817:
736:
584:
483:
420:
230:
These trends led to more women asking for reduction to one fetus. These requests increasingly came from women pregnant with twins due to advances in the field of ART which made massively multiple pregnancies rarer. Selective reduction of twins was very controversial at first but has gradually become more accepted. One of the authors of the 1988 guidelines updated his stance and expressed a desire for the procedure to become more available in 2014.
2572:
118:
38:
229:
Over time, more and more women in the developed world sought to become pregnant when they were older, having the first child when they were over forty years old. At the same time, the number of obstetrician-gynecologists with the required expertise increased and their role in family planning evolved.
164:
It appears that reduction of triplets, where each triplet is in its own placenta, to twins results in a lower risk of preterm birth and does not increase the risk of miscarriage. In triplets where two of the fetuses share a placenta and each has its own amniotic sac, it appears, with less certainty,
148:
While the data is weak, due to the small sizes of studies and the lack of randomized controlled trials, as of 2017 it appeared that when short term perinatal outcomes in multiple pregnancies reduced to twins are compared to those of non-reduced triplets, there were fewer deaths among the babies born
50:
triplets, a very rare condition where the triplets share a single placenta, seen on ultrasound. Because a single placenta has difficulty supporting multiple fetuses, in such cases a selective reduction to improve the likelihood of survival for the remaining fetus or fetuses may be
136:. The result is a reduction in the number of fetuses to a number that is more safe for the mother and the remaining fetuses or more compatible with socio-economic constraints on the caregivers. It is also used in cases of multiple pregnancy where at least one of the fetuses is
82:; outcomes for both the mother and the babies are generally worse the higher the number of fetuses. The procedure is also used in multiple pregnancies when one of the fetuses has a serious and incurable disease, or in the case where one of the fetuses is
144:
syndrome, where one fetus lacks a heart; the second twin, termed a "pump" twin therefore supplies the second twin with blood, leading to heart failure and death in the second twin in 50-75% of cases if the acardiac twin is not terminated.
189:
The reduction procedure is generally carried out during the first trimester of pregnancy. The procedure often takes two days; the first day is for testing, and the procedure happens on the second day. The fetuses are evaluated, first by
124:. On the left, an acardiac twin which lacks both a heart and head. On the right, the "pump twin" which supplies the acardiac twin with blood. A selective termination of the acardiac twin reduces the risk of death of the pump twin.
42:
41:
43:
219:(ART) became aware of the risks that multiple pregnancies carried for the mother and for the fetuses. The procedure was somewhat controversial from the beginning and drew some attention from anti-abortion activists.
206:
is injected into the heart of each selected fetus under the guidance of ultrasound imaging; the heart stops and the fetus dies as a result. Generally, the fetal material is reabsorbed into the woman's body.
108:
Selective reduction was developed in the mid-1980s, as people in the field of assisted reproductive technology became aware of the risks that multiple pregnancies carried for the mother and for the fetuses.
40:
351:
864:
299:"Risks of miscarriage or preterm delivery in trichorionic and dichorionic triplet pregnancies with embryo reduction versus expectant management: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1219:
97:
is injected into the heart of each selected fetus under the guidance of ultrasound imaging. Risks of the procedure include bleeding requiring transfusion, rupture of the uterus,
202:; these tests help determine which fetuses are accessible for the procedure, and whether any fetuses are unhealthy. Once the specific fetuses to be reduced are identified,
1245:
555:
Zipori, Y; Haas, J; Berger, H; Barzilay, E (September 2017). "Multifetal pregnancy reduction of triplets to twins compared with non-reduced triplets: a meta-analysis".
500:
78:. The procedure is most commonly done to reduce the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy to a safe number, when the multiple pregnancy is the result of use of
2221:
857:
355:
153:, and had higher birthweight. As of 2017, longterm outcomes were not well understood. A 2015 Cochrane review found no randomized clinical trials to evaluate.
1321:
140:
to preserve the life of the mother and the fetus in the uterus, and when one or more of the fetuses has a serious and incurable disease. One example of is
39:
93:
The procedure generally takes two days; the first day for testing to select which fetuses to reduce, and the 2nd day for the procedure itself, in which
2601:
850:
793:
1605:
598:
2384:
959:
1380:
2369:
1876:
1440:
2389:
1989:
1515:
1435:
1037:
2160:
1929:
1520:
1465:
1375:
1278:
835:
2200:
1047:
2236:
1027:
1002:
873:
216:
141:
133:
121:
79:
2256:
2195:
1525:
1098:
161:
Generally selective reduction reduces the risk of preterm birth, leading to better outcomes for both mothers and the newborns.
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2119:
1110:
1057:
508:
1781:
1370:
1214:
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28:
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954:
2049:
2044:
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1405:
387:"Differences between selective termination of pregnancy and fetal reduction in multiple pregnancy: A narrative review"
2364:
1944:
1365:
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2009:
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199:
191:
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1856:
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532:
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2109:
1816:
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1301:
1093:
1088:
1073:
919:
816:
794:"Selective first-trimester termination in octuplet and quadruplet pregnancies: clinical and ethical issues"
735:
583:
482:
419:
226:
and was published in 1988; it justified reducing pregnancies with more than three fetuses to two or three.
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2150:
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2039:
2019:
1999:
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997:
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354:. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Ethics. September 2017. Archived from
231:
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2460:
2399:
2342:
2287:
2216:
2185:
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2014:
1861:
1500:
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128:
Selective reduction is used when a mother is carrying an unsafe or undesirable number of fetuses in a
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2094:
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1007:
929:
243:
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1984:
1979:
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1022:
1017:
942:
937:
749:
ObiÄŤan, S; Brock, C; Berkowitz, R; Wapner, RJ (September 2015). "Multifetal
Pregnancy Reduction".
385:
Legendre, Claire-Marie; Moutel, Grégoire; Drouin, Régen; Favre, Romain; Bouffard, Chantal (2013).
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2004:
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328:
203:
129:
94:
63:
47:
17:
2596:
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2435:
2302:
2261:
2251:
2099:
2024:
1994:
1886:
1851:
1836:
1801:
1786:
1766:
1640:
1630:
1615:
1575:
1540:
1264:
1204:
914:
909:
899:
805:
766:
716:
667:
645:
618:
572:
463:
408:
320:
174:
137:
98:
83:
165:
that there is also a lower risk of preterm birth and no increase in the risk of miscarriage.
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2404:
2327:
2226:
2155:
1821:
1791:
1695:
1610:
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1178:
1083:
1032:
904:
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758:
706:
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564:
453:
398:
310:
2507:
1535:
1420:
1316:
1209:
1168:
1012:
1455:
149:
to mothers who underwent reduction, the twins were born later and were less likely to be
1530:
1173:
711:
686:
222:
A set of ethical guidelines was developed in collaboration with a bioethicist from the
173:
Risks of the procedure include bleeding requiring transfusion, rupture of the uterus,
2590:
2475:
1450:
1395:
1229:
1132:
195:
150:
792:
Evans, MI; Fletcher, JC; Zador, IE; Newton, BW; Quigg, MH; Struyk, CD (March 1988).
778:
728:
630:
234:
is widely considered to be unethical in making decisions about which fetus to keep.
2485:
2480:
2394:
2379:
2356:
1415:
1328:
1163:
964:
842:
702:
475:
332:
762:
614:
2490:
881:
67:
568:
403:
386:
263:
1183:
969:
215:
Selective reduction was developed in the mid-1980s, as people in the field of
671:
1137:
947:
315:
298:
770:
720:
622:
576:
467:
412:
324:
117:
809:
297:
Anthoulakis, C; Dagklis, T; Mamopoulos, A; Athanasiadis, A (1 June 2017).
2495:
1470:
1410:
1287:
1188:
687:"Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with a multiple pregnancy"
836:"Infertility and Reproduction Reference: What Is Multifetal Reduction?"
662:
458:
441:
34:
Abortion of one or more (but not all) fetuses in a multiple pregnancy
116:
59:
36:
644:
Beriwal, Sridevi; Impey, Lawrence; Ioannou, Christos (Oct 2020).
71:
1260:
846:
1256:
599:"Nonsurgical management of heterotopic abdominal pregnancy"
646:"Multifetal pregnancy reduction and selective termination"
685:
Dodd, JM; Dowswell, T; Crowther, CA (4 November 2015).
74:
or singleton pregnancy. The procedure is also called
352:"Opinion Number 719: Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction"
2516:
2428:
2355:
2280:
2209:
2128:
1895:
1719:
1556:
1549:
1358:
1337:
1294:
1238:
1197:
1146:
1066:
985:
928:
880:
1246:Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction
380:
378:
376:
374:
372:
1272:
858:
8:
550:
548:
546:
691:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
597:Yeh, J; Aziz, N; Chueh, J (February 2013).
435:
433:
431:
429:
1553:
1279:
1265:
1257:
865:
851:
843:
440:Evans, MI; Andriole, S; Britt, DW (2014).
346:
344:
342:
58:is the practice of reducing the number of
710:
661:
457:
402:
314:
442:"Fetal reduction: 25 years' experience"
255:
494:
492:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
7:
1441:Libertarian perspectives on abortion
650:The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist
303:Human Reproduction (Oxford, England)
292:
290:
181:. Each of these appears to be rare.
105:. Each of these appears to be rare.
1516:Societal attitudes towards abortion
1436:Legalized abortion and crime effect
834:Gaither, Kecia (January 30, 2018).
264:"UOTW #19 - Ultrasound of the Week"
1466:Misinformation related to abortion
1376:Beginning of pregnancy controversy
751:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
25:
1381:Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis
1048:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
531:Padawer, Ruth (August 10, 2011).
2602:Assisted reproductive technology
2571:
2570:
1028:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
1003:Autologous endometrial coculture
874:Assisted reproductive technology
815:
734:
582:
481:
418:
217:assisted reproductive technology
177:, infection, a miscarriage, and
101:, infection, a miscarriage, and
80:assisted reproductive technology
1526:Termination for medical reasons
557:Reproductive Biomedicine Online
391:Reproductive BioMedicine Online
274:from the original on 9 May 2017
18:Pregnancy reduction, multifetal
1111:Gamete intrafallopian transfer
1058:Zygote intrafallopian transfer
703:10.1002/14651858.CD003932.pub3
134:medically assisted pregnancies
76:multifetal pregnancy reduction
1:
1371:Beginning of human personhood
1215:Genetic diagnosis of intersex
1043:Partner-assisted reproduction
533:"The Two-Minus-One Pregnancy"
224:National Institute for Health
179:prelabor rupture of membranes
103:prelabor rupture of membranes
86:, in which case it is called
29:Selective catalytic reduction
1481:Paternal rights and abortion
763:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000119
615:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182736b09
499:Mundy, Liza (May 20, 2007).
138:implanted outside the uterus
1406:Ethical aspects of abortion
1053:Transvaginal ovum retrieval
446:Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
2618:
1366:Abortion and mental health
609:(2 Pt 2 Suppl 1): 489–95.
569:10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.05.012
404:10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.02.004
196:testing the amniotic fluid
26:
2566:
1345:Abortion-rights movements
1220:Religious response to ART
798:Obstetrics and Gynecology
603:Obstetrics and Gynecology
200:chorionic villus sampling
1606:Central African Republic
1391:Abortion under communism
1038:Ovarian hyperstimulation
505:Washington Post Magazine
27:Not to be confused with
2441:Dilation and evacuation
2390:Conscientious objection
2375:History of abortion law
1401:Crisis pregnancy center
1350:Anti-abortion movements
1074:Artificial insemination
920:Male infertility crisis
537:New York Times Magazine
232:Sex-selective reduction
2446:Dilation and curettage
2410:Late-term restrictions
1930:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1506:Sex-selective abortion
1386:Anti-abortion violence
1225:Mitochondrial donation
1159:Donor Sibling Registry
998:Assisted zona hatching
987:In vitro fertilisation
268:Ultrasound of the Week
132:, which are common in
125:
52:
2503:Self-induced abortion
1501:Self-induced abortion
1426:Genetics and abortion
1322:Philosophical aspects
316:10.1093/humrep/dex084
270:. 23 September 2014.
120:
88:selective termination
46:
2466:Menstrual extraction
2415:Parental involvement
1877:United Arab Emirates
1491:Prenatal development
1116:Reproductive surgery
1008:Cytoplasmic transfer
938:Estrogen antagonists
930:Fertility medication
501:"Too Much to Carry?"
244:McCaughey septuplets
2476:Abortifacient drugs
2196:Trinidad and Tobago
1511:Sidewalk counseling
1496:Reproductive rights
1461:Minors and abortion
1128:Selective reduction
1079:Ovulation induction
1023:In vitro maturation
1018:Gestational carrier
943:aromatase inhibitor
56:Selective reduction
2370:Constitutional law
2161:Dominican Republic
1486:Post-abortion care
1446:Limit of viability
1431:Late-term abortion
1154:Donor registration
1121:Vasectomy reversal
804:(3 Pt 1): 289–96.
204:potassium chloride
130:multiple pregnancy
126:
95:potassium chloride
84:outside the uterus
64:multiple pregnancy
53:
2584:
2583:
2436:Vacuum aspiration
2351:
2350:
1254:
1253:
1205:Accidental incest
915:Fertility tourism
910:Fertility testing
663:10.1111/tog.12690
511:on April 5, 2015.
459:10.1159/000357974
175:retained placenta
99:retained placenta
44:
16:(Redirected from
2609:
2574:
2573:
2471:Medical abortion
2405:Informed consent
2395:Fetal protection
2247:Papua New Guinea
2237:Marshall Islands
1554:
1476:One-child policy
1281:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1179:Semen collection
1084:Cryopreservation
1033:Oocyte selection
905:Fertility clinic
867:
860:
853:
844:
839:
821:
820:
819:
813:
789:
783:
782:
746:
740:
739:
738:
732:
714:
697:(11): CD003932.
682:
676:
675:
665:
641:
635:
634:
594:
588:
587:
586:
580:
552:
541:
540:
528:
513:
512:
507:. Archived from
496:
487:
486:
485:
479:
461:
437:
424:
423:
422:
416:
406:
382:
367:
366:
364:
363:
348:
337:
336:
318:
309:(6): 1351–1359.
294:
285:
283:
281:
279:
260:
194:, then often by
45:
21:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2562:
2512:
2508:Unsafe abortion
2424:
2420:Spousal consent
2380:Laws by country
2347:
2276:
2257:Solomon Islands
2205:
2124:
2050:North Macedonia
1891:
1842:Northern Cyprus
1715:
1545:
1536:Unsafe abortion
1421:Forced abortion
1354:
1333:
1317:Abortion debate
1290:
1285:
1255:
1250:
1234:
1210:Fertility fraud
1193:
1142:
1062:
1013:Embryo transfer
990:
981:
924:
876:
871:
833:
830:
828:Further reading
825:
824:
814:
791:
790:
786:
748:
747:
743:
733:
684:
683:
679:
643:
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638:
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595:
591:
581:
554:
553:
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529:
516:
498:
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439:
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427:
417:
384:
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370:
361:
359:
350:
349:
340:
296:
295:
288:
277:
275:
262:
261:
257:
252:
240:
213:
187:
171:
169:Adverse effects
159:
115:
37:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2604:
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2589:
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2567:
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2522:
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2514:
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2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2451:Intact D&X
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2426:
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2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
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2183:
2178:
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2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2120:United Kingdom
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1945:Czech Republic
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
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1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1541:Women's rights
1538:
1533:
1531:Toxic abortion
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
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1368:
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1304:
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1248:
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1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1099:ovarian tissue
1096:
1091:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
994:
992:
991:and expansions
983:
982:
980:
979:
974:
973:
972:
962:
957:
952:
951:
950:
945:
934:
932:
926:
925:
923:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
886:
884:
878:
877:
872:
870:
869:
862:
855:
847:
841:
840:
829:
826:
823:
822:
784:
741:
677:
656:(4): 284–292.
636:
589:
563:(3): 296–304.
542:
514:
488:
425:
368:
338:
286:
254:
253:
251:
248:
247:
246:
239:
236:
212:
209:
186:
183:
170:
167:
158:
155:
114:
111:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2614:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Six-week bans
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:South America
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2201:United States
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:North America
2127:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Liechtenstein
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Malthusianism
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:Birth control
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1230:Sex selection
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Sex selection
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:Other methods
1065:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
993:
988:
984:
978:
975:
971:
968:
967:
966:
965:Gonadotropins
963:
961:
960:GnRH agonists
958:
956:
953:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
939:
936:
935:
933:
931:
927:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
885:
883:
879:
875:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
848:
845:
837:
832:
831:
827:
818:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
788:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:(3): 574–84.
756:
752:
745:
742:
737:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
678:
673:
669:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
593:
590:
585:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
551:
549:
547:
543:
538:
534:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
515:
510:
506:
502:
495:
493:
489:
484:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
436:
434:
432:
430:
426:
421:
414:
410:
405:
400:
397:(6): 542–54.
396:
392:
388:
381:
379:
377:
375:
373:
369:
358:on 2019-04-04
357:
353:
347:
345:
343:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
293:
291:
287:
273:
269:
265:
259:
256:
249:
245:
242:
241:
237:
235:
233:
227:
225:
220:
218:
210:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
184:
182:
180:
176:
168:
166:
162:
156:
154:
152:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
122:TRAP syndrome
119:
112:
110:
106:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
49:
30:
19:
2531:Christianity
2486:Mifepristone
2481:Methotrexate
2461:Instillation
2385:Buffer zones
1857:Saudi Arabia
1686:South Africa
1681:Sierra Leone
1586:Burkina Faso
1456:Men's rights
1416:Fetal rights
1329:Abortion law
1164:Egg donation
1127:
801:
797:
787:
754:
750:
744:
694:
690:
680:
653:
649:
639:
606:
602:
592:
560:
556:
536:
509:the original
504:
452:(2): 69–82.
449:
445:
394:
390:
360:. Retrieved
356:the original
306:
302:
276:. Retrieved
267:
258:
228:
221:
214:
188:
172:
163:
160:
147:
127:
107:
92:
87:
75:
55:
54:
48:Monoamniotic
2558:Scientology
2536:Catholicism
2491:Misoprostol
2456:Hysterotomy
2242:New Zealand
2166:El Salvador
2110:Switzerland
2045:Netherlands
1847:Philippines
1817:South Korea
1812:North Korea
1727:Afghanistan
1302:Definitions
1295:Main topics
970:menotropins
882:Infertility
113:Medical use
68:quadruplets
2591:Categories
2222:Micronesia
2151:Costa Rica
2080:San Marino
2040:Montenegro
2020:Luxembourg
2000:Kazakhstan
1807:Kazakhstan
1777:East Timor
1747:Bangladesh
1737:Azerbaijan
1656:Madagascar
1626:The Gambia
1601:Cape Verde
1550:By country
1184:Sperm bank
362:2018-10-26
250:References
192:ultrasound
66:, such as
51:indicated.
2343:Venezuela
2288:Argentina
2217:Australia
2186:Nicaragua
2171:Guatemala
2015:Lithuania
1862:Singapore
1521:Socialism
1338:Movements
1138:Surrogacy
948:clomifene
672:1467-2561
284:Triplets
185:Procedure
151:premature
2597:Abortion
2576:Category
2543:Hinduism
2526:Buddhism
2518:Religion
2496:Oxytocin
2365:Case law
2333:Suriname
2323:Paraguay
2308:Colombia
2232:Kiribati
2176:Honduras
2095:Slovenia
2090:Slovakia
2065:Portugal
1935:Bulgaria
1832:Malaysia
1762:Cambodia
1711:Zimbabwe
1691:Tanzania
1621:Eswatini
1596:Cameroon
1581:Botswana
1471:Natalism
1411:Eugenics
1288:Abortion
1189:Ova bank
1147:Donation
838:. WebMD.
779:10307261
771:26083128
729:38648757
721:26544079
631:40913509
623:23344419
577:28625760
468:24525884
413:23518032
325:28444191
272:Archived
238:See also
157:Outcomes
2553:Judaism
2429:Methods
2338:Uruguay
2313:Ecuador
2293:Bolivia
2272:Vanuatu
2210:Oceania
2136:Bahamas
2115:Ukraine
2070:Romania
2030:Moldova
1990:Ireland
1985:Iceland
1980:Hungary
1970:Germany
1960:Finland
1955:Estonia
1950:Denmark
1940:Croatia
1925:Belgium
1920:Belarus
1915:Austria
1910:Andorra
1905:Albania
1882:Vietnam
1827:Lebanon
1782:Georgia
1742:Bahrain
1732:Armenia
1676:Senegal
1671:Nigeria
1666:Namibia
1651:Liberia
1646:Lesotho
1591:Burundi
1566:Algeria
1312:Methods
1307:History
1239:Related
1089:embryos
810:3347412
712:7104508
476:5136936
333:3778609
211:History
70:, to a
60:fetuses
2318:Guyana
2298:Brazil
2267:Tuvalu
2191:Panama
2181:Mexico
2146:Canada
2141:Belize
2105:Sweden
2085:Serbia
2075:Russia
2060:Poland
2055:Norway
2035:Monaco
2005:Latvia
1975:Greece
1965:France
1897:Europe
1872:Turkey
1867:Taiwan
1797:Israel
1772:Cyprus
1757:Brunei
1752:Bhutan
1706:Zambia
1701:Uganda
1661:Malawi
1636:Guinea
1571:Angola
1558:Africa
1359:Issues
1198:Ethics
1169:Embryo
1094:oocyte
890:Female
808:
777:
769:
727:
719:
709:
670:
629:
621:
575:
474:
466:
411:
331:
323:
278:27 May
2548:Islam
2303:Chile
2262:Tonga
2252:Samoa
2100:Spain
2025:Malta
1995:Italy
1887:Yemen
1852:Qatar
1837:Nepal
1802:Japan
1787:India
1767:China
1641:Kenya
1631:Ghana
1616:Egypt
1576:Benin
1174:Sperm
1104:semen
989:(IVF)
775:S2CID
725:S2CID
627:S2CID
472:S2CID
329:S2CID
62:in a
2328:Peru
2227:Fiji
2156:Cuba
1822:Laos
1792:Iran
1720:Asia
1696:Togo
1611:Chad
900:LGBT
895:Male
806:PMID
767:PMID
717:PMID
668:ISSN
619:PMID
573:PMID
464:PMID
409:PMID
321:PMID
280:2017
198:and
142:TRAP
72:twin
2357:Law
977:hCG
955:FSH
759:doi
707:PMC
699:doi
658:doi
611:doi
607:121
565:doi
454:doi
399:doi
311:doi
2593::
802:71
800:.
796:.
773:.
765:.
755:58
753:.
723:.
715:.
705:.
695:11
693:.
689:.
666:.
654:22
652:.
648:.
625:.
617:.
605:.
601:.
571:.
561:35
559:.
545:^
535:.
517:^
503:.
491:^
470:.
462:.
450:35
448:.
444:.
428:^
407:.
395:26
393:.
389:.
371:^
341:^
327:.
319:.
307:32
305:.
301:.
289:^
266:.
90:.
1280:e
1273:t
1266:v
866:e
859:t
852:v
812:.
781:.
761::
731:.
701::
674:.
660::
633:.
613::
579:.
567::
539:.
478:.
456::
415:.
401::
365:.
335:.
313::
282:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
