2394:. In the Calvinist interpretation of the Bible, this doctrine normally has only pastoral value related to the assurance of salvation and the absolution of salvation by grace alone. However, the philosophical implications of the doctrine of election and predestination are sometimes discussed beyond these systematic bounds. Under the topic of the doctrine of God (theology proper), the predestinating decision of God cannot be contingent upon anything outside of himself, because all other things are dependent upon him for existence and meaning. Under the topic of the doctrines of salvation (soteriology), the predestinating decision of God is made from God's knowledge of his own will (Romans 9:15), and is therefore not contingent upon human decisions (rather, free human decisions are outworkings of the decision of God, which sets the total reality within which those decisions are made in exhaustive detail: that is, nothing left to chance). Calvinists do not pretend to understand how this works; but they are insistent that the Scriptures teach both the
623:
40:
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2687:, God does not choose which individuals he will save prior to creation, but rather God chooses the church as a whole. Or put differently, God chooses what type of individuals he will save. Another way the New Testament puts this is to say that God chose the church in Christ (Eph. 1:4). In other words, God chose from all eternity to save all those who would be found in Christ, by faith in God. This choosing is not primarily about salvation from eternal destruction either but is about God's chosen agency in the world. Thus individuals have full freedom in terms of whether they become members of the church or not. Corporate election is thus consistent with the open view's position on God's omniscience, which states that God's foreknowledge does not determine the outcomes of individual free will.
2445:. Infralapsarians interpret the biblical election of God to highlight his love (1 John 4:8; Ephesians 1:4b–5a) and chose his elect considering the situation after the Fall, while supralapsarians interpret biblical election to highlight God's sovereignty (Romans 9:16) and that the Fall was ordained by God's decree of election. In infralapsarianism, election is God's response to the Fall, while in supralapsarianism the Fall is part of God's plan for election. In spite of the division, many Calvinist theologians would consider the debate surrounding the infra- and supralapsarian positions one in which scant Scriptural evidence can be mustered in either direction, and that, at any rate, has little effect on the overall doctrine.
2250:
God, it likewise is part of that providence to permit some to fall away from that end; this is called reprobation. Thus, as predestination is a part of providence, in regard to those ordained to eternal salvation, so reprobation is a part of providence in regard to those who turn aside from that end. Hence reprobation implies not only foreknowledge, but also something more, as does providence, as was said above (Q, A). Therefore, as predestination includes the will to confer grace and glory; so also reprobation includes the will to permit a person to fall into sin, and to impose the punishment of damnation on account of that sin."
2667:, or decrees damnation of some, as well as salvation for those whom he has elected. During the Protestant Reformation John Calvin held this double predestinarian view: "By predestination we mean the eternal decree of God, by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man. All are not created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and, accordingly, as each has been created for one or other of these ends, we say that he has been predestinated to life or to death."
74:
4105:. "What is Arminianism? A) Belief that God limits himself to give human beings free will to go against his perfect will so that God did not design or ordain sin and evil (or their consequences such as innocent suffering); B) Belief that, although sinners cannot achieve salvation on their own, without 'prevenient grace' (enabling grace), God makes salvation possible for all through Jesus Christ and offers free salvation to all through the gospel. 'A' is called 'limited providence,' 'B' is called 'predestination by foreknowledge.'"
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come to know or accept the gospel revelation or to enter the Church. (...) For such people salvation in Christ is accessible by virtue of a grace which, while having a mysterious relationship to the Church, does not make them formally part of the Church but enlightens them in a way which is accommodated to their spiritual and material situation. This grace comes from Christ; it is the result of his
Sacrifice and is communicated by the Holy Spirit. It enables each person to attain salvation through his or her free cooperation.
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punishment due to sin, to dwell forever in his presence. Those who are being saved are assured through the gifts of faith, the sacraments, and communion with God through prayer and increase of good works, that their reconciliation with him through Christ is settled by the sovereign determination of God's will. God also has particular consciousness of those who are passed over by his selection, who are without excuse for their rebellion against him, and will be judged for their sins.
2625:) which results by allowing the individual's own sins to condemn them. Calvin himself defines predestination as "the eternal decree of God, by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man. Not all are created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and, accordingly, as each has been created for one or other of these ends, we say that he has been predestined to life or to death."
598:
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2606:, but not the proximate source or "author" of sin. Infralapsarians often emphasize a difference between God's decree (which is inviolable and inscrutable), and his revealed will (against which man is disobedient). Proponents also typically emphasize the grace and mercy of God toward all men, although teaching also that only some are predestined for salvation.
1867:). Similarly, Wright's interpretation is that in this passage Paul teaches that God will save those whom he has chosen, but Wright also emphasizes that Paul does not intend to suggest that God has eliminated human free will or responsibility. Instead, Wright asserts, Paul is saying that God's will works through that of humans to accomplish salvation.
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1897:, which was made by an Essene convert into Christianity, might possibly suggest a predestinarian worldview, where God chooses who are saved and go into heaven, although there is controversy about what it teaches. The Odes of Solomon talks about God "imprinting a seal on the face of the elect before they existed". The
2723:. Thus, Middle Knowledge holds that before the world was created, God knew what every existing creature capable of libertarian freedom (e.g. every individual human) would freely choose to do in all possible circumstances. It then holds that based on this information, God elected from a number of these
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is the doctrine that God's decree of predestination for salvation and reprobation logically precedes his preordination of the human race's fall into sin. That is, God decided to save, and to damn; he then determined the means by which that would be made possible. It is a matter of controversy whether
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Debate concerning predestination according to the common usage concerns the destiny of the damned: whether God is just if that destiny is settled prior to the existence of any actual volition of the individual, and whether the individual is in any meaningful sense responsible for his destiny if it is
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of 1561 affirmed that God "delivers and preserves" from perdition "all whom he, in his eternal and unchangeable council, of mere goodness hath elected in Christ Jesus our Lord, without respect to their works" (Article XVI). Calvinists believe that God picked those whom he will save and bring with him
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our efforts. Both combine in a person to bring progress and carry him to the goal. (God's) foreknowledge is unfathomable. It is enough for us with our whole heart to believe that it never opposes God's grace and truth, and that it does not infringe man's freedom. Usually this resolves as follows: God
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meaning, assuming the fall into sin). The different terminology has the benefit of distinguishing the
Calvinist double predestination version of infralapsarianism from Lutheranism's view that predestination is a mystery, which forbids the unprofitable intrusion of prying minds since God only reveals
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On the spectrum of beliefs concerning predestination, Calvinism is the strongest form among
Christians. It teaches that God's predestining decision is based on the knowledge of his own will rather than foreknowledge, concerning every particular person and event; and, God continually acts with entire
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Augustine also teaches that people have free will. For example, in "On Grace and Free Will", (see especially chapters II–IV) Augustine states that "He has revealed to us, through His Holy
Scriptures, that there is in man a free choice of will," and that "God's precepts themselves would be of no use
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The universality of salvation means that it is granted not only to those who explicitly believe in Christ and have entered the Church. Since salvation is offered to all, it must be made concretely available to all. But it is clear that today, as in the past, many people do not have an opportunity to
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believed in a form of predestination, in his view humans are born into one of three natures, depending on which elements prevail in the person. In the views of
Valentinus, a person born with a bad nature can never be saved because they are too inclined into evil, some people have a nature which is a
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Based on this Middle
Knowledge, God has the ability to actualise the world in which A is placed in a circumstance that he freely chooses to do what is consistent with Gods ultimate will. If God determined that the world most suited to his purposes is a world in which A would freely choose Y instead
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God does reprobate some. For it was said above (A) that predestination is a part of providence. To providence, however, it belongs to permit certain defects in those things which are subject to providence, as was said above (Q, A). Thus, as men are ordained to eternal life through the providence of
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promised not from the power of our will but from His own predestination. For He promised what He
Himself would do, not what men would do. Because, although men do those good things which pertain to God's worship, He Himself makes them to do what He has commanded; it is not they that cause Him to do
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Biblical scholars have interpreted this passage in several ways. Many say this only has to do with service, and is not about salvation. The
Catholic biblical commentator Brendan Byrne wrote that the predestination mentioned in this passage should be interpreted as applied to the Christian community
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We know that in everything God works for good with those who love him, who are called according to his purpose. For those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, in order that he might be the first-born among many brethren. And those whom he predestined he also
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Some
Calvinists decline to describe the eternal decree of God in terms of a sequence of events or thoughts, and many caution against the simplifications involved in describing any action of God in speculative terms. Most make distinctions between the positive manner in which God chooses some to be
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preached the doctrine of double predestination, although
Jansenism claimed that even members of the saved elect could lose their salvation by doing sinful, un-repented deeds, as implied in Ezekiel 18:21–28 in the Old Testament of the Bible. According to the Roman Catholic Church, God does not will
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says, "To God, all moments of time are present in their immediacy. When therefore He establishes His eternal plan of 'predestination', He includes in it each person's free response to his grace." Therefore, in the Roman Catholic conception of predestination, free will is not denied. However, Roman
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based solely on his own goodness rather than that of creatures. Aquinas also believed that people are free in their choices, fully cause their own sin, and are solely responsible for it. According to Aquinas, there are several ways in which God wills actions. He directly wills the good, indirectly
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historically hold to unconditional election to salvation. However, some do not believe that there are certain people that are predestined to salvation, but salvation is predestined for those who seek God. Lutherans believe Christians should be assured that they are among the predestined. However,
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taught that God does not cause human choices and equated predestination with divine foreknowledge. Though Ockham taught that God predestines based on people's foreseen works, he maintained that God's will was not constrained to do this. Medieval theologians who believed in predestination include:
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argues that Josephus's portrayal of these groups is incorrect, and that the Jewish debates referenced by Josephus should be seen as having to do with God's work to liberate Israel rather than philosophical questions about predestination. Wright asserts that Essenes were content to wait for God to
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rejected the idea that God permits rather than actively decrees the damnation of sinners, as well as other evil. Calvin did not believe God to be guilty of sin, but rather he considered God inflicting sin upon his creations to be an unfathomable mystery. Though he maintained God's predestination
2745:
In this way, Middle Knowledge is thought of by its proponents to be consistent with any theological doctrines that assert God as having divine providence and man having a libertarian freedom (e.g. Calvinism, Catholicism, Lutheranism), and to offer a potential solution to the concerns that God's
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in the fourteenth. Some trace this doctrine to statements made by Augustine in the early fifth century that on their own also seem to teach double predestination, but in the context of his other writings it is not clear whether he held this view. In "The City of God," Augustine describes all of
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doctrine is that God has mercy or withholds it, with particular consciousness of who are to be the recipients of mercy in Christ. Therefore, the particular persons are chosen, out of the total number of human beings, who will be rescued from enslavement to sin and the fear of death, and from
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for all free creatures. That is, what any individual creature with a free will (e.g. a human) would do under any given circumstance. God's knowledge of counterfactuals is reasoned to occur logically prior to his divine creative decree (that is, prior to creation), and after his knowledge of
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on the one who wills to have faith in God for salvation. This means that God does not predetermine, but instead infallibly knows who will believe and perseveringly be saved. Although God knows from the beginning of the world who will go where, the choice is still with the individual.
1941:
consists in assuming that "we are the ones who choose God or that God chooses us (in his foreknowledge) because of something worthy in us", and argued that it is God's grace that causes the individual act of faith. Scholars are divided over whether Augustine's teaching implies
1933:(354–430) also taught that God orders all things while preserving human freedom. Prior to 396, Augustine believed that predestination was based on God's foreknowledge of whether individuals would believe, that God's grace was "a reward for human assent". Later, in response to
1991:
emphasized the freedom of the human will in his doctrine of predestination, and argued that acts arising from peoples' wills are not part of God's providence at all. Damascene teaches that people's good actions are done in cooperation with God, but are not caused by him.
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saw themselves as children of the light, but the ones who were not part of the elect community were sons of darkness. The Thomasines thus had a belief in a type of election or predestination, they saw themselves as elect because they were born from the light.
2144:
Answer: The fact that the Kingdom of God is "taken by force" presupposes personal effort. When the Apostle Paul says, "it is not of him that willeth," this means that one's efforts do not produce what is sought. It is necessary to combine them: to strive
2222:
laid the foundation for much of the later Roman Catholic teaching on predestination. His teachings on grace and free will were largely adopted by the Second Council of Orange (529), whose decrees were directed against the Semipelagians. Augustine wrote,
2591:, which distinguishes God's election and predestination for corporate entities such as the community "in Christ," and individuals who can benefit from that community's election and predestination so long as they continue belonging to that community.
1946:, or the belief that God chooses some people for damnation as well as some for salvation. Catholic scholars tend to deny that he held such a view while some Protestants and secular scholars affirm that Augustine did believe in double predestination.
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humanity as being predestinated for salvation (i.e., the city of God) or damnation (i.e., the earthly city of man); but Augustine also held that all human beings were born "reprobate" but "need not necessarily remain" in that state of reprobation.
2405:
to describe Calvinistic systems that assert without qualification that God's intention to destroy some is equal to his intention to save others. Some forms of Hyper-Calvinism have racial implications, as when Dutch Calvinist theologian
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2196:
Catholic theology has discouraged beliefs that it is possible for anyone to know or predict anything about the operation and outcomes of predestination, and therefore it normally plays a very small role in Roman Catholic thinking.
2632:
Calvinists who hold the infralapsarian view of predestination usually prefer that term to "sublapsarianism," perhaps with the intent of blocking the inference that they believe predestination is on the basis of foreknowledge
2149:
to expect all things from grace. It is not one's own efforts that will lead to the goal, because without grace, efforts produce little; nor does grace without effort bring what is sought, because grace acts in us and for us
2513:
1883:, writing in the third century, taught that God's providence extends to every individual. He believed God's predestination was based on God's foreknowledge of every individual's merits, whether in their current life or a
2602:(also called sublapsarianism) holds that predestination logically coincides with the preordination of Man's fall into sin. That is, God predestined sinful men for salvation. Therefore, according to this view, God is the
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2039:
monk, argued that God predestines some people to hell as well as predestining some to heaven, a view known as double predestination. He was condemned by several synods, but his views remained popular. Irish theologian
1544:
2422:. This justified racial hierarchy on earth, as well as racial segregation of congregations, but did not exclude blacks from being part of the elect. Other Calvinists vigorously objected to these arguments (see
2890:
Malan, J. C. (1983). "Enochic (apocalyptic) and Christian perspectives on relationships: A tentative comparison of striking aspects and underlying lines of thinking revealed in 1 Enoch and the New Testament".
1807:
responded that Josephus's description was an over-simplification and there were likely to be complex differences between these groups which may have been similar to those described by Josephus.
1980:
in the late fifth century condemned the position "that some have been condemned to death, others have been predestined to life", though this may seem to follow from Augustine's teaching. The
2044:
wrote a refutation of Gottschalk. Eriugena abandoned Augustine's teaching on predestination. He wrote that God's predestination should be equated with his foreknowledge of people's choices.
4186:
2330:, Lutherans do not believe in a predestination to damnation. Instead, Lutherans teach eternal damnation is a result of the unbeliever's rejection of the forgiveness of sins and unbelief.
4284:
5066:
39:
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applies to damnation as well as salvation, he taught that the damnation of the damned is caused by their sin, but that the salvation of the saved is solely caused by God. Other
1859:, a Protestant biblical interpreter, reads the passage as teaching that God has predestined a certain set of people to salvation, and predestined the remainder of humanity to
4467:
4022:. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 589–593, section "The Doctrine of Eternal Election: 2. How Believers are to Consider Their Election, and Engelder, T.E.W.,
2023:
And thus Christ's Church has never failed to hold the faith of this predestination, which is now being defended with new solicitude against these modern heretics – Augustine.
2170:
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2418:, according to Genesis 9:18–19, or drew analogies between them and the Canaanites, suggesting a "chosen people" ideology similar to that espoused by proponents of the
4815:
2505:
1534:
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argued that God's providence orders all human events, but the Pharisees still maintained that people are able to choose between right and wrong. He wrote that the
4075:. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 637, section "The Doctrine of the Last Things (Eschatology), part 7. "Eternal Damnation", and Engelder, T.E.W.,
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foresees how a man will freely act and makes dispositions accordingly. Divine determination depends on the life of a man, and not his life upon the determination.
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himself, based on I John 2:22–23 in The New Testament of the Bible. Some Dutch settlers in South Africa argued that black people were sons of Ham, whom Noah had
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if Free Creature A was to be placed in Circumstance C, God via his Middle Knowledge would know that Free Creature A will freely choose option Z over option Y.
2734:
if Free Creature A was to be placed in Circumstance B, God via his Middle Knowledge would know that Free Creature A will freely choose option Y over option Z.
4753:
4000:. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 585–589, section "The Doctrine of Eternal Election: 1. The Definition of the Term", and Engelder, T.E.W.,
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or not Calvin himself held this view, but most scholars link him with the infralapsarian position. It is known, however, that Calvin's successor in Geneva,
4629:. pp. 77, 83–87, explaining the resemblances of this Catholic dogma with, and the divergences from, the teaching of Calvin and Luther on this matter.
2583:, and is the belief that God chooses whomever he will, based solely on his purposes and apart from an individual's free will. It has long been an issue in
2629:
freedom, in order to bring about his will in completeness, but in such a way that the freedom of the creature is not violated, "but rather, established".
1915:
also attacked the doctrine of predestination set out by Valentinus, arguing that it is unfair. For Irenaeus, humans were free to choose salvation or not.
1815:, a document dated to the first century AD, that Jewish beliefs in predestination are primarily concerned with God's choice to save some individual Jews.
5059:
4371:
3448:"Henry Wace: Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies"
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wills evil consequences of good things, and only permits evil. Aquinas held that in permitting evil, God does not will it to be done or not to be done.
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mixture of good and evil, thus they can choose salvation, and others have a good nature, who will be saved, because they will be inclined into good.
580:
2941:
PhD, Mary A. Ehle; Hiesberger, Jean Marie; Mazza, Biagio; CSJ, Mary M. McGlone; OSB, Abbot Gregory J. Polan; Simeone, Denise; Turner, Paul (2014).
2617:, after whom Calvinism is named, is sometimes referred to as "double predestination" because in it God predestines some people for salvation (i.e.
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2489:. Thus predestination in Arminianism is based on divine foreknowledge, unlike in Calvinism. It is therefore a predestination by foreknowledge.
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they disagree with those who make predestination the source of salvation rather than Christ's suffering, death, and resurrection. Unlike some
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believed that despite predestination being a work that God does, God only decides to predestinate based on how human beings will respond.
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recipients of grace, and the manner in which grace is consciously withheld so that some are destined for everlasting punishments.
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in 431. Pelagius denied Augustine's view of predestination in order to affirm that salvation is achieved by an act of free will.
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The Emergence of Contemporary Judaism, Part I and II: The Foundations of Judaism from Biblical Origins to the Sixth Century A.D
2239:' views concerning predestination are largely in agreement with Augustine and can be summarized by many of his writings in his
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31:
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selected ("foreordained") particular people to fulfill certain missions ("callings") during their mortal lives. For example,
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Here, sub- is opposed to super- or supra- in a sense related to volition and/or necessity. Cf., for relapse of same origin,
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1961:, this was a disturbing innovation. This new tension eventually became obvious with the confrontation between Augustine and
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affirms free will, where God allows a choice of bad or good before the human and thus they can choose which one to follow.
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to a man unless he had free choice of will, so that by performing them he might obtain the promised rewards." (chap. II)
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what He has promised. Otherwise the fulfilment of God's promises would not be in the power of God, but in that of men"
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argued that Jews, because of their refusal to worship Jesus Christ, were members of the non-elect, as also argued by
2710:. It attempts to deal with the topic of predestination by reconciling God's sovereign providence with the notion of
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2536:. However, all such persons foreordained retain their agency in mortality to fulfill that foreordination or not.
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John Plaifere (d.1632) on Conditional Predestination: A Well-mixed Version of scientia media and Resistible Grace
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Sin, Grace and Free Will: A Historical Survey of Christian Thought (Volume 1): The Apostolic Fathers to Augustine
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4027:. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 127–128, Part XXXI. "The Election of Grace", paragraph 180.
4006:. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 124–128, Part XXXI. "The Election of Grace", paragraph 176.
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In common English parlance, the doctrine of predestination often has particular reference to the doctrines of
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wrote during the first century that the three main Jewish sects differed on this question. He argued that the
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In this common, loose sense of the term, to affirm or to deny predestination has particular reference to the
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The Bible and the Holy Fathers for Orthodox: Daily Scripture Readings and Commentary for Orthodox Christians
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in response to the question, "What is the relationship between the Divine provision and our free will?"
2002:, who was a pupil of Augustine, wrote five books against Pelagianism and one book about predestination.
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4081:. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 135–136, Part XXXIX. "Eternal Death", paragraph 196.
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in 529 also condemned the position that "some have been truly predestined to evil by divine power".
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called; and those whom he called he also justified; and those whom he justified he also glorified.
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1401:
1394:
1285:
1280:
1265:
1150:
1078:
978:
914:
614:
466:
373:
323:
258:
232:
165:
78:
5147:
2241:
2010:
rejected the view that God gives free choice to believe and instead believed in predestination.
3859:
2727:, the world most consistent with his ultimate will, which is the actual world that we live in.
2375:
before the world was created. They also believe that those people God does not save will go to
1890:
Gill and Gregg Alisson argued that Clement of Rome held to a predestinarian view of salvation.
5684:
5621:
5419:
5332:
5176:
5137:
5026:
5021:
4860:
4655:
4630:
4608:
4496:
4426:
4238:
4182:
3959:
3534:
3303:
3276:
3250:
3223:
3176:
3149:
3122:
3011:
2948:
2900:
2671:
2543:, the ability to choose and act for oneself, and decide whether to accept Christ's atonement.
2474:
2367:
2207:
2073:
2060:
1950:
1626:
1596:
1576:
1509:
1459:
1387:
1204:
1063:
1053:
938:
806:
533:
423:
418:
408:
403:
3506:
3272:
Fate, Providence and Free Will: Philosophy and Religion in Dialogue in the Early Imperial Age
2342:, published in 1525. This publication by Luther was in response to the published treatise by
5856:
5805:
5770:
5717:
5658:
5650:
5459:
5439:
5398:
5377:
5352:
5342:
5309:
5261:
5256:
5236:
5216:
5206:
5181:
5152:
4922:
4742:
4469:
Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer
3488:
2799:
2784:
2695:
2462:
2133:
2116:
1988:
1758:
1611:
1504:
1255:
1127:
1058:
801:
673:
662:
318:
244:
193:
94:
4667:"John Knox's Doctrine of Predestination and Its Practical Application for His Ecclesiology"
5800:
5494:
5449:
5429:
5299:
4757:
4654:; reprint of the 1939 ed. of the trans. published by G. Herder Book Co., Saint Louis, Mo.
4052:
4045:
3993:
3986:
3890:
2823:
2742:
of Z, God can actualise a world in which Free Creature A finds himself in Circumstance B.
2715:
2438:
2402:
2199:
The heretical seventeenth and eighteenth centuries sect within Roman Catholicism known as
2052:
1999:
1894:
1848:
1449:
1358:
949:
710:
684:
137:
132:
5780:
4441:
4398:
4607:
Leif Dixon, Practical Predestinarians in England, c. 1590–1640; Farnham, Ashgate, 2013,
4372:"The FACTS of Salvation: A Summary of Arminian Theology/the Biblical Doctrines of Grace"
3916:
3118:
Predestined to Believe: Common Objections to the Reformed Faith Answered, Second Edition
2864:
2714:. The concept of Middle Knowledge holds that God has a knowledge of true pre-volitional
597:
5790:
5775:
5513:
5489:
5006:
4939:
4784:
Overview of the concept of predestination from the Protestant and Catholic perspectives
3473:
2724:
2703:
2670:
Gottschalk of Orbais taught double predestination explicitly in the ninth century, and
2509:
2442:
2236:
2174:
2048:
1733:
1495:
1454:
1434:
1305:
1270:
1122:
1043:
781:
735:
652:
638:
207:
179:
65:
3756:
2379:. John Calvin thought people who were saved could never lose their salvation and the "
1998:(390 – c. 455 AD) defended Augustine's view of predestination against semi-Pelagians.
1818:
However some in the Qumran community possibly believed in predestination, for example
5825:
5454:
5289:
5142:
4907:
4569:
4272:
http://freedictionary.org/index.php?Query=relapse&database=%2A&strategy=exact
2803:
2720:
2646:
2333:
2077:
1918:
1884:
1826:
1803:
liberate Israel while Pharisees believed Jews needed to act in cooperation with God.
1754:
1408:
1315:
1112:
1107:
859:
791:
442:
393:
238:
146:
2528:
were foreordained to be the Lord's servants (see Jeremiah 1:5), all who receive the
1822:
states that "God has caused (his chosen ones) to inherit the lot of the Holy Ones".
5795:
5241:
4955:
4510:
4357:
Augustine, The City of God (New York, N.Y.: The Modern Library, 1950), pp. 478–479.
2415:
2013:
1799:
1775:
There is some disagreement among scholars regarding the views on predestination of
1364:
1137:
1017:
839:
832:
761:
657:
104:
4736:
4490:
4454:
2264:
This table summarizes the classical views of three different Protestant beliefs.
5785:
5722:
5663:
5569:
5444:
5347:
5304:
5284:
5211:
5157:
5076:
4902:
2622:
2614:
2466:
2411:
2322:
2283:
2273:
2107:
1966:
1860:
1856:
1729:
1721:
1479:
1439:
1424:
1310:
1250:
1194:
844:
796:
786:
490:
398:
388:
5044:
4731:
4616:
2757:
2663:
Double predestination, or the double decree, is the doctrine that God actively
909:
5694:
5118:
4835:
3871:
3492:
2753:
2664:
1898:
1419:
328:
17:
4763:
2904:
5752:
5737:
5633:
5192:
5011:
4944:
4077:
4056:
4024:
4002:
2794:
2610:
2576:
2478:
2430:
2387:
2327:
2278:
2200:
2096:
2065:
1954:
1864:
1792:
1788:
1761:
seems to harmonize or mix together a doctrine of free will and determinism.
1581:
1444:
1414:
921:
864:
771:
551:
510:
505:
4712:"The question asked was does God know the future and how we will turn out."
4711:
4285:"A Comparison and Evaluation of the Theology of Luther with That of Calvin"
2532:
were foreordained to that calling, and Jesus was foreordained to enact the
4400:
Institutes of the Christian Religion; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge
3858:
Catechism of the Catholic Church, section 1037; Katholieke Encyclopaedie,
2746:
providence somehow nullifies man from having true liberty in his choices.
5810:
5732:
5031:
3198:"Odes of Solomon: Early Hymns of the Jewish Christian Mystical Tradition"
2838:
2789:
2707:
2525:
2508:(LDS Church) rejects the doctrine of predestination, but does believe in
2383:" (those God saved) would know they were saved because of their actions.
1962:
1934:
1912:
1834:
1780:
1764:
1705:
1429:
1300:
756:
500:
471:
368:
347:
294:
99:
4423:
God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation
2912:
4855:
4716:
4617:
Practical Predestinarians in England, c. 1590–1640 | Reviews in History
2944:
Foundations for Preaching and Teaching®: Scripture Backgrounds for 2014
1784:
1728:. In this usage, predestination can be regarded as a form of religious
1464:
1189:
1162:
766:
495:
461:
452:
337:
4793:
2683:
Corporate election is a non-traditional Arminian view of election. In
1757:
contains a deterministic worldview that is combined with dualism. The
4750:
The Biblical Doctrine Of Predestination, Foreordination, and Election
4558:
2699:
2572:
2372:
1880:
1812:
1616:
1117:
342:
313:
304:
3481:
Evangelical Quarterly: An International Review of Bible and Theology
3219:
Seek to See Him: Ascent and Vision Mysticism in the Gospel of Thomas
3007:
Seek to See Him: Ascent and Vision Mysticism in the Gospel of Thomas
2473:
and predestination. Arminianism is defined by God's limited mode of
4666:
3197:
1847:
corporately rather than individuals. Another Catholic commentator,
2477:. This mode of providence affirms the compatibility between human
2169:
2036:
1938:
1132:
1094:
299:
289:
212:
188:
38:
30:
This article is about the Christian doctrine. For other uses, see
3535:"Philip Schaff: NPNF1-05. St. Augustine: Anti-Pelagian Writings"
2437:
Calvinists typically divide on the issue of predestination into
2376:
1713:
1712:, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual
5542:
5048:
4797:
3169:
Carson, D. A.; O'Brien, Peter Thomas; Seifrid, Mark A. (2001).
1921:
attacked predestinarian views held by some Greek philosophers.
1851:, wrote that this passage teaches that God has predestined the
5538:
4274: : L. relapsus, p. p. of relabi to slip back, to relapse.
2521:
2398:
of God and the responsibility and freedom of human decisions.
2191:
Roman Catholicism teaches the doctrine of predestination. The
1819:
2204:
anyone to mortally sin and so to deserve punishment in hell.
4542:
Roger E. Olson: My evangelical, Arminian theological musings
3958:. Downers Grove, Illinois: Intervarsity Press. p. 132.
4516:
Luther's Legacy: Salvation and English Reformers, 1525–1556
2461:
At the beginning of the 17th century, the Dutch theologian
2266:
1716:. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the
3474:"Predestination in the century before Gottschalk (Part 1)"
3145:
Historical Theology: An Introduction to Christian Doctrine
5109:
Issues / people / publications involved
3944:. Milwaukee: Northwestern Publishing House, 2006. p. 448.
3557:
3555:
2869:
The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy
2659:
Predestination in Calvinism § Double predestination
4732:
Occurrences of "predestination" in the Bible text (ESV)
4046:
Epitome of the Formula of Concord, Article 11, Election
3987:
Epitome of the Formula of Concord, Article 11, Election
3693:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopaediaE2024-04-08 (
3662:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopaediaE2024-04-03 (
3357:
3355:
4790:
Grace and predestination from the Orthodox perspective
4563:. Vol. 6. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems.
2575:. This belief emphasizes the importance of a person's
1708:, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by
3942:
God So Loved the World: A Study of Christian Doctrine
2336:'s attitude towards predestination is set out in his
3940:
Table drawn, though not copied, from Lange, Lyle W.
3688:
3657:
5751:
5708:
5672:
5649:
5612:
5576:
3423:"Saint Prosper of Aquitaine | Christian polemicist"
2305:to salvation only, with reprobation (passing over)
3891:"In What Respects Predestination and Grace Differ"
3539:www.ccel.org – Christian Classics Ethereal Library
3452:www.ccel.org – Christian Classics Ethereal Library
2051:taught that God predestines certain people to the
3954:Peterson, Robert A.; Michael D. Williams (2004).
3834:An Explanation of Certain Texts of Holy Scripture
2834:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
4788:On the Presuppositions of our Personal Salvation
4776:Academic articles on predestination and election
4596:(3 volumes). Kansas City, MO: Beacon Hill Press.
4059:, Part XXXI. The Election of Grace, pp. 124–128.
2871:(Third ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005
1833:8–11 presents a statement on predestination. In
4727:Detailed Lecture on Islamic Perspective on Fate
2506:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2501:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2247:
2225:
2212:
2142:
1953:expressed the view that Augustine was bringing
1839:
1535:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
4646:. Rockford, Ill.: TAN Books, 1998, cop. 1939.
4581:Stanglin, Keith D.; McCall, Thomas H. (2012).
4492:Predestination: Biblical and Theological Paths
4090:
3757:"Cathar Texts: The Book of the Two Principles"
5554:
5527:Articles identified (I–XII) according to the
5466:The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ
5060:
4809:
4625:. San Diego, Calif.: Catholic Answers, 2001.
4187:"God Foreordains His Prophets and His People"
3849:Catechism of the Catholic Church, section 600
2539:The LDS Church teaches the doctrine of moral
2492:From this perspective, comes the notion of a
1682:
986:
957:
574:
8:
2613:. The version of predestination espoused by
4760:by F. Furman Kearley (Arminian perspective)
4191:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
4169:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
3507:"The Battle for Grace Alone by R.C. Sproul"
3211:
3209:
3207:
2516:of the LDS Church, teaches that during the
2469:and disagreed with Calvin in particular on
5561:
5547:
5539:
5067:
5053:
5045:
4816:
4802:
4794:
1689:
1675:
1344:
1024:
1004:
993:
979:
964:
950:
592:
581:
567:
52:
4702:"Determinism in Theology: Predestination"
4425:. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
4403:. Vol. 2, books 2, 3. Translated by
2119:, also held double predestinarian views.
1929:Later in the fourth and fifth centuries,
4652:La Prédestination des saints et la grâce
4407:. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society.
3804:
3792:
3780:
3743:
3676:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3346:
3334:
3322:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3042:
3030:
2991:
2979:
2967:
1949:Augustine's position raised objections.
4738:The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination
4321:
3820:
2856:
2595:Supralapsarianism and infralapsarianism
2441:(sometimes called 'sublapsarians') and
1795:did not have a doctrine of providence.
1494:
1347:
1016:
882:
814:
748:
702:
637:
613:
64:
4706:The Dictionary of the History of Ideas
4333:
4235:, (Henry Beveridge, trans.), III.21.5"
3731:
3719:
3707:
2453:settled by the eternal action of God.
2311:in view of foreseen faith or unbelief
695:Allegorical interpretations of Genesis
271:Allegorical interpretations of Genesis
4722:Understanding Predestination in Islam
4495:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4365:
4363:
4345:
4309:
4260:Westminster Confession of faith, Ch 3
4138:
4126:
4114:
4102:
3816:
3529:
3527:
3361:
2706:, and exists under a doctrine called
2638:partial knowledge to the human race.
1969:(as interpreted by Augustine) at the
7:
4745:(conservative Calvinist perspective)
4689:Reformation & Renaissance Review
4585:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4538:"Calvinism and Arminianism Compared"
4233:Institutes of the Christian Religion
3246:The Philosophy of Early Christianity
5086:
4583:Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace
4519:. Oxford: Clarendon. Archived from
4472:. Oxford: Clarendon. Archived from
4370:Brian Abasciano (25 October 2013).
3172:Justification and Variegated Nomism
2698:is a concept that was developed by
2649:, held to the supralapsarian view.
2296:
1530:Members Church of God International
5594:Novikov self-consistency principle
4374:. Society of Evangelical Arminians
4152:Evangelical Dictionary of Theology
2621:) and some for condemnation (i.e.
1779:, out of which Christianity came.
892:
25:
2947:. Liturgy Training Publications.
2567:those whom he foresees will have
1937:, Augustine said that the sin of
5862:Religious philosophical concepts
5604:Quantum mechanics of time travel
5584:Chronology protection conjecture
3917:"Whether God Reprobates any Man"
3836:, as quoted in Johanna Manley's
2756:
2193:Catechism of the Catholic Church
2099:denied the free will of humans.
1811:has also argued on the basis of
1656:
932:
920:
908:
850:Presentism (historical analysis)
621:
596:
550:
72:
4560:History of the Christian Church
4453:EncyclopaediaE (3 April 2024).
4440:EncyclopaediaE (8 April 2024).
4287:. 19 March 2015. Archived from
4165:"Gospel Topics: Foreordination"
3689:EncyclopaediaE & 2024-04-08
3658:EncyclopaediaE & 2024-04-03
2579:. The counter-view is known as
2512:. Foreordination, an important
2485:, but its incompatibility with
2429:Expressed sympathetically, the
1965:culminating in condemnation of
32:Predestination (disambiguation)
5837:Catholic theology and doctrine
3472:Gumerlock, Francis X. (2009).
2587:. An alternative viewpoint is
2401:Calvinist groups use the term
2136:view was summarized by Bishop
2019:Augustine himself stated thus:
1957:thoughts into the church. For
1724:seems incompatible with human
1540:The New Church (Swedenborgian)
1485:Nondenominational Christianity
27:Doctrine in Christian theology
1:
5700:Parallel universes in fiction
4421:dePrater, William A. (2015).
4154:, Baker Academic, 2001, p. 98
3121:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
2166:Predestination in Catholicism
539:Neoplatonism and Christianity
5710:Philosophy of space and time
4782:Predestination and Free Will
4466:James, Frank A. III (1998).
4193:. LDS Church. Archived from
3243:Karamanolis, George (2021).
2764:Reformed Christianity portal
1545:Unitarians and Universalists
48:Saint Michael Weighing Souls
5415:Augsburg Confession Variata
4892:extra Ecclesiam nulla salus
4665:Park, Jae-Eun (July 2013).
4640:Garrigou-Lagrange, Réginald
2879:– via Dictionary.com.
2814:Predestination in Calvinism
2362:Predestination in Calvinism
2123:Views of Christian branches
2059:In the thirteenth century,
2047:In the thirteenth century,
5883:
5690:Many-worlds interpretation
5577:General terms and concepts
5359:On the Bondage of the Will
4650:.: Trans. of the author's
4489:Levering, Matthew (2011).
4091:Stanglin & McCall 2012
3832:St. Theophan the Recluse,
2774:Biochemical Predestination
2656:
2359:
2339:On the Bondage of the Will
2163:
1753:Some have argued that the
436:Other similar developments
119:Augustinian predestination
44:Juan de la Abadía el Viejo
29:
5525:
5509:
5504:
5501:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5404:
5397:
5394:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5231:
5226:
5223:
5196:
5191:
5188:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5122:
5117:
5114:
5107:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
4831:
4769:The Catholic Encyclopedia
4623:The Salvation Controversy
4211:. churchofjesuschrist.org
3493:10.1163/27725472-08103001
2585:Calvinist–Arminian debate
283:Influences and precursors
5599:Self-fulfilling prophecy
4672:Puritan Reformed Journal
4590:Wiley, H. Orton (1940).
4536:Olson, Roger E. (2018).
4416:. London: Penguin books.
4412:Chadwick, Henry (1993).
3956:Why I am not an Arminian
3216:DeConick, April (2015).
3004:DeConick, April (2015).
2082:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel
1982:Second Council of Orange
1777:first-century AD Judaism
870:Order of Saint Augustine
855:Philosophical presentism
749:Influences and followers
4704:by Robert M. Kindon in
4691:, 18.2 (2016): 155–173.
4574:Encyclopædia Britannica
4557:Schaff, Philip (1997).
4459:Encyclopædia Britannica
4446:Encyclopædia Britannica
4051:10 October 2008 at the
3992:10 October 2008 at the
3879:, chapter 1, section 10
3427:Encyclopedia Britannica
3296:Knell, Matthew (2017).
3142:Allison, Gregg (2011).
2829:Theological determinism
2819:Predestination in Islam
2547:Types of predestination
2487:theological determinism
2185:Wallraf-Richartz Museum
1987:In the eighth century,
1853:salvation of all humans
1738:theological determinism
927:Christianity portal
828:Rule of Saint Augustine
557:Christianity portal
5763:closed timelike curves
5614:Time travel in fiction
4778:(Lutheran perspective)
4756:3 October 2008 at the
3895:Anti Pelagian Writings
3148:. Zondervan Academic.
3115:Murrell, Adam (2009).
2619:unconditional election
2581:unconditional election
2392:unconditional election
2303:Unconditional election
2252:
2230:
2217:
2188:
2157:
2025:
1844:
915:Catholicism portal
741:Harmony of the Gospels
680:Augustinian hypothesis
496:Thomistic Epistemology
266:Augustinian hypothesis
50:
5852:Christian terminology
5847:Christian soteriology
5811:Traversable wormholes
5589:Closed timelike curve
4568:Stacey, John (2024).
4397:Calvin, John (1845).
2809:Predestination (film)
2712:libertarian free will
2657:Further information:
2653:Double predestination
2297:election to salvation
2173:
2090:Johannes von Staupitz
2021:
1944:double predestination
939:Philosophy portal
823:Augustinian Calvinism
721:On Christian Doctrine
631:of the Western Church
175:Divine command theory
152:Sacramental character
42:
5842:Christian philosophy
5622:Timelines in fiction
5295:Nicolaus von Amsdorf
4866:Conditional Security
3889:Augustine of Hippo.
2563:chooses for eternal
2557:Conditional election
2552:Conditional election
2518:pre-mortal existence
2494:conditional election
2483:divine foreknowledge
2309:Conditional election
2138:Theophan the Recluse
2113:Protestant Reformers
2042:John Scotus Eriugena
2033:Gottschalk of Orbais
1996:Prosper of Aquitaine
1837::28–30, Paul writes,
1771:New Testament period
1749:Pre-Christian period
1718:paradox of free will
1382:Independent Catholic
875:Great Schism of 1054
690:Augustinian theodicy
529:Western Christianity
384:Anselm of Canterbury
379:John Scotus Eriugena
362:Augustinian thinkers
161:Augustinian theodicy
124:Gift of perseverance
5659:Grandfather paradox
4825:Christian salvation
4523:on 22 December 2015
4476:on 22 December 2015
4442:"Gregory Of Rimini"
4073:Christian Dogmatics
4020:Christian Dogmatics
3998:Christian Dogmatics
3807:, pp. 105–106.
3511:Ligonier Ministries
2559:is the belief that
2424:Afrikaner Calvinism
2416:cursed to be slaves
2086:Girolamo Savonarola
2004:Fulgentius of Ruspe
1893:Some verses in the
1663:Christianity portal
1520:Jehovah's Witnesses
1200:History of theology
414:Nicolas Malebranche
199:Divine illumination
5832:Calvinist theology
5757:general relativity
5680:Alternative future
5673:Parallel timelines
5651:Temporal paradoxes
5627:in science fiction
5529:Formula of Concord
5410:Philip Melanchthon
5388:Victorinus Strigel
5338:Victorinus Strigel
5328:Philip Melanchthon
5267:Victorinus Strigel
5252:Philip Melanchthon
5247:Francesco Stancaro
5202:Philip Melanchthon
4593:Christian theology
4183:McConkie, Bruce R.
4150:Walter A. Elwell,
3876:Redemptoris Missio
2780:Clockwork universe
2685:corporate election
2679:Corporate election
2589:Corporate election
2408:Franciscus Gomarus
2344:Desiderius Erasmus
2220:Augustine of Hippo
2189:
2070:Thomas Bradwardine
2035:, a ninth-century
2008:Caesarius of Arles
1971:Council of Ephesus
1931:Augustine of Hippo
1925:Post-Nicene period
1402:Church of the East
1266:Early Christianity
896:Augustine of Hippo
883:Related categories
615:Augustine of Hippo
485:Contrary positions
467:Christian humanism
374:Isidore of Seville
259:Biblical criticism
233:Solvitur ambulando
166:Augustinian values
51:
5819:
5818:
5771:Alcubierre metric
5685:Alternate history
5536:
5535:
5520:
5519:
5435:Maximilian Mörlin
5420:Albert Hardenberg
5333:Johann Pfeffinger
5177:Descent into Hell
5169:Descent into Hell
5138:Johannes Agricola
5042:
5041:
5022:Union with Christ
4615:. Book review at
4502:978-0-19-960452-4
4432:978-1-4982-0454-5
4241:on 29 August 2006
4197:on 8 August 2020.
4078:Popular Symbolics
4071:, Mueller, J.T.,
4057:Popular Symbolics
4055:, and Engelder's
4025:Popular Symbolics
4018:, Mueller, J.T.,
4003:Popular Symbolics
3996:, Mueller, J.T.,
3915:Aquinas, Thomas.
3746:, pp. 42–43.
3624:, pp. 78–79.
3349:, pp. 47–48.
3337:, pp. 48–49.
3309:978-0-227-90567-8
3282:978-90-04-43638-1
3256:978-0-429-62823-8
3229:978-90-04-31300-2
3182:978-3-16-146994-7
3155:978-0-310-41041-6
3128:978-1-62189-175-8
3017:978-90-04-31300-2
2954:978-1-61671-079-8
2672:Gregory of Rimini
2642:Supralapsarianism
2600:Infralapsarianism
2396:sovereign control
2368:Belgic Confession
2346:in 1524 known as
2315:
2314:
2208:Pope John Paul II
2160:Roman Catholicism
2128:Eastern Orthodoxy
2074:Gregory of Rimini
2061:William of Ockham
1959:Vincent of Lérins
1951:Julian of Eclanum
1876:Pre-Nicene period
1798:Biblical scholar
1699:
1698:
1552:
1551:
1525:Latter Day Saints
1510:Iglesia ni Cristo
1475:United Protestant
1460:Plymouth Brethren
1395:Oriental Orthodox
1003:
1002:
591:
590:
534:Catholic theology
443:Scholastic method
419:John Henry Newman
404:Gregory of Rimini
16:(Redirected from
5874:
5806:van Stockum dust
5718:Butterfly effect
5563:
5556:
5549:
5540:
5460:Gnesio-Lutherans
5440:Johannes Saliger
5425:Joachim Westphal
5399:Crypto-Calvinist
5378:Matthias Flacius
5353:Gnesio-Lutherans
5343:Matthias Flacius
5310:Gnesio-Lutherans
5262:Andreas Musculus
5257:Matthias Flacius
5237:Andreas Osiander
5217:Gnesio-Lutherans
5207:Matthias Flacius
5182:Johannes Aepinus
5153:Matthias Flacius
5105:
5087:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5046:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4795:
4764:"Predestination"
4743:Loraine Boettner
4680:
4597:
4586:
4577:
4564:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4511:Trueman, Carl R.
4506:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4462:
4449:
4436:
4417:
4414:The Early Church
4408:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4367:
4358:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4281:
4275:
4268:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4237:. Archived from
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4161:
4155:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4066:
4060:
4035:
4029:
4013:
4007:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3951:
3945:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3921:Summa Theologica
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3886:
3880:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3841:
3830:
3824:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3478:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3213:
3202:
3201:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3112:
3106:
3105:, p. 39–40.
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2865:"Predestination"
2861:
2800:Oedipus Tyrannus
2785:Eternal security
2766:
2761:
2760:
2721:necessary truths
2696:Middle Knowledge
2691:Middle Knowledge
2463:Jacobus Arminius
2267:
2134:Eastern Orthodox
2117:Huldrych Zwingli
2088:(1452–1498) and
1989:John of Damascus
1978:Council of Arles
1871:Patristic period
1759:book of Jubilees
1736:, also known as
1720:, whereby God's
1691:
1684:
1677:
1660:
1505:Christadelphians
1435:Free Evangelical
1388:Eastern Orthodox
1345:
1296:East–West Schism
1028:
1005:
995:
988:
981:
966:
959:
952:
946:
937:
936:
935:
925:
924:
913:
912:
894:
674:Incurvatus in se
663:Invisible church
629:The Four Doctors
625:
624:
600:
593:
583:
576:
569:
555:
554:
424:Joseph Ratzinger
245:Incurvatus in se
194:Church invisible
95:Platonic realism
76:
53:
21:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5801:Tipler cylinder
5760:
5747:
5704:
5668:
5645:
5608:
5572:
5567:
5537:
5532:
5521:
5495:Girolamo Zanchi
5450:Sacramentarians
5430:Martin Chemnitz
5401:
5300:Nicolaus Gallus
5132:
5100:
5080:
5073:
5043:
5038:
4827:
4822:
4758:Wayback Machine
4698:
4664:
4604:
4602:Further reading
4589:
4580:
4570:"John Wycliffe"
4567:
4556:
4547:
4545:
4535:
4526:
4524:
4509:
4503:
4488:
4479:
4477:
4465:
4452:
4439:
4433:
4420:
4411:
4405:Henry Beveridge
4396:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4320:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4231:"Calvin, John.
4229:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4067:
4063:
4053:Wayback Machine
4036:
4032:
4014:
4010:
3994:Wayback Machine
3977:
3973:
3966:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3923:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3869:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3831:
3827:
3815:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3560:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3275:. Brill. 2020.
3269:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3215:
3214:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2926:Sigal, Philip.
2925:
2924:
2920:
2893:Neotestamentica
2889:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2824:Providentialism
2762:
2755:
2752:
2725:possible worlds
2716:counterfactuals
2693:
2681:
2661:
2655:
2597:
2554:
2549:
2503:
2459:
2443:supralapsarians
2439:infralapsarians
2403:Hyper-Calvinism
2364:
2358:
2320:
2262:
2257:
2242:Summa Theologiæ
2168:
2162:
2130:
2125:
2105:
2053:beatific vision
2030:
2000:Marius Mercator
1927:
1895:Odes of Solomon
1878:
1873:
1849:Joseph Fitzmyer
1773:
1751:
1746:
1695:
1632:
1631:
1602:Other religions
1562:
1554:
1553:
1342:
1341:
1321:
1320:
1241:
1240:
1220:
1219:
1153:
1143:
1142:
1103:
1102:
1084:
1083:
1049:
1048:
999:
970:
944:
933:
931:
919:
907:
900:
899:
898:
891:
711:The City of God
633:
630:
622:
587:
549:
544:
543:
524:
516:
515:
486:
478:
477:
476:
457:
437:
429:
428:
364:
354:
353:
352:
333:
309:
284:
276:
275:
261:
251:
250:
227:
219:
218:
217:
203:
184:
170:
156:
142:
138:Absence of good
133:Just war theory
128:
109:
89:
81:
79:Saint Augustine
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5880:
5878:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5824:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5791:Krasnikov tube
5788:
5783:
5778:
5776:BTZ black hole
5773:
5767:
5765:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5743:Predestination
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5714:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5618:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5543:
5534:
5533:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5514:Georg Calixtus
5510:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5490:Johann Marbach
5487:
5485:Predestination
5481:
5478:
5477:Predestination
5475:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5402:and Saligerian
5396:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5198:
5195:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5098:
5093:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5049:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5007:Sanctification
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4977:Reconciliation
4974:
4972:Recapitulation
4969:
4967:Predestination
4964:
4959:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4940:Means of grace
4937:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4761:
4746:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4717:Predestination
4714:
4709:
4697:
4696:External links
4694:
4693:
4692:
4681:
4662:
4644:Predestination
4637:
4619:
4613:978-1409463863
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4587:
4578:
4565:
4554:
4533:
4507:
4501:
4486:
4463:
4450:
4437:
4431:
4418:
4409:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4359:
4350:
4348:, p. 147.
4338:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4291:on 1 June 2023
4276:
4263:
4252:
4222:
4200:
4174:
4156:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4107:
4095:
4093:, p. 190.
4083:
4061:
4030:
4008:
3971:
3964:
3946:
3933:
3907:
3881:
3863:
3860:praedestinatie
3851:
3842:
3825:
3819:, p. 30;
3809:
3797:
3795:, p. 104.
3785:
3783:, p. 102.
3773:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3681:
3679:, pp. 37.
3669:
3650:
3638:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3551:
3523:
3498:
3487:(3): 195–209.
3464:
3439:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3388:, p. 233.
3378:
3376:, p. 232.
3366:
3364:, p. 102.
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3308:
3288:
3281:
3262:
3255:
3235:
3228:
3203:
3188:
3181:
3161:
3154:
3134:
3127:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3023:
3016:
2996:
2984:
2972:
2960:
2953:
2933:
2918:
2882:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2751:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2704:Luis de Molina
2692:
2689:
2680:
2677:
2654:
2651:
2604:ultimate cause
2596:
2593:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2510:foreordination
2502:
2499:
2458:
2455:
2360:Main article:
2357:
2354:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2295:Unconditional
2293:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2237:Thomas Aquinas
2180:Last Judgement
2175:Stefan Lochner
2164:Main article:
2161:
2158:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2104:
2101:
2080:(1320s–1384),
2049:Thomas Aquinas
2029:
2026:
1926:
1923:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1809:Francis Watson
1772:
1769:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1734:predeterminism
1732:; and usually
1702:Predestination
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1561:Related topics
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1496:Restorationist
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1271:Church Fathers
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
990:
983:
975:
972:
971:
969:
968:
961:
954:
943:
942:
941:
929:
917:
902:
901:
890:
889:
888:
885:
884:
880:
879:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
836:
835:
825:
817:
816:
815:Related topics
812:
811:
810:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
751:
750:
746:
745:
744:
743:
738:
736:On the Trinity
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
705:
704:
700:
699:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
670:
668:Predestination
665:
660:
655:
653:Amillennialism
650:
648:Divine command
642:
641:
639:Augustinianism
635:
634:
626:
618:
617:
611:
610:
602:
601:
589:
588:
586:
585:
578:
571:
563:
560:
559:
546:
545:
542:
541:
536:
531:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
475:
474:
469:
464:
458:
456:
455:
450:
445:
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
409:René Descartes
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
360:
359:
356:
355:
351:
350:
345:
340:
334:
332:
331:
326:
321:
316:
310:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
268:
262:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
241:
236:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
216:
215:
210:
208:Theocentricism
204:
202:
201:
196:
191:
185:
183:
182:
180:Amillennialism
177:
171:
169:
168:
163:
157:
155:
154:
149:
143:
141:
140:
135:
129:
127:
126:
121:
116:
110:
108:
107:
102:
97:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
77:
69:
68:
66:Augustinianism
62:
61:
26:
24:
18:Predestinarian
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5879:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5559:
5557:
5552:
5550:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5530:
5524:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5455:Ubiquitarians
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5383:Simon Musaeus
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:Justus Menius
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5193:Adiaphoristic
5187:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5164:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5143:Andreas Poach
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5113:
5110:
5103:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5079:controversies
5078:
5070:
5065:
5063:
5058:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4951:
4950:Mortification
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:Justification
4933:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:Glorification
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4807:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4621:Akin, James.
4620:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4555:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4487:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4373:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4327:
4324:, p. 69.
4323:
4318:
4315:
4312:, p. 30.
4311:
4306:
4303:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4253:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4226:
4223:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4171:. LDS Church.
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4016:2 Thess. 2:13
4012:
4009:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3965:0-8308-3248-3
3961:
3957:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3908:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3823:, p. 69.
3822:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3805:Levering 2011
3801:
3798:
3794:
3793:Levering 2011
3789:
3786:
3782:
3781:Levering 2011
3777:
3774:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3744:dePrater 2015
3740:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3677:dePrater 2015
3673:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3648:, p. 89.
3647:
3646:Levering 2011
3642:
3639:
3636:, p. 88.
3635:
3634:Levering 2011
3630:
3627:
3623:
3622:Levering 2011
3618:
3615:
3612:, p. 78.
3611:
3610:Levering 2011
3606:
3603:
3600:, p. 80.
3599:
3598:Levering 2011
3594:
3591:
3588:, p. 74.
3587:
3586:Levering 2011
3582:
3579:
3576:, p. 69.
3575:
3574:Levering 2011
3570:
3567:
3564:, p. 70.
3563:
3562:Levering 2011
3558:
3556:
3552:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3412:, p. 60.
3411:
3410:Levering 2011
3406:
3403:
3400:, p. 37.
3399:
3398:Levering 2011
3394:
3391:
3387:
3386:Chadwick 1993
3382:
3379:
3375:
3374:Chadwick 1993
3370:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3347:Levering 2011
3343:
3340:
3336:
3335:Levering 2011
3331:
3328:
3325:, p. 44.
3324:
3323:Levering 2011
3319:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3249:. Routledge.
3248:
3247:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3196:Denzer, Pam.
3192:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3103:Levering 2011
3099:
3096:
3093:, p. 38.
3092:
3091:Levering 2011
3087:
3084:
3081:, p. 33.
3080:
3079:Levering 2011
3075:
3072:
3069:, p. 32.
3068:
3067:Levering 2011
3063:
3060:
3057:, p. 31.
3056:
3055:Levering 2011
3051:
3048:
3045:, p. 29.
3044:
3043:Levering 2011
3039:
3036:
3033:, p. 25.
3032:
3031:Levering 2011
3027:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2997:
2994:, p. 17.
2993:
2992:Levering 2011
2988:
2985:
2982:, p. 16.
2981:
2980:Levering 2011
2976:
2973:
2970:, p. 15.
2969:
2968:Levering 2011
2964:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2883:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Greek tragedy
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:For example:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2647:Theodore Beza
2643:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:Jewish nation
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2334:Martin Luther
2331:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2255:Protestantism
2254:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2095:The medieval
2093:
2092:(1460–1524).
2091:
2087:
2084:(died 1481),
2083:
2079:
2078:John Wycliffe
2076:(1300–1358),
2075:
2072:(1300–1349),
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1919:Justin Martyr
1916:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:previous life
1882:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:New Testament
1823:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1755:Book of Enoch
1748:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1670:
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1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:Denominations
1330:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
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1164:
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1156:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:New Testament
1111:
1109:
1108:Old Testament
1106:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
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1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
996:
991:
989:
984:
982:
977:
976:
974:
973:
967:
962:
960:
955:
953:
948:
947:
940:
930:
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918:
916:
911:
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904:
903:
897:
893:
887:
886:
881:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:Scholasticism
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
834:
831:
830:
829:
826:
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664:
661:
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651:
649:
646:
645:
644:
643:
640:
636:
632:
627:Augustine in
620:
619:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:
599:
595:
594:
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577:
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570:
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420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
394:Giles of Rome
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
363:
358:
357:
349:
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280:
279:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
260:
255:
254:
247:
246:
242:
240:
239:Heroic virtue
237:
235:
234:
230:
229:
223:
222:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
200:
197:
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186:
181:
178:
176:
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172:
167:
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162:
159:
158:
153:
150:
148:
147:Concupiscence
145:
144:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
106:
103:
101:
98:
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85:
84:
80:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
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55:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5796:Misner space
5781:Gödel metric
5761:can contain
5742:
5506:Syncretistic
5484:
5464:
5357:
5242:Johann Funck
5108:
5101:
5095:
5090:
4997:Resurrection
4987:Regeneration
4966:
4962:Perseverance
4956:Ordo salutis
4954:
4918:Irresistible
4890:
4886:Eternal life
4876:Divinization
4767:
4749:
4737:
4705:
4688:
4676:
4670:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4626:
4622:
4592:
4582:
4573:
4559:
4546:. Retrieved
4541:
4525:. Retrieved
4521:the original
4515:
4491:
4478:. Retrieved
4474:the original
4468:
4458:
4445:
4422:
4413:
4399:
4376:. Retrieved
4353:
4341:
4329:
4322:Trueman 1994
4317:
4305:
4293:. Retrieved
4289:the original
4279:
4266:
4255:
4243:. Retrieved
4239:the original
4232:
4225:
4213:. Retrieved
4203:
4195:the original
4190:
4185:(May 1974).
4177:
4168:
4159:
4151:
4146:
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4122:
4110:
4098:
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4001:
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3941:
3936:
3924:. Retrieved
3920:
3910:
3898:. Retrieved
3894:
3884:
3874:
3866:
3854:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3821:Trueman 1994
3812:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3764:. Retrieved
3760:
3751:
3739:
3727:
3715:
3703:
3684:
3672:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3581:
3569:
3542:. Retrieved
3538:
3514:. Retrieved
3510:
3501:
3484:
3480:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3451:
3442:
3430:. Retrieved
3426:
3417:
3405:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3298:
3291:
3271:
3265:
3245:
3238:
3218:
3191:
3171:
3164:
3144:
3137:
3117:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3050:
3038:
3026:
3006:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2963:
2943:
2936:
2927:
2921:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2868:
2859:
2772:
2744:
2740:
2729:
2694:
2682:
2669:
2662:
2640:
2635:sublapsarian
2634:
2631:
2627:
2608:
2598:
2555:
2538:
2504:
2491:
2460:
2451:
2447:
2436:
2428:
2400:
2390:doctrine of
2385:
2365:
2349:On Free Will
2347:
2337:
2332:
2321:
2290:
2263:
2248:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2178:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2131:
2115:, including
2106:
2094:
2068:(died 868),
2058:
2046:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2012:
1994:
1986:
1975:
1948:
1928:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1892:
1889:
1879:
1845:
1840:
1824:
1817:
1805:John Barclay
1800:N. T. Wright
1797:
1774:
1763:
1752:
1701:
1700:
1567:Civilization
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1377:Old Catholic
1357:
1215:Universalism
1138:New Covenant
1074:Resurrection
1018:Christianity
840:Neoplatonism
833:Augustinians
762:Saint Monica
672:
667:
658:Original sin
628:
448:Anselmianism
243:
231:
105:Original sin
47:
36:
5867:Determinism
5786:Kerr metric
5723:Determinism
5664:Causal loop
5570:Time travel
5445:Philippists
5348:Philippists
5320:Synergistic
5305:Philippists
5285:Georg Major
5212:Philippists
5158:Philippists
5096:Controversy
4903:Forgiveness
4708:(1973–1974)
4679:(2): 65–90.
4527:15 December
4480:14 December
4455:"Ratramnus"
4334:Calvin 1845
4215:29 November
4141:, .
4129:, Chap. 26.
4117:, Chap. 14.
3983:Eph. 1:4–11
3732:Schaff 1997
3720:Schaff 1997
3708:Stacey 2024
3302:. ISD LLC.
2702:theologian
2623:Reprobation
2615:John Calvin
2467:Arminianism
2465:formulated
2457:Arminianism
2412:John Calvin
2318:Lutheranism
2284:Arminianism
2274:Lutheranism
2183:, c. 1435.
2108:John Calvin
2103:Reformation
2028:Middle Ages
1967:Pelagianism
1861:reprobation
1857:Douglas Moo
1730:determinism
1722:omniscience
1455:Pentecostal
1337:(full list)
1311:Reformation
1276:Constantine
1195:Christology
1185:Apologetics
1178:Holy Spirit
1099:Foundations
1069:Crucifixion
945:This box:
845:Pelagianism
787:Bonaventure
731:Enchiridion
726:Soliloquies
716:Confessions
491:Pelagianism
399:Duns Scotus
389:Bonaventure
5826:Categories
5753:Spacetimes
5728:Eternalism
5695:Multiverse
5277:Majoristic
5228:Osiandrian
5148:Anton Otto
5119:Antinomian
5102:Resolution
4992:Repentance
4982:Redemption
4930:Imputation
4923:Prevenient
4871:Conversion
4836:Absolution
4741:(1932) by
4683:_______. "
4660:0895556340
4635:1888992182
4346:James 1998
4310:James 1998
4295:19 October
4139:Olson 2018
4127:Wiley 1940
4115:Wiley 1940
4103:Olson 2018
4042:2 Pet. 3:9
4038:1 Tim. 2:4
3979:Acts 13:48
3872:encyclical
3817:James 1998
3766:1 December
3761:gnosis.org
3544:2 December
3516:1 December
3457:2 December
3432:29 October
3362:James 1998
2846:References
2665:reprobates
2530:priesthood
2475:providence
2328:Calvinists
2260:Comparison
1906:Valentinus
1899:Thomasines
1515:Irvingians
1480:Waldensian
1420:Anabaptist
1409:Protestant
329:Tertullian
5738:Free will
5634:Time loop
5012:Synergism
5002:Salvation
4945:Monergism
4851:Atonement
4846:Assurance
4548:27 August
4544:. Patheos
4336:, 3.21.7.
4069:Hos. 13:9
3840:, p. 609.
3222:. Brill.
3010:. Brill.
2905:0254-8356
2899:: 84–96.
2851:Citations
2795:Jansenism
2611:Calvinism
2577:free will
2565:salvation
2534:atonement
2479:free will
2431:Calvinist
2388:Calvinist
2356:Calvinism
2323:Lutherans
2279:Calvinism
2201:Jansenism
2187:, Cologne
2066:Ratramnus
1955:Manichean
1865:damnation
1793:Sadducees
1789:Pharisees
1726:free will
1622:Symbolism
1582:Ecumenism
1572:Criticism
1450:Moravian
1445:Methodist
1415:Adventist
1286:Augustine
1236:Tradition
1210:Salvation
1079:Ascension
865:Jansenism
772:Possidius
511:Jansenism
506:Calvinism
114:Free will
5733:Fatalism
5077:Lutheran
5032:Blessing
4881:Election
4841:Adoption
4754:Archived
4513:(1994).
4209:"Agency"
4049:Archived
3990:Archived
3926:23 March
3900:23 March
2913:43047851
2839:Vocation
2790:Fatalism
2750:See also
2708:Molinism
2526:prophets
2514:doctrine
2471:election
2291:Election
1963:Pelagius
1935:Pelagius
1913:Irenaeus
1835:Romans 8
1781:Josephus
1765:Ben Sira
1706:theology
1640:Glossary
1587:Glossary
1470:Reformed
1440:Lutheran
1425:Anglican
1359:Catholic
1301:Crusades
1291:Ignatius
1281:Councils
1246:Apostles
1151:Theology
1064:Ministry
1054:Nativity
1010:a series
1008:Part of
757:Plotinus
685:Just war
607:a series
605:Part of
501:Palamism
472:Molinism
369:Boethius
348:Plotinus
295:Socrates
100:Filioque
88:Thoughts
58:a series
56:Part of
5857:Destiny
5639:in film
5502:1640-86
5474:1561–63
5395:1560–75
5370:Flacian
5367:1560–75
5317:1555–60
5274:1551–62
5224:1549–66
5189:1548–55
5166:1533–53
5115:1527–56
5104:
5027:Worship
5017:Theosis
4861:Calling
4856:Baptism
4391:Sources
4245:21 June
3734:, § 76.
3722:, § 75.
3175:. Isd.
2875:13 June
2210:wrote:
2152:through
2097:Cathars
2014:Cassian
1825:In the
1785:Essenes
1744:History
1650:Outline
1627:Worship
1607:Outline
1597:Liturgy
1577:Culture
1430:Baptist
1370:Eastern
1306:Aquinas
1231:History
1205:Mission
1190:Baptism
1163:Trinity
1059:Baptism
782:Aquinas
767:Ambrose
523:Related
462:Scotism
453:Thomism
338:Cyprian
226:Phrases
5075:Early
4772:(1913)
4658:
4633:
4611:
4499:
4429:
4378:18 May
3962:
3306:
3279:
3253:
3226:
3179:
3152:
3125:
3014:
2951:
2911:
2903:
2700:Jesuit
2573:Christ
2541:agency
2373:Heaven
2270:Topic
1881:Origen
1831:Romans
1813:4 Ezra
1661:
1617:Sermon
1612:Prayer
1465:Quaker
1349:Nicene
1316:Luther
1168:Father
1128:Church
1118:Gospel
1044:Christ
807:Newman
802:Jansen
797:Calvin
792:Luther
777:Anselm
343:Origen
324:Seneca
314:Virgil
305:Cicero
4913:Grace
4898:Faith
4766:from
3477:(PDF)
2909:JSTOR
2569:faith
2381:elect
2299:only
2037:Saxon
1939:pride
1704:, in
1645:Index
1592:Index
1365:Latin
1251:Peter
1133:Creed
1123:Canon
1095:Bible
1039:Jesus
703:Works
300:Plato
290:Homer
213:Limbo
189:Deity
5759:that
5091:Date
4656:ISBN
4631:ISBN
4609:ISBN
4550:2019
4529:2015
4497:ISBN
4482:2015
4427:ISBN
4380:2017
4297:2022
4247:2006
4217:2014
3960:ISBN
3928:2013
3902:2013
3870:the
3768:2021
3695:help
3664:help
3546:2021
3518:2021
3459:2021
3434:2021
3304:ISBN
3277:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3177:ISBN
3150:ISBN
3123:ISBN
3012:ISBN
2949:ISBN
2901:ISSN
2877:2011
2802:and
2481:and
2377:Hell
2366:The
2132:The
2006:and
1976:The
1787:and
1714:soul
1261:Mary
1256:Paul
965:edit
958:talk
951:view
319:Paul
5755:in
5405:VII
5232:III
4687:."
4648:N.B
4627:Vid
3489:doi
2571:in
2561:God
2522:God
2426:).
2371:to
2147:and
1820:1QS
1710:God
1173:Son
1158:God
5828::
5480:XI
5323:II
5280:VI
5172:IX
5129:VI
4675:.
4669:.
4642:.
4572:.
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