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centimeters) and depict a rich set of images that are repeated across different sites. These include human and semi-human figures as well as animals (birds, snakes, deer, oxen) and human-made objects (sleds, scepters, rattles and head dresses). In contrast, the âLong Rocherâ school, with 80 panels, presents panels of mainly geometric engravings that resemble the
Mesolithic petroglyphs described above. Also etched with shallow grooves and located in small cavities, these engravings are rarely figurative and the size of the panels is somewhat larger on average than those of the Malmontagne school. Both schools of petroglyphs are thought to date to the late Bronze Age.
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associated with the early Bronze Age. Second, the presence of images of sleds being pulled by oxen shows that the
Malmontagne peoples domesticated animals, meaning the etchings could not have been created earlier than the late Neolithic. Third, the images etched onto late Bronze Age ceramics show a clear link with those of the petroglyphs. Fourth, a bronze version of the rattles depicted in the Malmontagne panels has been found in Germany and reliably dated to the late Bronze Age.
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position and that even he could not see well what he was working on. It is perhaps because of this very non-ostentatious style that these petroglyphs only came to the attention of the archeological community in 2014. Furthermore, the apparently deliberate attempt to âhideâ the petroglyphs shows a desire for discretion, even secrecy, on the part of their creators and raises questions about the role they played in this Bronze Age culture.
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2 mm can be completed in less than 60 seconds and that the engraved grids of the type commonly found in the
Fontainebleau Forest can be executed in between 5 and 15 minutes. Specialized engraving expertise was not required. Thus, the engravings âwere technically simple to make with easy-to-access tools and therefore could have been carried out by a large number of people, during rather short periods of time.â
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conducted in the 1960s, most of these engravings were small (over 50 percent were 10 cm or less), while 11 percent were relatively large (21 cm or more). Furthermore, the engravings appear to have been executed as an accumulation of art works over time in cavities âwith no explicit order, especially on certain abundantly engraved sitesâ.
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The cave engravings can be divided into two broad groups. The most readily visible to the casual observer are largely non-figurative collections of repetitive geometric patterns, usually found in larger rock shelters, some of which were inhabited by
Mesolithic peoples. The second, much smaller, group
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The engravings have been known since the nineteenth century and were mainly discovered by casual observers. They are found in cavities that are generally large enough for one or two people to stand in simultaneously. However, some were large enough to be inhabited; in a sample of 49 engraving sites,
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The act of engraving on such a surface was reasonably simple and could be accomplished with readily available tools. A reenactment of the creation of such a work using stone tools of the type produced by the worksâ creators shows that a single line etching with a length of 15 cm and a depth of
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In addition to the information provided by archeological excavations, the dating of these petroglyphs to the late Bronze Age relies on triangulation from a number of established archeological facts. First, the technique used to produce the engraving tools is clearly post-Mesolithic and is also not
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The etchings could only be executed in an outer, thin layer of soft sandstone that has an average thickness of 3 mm and a maximum thickness of 30 mm. This soft sandstone would be washed away by the elements except in protected areas of sandstone boulders. It is presumably for this reason
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Broadly speaking, the
Mesolithic engravings take the form of panels of straight grooves which are often organized into grids. In fewer cases, these grooves were presented as isolated lines or formed into crosses. Even more rarely, rudimentary circles or stars were etched. According to an inventory
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Perhaps the most intriguing characteristic of these panels is that many were executed in small cavities in the boulders, making them extremely hard to see. In some cases, there was only enough room for the artist's arm to enter the cavity, meaning that he was in an extremely uncomfortable working
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A less abundant group of largely figurative rock engravings was discovered by archeologists in 2014 in a smaller area (about 30 square kilometers) within, roughly, the southeast quadrant of the
Fontainebleau Forest. The original discovery in 2014 led, the following year, to a systematic search of
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Material found in the caves and thought to be contemporaneous with the etchings provides fairly reliable dating to the
Mesolithic. It also appears to indicate that the engravings were part of a day-to-day activity of early Mesolithic society in the forest. The dating of these engravings relies on
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In addition to panels of engravings on boulders, the petroglyphs were also executed on portable blocks of stone and on round, fixed stones used to create three-dimensional engravings, sometimes of what appears to be female creatures. The portable, engraved blocks were found deliberately buried
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of the surrounding sites and analysis of the associated artefacts (tools, etc.) found there. Reliable dating has been facilitated by the fact that a large portion of the ceiling of an inhabited rock shelter collapsed onto
Mesolithic vestiges, thereby capturing the Mesolithic traces underneath.
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The style of these engravings has been categorized into 2 schools. The first is the âMalmontagneâ school, consisting of roughly 200 panels with highly complex panels of human, semi-human and animal figures. Etched with shallow grooves, these elaborate panels are small (often not exceeding 10
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is a series of several hundred figurative engravings that were only recently discovered (2014) in a much more circumscribed area of the
Fontainebleau Forest. Many of these engravings are found in small cavities in the sandstone boulders and are not readily visible to passersby.
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Sketch of a detail of an engraved rock panel showing a semi-human figure holding a rattle. The depiction of these rattles in the
Malmontagne petroglyphs provides one basis, among several, for their dating to the late Bronze
401:(This article was presented to an academic conference held in Paris at the Institute dâart et dâarchĂ©ologie on June 4, 2021. The title of the conference is: ExpĂ©rimentons la protohistoire - Dialogues interdisciplinaires.)
241:(This article was presented to an academic conference held in Paris at the Institute dâart et dâarchĂ©ologie on June 4, 2021. The title of the conference is: ExpĂ©rimentons la protohistoire - Dialogues interdisciplinaires.)
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13 (or 26 percent) were judged to be inhabitable. A formal inventory conducted by volunteer archeologists documented the presence of such rock etchings in more than 2000 cavities of boulders in the Fontainebleau Forest.
264:""Fontainebleau rock art" (Ile-de-France, France), an exceptional rock art group dated to the Mesolithic? Critical return on the lithic material discovered in three decorated rock shelters"
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The non-figurative engravings of the early Mesolithic were executed during a time of intense rock engraving activity by what would turn out to be the last hunter gatherers of the
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395:"Graver les grĂšs de Fontainebleau Ă l'age du Bronze final: perspectives d'experimentations Ă partir d'un nouveau corpus de l'ensemble rupestre sud francilien"
235:"Graver les grĂšs de Fontainebleau Ă l'age du Bronze final: perspectives d'experimentations Ă partir d'un nouveau corpus de l'ensemble rupestre sud francilien"
312:"Social context of Mesolithic rock engravings in the Fontainebleau sandstone region (Paris Basin, France): Contribution of the experimental study"
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cavities that might also contain such petroglyphs. After 8 years of search, almost 300 panels of petroglyphs were inventoried.
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region. Thus, these etchings were executed thousands of years later than the Paleolithic cave paintings found in, for example,
353:"The Decorated Mesolithic Rock Shelters South of Ăle-de-France: Revision of the Archaeological Data and Research Perspectives"
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that all the Mesolithic engravings of the Fontainebleau Forest are found in sheltered situations.
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Cantin, Alexandre; Valentin, Boris; Thiry, Médard; Guéret, Colas (2022-10-01).
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Rock art found in the forest of Fontainebleau, from an exhibition at
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Pierres secrÚtes: Mythologie pré celtique en foret de Fontainebleau
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Pierres secrÚtes: Mythologie pré celtique en foret de Fontainebleau
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468:. Errance & Picard and Musée de Préhistoire d'Ile-de-France.
430:. Errance & Picard and Musée de Préhistoire d'Ile-de-France.
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are an abundant collection of rock art discovered among the
171:"The forest of Fontainebleau is home to rock art treasures"
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prehistoric rock engravings of the Fontainebleau Forest
82:Etched Mesolithic grids from a rock shelter near
63:Non-figurative engravings of the early Mesolithic
357:Palethnologie. Archéologie et sciences humaines
47:(very few examples), roughly 2000 to the early
16:Petroglyphs from the Mesolithic and Bronze Age
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351:Bénard, Alain; Guéret, Colas (2014-02-10).
262:Guéret, Colas; Bénard, Alain (2017-06-01).
316:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
268:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
464:Simonin, Daniel; Valois, Laurent (2023).
426:Simonin, Daniel; Valois, Laurent (2023).
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25:MusĂ©e de PrĂ©histoire d'Ăle-de-France
393:Cantin, Alexandre (December 2021).
233:Cantin, Alexandre (December 2021).
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203:"PĂ©troglyphes du Bassin parisien"
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329:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103554
280:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.03.039
86:in the Fontainebleau Forest
51:and almost 300 to the late
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511:Mesolithic sites of Europe
506:Bronze Age sites in Europe
366:10.4000/palethnologie.1678
101:archeological excavation
201:Tassé, Gilles (1982).
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496:Petroglyphs
399:Google Docs
239:Google Docs
45:Paleolithic
490:Categories
405:2023-09-22
322:: 103554.
274:: 99â120.
245:2023-09-22
180:2023-09-22
150:References
53:Bronze Age
49:Mesolithic
375:2108-6532
338:2352-409X
288:2352-409X
175:CNRS News
99:rigorous
37:sandstone
73:Lascaux
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359:(6).
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