaurian
5910:
5906:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5886:
5881:Palaeoecology
5880:
5873:
5872:
5864:
5863:
5848:
5847:
5839:
5838:
5830:
5829:
5821:
5820:
5812:
5811:
5803:
5802:
5794:
5793:
5785:
5784:
5776:
5775:
5767:
5766:
5758:
5757:
5749:
5748:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5710:
5709:
5703:Prionodontia
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5691:Laquintasaura
5685:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5661:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5643:Eucoelophysis
5637:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5617:
5616:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5578:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5554:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5497:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5482:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5458:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5402:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5378:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5354:
5353:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5324:
5323:
5315:
5314:
5306:
5305:
5297:
5296:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5258:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5234:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5184:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5159:Daemonosaurus
5153:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5069:
5068:Eucoelophysis
5064:
5063:
5058:
5057:
5051:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5006:
5002:
5001:Daemonosaurus
4998:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4923:
4922:
4914:
4913:
4905:
4904:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4790:
4789:
4781:
4780:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4674:
4673:
4665:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4647:
4646:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4542:
4541:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4422:Lesothosaurus
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4380:Lesothosaurus
4376:
4375:
4374:Azendohsaurus
4370:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:Lucianosaurus
4352:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4314:Lesothosaurus
4307:
4306:
4300:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:Taveirosaurus
4267:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4219:Laquintasaura
4215:
4214:Lesothosaurus
4205:
4204:
4196:
4195:
4187:
4186:
4178:
4177:
4169:
4168:
4160:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4142:
4141:
4133:
4132:
4124:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4096:
4088:
4087:
4079:
4078:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:Saurolophinae
4029:
4028:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4009:Hadrosaurinae
4005:
4004:
3997:
3996:
3990:
3989:Hadrosauridae
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3896:Styracosterna
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3615:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3597:
3596:
3588:
3587:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3513:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3486:
3485:Centrosaurini
3481:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3466:Eucentrosaura
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3408:
3407:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3201:Neoceratopsia
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:Ankylosaurini
2744:
2743:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2634:Shamosaurinae
2632:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:Polacanthinae
2468:
2467:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:Stegosauridae
2386:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2194:Hadrosauridae
2191:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2174:Late Jurassic
2171:
2166:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:Lesothosaurus
1907:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1640:Lesothosaurus
1634:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1471:Euornithopoda
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:Lesothosaurus
1308:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:Lesothosaurus
1276:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1257:Hexinlusaurus
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1230:Lesothosaurus
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1217:Scelidosaurus
1213:
1209:
1208:Lesothosaurus
1205:
1200:
1199:Hypsilophodon
1196:
1195:
1194:Lesothosaurus
1190:
1189:
1188:Hypsilophodon
1184:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1085:
1076:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1022:Pentaceratops
1018:
1017:
1011:
1004:
1000:
999:
992:
984:
976:
972:
964:
957:
953:
949:
946:
939:
938:Hadrosauridae
934:
933:
928:
924:
923:
918:
914:
909:
905:
898:
894:
892:
891:Scelidosaurus
887:
880:
879:
874:
870:
869:Scelidosaurus
866:
862:
861:Lesothosaurus
858:
854:
853:
852:Scelidosaurus
848:
847:
841:
838:
830:
822:
814:
812:nasal opening
807:
803:
799:
798:
797:Lesothosaurus
789:
788:
787:Lesothosaurus
782:
778:
775:
767:
759:
751:
743:
731:
729:
727:
723:
722:
717:
716:
711:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:
679:
675:
665:
663:
651:
649:
643:
639:
635:
631:
628:
624:
621:
615:
570:
557:
554:
550:
545:
544:
542:
539:
535:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
513:
509:
507:
506:
502:
501:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
486:
485:Lesothosaurus
482:
480:
479:
478:Laquintasaura
475:
473:
472:
468:
466:
465:
461:
459:
458:
454:
453:
449:
446:
443:
442:
438:
435:
434:
430:
427:
426:
422:
420:
419:
415:
412:
411:
407:
404:
403:
399:
396:
395:
391:
388:
387:
383:
380:
379:
375:
372:
371:
370:Eucoelophysis
367:
364:
363:
359:
356:
355:
351:
349:
348:
344:
343:
339:
336:
334:
333:
329:
327:
326:
325:Syngonosaurus
322:
319:
318:
314:
312:
311:
307:
304:
303:
299:
297:
296:
292:
289:
288:
284:
283:
281:
276:
271:
266:
260:
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
205:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
146:Nipponosaurus
142:
138:
137:
131:
127:
122:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
46:
42:
33:
30:
19:
10325:
10235:Ornithischia
10205:Ornithischia
10204:
10146:Silesauridae
10117:
10110:
10102:
10097:Ajkaceratops
10095:
10085:
10073:
10066:
10059:
10052:
10045:
10040:Notoceratops
10038:
10031:
10026:Gongbusaurus
10024:
10019:Geranosaurus
10017:
10010:
10003:
9996:
9989:
9982:
9974:Nomina dubia
9972:
9922:
9810:
9802:
9795:
9790:Parksosaurus
9788:
9781:
9774:
9767:
9759:
9751:
9745:Jeholosaurus
9743:
9735:
9728:
9720:
9712:
9705:
9685:
9678:
9673:Sanxiasaurus
9671:
9664:
9657:
9652:Minimocursor
9650:
9643:
9636:
9629:
9622:
9566:Ankylosauria
9555:Ankylosauria
9542:
9535:
9528:
9521:
9514:
9490:
9483:
9476:
9469:
9462:
9455:
9448:
9441:
9422:Technosaurus
9420:
9414:Soumyasaurus
9412:
9404:
9396:
9390:Pisanosaurus
9388:
9380:
9372:
9365:
9358:
9350:
9344:Ignotosaurus
9342:
9334:
9326:
9319:
9311:
9303:
9295:
9279:Ornithischia
9278:
9266:Ornithischia
9265:
9229:Ornithischia
9228:
9181:
9172:
9138:Ornithischia
9137:
9043:
8952:Eusaurischia
8935:
8928:
8921:
8914:
8893:
8885:
8877:
8871:Chindesaurus
8869:
8842:
8831:
8821:
8811:
8803:Chindesaurus
8801:
8791:
8759:Ornithischia
8748:Ornithischia
8747:
8709:
8702:
8695:
8688:
8683:Ignotosaurus
8681:
8674:
8667:
8660:
8641:Technosaurus
8639:
8634:Soumyasaurus
8632:
8626:Pisanosaurus
8624:
8617:
8610:
8603:
8596:
8584:Silesauridae
8568:
8557:
8547:
8537:
8475:Venetoraptor
8473:
8465:
8458:
8451:
8444:
8436:
8429:
8422:Lagerpetidae
8378:
8371:
8366:Spondylosoma
8364:
8357:
8349:
8342:Aphanosauria
8326:
8315:
8272:
8169:
8098:Ornithischia
8080:
8071:
8062:
8058:
8052:
8027:
8023:
8010:
7972:(1): 58–65.
7969:
7965:
7959:
7916:
7912:
7854:
7850:
7840:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7805:
7762:
7758:
7748:
7715:
7711:
7705:
7662:
7658:
7652:
7619:
7615:
7609:
7574:
7570:
7522:
7518:
7507:
7485:(1): 23–33.
7482:
7478:
7472:
7447:
7443:
7437:
7412:
7408:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7298:
7294:
7284:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7240:
7236:
7230:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7182:
7178:
7142:
7138:
7114:
7096:
7090:
7081:
7063:
7057:
7032:
7028:
7022:
7003:
6997:
6972:
6968:
6946:
6942:
6936:
6927:
6923:
6917:
6908:
6904:
6898:
6890:
6885:
6865:
6847:
6843:
6827:
6808:
6780:
6752:
6722:
6694:
6688:
6669:
6641:
6611:
6583:
6577:
6558:
6526:
6490:
6470:. Retrieved
6463:the original
6416:
6412:
6399:
6350:
6346:
6340:
6321:
6315:
6307:
6266:
6262:
6234:
6227:
6208:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6143:
6139:
6089:
6085:
6051:
6047:
6009:
6005:
5972:
5967:
5931:
5916:
5902:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5731:
5730:
5714:
5713:
5689:
5688:
5667:Pisanosaurus
5665:
5664:
5641:
5640:
5599:
5598:
5582:
5581:
5558:
5557:
5518:
5517:
5503:Ignotosaurus
5501:
5500:
5464:Technosaurus
5462:
5461:
5438:
5437:
5406:
5405:
5384:Soumyasaurus
5382:
5381:
5358:
5357:
5346:Ornithischia
5345:
5279:
5278:
5262:
5261:
5238:
5237:
5205:
5204:
5190:Chindesaurus
5188:
5187:
5157:
5156:
5134:
5120:
5108:
5098:Soumyasaurus
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5074:Technosaurus
5072:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5039:
5036:Technosaurus
5035:
5025:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5005:herrerasaurs
5000:
4996:
4991:
4981:
4978:Pisanosaurus
4977:
4975:
4946:Silesauridae
4939:
4933:
4890:
4875:
4864:Ornithischia
4863:
4841:
4825:
4766:Ornithischia
4765:
4764:
4749:
4723:
4700:Silesauridae
4698:
4632:Ornithischia
4631:
4630:
4614:
4589:
4566:Silesauridae
4564:
4527:Ornithischia
4526:
4525:
4501:
4485:
4452:Silesauridae
4450:
4421:
4418:Pisanosaurus
4417:
4405:
4398:South Africa
4389:Technosaurus
4387:
4384:Pisanosaurus
4383:
4379:
4372:
4368:Crosbysaurus
4366:
4360:
4354:
4350:Tecovasaurus
4348:
4344:Pekinosaurus
4342:
4336:
4330:
4318:Pisanosaurus
4317:
4313:
4311:
4303:
4288:Silesauridae
4281:
4275:
4269:
4265:Gongbusaurus
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4230:Pisanosaurus
4229:
4223:
4217:
4213:
4211:
4054:
4053:
4025:
4024:
4001:
4000:
3974:
3973:
3935:
3934:
3908:
3907:
3869:
3868:
3843:Dryosauridae
3835:
3834:
3803:
3802:
3761:
3760:
3744:
3743:
3715:Iguanodontia
3691:
3690:
3674:
3673:
3652:
3651:
3534:
3533:
3517:
3516:
3477:
3444:
3443:
3383:
3382:
3366:
3365:
3336:
3313:
3312:
3286:
3285:
3274:Ceratopsidae
3247:
3246:
3235:Coronosauria
3213:
3212:
3179:
3178:
3162:
3161:
3085:
3084:
3068:
3067:
3029:
3028:
2963:
2962:
2914:
2913:
2890:
2889:
2842:
2841:
2740:
2739:
2723:
2722:
2699:
2698:
2663:
2662:
2646:
2645:
2612:
2611:
2551:
2550:
2527:
2526:
2503:
2502:
2491:Nodosaurinae
2464:
2463:
2452:Nodosauridae
2430:
2429:
2418:Ankylosauria
2382:
2381:
2358:
2357:
2325:
2299:
2298:
2287:Ornithischia
2286:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2258:Ankylosaurus
2256:
2252:Camarasaurus
2250:
2244:
2240:
2236:Silesauridae
2231:Pisanosaurus
2229:
2222:
2210:
2199:Ankylosauria
2187:
2177:
2162:
2082:
2060:
2028:
1975:Ankylosauria
1973:
1951:
1911:
1910:
1899:Ornithischia
1898:
1889:
1888:
1802:
1780:
1748:
1685:Ankylosauria
1683:
1661:
1638:
1637:
1615:
1602:
1581:Pisanosaurus
1579:
1578:
1567:Ornithischia
1566:
1557:
1556:
1497:
1482:
1441:
1419:
1372:Ankylosauria
1370:
1348:
1326:
1312:
1311:
1300:Ornithischia
1299:
1291:Sereno, 1986
1290:
1289:
1283:Pisanosaurus
1282:
1278:
1269:Pisanosaurus
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1234:
1229:
1215:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1170:
1156:
1097:
1047:
1036:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1003:Ceratopsidae
996:
977:
956:ceratopsians
950:
930:
920:
910:
895:
890:
876:
868:
864:
860:
850:
844:
842:
795:
793:
785:
735:
719:
713:
707:
681:
678:ceratopsians
659:
645:
638:Ornithischia
637:
569:Ornithischia
568:
567:
556:Prionodontia
555:
510:
505:Notoceratops
503:
499:Sereno, 1986
495:
483:
476:
469:
462:
455:
447:
441:Technosaurus
439:
431:
423:
418:Pisanosaurus
416:
408:
400:
394:Ignotosaurus
392:
386:Gongbusaurus
384:
376:
368:
360:
352:
345:
337:
330:
323:
317:Soumyasaurus
315:
308:
300:
293:
285:
265:Ornithischia
264:
255:
242:
184:
174:
166:Triceratops
164:
161:Ankylosauria
156:Borealopelta
154:
144:
134:
35:Ornithischia
29:
10350:Wikispecies
10257:iNaturalist
10229:Wikispecies
10075:Trimucrodon
10047:Siluosaurus
10005:Fabrosaurus
9998:Craspedodon
9991:Bienosaurus
9834:Ornithopoda
9823:Ornithopoda
9722:Changmiania
9687:Yandusaurus
9624:Agilisaurus
9589:Stegosauria
9578:Stegosauria
9503:Thyreophora
9382:Lutungutali
9352:Kwanasaurus
9305:Asilisaurus
9297:Amanasaurus
8916:Gnathovorax
8895:Caseosaurus
8697:Lutungutali
8690:Kwanasaurus
8662:Amanasaurus
8605:Asilisaurus
8598:Agnosphitys
8559:Nyasasaurus
8497:Pterosauria
8486:Pterosauria
8453:Kongonaphon
8446:Ixalerpeton
8396:Ornithodira
8373:Teleocrater
8359:Dongusuchus
8328:Mambachiton
8174:Archosauria
7816:Coelophysis
7415:(1): 3–22.
7145:(1): 1–40.
5927:gymnosperms
5923:carnivorous
5858:Herbivorous
5716:Thyreophora
5601:Kwanasaurus
5584:Lutungutali
5408:Asilisaurus
5334:Faunivorous
5207:Tawa hallae
5062:Asilisaurus
5056:Kwanasaurus
5027:Asilisaurus
5016:Chilesaurus
4997:Chilesaurus
4992:Chilesaurus
4983:Chilesaurus
4976:Along with
4277:Trimucrodon
4253:Fabrosaurus
4225:Chilesaurus
3630:Ornithopoda
2898:Orodrominae
2346:Stegosauria
2336:Thyreophora
2276:Triceratops
2270:Stegosaurus
2184:ceratopsids
2030:Ornithopoda
1953:Stegosauria
1940:Thyreophora
1750:Ornithopoda
1663:Stegosauria
1626:Thyreophora
1499:Ornithopoda
1350:Stegosauria
1337:Thyreophora
1251:Agilisaurus
1212:Thyreophora
1116:Stegosauria
1112:Ornithopoda
913:ornithopods
897:Ankylosaurs
878:Stegosaurus
873:Stegosauria
857:Thyreophora
732:Description
704:ornithopods
702:, and the
700:ankylosaurs
692:Thyreophora
683:Triceratops
636:. The name
627:herbivorous
546:Predentata
518:Thyreophora
464:Fabrosaurus
410:Lutungutali
402:Kwanasaurus
354:Amanasaurus
332:Trimucrodon
287:Asilisaurus
191:Stegosauria
186:Stegosaurus
151:Ornithopoda
10426:Categories
10129:Other taxa
10068:Tichosteus
10061:Tatisaurus
9866:Ceratopsia
9855:Ceratopsia
9804:Yueosaurus
9776:Orodromeus
9761:Nanosaurus
9680:Xiaosaurus
9659:Nanosaurus
9537:Yuxisaurus
9516:Emausaurus
9492:Tianyulong
9485:Pegomastax
9471:Lycorhinus
9457:Fruitadens
9406:Silesaurus
9398:Sacisaurus
9374:Lewisuchus
9238:see below↓
9186:Dinosauria
9168:Sauropsida
9079:See also:
8823:Eodromaeus
8793:Alwalkeria
8776:Saurischia
8731:Dinosauria
8711:Silesaurus
8704:Sacisaurus
8619:Lewisuchus
8549:Marasuchus
8539:Lagosuchus
8460:Lagerpeton
8431:Dromomeron
8380:Yarasuchus
8253:see below↓
8205:Sauropsida
8190:Sauropsida
8165:Sauropsida
7577:(8): 1–5.
7278:: 347–366.
6911:: 316–317.
6472:2016-08-28
6092:: e12362.
5986:References
5897:Fruitadens
5560:Sacisaurus
5520:Silesaurus
5360:Lewisuchus
5240:Eodromaeus
5122:Saurischia
5110:Dinosauria
5086:Silesaurus
5080:Sacisaurus
5044:pubic bone
5040:Silesaurus
5021:Lewisuchus
4941:Silesaurus
4814:Saurischia
4804:Dinosauria
4712:Dinosauria
4578:Dinosauria
4474:Saurischia
4464:Dinosauria
4410:crocodiles
4283:Xiaosaurus
3823:Dryomorpha
3150:Ceratopsia
2326:Genasauria
2246:Allosaurus
2189:Torosaurus
2170:Cretaceous
2165:Ceratopsia
2062:Ceratopsia
1804:Ceratopsia
1616:Genasauria
1443:Ceratopsia
1327:Genasauria
1182:Dryosaurus
1177:hadrosaurs
1141:Ceratopsia
1133:Saurischia
1033:"Bird-hip"
1016:Torosaurus
885:premaxilla
865:Emausaurus
846:Emausaurus
741:predentary
709:Tianyulong
696:stegosaurs
694:) such as
625:of mainly
559:Owen, 1874
512:Tichosteus
496:Genasauria
433:Silesaurus
425:Sacisaurus
302:Lewisuchus
278:Subgroups
249:Dinosauria
176:Stegoceras
171:Ceratopsia
18:Predentary
10033:Laosaurus
9666:Phyllodon
9450:Echinodon
9336:Gamatavus
9154:Kingdom:
9002:includes
8998:Theropoda
8987:Theropoda
8612:Gamatavus
8151:Kingdom:
7994:1755-6724
7933:0962-8452
6459:206556907
6375:0028-1042
6299:128781816
6291:1475-4983
5934:bone beds
5909:omnivores
5281:Theropoda
4959:Theropoda
4877:silesaurs
4843:Theropoda
4751:Theropoda
4591:Theropoda
4503:Theropoda
4394:Argentina
4302:Skull of
4294:Evolution
3640:Elasmaria
2264:Iguanodon
2241:Iguanodon
2225:PhyloCode
2159:Subgroups
1263:Othnielia
1191:and then
1172:Iguanodon
1129:suborders
1039:posterior
915:and some
784:Skull of
769:, and an
765:gastralia
749:palpebral
630:dinosaurs
378:Gamatavus
295:Laosaurus
222:Kingdom:
216:Eukaryota
10341:Q1390908
10335:Wikidata
10214:Wikidata
9984:Alocodon
9962:See also
9478:Manidens
9321:Eocursor
9313:Diodorus
9162:Chordata
9160:Phylum:
9156:Animalia
9096:Category
8833:Saltopus
8669:Diodorus
8570:Saltopus
8159:Chordata
8157:Phylum:
8153:Animalia
8044:16701088
8002:85351874
7951:19846460
7891:19806213
7851:PLOS ONE
7797:29134086
7740:29094705
7697:29094688
7644:28332513
7601:32842895
7549:27839975
7389:16024353
7333:37041170
7324:10090097
7301:: 4981.
6930:: 49–67.
6451:25061209
6391:17781405
6383:12435037
6118:34966571
5940:See also
5032:cingulum
4951:Jurassic
4338:Galtonia
4326:Triassic
4247:Alocodon
4235:Eocursor
2990:Cerapoda
2017:Cerapoda
1737:Cerapoda
1398:Cerapoda
1222:Cerapoda
1043:anterior
970:parietal
726:feathers
674:theropod
618:) is an
538:Synonyms
457:Eocursor
362:Diodorus
347:Alocodon
236:Chordata
232:Phylum:
226:Animalia
212:Domain:
10396:4946569
10370:3238873
10249:4530715
10220:Q191488
10112:Jakapil
9544:Jakapil
9166:Class:
8163:Class:
7974:Bibcode
7942:2842649
7882:2752196
7859:Bibcode
7788:5666269
7767:Bibcode
7720:Bibcode
7667:Bibcode
7624:Bibcode
7592:7480155
7527:Bibcode
7487:Bibcode
7452:Bibcode
7417:Bibcode
7380:1564089
7303:Bibcode
7245:Bibcode
7187:Bibcode
7147:Bibcode
7037:Bibcode
6977:Bibcode
6840:Arizona
6421:Bibcode
6413:Science
6355:Bibcode
6271:Bibcode
6109:8667728
5971:plural
4829:
4727:
4618:
4489:
2212:Troodon
2087:(incl.
1137:ischium
1065:History
982:rostral
962:frontal
806:Lesotho
686:), the
662:ischion
648:ornith-
620:extinct
183:), and
43:–
10383:116293
10288:436488
10262:354867
8042:
8000:
7992:
7949:
7939:
7931:
7889:
7879:
7795:
7785:
7738:
7712:Nature
7695:
7659:Nature
7642:
7616:Nature
7599:
7589:
7547:
7387:
7377:
7331:
7321:
7029:Nature
7010:
6873:
6850:, 1-61
6815:
6787:
6759:
6729:
6701:
6676:
6648:
6618:
6590:
6565:
6533:
6497:
6457:
6449:
6389:
6381:
6373:
6297:
6289:
6215:
6116:
6106:
5975:ischia
4961:. The
4957:, and
4371:, and
2273:, and
718:, and
669:ἴσχιον
655:ὀρνιθ-
551:, 1894
272:, 1888
270:Seeley
10409:38714
10378:IRMNG
10314:91973
10301:90224
10275:10455
10270:IRMNG
9182:Clade
9173:Clade
9004:birds
8170:Clade
8020:(PDF)
7998:S2CID
6466:(PDF)
6455:S2CID
6409:(PDF)
6387:S2CID
6295:S2CID
6259:(PDF)
6086:PeerJ
5959:Notes
4988:Chile
4414:birds
4412:than
2243:than
2186:like
990:jugal
828:orbit
644:stem
642:Greek
634:birds
623:clade
549:Marsh
256:Clade
243:Clade
10365:GBIF
10283:NCBI
9887:see
9864:see
9832:see
9737:Haya
9730:Fona
9587:see
9564:see
9215:see
8996:see
8973:see
8887:Tawa
8844:Tawa
8757:see
8495:see
8230:see
8203:see
8065:: 2.
8040:PMID
7990:ISSN
7947:PMID
7929:ISSN
7887:PMID
7793:PMID
7736:PMID
7693:PMID
7640:PMID
7597:PMID
7545:PMID
7385:PMID
7329:PMID
7008:ISBN
6871:ISBN
6813:ISBN
6785:ISBN
6757:ISBN
6727:ISBN
6699:ISBN
6674:ISBN
6646:ISBN
6616:ISBN
6588:ISBN
6563:ISBN
6531:ISBN
6495:ISBN
6447:PMID
6379:PMID
6371:ISSN
6287:ISSN
6213:ISBN
6114:PMID
5095:and
5012:2022
4963:2017
4936:2003
4402:2005
4386:and
4324:and
4316:and
4280:and
4216:and
2207:1974
1281:and
1275:2021
1260:and
1237:2008
1204:1986
1159:1984
1150:and
1145:1974
1124:1888
1114:and
1100:1866
1019:and
966:and
927:beak
849:and
745:and
698:and
58:PreꞒ
10244:EoL
8032:doi
7982:doi
7937:PMC
7921:doi
7917:277
7877:PMC
7867:doi
7828:doi
7824:191
7783:PMC
7775:doi
7728:doi
7716:551
7683:hdl
7675:doi
7663:551
7632:doi
7620:543
7587:PMC
7579:doi
7535:doi
7495:doi
7460:doi
7425:doi
7375:PMC
7367:doi
7363:272
7319:PMC
7311:doi
7253:doi
7195:doi
7155:doi
7045:doi
7033:248
6985:doi
6838:of
6437:hdl
6429:doi
6417:345
6363:doi
6326:doi
6279:doi
6167:doi
6104:PMC
6094:doi
6056:doi
6052:196
6014:doi
5929:."
2249:or
1239:by
1161:by
1102:by
804:of
581:ɔːr
193:).
173:),
163:),
153:),
143:),
10428::
10406::
10393::
10380::
10367::
10352::
10337::
10311::
10298::
10285::
10272::
10259::
10246::
10231::
10216::
9184::
9175::
8172::
8063:40
8061:.
8038:.
8028:21
8026:.
8022:.
7996:.
7988:.
7980:.
7970:85
7968:.
7945:.
7935:.
7927:.
7915:.
7911:.
7899:^
7885:.
7875:.
7865:.
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7849:.
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7791:.
7781:.
7773:.
7761:.
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