337:, allowing the mothers to carry their babies with one or both hands. The combination of hairlessness and upright posture may also explain the enlargement of the female breasts as a sexual signal. Giles' theory is that the loss of fur also promoted mother-child attachment based upon the pleasure of skin-to-skin contact. This may explain the more extensive hairlessness of female humans and infants compared to adult males. Nakedness also affects sexual relationships as well, the duration of human intercourse being many times the duration of any other primates.
59:
359:
3290:
3300:
115:. By selecting more hairless mates, humans accelerated changes initiated by natural selection. Sexual selection may also account for the remaining human hair in the pubic area and armpits, which are sites for pheromones, while hair on the head continued to provide protection from the sun. Anatomically modern humans, whose traits include hairlessness, evolved 260,000 to 350,000 years ago.
278:(such as ticks) residing in fur became problematic as humans became hunters living in larger groups with a "home base". Nakedness would also make the lack of parasites apparent to prospective mates. However, this theory is inconsistent with the abundance of parasites that continue to exist in the remaining patches of human hair.
301:, diverging 3.3 million years ago. This suggests that humans had lost body hair (but retained head hair) and developed thick pubic hair prior to this date, were living in or close to the forest where gorillas lived, and acquired pubic lice from butchering gorillas or sleeping in their nests. The evolution of the
414:
and capable of self-reflection and symbolic interaction. More recent studies place the use of adornment at 77,000 years ago in South Africa, and 90,000—100,000 years ago in Israel and
Algeria. While modesty may be a factor, often overlooked purposes for body coverings are camouflage used by hunters,
249:
evident in humans, especially in females, and thus they could have occurred at the same time. This theory, however, has significant holdings in today's cultural norms. There is no evidence that sexual selection would proceed to such a drastic extent over a million years ago when a full, lush coat of
281:
The "ectoparasite" explanation of modern human nakedness is based on the principle that a hairless primate would harbor fewer parasites. When our ancestors adopted group-dwelling social arrangements roughly 1.8 mya, ectoparasite loads increased dramatically. Early humans became the only one of
185:
and humans are two of the few animals capable of sweating on most of their body, yet horses are larger and still have fully developed fur. In humans, the skin hairs lie flat in hot conditions, as the arrector pili muscles relax, preventing heat from being trapped by a layer of still air between the
470:
Winter, H.; Langbein, L.; Krawczak, M.; Cooper, D.N.; Jave-Suarez, L.F.; Rogers, M.A.; Praetzel, S.; Heidt, P.J.; Schweizer, J. (2001). "Human type I hair keratin pseudogene phihHaA has functional orthologs in the chimpanzee and gorilla: Evidence for recent inactivation of the human gene after the
378:
indicates that the habitual wearing of clothing began at some point in time between 83,000 years ago and 170,000 years ago based upon a genetic analysis indicating when clothing lice diverged from their head louse ancestors. This information suggests that the use of clothing likely originated with
110:
helped make possible the dramatic enlargement of the brain, the most temperature-sensitive human organ. Thus the loss of fur was also a factor in further adaptations, both physical and behavioral, that differentiated humans from other primates. Some of these changes are thought to be the result of
66:
The general hairlessness of humans in comparison to related species may be due to loss of functionality in the pseudogene KRT41P (which helps produce keratin) in the human lineage about 240,000 years ago. On an individual basis, mutations in the gene HR can lead to complete hair loss, though
266:(AAH) includes hair loss as one of several characteristics of modern humans that could indicate adaptations to an aquatic environment. Serious consideration may be given by contemporary anthropologists to some hypotheses related to AAH, but hair loss is not one of them.
430:
occupied the same region, but became extinct in part because they could not make fitted garments, but draped themselves with crudely cut skins—based upon their simple stone tools—which did not provide the warmth needed to survive as the climate grew colder in the
332:
The last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees was only partially bipedal, often using their front legs for locomotion. Other primate mothers do not need to carry their young because there is fur for them to cling to, but the loss of fur encouraged full
155:. Most mammals have light skin that is covered by fur, and biologists believe that early human ancestors started out this way also. Dark skin probably evolved after humans lost their body fur, because the naked skin was vulnerable to the strong
286:, which can be attributed to the close living arrangements of large groups of individuals. While primate species have communal sleeping arrangements, these groups are always on the move and thus are less likely to harbor ectoparasites.
70:
In order to comprehend why humans have significantly less body hair than other primates, one must understand that mammalian body hair is not merely an aesthetic characteristic; it protects the skin from wounds, bites, heat, cold, and
453:
While adults are rarely completely naked in modern societies, covering at least their genitals, adornments and clothing often emphasize, enhance, or otherwise call attention to the sexuality of the body.
123:
Humans are the only primate species that have undergone significant hair loss and of the approximately 5000 extant species of mammal, only a handful are effectively hairless. This list includes
84:, originating about 1.6 million years ago. The dissipation of body heat remains the most widely accepted evolutionary explanation for the loss of body hair in early members of the genus
96:. This change in environment also resulted in a change in diet, from largely vegetarian to hunting. Pursuing game on the savanna also increased the need for regulation of body heat.
163:. Therefore, evidence of the time when human skin darkened has been used to date the loss of human body hair, assuming that the dark skin was needed after the fur was gone.
88:, the surviving member of which is modern humans. Less hair, and an increase in sweat glands, made it easier for their bodies to cool when they moved from living in shady
181:
The sweat glands in humans could have evolved to spread from the hands and feet as the body hair changed, or the hair change could have occurred to facilitate sweating.
166:
With the loss of fur, darker, high-melanin skin evolved as a protection from ultraviolet radiation damage. As humans migrated outside of the tropics, varying degrees of
297:, would date the loss of body hair in human ancestors. However, it turned out that the human pubic louse does not descend from the ancestral human louse, but from the
3046:
2603:
3091:
3069:
435:. In addition to being less functional, the simple wrappings would not have been habitually worn by Neanderthal due to their being more cold-tolerant than
174:. The relative lightness of female compared to male skin in a given population may be due to the greater need for women to produce more vitamin D during
2500:"Hairless mutation: a driving force of humanization from a human-ape common ancestor by enforcing upright walking while holding a baby with both hands"
1026:
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2213:
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1898:
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863:
3059:
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943:
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2033:
1497:"Ticks, Hair Loss, and Non-Clinging Babies: A Novel Tick-Based Hypothesis for the Evolutionary Divergence of Humans and Chimpanzees"
3101:
3009:
2682:
2611:
Wheeler, P.E. (1985). "The loss of functional body hair in man: the influence of thermal environment, body form and bipedality".
897:
346:
2641:
2791:
2181:
Leary, Mark R; Buttermore, Nicole R. (2003). "The
Evolution of the Human Self: Tracing the Natural History of Self-Awareness".
1288:
370:, dated between 39,000 and 25,000 BCE. The practice of body adornment is associated with the emergence of behavioral modernity.
3074:
1965:
245:, which is less visible. The halting of hair development at a juvenile stage, vellus hair, would also be consistent with the
67:
this is not typical in humans. Humans may also lose their hair as a result of hormonal imbalance due to drugs or pregnancy.
2306:
3199:
1612:
418:
The origin of complex, fitted clothing required the invention of fine stone knives for cutting skins into pieces, and the
325:, who attempts to explain hairlessness as evolved from the relationship between mother and child, and as a consequence of
3324:
2786:
571:
423:
217:), as well as a much larger role of testosterone in men. Sexual selection is the only theory thus far that explains the
2594:
382:
Some of the technology for what is now called clothing may have originated to make other types of adornment, including
3247:
2966:
442:
The earliest archeological evidence of fabric clothing is inferred from representations in figurines in the southern
1477:
Prehistoric
Textiles: the Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean
3182:
3167:
2442:
Simmons, Pauline; Yarwood, Doreen; Laver, James; Murray, Anne Wood; Marly, Diana Julia
Alexandra (April 6, 2022).
2981:
2715:
1852:
Gilligan, Ian (2010). "The
Prehistoric Development of Clothing: Archaeological Implications of a Thermal Model".
1249:
367:
322:
3329:
3079:
2808:
160:
305:
from the head louse, on the other hand, places the date of clothing much later, some 100,000 years ago.
2883:
2749:
2742:
1814:
42:
humans were naked in prehistory for at least 90,000 years before the invention of clothing. Today, isolated
1034:
450:
from Egypt dated 5,000 BCE, although knotted or twisted flax fibers have been found as early as 7000 BCE.
3204:
3177:
2896:
403:
379:
anatomically modern humans in Africa prior to their migration to colder climates, allowing them to do so.
263:
3209:
3031:
58:
1633:"Bipedality and hair loss in human evolution revisited: The impact of altitude and activity scheduling"
2225:"Defining Behavioral Modernity in the Context of Neandertal and Anatomically Modern Human Populations"
358:
3277:
3154:
2918:
2818:
2675:
2620:
2404:
2351:
1984:
1644:
1508:
1211:"Fur or fire: Was the use of fire the initial selection pressure for fur loss in ancestral hominins?"
1124:
647:
527:
411:
3224:
3129:
2951:
2393:"Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago"
432:
107:
34:
use are characteristics of humans related by evolutionary and social prehistory. The major loss of
3299:
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3214:
3144:
3139:
2946:
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2169:
2161:
2008:
1904:
1869:
1795:
1738:
1593:
1269:
496:
43:
39:
313:
Another hypothesis is that humans' use of fire caused or initiated the reduction in human hair.
2908:
2856:
2705:
2580:
2562:
2543:"Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa"
2529:
2478:
2422:
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2277:
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2000:
1961:
1938:
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1834:
1787:
1730:
1695:
1678:
1660:
1585:
1577:
1544:
1526:
1481:
1191:
1162:"Origin of clothing lice indicates early clothing use by anatomically modern humans in Africa"
1142:
1089:
966:
924:
859:
675:
613:
553:
488:
395:
353:
218:
203:
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2190:
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2064:
2056:
1992:
1886:
1861:
1826:
1777:
1769:
1758:"Neanderthal Extinction and Modern Human Behaviour: The Role of Climate Change and Clothing"
1722:
1668:
1652:
1569:
1534:
1516:
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1222:
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1132:
1079:
1069:
974:
958:
914:
906:
665:
655:
605:
543:
535:
480:
206:
112:
516:"Molecular evolution of HR, a gene that regulates the postnatal cycle of the hair follicle"
439:, and would not have acquired the secondary functions of decoration and promoting modesty.
410:(40,000 to 60,000 years ago) in which humans became not only anatomically modern, but also
3334:
3294:
2991:
2941:
2727:
2668:
363:
222:
152:
2240:
289:
It was expected that dating the split of the ancestral human louse into two species, the
250:
hair would most likely indicate health and would therefore be more likely to be selected
2624:
2408:
2355:
1988:
1648:
1512:
1128:
651:
531:
3194:
3134:
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2542:
2524:
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2374:
2339:
2224:
2127:
2100:
2069:
2044:
1883:
Climate, Clothing, and
Agriculture in Prehistory: Linking Evidence, Causes, and Effects
1830:
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1084:
1057:
919:
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670:
635:
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238:
167:
132:
103:
62:
Humans' closest living relatives have both extensive areas of fur and also bare patches
2632:
2340:"Avoidance of overheating and selection for both hair loss and bipedality in hominins"
1975:
Jablonski, Nina G.; Chaplin, George (2000). "The
Evolution of Human Skin Coloration".
962:
609:
3318:
3304:
3267:
3252:
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3004:
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2515:
2434:
2322:
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2022:
1908:
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1597:
446:
dated between 11,700 and 10,500 years ago. The surviving examples of woven cloth are
419:
298:
275:
226:
210:
75:
radiation. Additionally, it can be used as a communication tool and as a camouflage.
2330:
2173:
2012:
1919:
Down from the Trees : Man's
Amazing Transition from Tree-Dwelling Ape Ancestors
1917:
1742:
1273:
500:
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128:
100:
80:
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853:
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294:
242:
230:
214:
72:
1573:
640:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1773:
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399:
387:
334:
326:
302:
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234:
187:
2566:
2281:
2045:"The Colours of Humanity: The Evolution of Pigmentation in the Human Lineage"
1838:
1791:
1734:
1664:
1581:
1557:
1530:
2913:
2863:
2841:
2558:
2417:
2392:
2364:
1757:
1177:
660:
596:
Rantala, M.J. (1999). "Human nakedness: Adaptation against ectoparasites?".
199:
175:
148:
124:
27:
2584:
2533:
2426:
2383:
2289:
2136:
2117:
2078:
2060:
2004:
1996:
1815:"Clothing and modern human behaviour: prehistoric Tasmania as a case study"
1682:
1589:
1548:
1195:
1146:
1093:
970:
928:
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679:
617:
557:
492:
1890:
1210:
484:
38:
distinguishes humans from other primates. Current evidence indicates that
2933:
2868:
2851:
2205:
The
Genesis of the Textile Industry from Adorned Nudity to Ritual Regalia
1726:
1521:
1265:
136:
31:
2836:
2771:
2732:
2272:
2255:
2165:
1710:
383:
246:
93:
47:
2049:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1782:
539:
221:
seen in the hair patterns of men and women. On average, men have more
50:
climates continue to be without clothing in many everyday activities.
2691:
2463:"The Role of Neoteny in Human Evolution: From Genes to the Phenotype"
1252:(20 March 2015) . "Naked love: The evolution of human hairlessness".
1074:
443:
391:
144:
89:
35:
21:
274:
A divergent explanation of humans' relative hairlessness holds that
209:
played a role (as well as in the selection of long head hair), (see
2157:
2759:
2144:
Kushlan, James A. (1980). "The Evolution of Hairlessness in Man".
575:
447:
357:
283:
182:
57:
2105:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
406:, body adornment is one of the changes that occurred in the late
2256:"Sinuses and flotation: Does the aquatic ape theory hold water?"
398:, "dressing" the naked body without concealing it. According to
170:
evolved in order to permit UVB-induced synthesis of previtamin D
85:
2664:
415:
body armor, and costumes used to impersonate "spirit-beings".
140:
106:
posits that the ability to dissipate excess body heat through
2541:
Toups, M. A.; Kitchen, A.; Light, J. E.; Reed, D. L. (2010).
2469:. Primatology Monographs. Tokyo: Springer. pp. 23–41.
1160:
Toups, M.A.; Kitchen, A.; Light, J.E.; Reed, D.L. (2011).
636:"Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation"
629:
627:
2660:
1692:
Adornment: What Self-Decoration Tells Us about Who We Are
1631:
Dávid-Barrett, Tamás; Dunbar, Robin I. M. (2016-05-01).
855:
Sexual selection and the origins of human mating systems
1027:"Gorillas gave pubic lice to humans, DNA study reveals"
898:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
78:
The first member of the genus Homo to be hairless was
2461:
Somel, Mehmet; Tang, Lin; Khaitovich, Philipp (2012).
426:, who migrated to Europe around 35,000 years ago. The
2465:. In Hirohisa Hirai; Hiroo Imai; Yasuhiro Go (eds.).
2338:
Ruxton, Graeme D.; Wilkinson, David M. (2011-12-27).
1694:. London, UNITED KINGDOM: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
1325:
329:. Giles also connects romantic love to hairlessness.
2260:
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews
1009:
1007:
944:"Human nakedness: Adaptation against ectoparasites?"
3240:
3153:
3100:
3045:
2990:
2932:
2882:
2817:
2698:
2642:"Skin 'sees' the light to protect against sunshine"
727:
725:
2593:
2021:
1711:"Naked Love: The Evolution of Human Hairlessness"
827:
815:
2344:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1939:"We Did Not Invent Clothes Simply to Stay Warm"
1361:
1107:Kittler, R.; Kayser, M.; Stoneking, M. (2004).
1480:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
2676:
839:
755:
8:
2043:Jablonski, Nina G.; Chaplin, George (2017).
2028:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1295:. Ideas Market blog. The Wall Street Journal
858:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press, USA.
2391:Schlebusch; et al. (3 November 2017).
1854:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
2683:
2669:
2661:
2444:"Dress - the Nature and Purposes of Dress"
2183:Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour
791:
2574:
2523:
2416:
2373:
2363:
2271:
2126:
2116:
2068:
1781:
1672:
1538:
1520:
1421:
1409:
1349:
1337:
1226:
1185:
1136:
1083:
1073:
918:
767:
692:
669:
659:
547:
362:A necklace reconstructed from perforated
2307:"Evolution of nakedness in Homo sapiens"
1397:
893:"A naked ape would have fewer parasites"
878:
803:
345:For broader coverage of this topic, see
20:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1558:"Disguises and the Origins of Clothing"
1385:
998:
716:
704:
462:
2595:"Why Humans and Their Fur Parted Ways"
2099:Jarrett, Paul; Scragg, Robert (2020).
2086:Jablonski, Nina G. (1 November 2012).
1457:
1445:
1373:
951:International Journal for Parasitology
598:International Journal for Parasitology
572:"Women and Hair Loss: Possible Causes"
2101:"Evolution, Prehistory and Vitamin D"
1313:
1013:
743:
731:
634:Jablonski, N.G.; Chaplin, G. (2010).
282:the 193 primate species to have
7:
2711:Prehistory of nakedness and clothing
2254:Rae, Todd C.; Koppe, Thomas (2014).
2241:10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105113
1433:
891:Pagel, Mark; Bodmer, Walter (2003).
779:
2640:Zukerman, Wendy (4 November 2011).
186:hairs, and increasing heat loss by
1831:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2007.tb00023.x
1287:Shea, Christopher (12 July 2011).
241:, and back, and females have more
14:
2592:Wade, Nicholas (19 August 2003).
1937:Hogenboom, Melissa (2016-09-19).
1611:Daley, Jason (11 December 2018).
1033:. 28 October 2010. Archived from
198:Another hypothesis for the thick
3298:
3289:
3288:
2606:from the original on 2009-06-18.
2516:10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01592.x
2323:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00295.x
2195:10.1046/j.1468-5914.2003.00223.x
1613:"Why Did Humans Lose Their Fur?"
347:History of clothing and textiles
2547:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2467:Post-Genome Biology of Primates
1556:Buckner, William (2021-12-01).
1209:Couch, Alan (3 February 2016).
1166:Molecular Biology and Evolution
376:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1885:. Cambridge University Press.
1228:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1702v1
1:
3200:Nudity in American television
2633:10.1016/S0047-2484(85)80091-9
2229:Annual Review of Anthropology
1056:Weiss RA (10 February 2009).
963:10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00133-2
610:10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00133-2
1916:Hermansen, Ralph D. (2018).
1881:Gilligan, Ian (2018-12-13).
1657:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.02.006
828:Jablonski & Chaplin 2017
816:Jablonski & Chaplin 2000
321:Another view is proposed by
225:than women. Males have more
3248:Imagery of nude celebrities
2972:Social nudity organizations
2475:10.1007/978-4-431-54011-3_3
2020:Jablonski, Nina G. (2006).
1709:Giles, James (2010-12-01).
1362:Leary & Buttermore 2003
1113:and the Origin of Clothing"
1058:"Apes, lice and prehistory"
646:(Supplement 2): 8962–8968.
194:Sexual selection hypothesis
3351:
3183:Nudity in live performance
2613:Journal of Human Evolution
1977:Journal of Human Evolution
1960:. New York: Viking Press.
1637:Journal of Human Evolution
1574:10.1007/s12110-021-09415-7
1495:Brown, Jeffrey G. (2021).
374:A 2010 study published in
351:
344:
19:
3286:
2982:Timeline of social nudity
2716:Nakedness and colonialism
1866:10.1007/s10816-009-9076-x
1774:10.1080/00438240701680492
1474:Barber, E. J. W. (1991).
1289:"Human hairlessness: The
1138:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.024
840:Jarrett & Scragg 2020
756:Jarrett & Scragg 2020
368:Upper Palaeolithic Europe
258:Water-dwelling hypothesis
54:Evolution of hairlessness
3037:Clothing-optional events
2809:Clothing laws by country
2208:. Oxford: Archaeopress.
1956:Hollander, Anne (1978).
1922:. Apple Academic Press.
1690:Davies, Stephen (2020).
1109:"Molecular Evolution of
202:on humans proposes that
161:Out of Africa hypothesis
3102:Social nudity advocates
2884:Issues in social nudity
2750:Breastfeeding in public
2498:Sutou, Shizuyo (2012).
2418:10.1126/science.aao6266
2365:10.1073/pnas.1113915108
2305:Rantala, M. J. (2007).
2146:The American Naturalist
2024:Skin: A Natural History
1813:Gilligan, Ian (2007b).
1756:Gilligan, Ian (2007a).
661:10.1073/pnas.0914628107
317:Childrearing hypothesis
3205:Nudity in music videos
3178:Nude photography (art)
2897:Sexual objectification
2699:Nakedness and clothing
2223:Nowell, April (2010).
2118:10.3390/ijerph17020646
2061:10.1098/rstb.2016.0349
1997:10.1006/jhev.2000.0403
1958:Seeing Through Clothes
1819:Archaeology in Oceania
942:Rantala, M.J. (1999).
911:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0041
905:(Suppl 1): S117–S119.
471:Pan-Homo divergence".
420:eyed needle for sewing
371:
264:aquatic ape hypothesis
63:
3215:Nudity in advertising
3210:Nudity in print media
3010:Nude swimming classes
2559:10.1093/molbev/msq234
1891:10.1017/9781108555883
1178:10.1093/molbev/msq234
852:Dixson, A.F. (2009).
514:Abbasi, A.A. (2011).
485:10.1007/s004390000439
361:
61:
3278:Softcore pornography
3155:Depictions of nudity
2919:Wardrobe malfunction
2819:Nudity and sexuality
2202:Levy, Janet (2020).
1727:10.1162/BIOT_a_00062
1522:10.3390/life11050435
1266:10.1162/BIOT_a_00062
879:Rae & Koppe 2014
404:Nicole R. Buttermore
229:, especially on the
159:as explained in the
3325:History of clothing
3225:Glamour photography
3173:Nude modeling (art)
3130:Henry S. Huntington
2625:1985JHumE..14...23W
2409:2017Sci...358..652S
2356:2011PNAS..10820965R
2350:(52): 20965–20969.
2092:Scientific American
1989:2000JHumE..39...57J
1649:2016JHumE..94...72D
1513:2021Life...11..435B
1424:, pp. 500–502.
1412:, pp. 103–104.
1129:2004CBio...14.2309K
1037:on 16 December 2014
1031:National Geographic
695:, pp. 278–281.
652:2010PNAS..107.8962J
532:2011NatSR...1E..32A
433:Last Glacial Period
422:. This was done by
412:behaviorally modern
270:Parasite hypothesis
99:Anthropologist and
40:anatomically modern
3273:Nude psychotherapy
3230:Erotic photography
3145:Richard Ungewitter
3140:Elton Raymond Shaw
2977:Anarchist naturism
2967:Naturist magazines
2947:Christian naturism
2799:Nudity and protest
2738:Nudity in religion
2600:The New York Times
2311:Journal of Zoology
2273:10.1002/evan.21408
2055:(1724): 20160349.
980:on 5 February 2011
818:, pp. 57–106.
520:Scientific Reports
396:body modifications
372:
341:Origin of clothing
139:, some species of
119:Phenotypic changes
64:
44:Indigenous peoples
3312:
3311:
2909:Indecent exposure
2857:Feminist stripper
2484:978-4-431-54011-3
2403:(6363): 652–655.
2215:978-1-78969-449-9
2088:"The Naked Truth"
1929:978-0-429-46595-6
1900:978-1-108-47008-7
1762:World Archaeology
1715:Biological Theory
1701:978-1-350-12100-3
1487:978-0-691-00224-8
1328:, pp. 29–32.
1326:Toups et al. 2010
1254:Biological Theory
1111:Pediculus humanus
957:(12): 1987–1989.
865:978-0-19-955942-8
604:(12): 1987–1989.
540:10.1038/srep00032
354:Body modification
219:sexual dimorphism
204:Fisherian runaway
3342:
3302:
3292:
3291:
3263:Nudity in combat
3220:Nude photography
2952:Freikörperkultur
2723:Childhood nudity
2685:
2678:
2671:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2636:
2607:
2597:
2588:
2578:
2537:
2527:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2438:
2420:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2334:
2301:
2275:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2219:
2198:
2177:
2140:
2130:
2120:
2095:
2082:
2072:
2039:
2027:
2016:
1971:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1933:
1912:
1877:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1785:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1705:
1686:
1676:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1552:
1542:
1524:
1491:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1448:, pp. 9–11.
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1075:10.1186/jbiol114
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1002:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
979:
973:. Archived from
948:
939:
933:
932:
922:
888:
882:
876:
870:
869:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
683:
673:
663:
631:
622:
621:
593:
587:
586:
584:
582:
568:
562:
561:
551:
511:
505:
504:
467:
207:sexual selection
113:sexual selection
108:eccrine sweating
3350:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3330:Human evolution
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3282:
3236:
3149:
3096:
3041:
2992:Nude recreation
2986:
2942:Naturist resort
2928:
2878:
2813:
2728:Sex segregation
2694:
2689:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2610:
2591:
2540:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2460:
2452:
2450:
2441:
2390:
2337:
2304:
2253:
2245:
2243:
2222:
2216:
2201:
2180:
2143:
2098:
2085:
2042:
2036:
2019:
1974:
1968:
1955:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1915:
1901:
1880:
1851:
1843:
1841:
1812:
1804:
1802:
1755:
1747:
1745:
1708:
1702:
1689:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1602:
1600:
1555:
1494:
1488:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1215:PeerJ Preprints
1208:
1207:
1203:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1117:Current Biology
1106:
1105:
1101:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1005:
1001:, pp. 1–7.
997:
993:
983:
981:
977:
946:
941:
940:
936:
890:
889:
885:
877:
873:
866:
851:
850:
846:
838:
834:
826:
822:
814:
810:
802:
798:
792:Schlebusch 2017
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
754:
750:
742:
738:
730:
723:
715:
711:
703:
699:
691:
687:
633:
632:
625:
595:
594:
590:
580:
578:
570:
569:
565:
513:
512:
508:
469:
468:
464:
460:
356:
350:
343:
319:
311:
309:Fire hypothesis
272:
260:
254:, not against.
196:
173:
153:naked mole rats
121:
101:paleo-biologist
56:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3348:
3346:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Nudity in film
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Heinrich Pudor
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2755:Public bathing
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2637:
2608:
2589:
2538:
2510:(4): 264–272.
2504:Genes to Cells
2495:
2483:
2458:
2439:
2388:
2335:
2302:
2251:
2235:(1): 437–452.
2220:
2214:
2199:
2189:(4): 365–404.
2178:
2158:10.1086/283663
2152:(5): 727–729.
2141:
2096:
2083:
2040:
2034:
2017:
1972:
1966:
1953:
1934:
1928:
1913:
1899:
1878:
1849:
1825:(3): 102–111.
1810:
1768:(4): 499–514.
1753:
1721:(4): 326–336.
1706:
1700:
1687:
1628:
1608:
1568:(4): 706–728.
1553:
1492:
1486:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1460:, p. 168.
1450:
1438:
1426:
1422:Gilligan 2007a
1414:
1410:Hermansen 2018
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1350:Hogenboom 2016
1342:
1338:Hollander 1978
1330:
1318:
1306:
1279:
1260:(4): 326–336.
1241:
1201:
1152:
1123:(24): 1414–7.
1099:
1048:
1018:
1003:
991:
934:
883:
871:
864:
844:
832:
820:
808:
796:
784:
772:
768:Jablonski 2012
760:
748:
736:
721:
709:
697:
693:Hermansen 2018
685:
623:
588:
563:
506:
473:Human Genetics
461:
459:
456:
342:
339:
318:
315:
310:
307:
271:
268:
259:
256:
195:
192:
171:
168:depigmentation
133:hippopotamuses
120:
117:
104:Nina Jablonski
55:
52:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3347:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:Nudity clause
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Nude calendar
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:Body painting
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Lee Baxandall
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3092:South America
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:San Francisco
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:North America
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3005:Nude swimming
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2902:Pornification
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2892:Sexualization
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2832:Exhibitionism
2830:
2828:
2827:Intimate part
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2792:United States
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2765:Finnish sauna
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2647:
2646:New Scientist
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2619:(14): 23–28.
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2035:9780520954816
2031:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:(1): 57–106.
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:Gilligan 2010
1394:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1340:, p. 83.
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
938:
935:
930:
926:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:
894:
887:
884:
880:
875:
872:
867:
861:
857:
856:
848:
845:
841:
836:
833:
829:
824:
821:
817:
812:
809:
805:
804:Zukerman 2011
800:
797:
793:
788:
785:
781:
776:
773:
769:
764:
761:
757:
752:
749:
745:
740:
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3022:Naked party
2777:Toplessness
2651:3 September
1617:Smithsonian
1467:Works cited
1458:Davies 2020
1446:Barber 1991
1374:Nowell 2010
1299:18 February
1234:10 February
1221:: e1702v1.
1041:18 February
984:14 December
428:Neanderthal
424:Cro-Magnons
408:Paleolithic
323:James Giles
295:pubic louse
243:vellus hair
215:vellus hair
3319:Categories
3258:Naked News
3163:Nude (art)
3017:Naked yoga
3000:Nude beach
2962:Gymnosophy
2874:Candaulism
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335:bipedalism
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