236:
120:
1289:
66:
711:
490:
2383:
1141:. New burial customs with rock-cut chamber tombs having a long "dromos" (a ramp leading gradually towards the entrance) along with new religious beliefs speak in favour of the arrival of people from the Aegean. The same view is supported by the introduction of the safety pin that denotes a new fashion in dressing and also by a name scratched on a bronze skewer from Paphos and dating between 1050–950 BC.
2393:
619:. The daily life of the people in those Neolithic villages was spent in farming, hunting, animal husbandry and the lithic industry, while homesteaders (likely women) were engaged in spindling and weaving cloths, in addition to their probable participation in other activities. The lithic industry was the most individual feature of this aceramic culture and innumerable stone vessels made of grey
384:
1285:. Two main clusters emerge: an “Eastern Mediterranean” Anatolian/Levantine cluster that also includes the geographically intermediate individuals from Cyprus, and an “inland” Zagros-Caucasus-Mesopotamia-Armenia-Azerbaijan cluster. There is structure within these groupings. Anatolian individuals group with each other and with those from Cyprus, whereas Levantine individuals are distinct.
195:
25:
585:
880:
The Middle Bronze Age, which follows the Early Bronze Age (1900–1600 BC), is a relatively short period and its earlier part is marked by peaceful development. The Middle Bronze Age is known from several excavated settlements: Marki Alonia, Alambra
Mouttes and Pyrgos Mavroraki. These give evidence of
813:
of the
Neolithic I period is Erimi on the South coast of the island. The ceramic is characterised by red-on white pottery with linear and floral designs. Stone (steatite) and clay figurines with spread arms are common. In Erimi, a copper chisel has been found, this is the oldest copper find in Cyprus
623:
have been discovered during excavations. The houses had a foundation of river pebbles, the remainder of the building was constructed in mudbrick. Sometimes several round houses were joined together to form a kind of compound. Some of these houses reach a diameter of up to 10 m. Inhumation burials are
1179:
Cremation as a burial rite is seen as a Greek introduction as well. The first cremation burial in Bronze vessels has been found at
Kourion-Kaloriziki, tomb 40, dated to the first half of the 11th century (LCIIIB). The shaft grave contained two bronze rod tripod stands, the remains of a shield, and a
958:
The Late
Cypriot (LC) IIC (1300–1200 BC) was a time of local prosperity. Cities were rebuilt on a rectangular grid plan, like Enkomi, where the town gates now correspond to the grid axes and numerous grand buildings front the street system or newly founded. Great official buildings (constructed from
781:
culture was destroyed by an earthquake c. 3800 BC. In the society that emerged there are no overt signs of newcomers but signs of continuity, therefore despite the violent natural catastrophe, there is an internal evolution that is formalised around 3500 BC with appearance of the first metalwork and
1096:
Most authors claim that the
Cypriot city kingdoms, first described in written sources in the 8th century BC were already founded in the 11th century BC. Other scholars see a slow process of increasing social complexity between the 12th and the 8th centuries, based on a network of chiefdoms. In
757:
near the south coast of Cyprus. The following ceramic Sotira phase (Neolithic II) has monochrome vessels with combed decoration. It had nearly fifty houses, usually having a single room that had its own hearth, benches, platforms and partitions that provided working places. The houses were on the
801:
and the size of the houses that was not uniform, both hint at property rights and social hierarchy. The same story is supported by the burials because some of them were deposited in pits without grave goods and some in shaft graves with relatively rich furniture, both being indications of wealth
1210:
The 8th century BC saw a marked increase of wealth in Cyprus. Communications to the east and west were on the ascent and this created a prosperous society. Testifying to this wealth are the so-called royal tombs of
Salamis, which, although plundered, produced a truly royal abundance of wealth.
1546:
Vigne, Jean-Denis; Cucchi, Thomas; Rousou, Maria; Bailon, Salvador; Carrère, Isabelle; Devillers, Benoît; Douché, Carolyne; Gourichon, Lionel; Hadjikoumis, Angelos; Mylona, Pantelitsa; Papayianni, Katerina; Parès, Andréa; Tengberg, Margareta; Zazzo, Antoine; Guilaine, Jean (March 2023).
1211:
Sacrifices of horses, bronze tripods and huge cauldrons decorated with sirens, griffins etc., chariots with all their ornamentation and the horses' gear, ivory beds and thrones exquisitely decorated were all deposited into the tombs' "dromoi" for the sake of their masters.
885:
were built in various places, a clear indication of unrest, although the cause is uncertain. The most important cemeteries are at
Bellapais, Lapithos, Kalavasos and Deneia. An extensive collection of Bronze Age pottery can be seen online from the cemeteries at Deneia.
971:, like at Maroni-Vournes and "building X" at Kalavassos-Ayios Dhimitrios. Other ashlar-buildings are known from Palaeokastro. A Sanctuary with a horned altar constructed from ashlar-masonry has been found at Myrtou-Pigadhes, other temples have been located at Enkomi,
1006:
but was a client state and as such was not invaded but rather merely part of the empire by association and governed by the ruling kings of Ugarit. As such Cyprus was essentially "left alone with little intervention in
Cypriot affairs". However, during the reign of
581:. Pig, sheep, goat and cattle were kept, but remained morphologically wild. Evidence for cattle (attested at Shillourokambos) is rare and when they apparently died out in the course of the 8th millennium they were not reintroduced until the early Bronze Age.
916:, who ruled Egypt at this time but were expelled from there in the mid-1500s BC. Soon afterwards peaceful conditions prevailed in the Eastern Mediterranean that witnessed a flowering of trade relations and the growing of urban centres. Chief among them was
1203:. The oldest cemetery of Salamis has indeed produced children's burials in Canaanite jars, clear indication of Phoenician presence already in the LCIIIB (11th century). Similar jar burials have been found in cemeteries in Kourion-Kaloriziki and
1037:
The years of peace that brought about such a flowering of culture and civilisation did not last. During these years Cyprus reached unprecedented heights in prosperity and it played a rather neutral role in the differences of her powerful neighbours.
696:
were discovered buried with its human owner at a
Neolithic archeological site in Cyprus. The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old, predating Egyptian civilization and pushing back the earliest known feline-human association significantly.
881:
economy and architecture of the period. From
Alambra and Marki in central Cyprus we know that the houses were rectangular with many rooms, with lanes allowing people to move freely in the community. At the end of the Middle Bronze Age,
467:
on the south coast, which is suggested to show evidence of hunting of the dwarf hippopotamus and dwarf elephant, and the inland site of Roudias in southeast Cyprus. These hunter-gatherers are suggested to have originated from the
1092:
Another Greek wave of colonization is believed to have taken place in the following century (LCIIIB, 1100–1050), indicated, among other things, by a new type of graves (long dromoi) and Mycenean influences in pottery decoration.
947:
1124:
In the ensuing Early Iron Age Cyprus becomes predominantly Greek. Pottery shapes and decoration show a marked Aegean inspiration although Oriental ideas creep in from time to time. Pottery types also appear from other
939:. It was first used in early phases of the late Bronze Age (LCIB, 14th century BC) and continued in use for c. 400 years into the LC IIIB, maybe up to the second half of the 11th century BC. It likely evolved into the
1068:
Greeks by the end of the Bronze Age, beginning the Hellenization of the island. Large amounts of IIIC:1b pottery are found in Palestine during this period as well. There are finds that show close connections to
1881:
Gitin S., A. Mazar, E. Stern (eds.), Mediterranean Peoples in Transition, Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE (Jerusalem, Israel exploration Society 1998). Late Bronze Age and transition to the Iron Age.
998:
have been found on the mainland as well (Ras Shamra). Ugaritic texts from Ras Shamra and Enkomi mention "Ya", the Assyrian name of Cyprus, that thus seems to have been in use already in the late Bronze Age.
911:
The beginning of the Late Bronze Age does not differ from the closing years of the previous period. Unrest, tension and anxiety mark all these years, probably because of some sort of engagement with the
745:
civilisation of Cyprus came to an end quite abruptly around 6000 BC. It was probably followed by a vacuum of almost 1,500 years until around 4500 BC when one sees the emergence of Neolithic II (Ceramic
1011:
the island was briefly invaded by the Hittites for either reasons of securing the copper resource or as a way of preventing piracy. Shortly afterwards the island had to be reconquered again by his son
1990:
1222:". Funerary customs at Salamis and elsewhere were greatly influenced by these poems. The deceased were given skewers and firelogs in order to roast their meat, a practice found in contemporary
1207:-Skales near Kouklia. In Skales, many Levantine imports and Cypriote imitations of Levantine forms have been found and point to a Phoenician expansion even before the end of the 11th century.
1421:
Athanassiou, Athanassios; Herridge, Victoria; Reese, David S.; Iliopoulos, George; Roussiakis, Socrates; Mitsopoulou, Vassiliki; Tsiolakis, Efthymios; Theodorou, George (August 2015).
838:
The new era was introduced by people from Anatolia who came to Cyprus about 2400 BC. The newcomers are identified archaeologically because of a distinct material culture, known as the
1549:"Historical dynamics of the human-environment interactions in Cyprus during the 12th-10th millennia cal. BP: The last 30 years contributions of the Amathous area (Limassol district)"
463:. The earliest humans to inhabit Cyprus were hunter gatherers who arrived on the island around 13–12,000 years ago (11–10,000 BC), with some of the oldest well-dated sites being
990:
Rectangular corbelled tombs point to close contacts with Syria and Canaan (probably around the emergence of ancient Israelites) as well. The practice of writing spread, and
797:
During the Chalcolithic period changes of major importance took place along with technological and artistic achievements, especially towards its end. The presence of a
472:
of the neighbouring Levant. The last records of the endemic mammals other than the mouse date to shortly after human settlement. The hunter gatherers later introduced
852:
The Philia phase of the Bronze Age (or Philia phases) saw a rapid transformation of technology and economy. Rectilinear buildings made of mud-brick, the plough, the
627:
Water wells discovered by archaeologists in western Cyprus are believed to be among the oldest in the world, dated at 9,000 to 10,500 years old, putting them in the
1758:, "Late Bronze Age Socio-Economic and Political Organization, and the Hellenization of Cyprus", Athens Journal of History, volume 3, number 1, 2017, pp. 7–20
1101:
appear for the first time. This could be a better indication for the appearance of the Cypriot kingdoms. This period shows the appearance of large urban centers.
866:
Marki Alonia and Sotira Kaminoudhia are excavated settlements. Many cemeteries are known, the most important of which is Bellapais Vounous on the North coast.
859:
The succeeding Early Bronze Age is divided into three general phases (Early Cypriot I - III) - a continuous process of development and population increase.
849:. This movement reflects the increased interest in the raw material that was going to be so closely connected with Cyprus for several centuries afterwards.
1064:
as well and a certain type of rectangular stepped capitals, endemic on Cyprus. Chamber tombs are given up in favour of shaft graves. Cyprus was settled by
412:
1180:
golden sceptre as well. Formerly seen as the Royal grave of first Argive founders of Kourion, it is now interpreted as the tomb of a native Cypriote or a
753:
At this time newcomers arrived in Cyprus introducing a new Neolithic era. The main settlement that embodies most of the characteristics of the period is
1987:
1168:. Some scholars see this a memory of a Greek colonisation already in the 11th century. In the 11th-century tomb 49 from Palaepaphos-Skales three bronze
1382:
Psonis, Nikolaos; Vassou, Despoina; Nicolaou, Loucas; Roussiakis, Socrates; Iliopoulos, George; Poulakakis, Nikos; Sfenthourakis, Spyros (2022-11-02).
689:
Life expectancy seems to have been short; the average age at death appears to have been about 34 years, and there was a high infant mortality rate.
758:
main free-standing, with relatively thin walls and tended to be square with rounded corners. The sub-rectangular houses had two or three rooms. In
2297:
1144:
Foundations myths documented by classical authors connect the foundation of numerous Cypriot towns with immigrant Greek heroes in the wake of the
1238:
as offerings to the dead are also found at Salamis, and the flames of fire that consumed the deceased were quenched with wine as it happened to
235:
2429:
2272:
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1716:
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culture to Cyprus. Parallels in subsistence, technology, settlement organization, and ideological indicators suggest close contacts between
325:
2487:
2022:
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enamelling of the sceptre head with the two falcons surmounting it has no parallels in the Aegean, but shows a strong Egyptian influence.
1045:
and other precious objects from the Aegean along with pottery that prove the close connections of the two areas, though finds coming from
141:
979:(Palaepaphos). Both the regular layout of the cities and the new masonry techniques find their closest parallels in Syria, especially in
1242:' body after it was given to the flames. The hero's ashes were gathered carefully wrapped into a linen cloth and put into a golden urn.
38:
1973:
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with inscriptions in Cypriot syllabic script have been found, one of which bears the name of Opheltas. This is the first indication of
2348:
845:
As the newcomers knew how to work with copper they soon moved to the so-called copperbelt of the island, that is the foothills of the
1325:
ancestry in Cyprus revealed by their model and subsequent analyses sheds light on debates about the origins of the people who spread
769:
The Late Neolithic is characterised by a red-on white ware. The late Neolithic settlement of Kalavassos-Pamboules has sunken houses.
1947:
1887:
1743:
1509:"Early Cypriot Prehistory: On the Traces of the Last Hunters and Gatherers on the Island—Preliminary Results of Luminescence Dating"
181:
163:
101:
52:
1019:, Palaeokastro and Sinda) show traces of destruction at the end of LC IIC. Originally, two waves of destruction, c. 1230 BC by the
2694:
2507:
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the 8th century (geometric period) the number of settlements increases sharply and monumental tombs, like the 'Royal' tombs of
967:) point to increased social hierarchisation and control. Some of these buildings contain facilities for processing and storing
405:
2826:
899:, the name is preserved in Egyptian, Hittite, Assyrian and Ugaritic documents. The first recorded name of a Cypriot king is
1963:. Material culture, chronology and the origins of the Bronze Age in Cyprus. American Journal of Archaeology 103, 1999, 3-43.
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source has been suggested on the basis of architectural and artifactual similarities. However, the faunal record at Cypriot
1983:
1680:
2619:
2614:
2317:
2217:
441:
Prior to the arrival of humans in Cyprus, only four terrestrial mammal species were present on the islands, including the
370:
1274:
917:
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The oldest evidence of neolithic settlement is dated to 8800–8600 BC. The first settlers were already agriculturalists (
433:. This article covers the period 11,000 to 800 BC and ends immediately before the documented history of Cyprus begins.
2816:
2801:
453:. The ancestors of these species arrived on Cyprus at least 200,000 years ago, with the other species being the genet
355:
272:
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631:. They are said to show the sophistication of early settlers, and their heightened appreciation for the environment.
134:
128:
74:
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use on the island, although it is written in the Cypriot syllabary that remained in use down to the 3rd century BC.
856:
and clay pot stands are among the characteristic introductions. Cattle were reintroduced, together with the donkey.
762:, the remains of the Sotira phase overlay the aceramic remains. There are Sotira-ceramics in the earliest levels of
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2722:
2422:
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215:
1349:, and the genetic data increase the weight of evidence in favor of this scenario of a primary source in Anatolia.
2727:
2679:
2579:
2322:
2047:
1358:
1030:, or 1190 and 1179 BC according to Paul Aström had been proposed. Some smaller settlements (Ayios Dhimitrios and
365:
290:
265:
2732:
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as well. In the North of the island, the ceramic levels of Troulli may be synchronous with Sotira in the South.
145:
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2609:
2589:
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2157:
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2015:
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have survived, but in one example there is a minimal presence of tin, something which may support contact with
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period is divided into the Erimi (Chalcolithic I) and Ambelikou/Ayios Georghios (Chalcolithic II) phases. The
786:(copper and stone) period that lasted until about 2500/2300 BC. Very few chisels, hooks and jewellery of pure
1507:
Tsakalos, Evangelos; Efstratiou, Nikos; Bassiakos, Yannis; Kazantzaki, Maria; Filippaki, Eleni (2021-08-01).
842:. This was the earliest manifestation of the Bronze Age. Philia sites are found in most parts of the island.
2780:
2760:
2712:
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2363:
2307:
2242:
2237:
2117:
1342:
1330:
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1277:, projecting the ancient individuals onto the variation of present-day West Eurasians. They discovered that
508:
44:
2062:
1790:"Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia"
1248:
The Prehistoric Period came to an end with the writing of the first works that still survive, first by the
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At Salamis the ashes of the deceased are also wrapped into a cloth and deposited into a bronze cauldron.
545:). They introduced the dog, sheep, goats and maybe cattle and pigs as well as numerous wild animals like
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2512:
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2415:
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2197:
2177:
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1755:
1650:
1363:
1334:
1326:
924:, though several other harbour towns also sprang up along the southern coast of Cyprus. Around 1500 BC,
446:
889:
The up to now oldest copper workshops have been excavated at Pyrgos-Mavroraki, 90 km southwest of
821:
The Chalcolithic period did not come to an end at the same time throughout Cyprus, and lingered in the
561:) that were previously unknown on the island. The PPNB settlers built round houses with floors made of
1384:"Mitochondrial sequences of the extinct Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus confirm its phylogenetic placement"
1052:
In the later phase of the late Bronze Age (LCIIIA, 1200–1100 BC) great amounts of "Mycenaean" IIIC:1b
2717:
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2674:
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2132:
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1801:
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1434:
455:
80:
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2564:
2337:
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2137:
2112:
2102:
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2008:
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sites and the use of Anatolian obsidian as raw material suggest linkages with Central and Southern
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995:
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554:
360:
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2207:
2172:
2127:
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1927:
1843:
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1489:
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1883:
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1528:
1403:
1249:
1074:
951:
940:
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224:
1917:
1906:"Late Bronze Age Socio-Economic and Political Organization, and the Hellenization of Cyprus"
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1809:
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1481:
1442:
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1338:
1318:
1065:
754:
469:
450:
1994:
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follows the Submycenean period (1125–1050 BC) or Late Bronze Age and is divided into the:
1098:
1057:
1012:
570:
307:
1805:
1564:
1477:
1460:
Athanassiou, Athanassios; van der Geer, Alexandra A.E.; Lyras, George A. (August 2019).
1438:
724:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Rich finds from this period testify to a vivid commerce with other countries. We have
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I) was characterized by round houses (tholoi), stone vessels and an economy based on
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populations has been unclear, with many possible points of origin. An inland Middle
1462:"Pleistocene insular Proboscidea of the Eastern Mediterranean: A review and update"
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1423:"Cranial evidence for the presence of a second endemic elephant species on Cyprus"
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when he entertained other Greek heroes in his tent. Honey and oil, described by
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so far. Otherwise, copper is still rare. Another important Chalcolithic site is
464:
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people in Cyprus and on the mainland, but the geographic source of the Cypriot
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The late 8th century is the time of the spreading of the Homeric poems, the "
658:. Remains of the following animal species were recovered during excavations:
1813:
1587:"Archaeologists find oldest evidence of Late Stone Age settlement on Cyprus"
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On the Margins of Southwest Asia: Cyprus during the 6th to 4th Millennia BC
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to the island around 12,000 years ago, likely to act as a source of food.
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449:, which were much smaller than their mainland ancestors as a result of
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ancestry is observed in Neolithic Anatolian populations as well as
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1227:
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1138:
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Egyptian pottery has been found, among them wine jugs bearing the
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193:
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2004:
903:, as appears on letters sent to Ugarit in the 13th century BC.
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483:
113:
86:
You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
59:
18:
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accumulation by certain families and social differentiation.
1894:
The role of the Sea People in Cyprus during the LCIII period
1195:
were founded, like Kart-Hadasht ('New Town'), present day
1056:
were produced locally. New architectural features include
686:, a kind of horse and a kind of dog but no cattle as yet.
1034:) were abandoned but do not show traces of destruction.
1898:
Cyprus at the close of the Bronze Age (Nicosia 1984)
1292:
Three-way admixture model of Neolithic populations.
1160:
Agapenor of Tegea to have replaced the native ruler
2741:
2703:
2445:
2336:
2296:
2038:
1738:, pages 121-122. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005.
863:is the best excavated settlement of this period.
1988:Ancient History of Cyprus, by Cypriot government
928:claimed Cyprus and imposed a tax on the island.
794:, where copper-working was established earlier.
1156:was supposed to have founded Salamis, and the
2423:
2016:
1651:"Ancient burial looks like human and pet cat"
406:
8:
1273:study, Lazaridis et al. (2022) carried out
931:Literacy was introduced to Cyprus with the
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2430:
2416:
2408:
2023:
2009:
2001:
1708:1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed
1631:Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East
1553:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1321:and the early farmers of Cyprus. The high
825:area until the arrival of the Bronze Age.
634:Plant remains indicate the cultivation of
413:
399:
209:
1921:
1896:. In: V. Karageorghis/J. D. Muhly (eds),
1829:
1388:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1002:Cyprus was, at some times, a part of the
182:Learn how and when to remove this message
164:Learn how and when to remove this message
102:Learn how and when to remove this message
489:
127:This article includes a list of general
1942:, American School of Oriental Research
1772:, The Modern Antiquarian, Jan. 23, 2008
1730:
1728:
1374:
692:In 2004, the remains of an 8-month-old
223:
212:
1870:Clarke, Joanne, with contributions by
1015:, around 1200 BC. Some towns (Enkomi,
1783:
1781:
1779:
1137:, a powerful urban center of ancient
7:
1865:Prehistoric and Protohistoric Cyprus
1281:Cypriots genetically clustered with
1734:Thomas, Carol G. & Conant, C.:
1705:Eric H. Cline (22 September 2015).
1275:principal components analysis (PCA)
1133:recovery on Cyprus of pottery from
1301:Ganj_Dareh = Iran Neolithic Farmer
133:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1978:Archaeology and history of Cyprus
1610:"Stone Age wells found in Cyprus"
503:on the end of the Aceramic period
34:This article has multiple issues.
2391:
2382:
2381:
1961:Characterising the Philia facies
1954:Cyprus BC, 7000 Years of History
1867:. Oxford University Press, 2008.
1649:Walton, Marsha (April 9, 2004).
1230:, recalling the similar gear of
950:Late Bronze Age horned altar at
709:
588:Neolithic archeological site at
488:
382:
234:
118:
64:
23:
1904:Orphanides, Andreas G. (2017).
1486:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.028
42:or discuss these issues on the
2349:British Indian Ocean Territory
1956:(London, British Museum 1979).
1711:. Princeton University Press.
1304:CHG = Caucasus Hunter Gatherer
1129:cultures as evidenced from in
1049:countries are also plentiful.
596:In the 6th millennium BC, the
1:
1940:Earliest Prehistory of Cyprus
1191:In the 8th century, numerous
1573:10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104049
1447:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.065
499:appears to contradict itself
1959:Webb J. M. and D. Frankel,
1315:Anatolian Neolithic-related
935:, a derivation from Cretan
624:located inside the houses.
537:), but did not yet produce
2843:
1982:Deneia Bronze Age pottery
1900:, 39–55. End of Bronze Age
1466:Quaternary Science Reviews
1400:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab089
1313:the highest proportion of
873:
443:Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus
2377:
1910:Athens Journal of History
1788:Lazaridis, Iosif (2022).
1359:Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus
1298:Anatolian Hunter Gatherer
718:This section needs to be
2098:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1952:Tatton-Brown, Veronica.
1427:Quaternary International
678:. More remains indicate
573:, Tenta) and cultivated
497:This article or section
2359:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1814:10.1126/science.abq0762
1343:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
1331:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
893:. Cyprus was known as
148:more precise citations.
73:This article cites its
2488:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1612:. BBC News. 2009-06-25
1306:
1085:and fish bones of the
955:
933:Cypro-Minoan syllabary
593:
429:is the oldest part of
207:
2827:Prehistory by country
2439:Prehistory of Europe
1938:Swiny, Stuart (2001)
1874:and Alexander Wasse.
1756:Andreas G. Orphanides
1681:"This item has moved"
1364:Cyprus dwarf elephant
1335:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
1327:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
1291:
1252:, then by Greeks and
1117:Geometric 1050–700 BC
949:
782:the beginning of the
587:
565:of burned lime (e.g.
511:for more information.
459:and the still living
447:Cyprus dwarf elephant
198:Bronze Age idol from
197:
2273:United Arab Emirates
1923:10.30958/ajhis.3-1-1
1513:Current Anthropology
1283:Neolithic Anatolians
1164:and to have founded
456:Genetta plesictoides
2704:States with limited
2300:limited recognition
2032:Prehistory of Asia
1806:2022Sci...377..982L
1565:2023JArSR..50j4049V
1478:2019QSRv..218..306A
1439:2015QuInt.379...47A
1193:Phoenician colonies
996:Cypro-Minoan script
660:Persian fallow deer
555:Persian fallow deer
2817:Prehistoric Europe
2802:Prehistoric Cyprus
1993:2006-05-08 at the
1863:Bernard Knapp, A.
1767:C. Michael Hogan,
1636:The New York Times
1307:
1120:Archaic 700–525 BC
956:
854:warp-weighted loom
805:The Eneolithic or
594:
529:Aceramic Neolithic
427:Prehistoric Period
208:
2822:Ancient Near East
2807:Bronze Age Europe
2789:
2788:
2405:
2404:
2342:other territories
1800:(6609): 982–987.
1718:978-1-4008-7449-1
1629:Wade, Nicholas, "
1323:Anatolian-related
1319:Neolithic Aegeans
1152:, the brother of
1075:Hala Sultan Tekke
941:Cypriot syllabary
870:Middle Bronze Age
847:Troodos mountains
739:
738:
701:Ceramic Neolithic
559:Dama mesopotamica
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389:Cyprus portal
303:Kingdom of Cyprus
273:Ten city-kingdoms
192:
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79:does not provide
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16:Period of history
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2742:Dependencies and
2446:Sovereign states
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2040:Sovereign states
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1872:Carole McCartney
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1148:. For example,
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1916:(1): 7–20.
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1472:: 306–321.
1309:During the
1218:" and the "
1205:Palaepaphos
1021:Sea Peoples
465:Aetokremnos
437:Paleolithic
371:Earthquakes
361:Ancient art
246:Prehistoric
225:History of
146:introducing
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1670:Webb, 1999
1657:2007-11-23
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1559:: 104049.
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1182:Phoenician
1146:Trojan war
1087:Nile perch
985:Ras Shamra
883:fortresses
829:Bronze Age
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760:Khirokitia
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129:references
39:improve it
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2118:Indonesia
1932:158055178
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1822:0036-8075
1533:0011-3204
1494:199107354
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1408:0024-4082
1339:Euphrates
1294:Pinarbasi
1279:Neolithic
1269:In their
1250:Assyrians
1240:Patroclus
1186:cloisonné
1079:cartouche
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969:olive oil
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2193:Mongolia
2188:Maldives
2183:Malaysia
2083:Cambodia
1991:Archived
1840:36007054
1353:See also
1347:Anatolia
1232:Achilles
1158:Arcadian
1111:Iron Age
1105:Iron Age
1028:refugees
983:(modern
952:Pigadhes
937:Linear A
896:Alashiya
876:Alashiya
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684:Roe deer
680:Red deer
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563:terrazzo
445:and the
356:Timeline
291:Medieval
253:Alashiya
216:a series
214:Part of
92:May 2020
2690:Ukraine
2640:Romania
2600:Moldova
2558:Ireland
2553:Iceland
2548:Hungary
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1054:pottery
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891:Nicosia
720:updated
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654:called
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636:cereals
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567:Kastros
539:pottery
266:Ancient
204:Nikosia
142:improve
75:sources
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