189:. However, there is substantial evidence that pregnancy cravings serve a social function, rather than a nutritional one. Because popular pregnancy cravings differ in their nutritional make-up from culture to culture, it can be inferred that there is no set of nutritional needs that these cravings are filling. Instead, it may be that strange cravings help pregnant women signal their pregnant status and recruit help from others. Some decent evidence for this is the fact that women often crave obscure foods and reject commonplace ones. Providing pregnant relations with food may have been common among the human ancestor
321:
159:. Understanding the reason behind a craving could lead to confidently supplying the body with that missing food. However, evidence for this is inconsistent and relatively poor. For example, when participants had to consume a nutritionally balanced, liquid diet, they reported more food cravings than during a baseline period, and food craving could be induced by imagining their favourite food although participants were satisfied. Further, females tend to respond with more negative affect to indulging their cravings than males.
166:- a time during which the body needs more energy and certain nutrients than usual - it seems that the types of craved foods do not differ from usually craved foods, and even if women crave unusual, potentially harmful, foods or other substances, it seems that this is rather driven by social factors than by physiological needs. Similar interpretations have been derived from perimenstrual (chocolate) cravings which, for example, do not disappear after menopause, making hormonal mechanisms unlikely.
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Cultural differences have been found, for example, with rice being the most frequently craved food in Japan. Among low-calorie foods, cravings for fruits are common. Food cravings tend to occur in the late afternoon and evening. The desire to eat high-calorie foods increases throughout the day, while
62:
A food craving is a strong desire to eat a particular type of food. This desire can seem uncontrollable, and the person’s hunger may not be satisfied until they get that particular food. Food cravings are common. One research found that 97% of women and 68% of men reported experiencing food cravings.
355:
Ambivalence (e.g., “nice but naughty”) about foods such as chocolate arises from the attitude that it is highly palatable but should be eaten with restraint. Attempts to restrict intake, however, cause the desire for chocolate to become more salient, an experience that is then labelled as a craving.
351:
Chocolate contains methylxanthines, biogenic amines, and cannabinoid-like fatty acids, all of which potentially cause abnormal behaviours and psychological sensations that parallel those of other addictive substances. The combination of chocolate's sensory characteristics, nutrient composition, and
143:
Active ingredients in chocolate, known as methylxanthines (such as caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine), has been researched in relation to perimenstrual craving aetiology. It has been hypothesized that women crave chocolate since methylxanthines has been shown to have the ability to alleviate
332:
It seems to have a cultural cause instead of a biological cause. Spanish women experience perimenstrual chocolate craving far less than
American women (24% versus 60%) although they should not differ much physiologically. Spanish females crave chocolate more after dinner. The times males crave
328:
Chocolate is seen as a sweet that is desired more by women than by men. Studies conducted in the UK, the US, and Canada have concluded that women indeed crave chocolate more than men. Also this chocolate craving seems to occur more perimenstrual. However a biological explanation has not been
100:
system in the brain an addictive triggering effect occurs. The consumer of the glucose feels the urge to consume more glucose, much like an alcoholic, because the brain has become conditioned to release "happy hormones" every time glucose is present. Foods that are easily digestible, deep in
105:'. These hyperpalatable foods affect the neurons in the nucleus accumbens, the human reward system, causing them to become very active, increasing the levels of pleasure. Hormones like dopamine, leptin, ghrelin, and cortisol are released, as well as insulin due to this stimulation.
169:
There are basic associations between nutrient deficiency and food cravings, but they appear to account for a small fraction of food cravings at most. Instead, several psychological explanations for why and how food cravings emerge have been developed. Prominent models are based on
112:
The aspect of a food craving is multi-dimensional. Physiologically, it is connected with several mechanisms that motivates food seeking and prepares the body for digestion such as increased salivary flow along with activating reward-related brain areas such as the striatum.
492:
Aside from physical health matters, food cravings can disrupt social life, and lead to problems with employment and family. In extreme cases, extreme food cravings can lead to violence and legal problems, or contribute to accidents, especially
125:
aspect of seeking and consuming the food also occurs. Whilst experiencing a food craving often results in eating the craved food, the craving-consumption relationship also depends on differences within individuals and their current situation.
46:, the drive to consume particular nutrients that is well-studied in animals. In studies of food cravings, chocolate and chocolate confectioneries almost always top the list of foods people say they crave; this craving is referred to as
298:, and it is believed that traits of a food that a pregnant woman craves and consumes is imparted to the child. This also extends to objects or people that a woman would find pleasurable to see during her pregnancy.
356:
This, together with a need to provide a reason for why resisting eating chocolate is difficult and sometimes fails, can, in turn, lead the individual to an explanation in terms of addiction (e.g., “chocoholism”).
82:. Ghrelin, the “hunger hormone,” increases when people skip meals and is often experienced by people who suffer from chronic conditions, both of which impact the appetite signals in the hypothalamus.
1285:
Meule A, Hormes JM (August 2015). "Chocolate versions of the Food
Cravings Questionnaires. Associations with chocolate exposure-induced salivary flow and ad libitum chocolate consumption".
2096:
Liamputtong P, Yimyam S, Parisunyakul S, Baosoung C, Sansiriphun N (June 2005). "Traditional beliefs about pregnancy and child birth among women from Chiang Mai, Northern
Thailand".
140:
In recent years, researchers have focused significantly on perimenstrual cravings for chocolate, resulting in a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying craving aetiology.
89:
is the most frequently craved food, followed by other sweet and savoury foods which are high in calories. Pineapple is the second most popular food that people have a craving for.
2086:
Fadiman, Anne. The Spirit
Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux 1997:5
287:) as the paradigmatic example of a presumed life-threatening situation where a person is allowed to eat non-kosher food (and is permitted to eat it on Yom Kippur).
2044:
Weigel MM, Coe K, Castro NP, Caiza ME, Tello N, Reyes M (2011). "Food aversions and cravings during early pregnancy: association with nausea and vomiting".
352:
psychoactive ingredients, compounded with monthly hormonal fluctuations and mood swings among women, ultimately form the model of chocolate cravings.
182:
Women will often experience cravings for seemingly random foods during pregnancy. The reason that these cravings occur is not definitively known.
333:
chocolate also differs between both cultures but was the same as the craving for chocolate of females in their culture (except perimenstrual).
96:, such as chocolate, are more frequently craved than foods with lower sugar glucose, such as broccoli, because when glucose interacts with the
2400:
1909:
659:
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260:, a pregnant woman is encouraged to satisfy her cravings for specific foods, out of fear that her unborn child will bear a representational
340:) or to balance possibly low levels of neurotransmitters involved in the regulation of mood, food intake, and compulsive behaviours (e.g.,
2226:
Rogers PJ, Smit HJ (May 2000). "Food craving and food "addiction": a critical review of the evidence from a biopsychosocial perspective".
2420:
245:
Depending from the historical period and the culture there are different traditions regarding pregnancy cravings. Some examples are:
464:
1026:"The endogenous opioid system in human alcoholics: molecular adaptations in brain areas involved in cognitive control of addiction"
137:, which is important for the regulation of the body’s release of endorphins and is responsible for the state of mood and pleasure.
1995:
144:
physical - and perhaps psychological - symptoms associated with menstruation, such as fatigue, irritability, bloating, or cramps.
875:
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2331:"Imaginal retraining decreases craving for high-calorie food in overweight and obese women: A randomized controlled trial"
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Hormes JM (2014-01-15). "9. Perimenstrual chocolate craving: from pharmacology and physiology to cognition and culture".
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1519:"Implicit evaluation of chocolate and motivational need states interact in predicting chocolate intake in everyday life"
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1426:"Suppressing images of desire: Neural correlates of chocolate-related thoughts in high and low trait chocolate cravers"
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and related health problems. Food cravings can also make it difficult to one to tend to other health needs, including
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147:
It seems intuitive to assume that the emergence of a food craving might indicate that the body is low in a specific
2183:
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391:
320:
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Komatsu S (March 2008). "Rice and sushi cravings: a preliminary study of food craving among
Japanese females".
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Some people even crave non-food items such as chalk, clay, laundry starch, or soap. This is a condition called
431:
1837:"A test of four evolutionary hypotheses of pregnancy food cravings: evidence for the social bargaining model"
494:
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women would follow their food cravings to guarantee that their child would not be born with a deformity.
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830:"Food cravings in everyday life: An EMA study on snack-related thoughts, cravings, and consumption"
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Bazov I, Kononenko O, Watanabe H, Kuntić V, Sarkisyan D, Taqi MM, et al. (January 2013).
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305:, a woman who starts craving sour foods after her period has stopped is deemed to be pregnant.
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It has been theorized that these cravings might be in order to replace nutrients lost during
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Jansen A (March 1998). "A learning model of binge eating: cue reactivity and cue exposure".
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1201:"It's craving time: time of day effects on momentary hunger and food craving in daily life"
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N. Gearhardt, Ashley; Davis, Caroline; Kuschner, Rachel; D. Brownell, Kelly (2011-09-01).
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Reichenberger J, Richard A, Smyth JM, Fischer D, Pollatos O, Blechert J (November 2018).
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1377:"Ventral and Dorsal Striatum Networks in Obesity: Link to Food Craving and Weight Gain"
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and imaginal retraining, have demonstrated some efficacy in decreasing food craving.
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Handbook of diet and nutrition in the menstrual cycle, periconception and fertility
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79:
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There is no single explanation for food cravings, and explanations range from low
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38:) is an intense desire to consume a specific food, and is different from normal
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675:
Weingarten HP, Elston D (December 1990). "The phenomenology of food cravings".
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Craving earth: Understanding pica: The urge to eat clay, starch, ice, and chalk
121:(e.g., desire to eat or changes in mood) components are also involved. A final
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193:, which provides a possible explanation for the evolution of this behaviour.
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235:. Pica is a condition which is rarely come across in developed countries.
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The cravings for certain types of food are linked to their ingredients.
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richness, and have distinct sweetness and saltiness are referred to as '
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1330:"Cephalic phase responses, craving and food intake in normal subjects"
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Pelchat ML (April 1997). "Food cravings in young and elderly adults".
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1734:"Nutritional and clinical associations of food cravings in pregnancy"
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Chocolate is often consumed for presumed dietary deficiencies (e.g.,
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770:"Sweet craving and ghrelin and leptin levels in women during stress"
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Miedl SF, Blechert J, Meule A, Richard A, Wilhelm FH (July 2018).
482:
319:
257:
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levels affecting the brain centers for appetite to production of
768:
Macedo, Danielle
Marques; Diez-Garcia, Rosa Wanda (2014-09-01).
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276:
374:
75:
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Richard A, Meule A, Reichenberger J, Blechert J (June 2017).
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Intense food cravings can disrupt healthy eating and lead to
1996:"All About Pregnancy Cravings and When They Start | Pampers"
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has been known to work. Behavioral techniques, particularly
283:(the passage discusses a pregnant woman who craves pork on
242:
consists of accommodating food cravings and aversions.
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359:
For treating small chocolate cravings, the smell of
1328:Nederkoorn C, Smulders FT, Jansen A (August 2000).
405:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
196:Some of the foods which are commonly craved are:
50:. The craving of non-food items as food is called
589:
231:, and may indicate a mineral deficiency or severe
1108:"The Addiction Potential of Hyperpalatable Foods"
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623:"Food cravings and addictions - fact and fallacy"
2393:The encyclopedia of obesity and eating disorders
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1732:Hill AJ, Cairnduff V, McCance DR (June 2016).
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2271:"Non-food odorants reduce chocolate cravings"
2269:Kemps E, Tiggemann M, Bettany S (June 2012).
2134:Rozin P, Levine E, Stoess C (December 1991).
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1517:Richard A, Meule A, Blechert J (April 2019).
592:The Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health
8:
1656:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
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654:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
133:for example, contains the neurotransmitter
294:, the condition is traditionally known as
2391:Cassell DK, Gleaves D (2006). "craving".
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627:Nutrition and Health - Current topics - 3
465:Learn how and when to remove this message
2228:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior
1738:Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics
629:(Antwerp ed.). Garant. p. 69.
583:
581:
27:Intense desire to consume specific foods
1598:Orloff NC, Hormes JM (September 2014).
1075:"Sugar and fat: cravings and aversions"
596:(2nd ed.). Facts on File. p.
577:
85:People often crave energy-dense foods:
2019:Australia, Healthdirect (2022-12-06).
1566:"The history and science of chocolate"
7:
625:. In Carr T, Descheemaker K (eds.).
403:adding citations to reliable sources
279:mentions pregnancy cravings for non-
117:(i.e., thinking about the food) and
1781:Orloff NC, Hormes JM (2014-09-23).
268:, literally "desire" or "craving").
1573:The Malaysian Journal of Pathology
42:. It may or may not be related to
25:
923:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
497:if a craving consumes ones mind.
2021:"Food cravings during pregnancy"
1488:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.023
1043:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00366.x
521:
507:
379:
92:Foods with high levels of sugar
390:needs additional citations for
2136:"Chocolate craving and liking"
1927:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1394:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.020
1073:Yanovski, Susan (2003-03-01).
371:Health and social consequences
217:dense) such as chips and pizza
109:craving for fruits decreases.
1:
2240:10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00197-0
2046:Ecology of Food and Nutrition
2025:www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au
1939:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00055-2
1703:10.1016/S0031-9384(99)00190-0
1668:10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00307-7
588:Ronzio RA (2003). "Craving".
2384:"The Nutrition Investigator"
2153:10.1016/0195-6663(91)90022-K
2058:10.1080/03670244.2011.568906
1535:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.01.006
935:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90068-X
739:10.1016/0195-6663(91)90019-o
689:10.1016/0195-6663(90)90023-2
650:Young SL (22 October 2012).
567:Food Cravings Questionnaires
2290:10.1016/j.appet.2012.03.002
2197:10.1016/j.appet.2003.11.004
1902:10.3920/978-90-8686-767-7_9
1442:10.1016/j.appet.2018.03.004
1299:10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.054
1167:10.1016/j.appet.2007.08.012
1124:10.2174/1874473711104030140
889:10.1016/j.appet.2006.04.008
846:10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.037
786:10.1016/j.appet.2014.05.031
365:cognitive bias modification
223:such as Chinese and Mexican
2437:
2421:Eating behaviors of humans
2110:10.1016/j.midw.2004.05.002
1962:Journal of Human Evolution
1841:Royal Society Open Science
1112:Current Drug Abuse Reviews
999:Scott, Fred (2023-04-05).
313:
238:One of the treatments for
210:such as a steak or chicken
203:such as chocolate or candy
2347:10.1038/s41398-019-0655-7
1835:Placek C (October 2017).
1691:Physiology & Behavior
1564:Verna R (December 2013).
1213:10.1016/j.nut.2018.03.048
74:as a result of consuming
2335:Translational Psychiatry
1800:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01076
1617:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01076
1079:The Journal of Nutrition
275:, folio 82a of Tractate
1787:Frontiers in Psychology
1604:Frontiers in Psychology
495:motor vehicle accidents
329:scientifically proven.
1974:10.1006/jhev.1998.0285
1346:10.1006/appe.2000.0328
1256:10.1006/appe.1996.0063
970:10.1006/appe.1999.0234
325:
1381:Biological Psychiatry
1092:10.1093/jn/133.3.835S
537:Binge eating disorder
323:
314:Further information:
399:improve this article
1861:10.1098/rsos.170243
1853:2017RSOS....470243P
324:A box of chocolates
326:
249:During pregnancy,
18:Pregnancy cravings
2402:978-0-8160-6197-6
2000:Web-Pampers-US-EN
1911:978-90-8686-212-2
1750:10.1111/jhn.12333
1030:Addiction Biology
661:978-0-231-14609-8
636:978-90-441-1493-5
621:Rogers P (2003).
607:978-0-8160-4966-0
557:Hyperalimentation
515:Psychology portal
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310:Chocolate craving
273:Babylonian Talmud
16:(Redirected from
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2375:Further reading
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1780:
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1662:(10): 1249–56.
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619:
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579:
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562:Sugar addiction
547:Eating disorder
542:Bulimia nervosa
527:
520:
513:
508:
506:
503:
471:
460:
454:
451:
408:
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318:
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98:opioid receptor
60:
44:specific hunger
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2321:
2284:(3): 1087–90.
2261:
2218:
2175:
2146:(3): 199–212.
2123:
2088:
2079:
2052:(3): 197–214.
2036:
2011:
1987:
1952:
1917:
1910:
1884:
1847:(10): 170243.
1824:
1773:
1724:
1681:
1641:
1590:
1556:
1509:
1482:(4): 1486–93.
1463:
1416:
1387:(9): 789–796.
1367:
1320:
1277:
1234:
1188:
1161:(2–3): 353–8.
1145:
1118:(3): 140–145.
1098:
1065:
1016:
991:
948:
910:
883:(3): 290–301.
867:
815:
760:
710:
667:
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642:
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414:"Food craving"
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213:Savory foods (
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103:hyperpalatable
59:
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26:
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14:
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2191:(1): 119–21.
2190:
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2167:
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2159:
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2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
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2111:
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2104:(2): 139–53.
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2089:
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2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
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2022:
2015:
2012:
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1991:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:(5): 461–85.
1967:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:(3): 257–72.
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1899:
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1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
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1628:
1623:
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1613:
1609:
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1594:
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1582:
1579:(2): 111–21.
1578:
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1253:
1250:(2): 103–13.
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1027:
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1002:
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987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
929:(8): 801–14.
928:
924:
917:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
868:
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787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
761:
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748:
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740:
736:
733:(3): 167–75.
732:
728:
721:
719:
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715:
711:
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698:
694:
690:
686:
683:(3): 231–46.
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455:February 2024
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416: –
415:
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410:Find sources:
404:
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388:This article
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80:carbohydrates
77:
73:
69:
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57:
55:
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49:
45:
41:
37:
34:(also called
33:
19:
2392:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2281:
2277:
2264:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2143:
2139:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2082:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2028:. Retrieved
2024:
2014:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:
1990:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1893:
1887:
1844:
1840:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1744:(3): 281–9.
1741:
1737:
1727:
1697:(3): 353–9.
1694:
1690:
1684:
1659:
1655:
1607:
1603:
1593:
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1559:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1479:
1475:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1340:(1): 45–55.
1337:
1333:
1323:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1247:
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1237:
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1158:
1154:
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1115:
1111:
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1082:
1078:
1068:
1036:(1): 161–9.
1033:
1029:
1019:
1008:. Retrieved
1005:foodslop.com
1004:
994:
964:(1): 61–70.
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552:Food pairing
491:
476:
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397:Please help
392:verification
389:
358:
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244:
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195:
191:Homo erectus
190:
184:
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146:
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128:
111:
107:
91:
84:
65:
61:
35:
32:food craving
31:
29:
2234:(1): 3–14.
1436:: 128–136.
840:: 215–223.
780:: 264–270.
529:Food portal
292:Philippines
281:kosher food
123:behavioural
48:chocoholism
2382:Ordman R.
2341:(1): 319.
2299:2328/34996
2030:2023-03-04
2005:2023-03-04
1476:NeuroImage
1293:: 256–65.
1010:2023-06-12
1001:"foodslop"
573:References
425:newspapers
316:Chocoholic
285:Yom Kippur
264:(Maltese:
221:fast foods
72:endorphins
2098:Midwifery
1205:Nutrition
1132:1874-4737
794:0195-6663
342:serotonin
338:magnesium
262:birthmark
178:Pregnancy
172:Pavlovian
164:pregnancy
131:Chocolate
119:emotional
115:Cognitive
87:chocolate
68:serotonin
2415:Category
2365:31780640
2316:19520253
2308:22407134
2278:Appetite
2256:34391710
2248:10837838
2213:11964265
2205:15036792
2185:Appetite
2170:14335534
2140:Appetite
2118:15878429
2074:27320622
2066:21888579
1982:10222165
1879:29134058
1819:25295023
1793:: 1076.
1768:26400798
1711:10716545
1676:10524390
1636:25295023
1610:: 1076.
1585:24362474
1551:73428011
1543:30738363
1504:16916912
1496:15589112
1450:29518469
1430:Appetite
1403:26809248
1362:35340454
1354:10896760
1334:Appetite
1315:11574015
1307:25913686
1287:Appetite
1244:Appetite
1229:49635959
1221:29960151
1175:18006114
1155:Appetite
1140:21999688
1060:12484145
1052:21955155
986:12257517
978:10447980
958:Appetite
905:22433637
897:16831486
877:Appetite
854:28249745
834:Appetite
810:44744368
802:24879886
774:Appetite
755:36736062
727:Appetite
705:44616470
677:Appetite
501:See also
487:exercise
346:dopamine
303:Thailand
149:nutrient
2356:6883071
2162:1799282
1947:9642846
1870:5666241
1849:Bibcode
1810:4172095
1759:5054961
1719:7754851
1627:4172095
1529:: 1–6.
1458:4967549
1411:3700923
1272:9126783
1264:9158846
1183:8213291
943:7722960
862:4799901
747:1799279
697:2281953
479:obesity
439:scholar
361:jasmine
290:In the
271:In the
215:calorie
208:protein
206:Animal
162:During
157:mineral
153:vitamin
94:glucose
2399:
2363:
2353:
2314:
2306:
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745:
703:
695:
658:
633:
604:
441:
434:
427:
420:
412:
233:anemia
201:Sweets
58:Causes
40:hunger
2312:S2CID
2274:(PDF)
2252:S2CID
2209:S2CID
2166:S2CID
2070:S2CID
1715:S2CID
1569:(PDF)
1547:S2CID
1500:S2CID
1454:S2CID
1407:S2CID
1358:S2CID
1311:S2CID
1268:S2CID
1225:S2CID
1179:S2CID
1056:S2CID
982:S2CID
901:S2CID
858:S2CID
806:S2CID
751:S2CID
701:S2CID
483:sleep
446:JSTOR
432:books
266:xewqa
258:Malta
251:Hmong
155:, or
2397:ISBN
2361:PMID
2304:PMID
2244:PMID
2201:PMID
2158:PMID
2114:PMID
2062:PMID
1978:PMID
1943:PMID
1906:ISBN
1875:PMID
1815:PMID
1764:PMID
1707:PMID
1672:PMID
1632:PMID
1581:PMID
1539:PMID
1492:PMID
1446:PMID
1399:PMID
1350:PMID
1303:PMID
1260:PMID
1217:PMID
1171:PMID
1136:PMID
1128:ISSN
1048:PMID
974:PMID
939:PMID
893:PMID
850:PMID
798:PMID
790:ISSN
743:PMID
693:PMID
656:ISBN
631:ISBN
602:ISBN
485:and
418:news
344:and
296:lihi
277:Yoma
229:pica
78:and
76:fats
52:pica
2351:PMC
2343:doi
2294:hdl
2286:doi
2236:doi
2193:doi
2148:doi
2106:doi
2054:doi
1970:doi
1935:doi
1898:doi
1865:PMC
1857:doi
1805:PMC
1795:doi
1754:PMC
1746:doi
1699:doi
1664:doi
1622:PMC
1612:doi
1531:doi
1484:doi
1438:doi
1434:126
1389:doi
1342:doi
1295:doi
1252:doi
1209:doi
1163:doi
1120:doi
1087:doi
1083:133
1038:doi
966:doi
931:doi
885:doi
842:doi
838:113
782:doi
735:doi
685:doi
598:176
401:by
348:).
301:In
256:In
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2349:.
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2333:.
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2302:.
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2280:.
2276:.
2250:.
2242:.
2232:66
2230:.
2207:.
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2187:.
2164:.
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2142:.
2138:.
2126:^
2112:.
2102:21
2100:.
2068:.
2060:.
2050:50
2048:.
2023:.
1998:.
1976:.
1966:36
1964:.
1941:.
1931:36
1929:.
1904:.
1873:.
1863:.
1855:.
1843:.
1839:.
1827:^
1813:.
1803:.
1789:.
1785:.
1762:.
1752:.
1742:29
1740:.
1736:.
1713:.
1705:.
1695:68
1693:.
1670:.
1660:99
1658:.
1644:^
1630:.
1620:.
1606:.
1602:.
1577:35
1575:.
1571:.
1545:.
1537:.
1527:33
1525:.
1521:.
1498:.
1490:.
1480:23
1478:.
1466:^
1452:.
1444:.
1432:.
1428:.
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1383:.
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1356:.
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1336:.
1332:.
1309:.
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1289:.
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1203:.
1191:^
1177:.
1169:.
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1157:.
1134:.
1126:.
1114:.
1110:.
1081:.
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1054:.
1046:.
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1032:.
1028:.
1003:.
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925:.
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899:.
891:.
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804:.
796:.
788:.
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2318:.
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2258:.
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2172:.
2150::
2120:.
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2076:.
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2033:.
2008:.
1984:.
1972::
1949:.
1937::
1914:.
1900::
1881:.
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