Prejudice - Knowledge (XXG)

2676:. It suggests a "shared identity" amongst a nation's people that minimizes differences within the group and emphasizes perceived boundaries between the group and non-members. This leads to the assumption that members of the nation have more in common than they actually do, that they are "culturally unified", even if injustices within the nation based on differences like status and race exist. During times of conflict between one nation and another, nationalism is controversial since it may function as a buffer for criticism when it comes to the nation's own problems since it makes the nation's own hierarchies and internal conflicts appear to be natural. It may also serve a way of rallying the people of the nation in support of a particular political goal. Nationalism usually involves a push for conformity, obedience, and solidarity amongst the nation's people and can result not only in feelings of public responsibility but also in a narrow sense of community due to the exclusion of those who are considered outsiders. Since the identity of nationalists is linked to their allegiance to the state, the presence of strangers who do not share this allegiance may result in hostility. 2479:

families, pedophiles, neo-Nazis, drink-drivers, queue jumpers, murderers etc.), yet such prejudices are not studied. It has been suggested that researchers have focused too much on an evaluative approach to prejudice, rather than a descriptive approach, which looks at the actual psychological mechanisms behind prejudiced attitudes. It is argued that this limits research to targets of prejudice to groups deemed to be receiving unjust treatment, while groups researchers deem treated justly or deservedly of prejudice are overlooked. As a result, the scope of prejudice has begun to expand in research, allowing a more accurate analysis of the relationship between psychological traits and prejudice.

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religion to be very influential in their lives seem to have a higher rate of prejudice than those who reported not being religious. Other studies found that religion has a positive effect on people as far as prejudice is concerned. This difference in results may be attributed to the differences in religious practices or religious interpretations amongst the individuals. Those who practice "institutionalized religion", which focuses more on social and political aspects of religious events, are more likely to have an increase in prejudice. Those who practice "interiorized religion", in which believers devote themselves to their beliefs, are most likely to have a decrease in prejudice.

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shortage of hardware and at the same time can be mitigated by stuffing even more software into the hardware one just said was overloaded with too much software. The distinction between men's hostility to outgroup men being based on dominance and aggression and women's hostility to outgroup men being based on fear of sexual coercion is criticized with reference to the historical example that Hitler and other male Nazis believed that intergroup sex was worse than murder and would destroy them permanently which they did not believe that war itself would, i.e. a view of outgroup male threat that evolutionary psychology considers to be a female view and not a male view.

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theirs). Intergroup anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness experienced in the presence of an outgroup or outgroup member, which constitutes a threat because interactions with other groups cause negative feelings (e.g., a threat to comfortable interactions). Negative stereotypes are similarly threats, in that individuals anticipate negative behaviour from outgroup members in line with the perceived stereotype (for example, that the outgroup is violent). Often these stereotypes are associated with emotions such as fear and anger. ITT differs from other threat theories by including intergroup anxiety and negative stereotypes as threat types.

2585: 2985:. In these cases, there are indications that perceived (or actual) socially disadvantageous cognitive traits are directly correlated with advantageous cognitive traits in other domains, notably creativity and divergent thinking, and yet these strengths might become systematically overlooked. The case for "neurological discrimination" as such lies in the expectation that one's professional capacity may be judged by the quality of ones social interaction, which can in such cases be an inaccurate and discriminatory metric for employment suitability. 2868:". This concept focuses on the necessity of hierarchies and how some people are bound to be on the bottom of the pyramid. Though racism has been a prominent topic in history, there is still debate over whether race actually exists, making the discussion of race a controversial topic. Even though the concept of race is still being debated, the effects of racism are apparent. Racism and other forms of prejudice can affect a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings, and social psychologists strive to study these effects. 4536:

Theoretically, gender discrimination has been described as (1) the unequal rewards that men and women receive in the workplace or academic environment because of their gender or sex difference (DiThomaso, 1989); (2) a process occurring in work or educational settings in which an individual is overtly or covertly limited access to an opportunity or a resource because of a sex or is given the opportunity or the resource reluctantly and may face harassment for picking it (Roeske & Pleck, 1983); or (3) both.

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category based on prior experience with that category, with the resulting predictions usually being accurate (though not always). Bloom argues that this process of categorisation and prediction is necessary for survival and normal interaction, quoting William Hazlitt, who stated "Without the aid of prejudice and custom, I should not be able to find my way my across the room; nor know how to conduct myself in any circumstances, nor what to feel in any relation of life".

2380:(1996) argued that prejudice cannot be treated in the singular; one should rather speak of different prejudices as characteristic of different character types. Her theory defines prejudices as being social defences, distinguishing between an obsessional character structure, primarily linked with anti-semitism, hysterical characters, primarily associated with racism, and narcissistic characters, linked with sexism. 7852: 2401:. Students at each school were shown videos of other students from each school choosing a type of music to listen to for an auditory perception study. Then the participants were asked to guess what percentage of the videotaped students' classmates would choose the same. Participants predicted a much greater similarity between out-group members (the rival school) than between members of their in-group. 2215: 62: 2343:, linked prejudice to categorical thinking. Allport claimed that prejudice is a natural and normal process for humans. According to him, "The human mind must think with the aid of categories... Once formed, categories are the basis for normal prejudgment. We cannot possibly avoid this process. Orderly living depends upon it." In his book, he emphasizes the importance of the 7862: 27: 3098:. First, the in- and out-groups must have a degree of mutual interdependence. Second, both groups need to share a common goal. Third, the two groups must have equal status. Fourth, there must be frequent opportunities for informal and interpersonal contact between groups. Fifth, there should be multiple contacts between the in- and the out-groups. Finally, 2810:, is to claim that the victim's sexual orientation, body movement patterns (such as their walking patterns or how they dance), or appearance that is associated with a minority sexual orientation provoked a violent reaction in the defendant. This is not a proven disorder, is no longer recognized by the 2709:

evidence, for the majority of the time the human species has been in existence, humans have lived in a manner in which the land and resources were not privately owned. Also, when social ranking did occur, it was not antagonistic or hostile like the current class system. This evidence has been used to

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One can be prejudiced against or have a preconceived notion about someone due to any characteristic they find to be unusual or undesirable. A few commonplace examples of prejudice are those based on someone's race, gender, nationality, social status, sexual orientation, or religious affiliation, and

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Paul Bloom argues that while prejudice can be irrational and have terrible consequences, it is natural and often quite rational. This is because prejudices are based on the human tendency to categorise objects and people based on prior experience. This means people make predictions about things in a

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perspective as the basis for its validity; that is, it assumes that individuals operate in a group-based context where group memberships form a part of individual identity. ITT posits that outgroup prejudice and discrimination is caused when individuals perceive an outgroup to be threatening in some

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leads to increased negative prejudices and discrimination. This can be seen even when the resource is insignificant. In the Robber's Cave experiment, negative prejudice and hostility was created between two summer camps after sports competitions for small prizes. The hostility was lessened after the

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captured this idea of discrimination based on language as the concept of linguicism. Kangas defined linguicism as the ideologies and structures used to "legitimate, effectuate, and reproduce unequal division of power and resources (both material and non-material) between groups which are defined on

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Some researchers had advocated looking into understanding prejudice from the perspective of collective values than just as biased psychological mechanism and different conceptions of prejudice, including what lay people think constitutes prejudice. This is due to concerns that the way prejudice has

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and perspective-taking. While all three of these mediators had mediational effects, the mediational value of increased knowledge was less strong than anxiety reduction and empathy. In addition, some individuals confront discrimination when they see it happen, with research finding that individuals

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expectations of personality and behaviour. This can manifest through assumption of 'disability' status to those who are high functioning enough to exist outside of diagnostic criteria, yet do not desire to (or are unable to) conform their behaviour to conventional patterns. This is a controversial

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In the modern world, researchers in western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic countries have done various studies exploring the relationship between religion and prejudice; thus far, they have received mixed results. A study done with US college students found that those who reported

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differences. Racism can occur amongst any group that can be identified based upon physical features or even characteristics of their culture. Though people may be lumped together and called a specific race, everyone does not fit neatly into such categories, making it hard to define and describe a

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and its role in prejudice. The ultimate attribution error occurs when ingroup members "(1) attribute negative outgroup behavior to dispositional causes (more than they would for identical ingroup behavior), and (2) attribute positive outgroup behavior to one or more of the following causes: (a) a

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In recent years, researchers have argued that the study of prejudice has been traditionally too narrow. It is argued that since prejudice is defined as a negative affect towards members of a group, there are many groups against whom prejudice is acceptable (such as rapists, men who abandon their

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states that society can be viewed as group-based hierarchies. In competition for scarce resources such as housing or employment, dominant groups create prejudiced "legitimizing myths" to provide moral and intellectual justification for their dominant position over other groups and validate their

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Realistic threats are tangible, such as competition for a natural resource or a threat to income. Symbolic threats arise from a perceived difference in cultural values between groups or a perceived imbalance of power (for example, an ingroup perceiving an outgroup's religion as incompatible with

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Sexism is any act, attitude, or institutional configuration that systematically subordinates or devalues women. Built upon the belief that men and women are constitutionally different, sexism takes these differences as indications that men are inherently superior to women, which then is used to

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One problem with the notion that prejudice evolved because of a necessity to simplify social classifications because of limited brain capacity and at the same time can be mitigated through education is that the two contradict each other, the combination amounting to saying that the problem is a

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Gender or Sex Discrimination: This term refers to the types of gender bias that have a negative impact. The term has legal, as well as theoretical and psychological, definitions. Psychological consequences can be more readily inferred from the latter, but both definitions are of significance.

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Due to what social psychologists call the vividness effect, a tendency to notice only certain distinctive characteristics, the majority population tends to draw conclusions like gays flaunt their sexuality. Such images may be easily recalled to mind due to their vividness, making it harder to

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Research shows that discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is a powerful feature of many labor markets. For example, studies show that gay men earn 10–32% less than heterosexual men in the United States, and that there is significant discrimination in hiring on the basis of sexual

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and Rose Meleady. They postulated a cognitive-evolutionary account of human adaptation to social diversity that explains general resistance to multiculturalism, and offer a reorienting call for scholars and policy-makers who seek intervention-based solutions to the problem of prejudice.

2303:. One article from 1925 which reviewed 73 studies on race concluded that the studies seemed "to indicate the mental superiority of the white race". These studies, along with other research, led many psychologists to view prejudice as a natural response to races believed to be inferior. 2752:

appraise the entire situation. The majority population may not only think that homosexuals flaunt their sexuality or are "too gay", but may also erroneously believe that homosexuals are easy to identify and label as being gay or lesbian when compared to others who are not homosexual.

2347:. This theory posits that contact between different (ethnic) groups can reduce prejudices against those groups. Allport acknowledges the importance of the circumstances in which such contact occurs. He has attached conditions to it to promote positive contact and reduce prejudices. 6878: 1029: 2710:

support the idea that the existence of a social class system is unnecessary. Overall, society has neither come to a consensus over the necessity of the class system, nor been able to deal with the hostility and prejudice that occurs because of the class system.

2182:(2015) defines prejudice as characterized by "symbolic transfer", transfer of a value-laden meaning content onto a socially-formed category and then on to individuals who are taken to belong to that category, resistance to change, and overgeneralization. 2973:

within that category, and the precise criteria for what constitutes medical disorder. This has been most prominent in the case of high-functioning autism, where direct cognitive benefits increasingly appear to come at the expense of social intelligence.

2557:. Refusal to call them by their preferred pronouns, or claims that they are not the gender they identify as could be considered discrimination, especially if the victim of this discrimination has expressed repetitively what their preferred identity is. 2992:

extremes reclassified as extensions of human personality, any legitimisation of discrimination against these groups would fit the very definition of prejudice, as medical validation for such discrimination becomes redundant. Recent advancements in

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Prejudice can be a central contributing factor to depression. This can occur in someone who is a prejudice victim, being the target of someone else's prejudice, or when people have prejudice against themselves that causes their own depression.

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effect is the perception that members of an out-group are more similar (homogenous) than members of the in-group. Social psychologists Quattrone and Jones conducted a study demonstrating this with students from the rival schools

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The justification-suppression model of prejudice was created by Christian Crandall and Amy Eshleman. This model explains that people face a conflict between the desire to express prejudice and the desire to maintain a positive

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Most discrimination today is characterized by individuals making comments towards low-functioning individuals or by harming them physically by themselves, but some institutions practice unsafe activities on these individuals.

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Humans have an evolved propensity to think categorically about social groups, manifested in cognitive processes with broad implications for public and political endorsement of multicultural policy, according to psychologists

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People with neurological disorders or conditions observed to have low intelligence, lack of self-control, suicidal behavior, or any number of factors may be discriminated on this basis. Institutions such as mental asylums,

3428: 2326:; he believed that people with authoritarian personalities were the most likely to be prejudiced against groups of lower status. He described authoritarians as "rigid thinkers who obeyed authority, saw the world as 6852: 995: 4153:

as discrimination against either men or women on the grounds of sex, and also "any devaluation or denigration of women or men, but particularly women, which is embodied in institutions and social relationships".

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lies in its consequences: if it supports male privilege, then it is by definition sexist. I specify 'male privilege' because in every known society where gender inequality exists, males are privileged over

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Ferguson, Mark A., Nyla R. Branscombe, and Katherine J. Reynolds. "Social psychological research on prejudice as collective action supporting emergent ingroup members." British Journal of Social Psychology

2432:(ITT), which was developed by Walter G Stephan. It draws from and builds upon several other psychological explanations of prejudice and ingroup/outgroup behaviour, such as the realistic conflict theory and 3089:

predicts that prejudice can only be reduced when in-group and out-group members are brought together. In particular, there are six conditions that must be met to reduce prejudice, as were cultivated in

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De Vos, M. (2020). The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 20(1), 62-87.

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Crawford, Jarret T., and Mark J. Brandt. "Who is prejudiced, and toward whom? The big five traits and generalized prejudice." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 10 (2019): 1455-1467.

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Billig, Michael. "The notion of “prejudice”: Some rhetorical and ideological aspects." Beyond prejudice: Extending the social psychology of conflict, inequality, and social change (2012): 139-157.

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Kay, Cameron S.; Dimakis, Sarah (2022). "Moral Foundations Partially Explain the Associations of Machiavellianism, Grandiose Narcissism, and Psychopathy With Homonegativity and Transnegativity".

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Sidanius, Jim; Pratto, Felicia; Bobo, Lawrence (1996). "Racism, conservatism, Affirmative Action, and intellectual sophistication: A matter of principled conservatism or group dominance?".

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as "a biased or discriminatory attitude on distinctions made between social or economic classes". The idea of separating people based on class is controversial in itself. Some argue that

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Stephan, Cookie White; Stephan, Walter C.; Demitrakis, Katherine M.; Yamada, Ann Marie; Clason, Dennis L. (2000). "Women's Attitudes Toward Men: an Integrated Threat Theory Approach".

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Good, J. J.; Moss-Racusin, C. A.; Sanchez, D. T. (2012). "When do we confront? Perceptions of costs and benefits predict confronting discrimination on behalf of the self and others".

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been operationalised does not fit its psychological definition and that it is often used to indicate a belief is faulty or unjustified without actually proving this to be the case.

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are of particular importance: Intergroup contact reduces prejudice by (1) enhancing knowledge about the outgroup, (2) reducing anxiety about intergroup contact, and (3) increasing

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Racism is defined as the belief that physical characteristics determine cultural traits, and that racial characteristics make some groups superior. By separating people into

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societies in history, some form of ranking based on social status takes place. Therefore, one may believe the existence of social classes is a natural feature of society.

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have made this a very relevant issue of discussion, with existing frameworks requiring significant overhaul to accommodate the strength of findings over the last decade.

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Brandt, Mark, and J. T. Crawford. "Studying a heterogeneous array of target groups can help us understand prejudice." Current Directions in Psychological Science (2019).

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Brandt, Mark J., and Jarret T. Crawford. "Worldview conflict and prejudice." In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 61, pp. 1-66. Academic Press, 2020.

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claim over the limited resources. Legitimizing myths, such as discriminatory hiring practices or biased merit norms, work to maintain these prejudiced hierarchies.

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Crandell, Christian S.; Ferguson, Mark A.; Bahns, Angela J. (2013). "Chapter 3: When We See Prejudice". In Stangor, Charles; Crendeall, Christian S. (eds.).

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and somewhat contemporary concept; with various disciplinary approaches promoting conflicting messages what normality constitutes, the degree of acceptable

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Cox, William T. L.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Devine, Patricia G.; Hollon, Steven D. (2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective".

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Quattrone, George A.; Jones, Edward E. (1980). "The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups: Implications for the law of small numbers".

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feeling towards a person based on their perceived group membership. The word is often used to refer to a preconceived (usually unfavourable) evaluation or

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of 515 studies involving a quarter of a million participants in 38 nations to examine how intergroup contact reduces prejudice. They found that three

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Wakabayashi, Akio (2006). "Are autistic traits an independent personality dimension? A study of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and the NEO-PI-R".

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Nationalism is a sentiment based on common cultural characteristics that binds a population and often produces a policy of national independence or

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While various religions teach their members to be tolerant of those who are different and to have compassion, throughout history there have been

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justify the nearly universal dominance of men in social and familial relationships, as well as politics, religion, language, law, and economics.

2409:. This conflict causes people to search for justification for disliking an out-group, and to use that justification to avoid negative feelings ( 7901: 7837: 6563: 6334: 6152: 6137: 6132: 5978: 5812: 3123:

are more likely to confront when they perceive benefits to themselves, and are less likely to confront when concerned about others' reactions.

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is now considered a protected category of discrimination. Therefore, severe cases of this discrimination can lead to criminal penalty or

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Individuals or groups may be treated unfairly based solely on their use of language. This use of language may include the individual's

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is a term for defenses or arguments used to defend the accused in court cases, that defense lawyers may use to justify their client's

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based upon their race, it has been argued that unequal treatment among the different groups of people is just and fair due to their

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defined prejudice as a "feeling, favorable or unfavorable, toward a person or thing, prior to, or not based on, actual experience".

738: 200: 178: 2736:, may experience hatred from others due to their sexual orientation; a term for such hatred based upon one's sexual orientation is 7499: 7336: 7236: 6695: 6585: 5516:

Paluck, Elizabeth Levy; Porat, Roni; Clark, Chelsey S.; Green, Donald P. (2021). "Prejudice Reduction: Progress and Challenges".

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Crandall, Christian S.; Eshleman, Amy (2003). "A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice".

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Brandt, M; Crawford, J (2016). "Answering Unresolved Questions About the Relationship Between Cognitive Ability and Prejudice".

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Riek, Blake M.; Mania, Eric W.; Gaertner, Samuel L. (2006). "Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review".

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Discrimination may also extend to other high functioning individuals carrying pathological phenotypes, such as those with

2508: 2084: 1939: 1649: 334: 2742:. However, more specific words for discrimination directed towards specific sexualities exist under other names, such as 7047: 6995: 5968: 5938: 5892: 2814:, and, therefore, is not a disorder that is medically recognized, but it is a term to explain certain acts of violence. 2698:

is an unavoidable aspect of society, so there will always be a ruling class. Some also argue that, even within the most

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fluke or exceptional case, (b) luck or special advantage, (c) high motivation and effort, and (d) situational factors"/

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Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions

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Forcible Rape Institutionalized Sexism in the Criminal Justice System| Gerald D. Robin Division of Criminal Justice,

3854: 2314:. At the time, theorists viewed prejudice as pathological and they thus looked for personality syndromes linked with 2225: 2625:, and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another. Extreme sexism may foster 7788: 6575: 6262: 5983: 5857: 4479: 2370: 2236: 1959: 718: 389: 94: 20: 2244: 2229: 7141: 6955: 6857: 6742: 6411: 6379: 6039: 5973: 5862: 5802: 4820:

Tilcsik, A (2011). "Pride and Prejudice: Employment Discrimination against Openly Gay Men in the United States".

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Defines sexism as "thought or practice which may permeate language and which assumes women's inferiority to men".

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are hated, but because positive emotions such as admiration, sympathy, and trust are reserved for the ingroup".

7401: 7289: 7136: 6905: 6842: 6672: 6627: 6489: 6374: 6356: 6292: 6222: 6096: 5877: 5623: 4937:'Mother Tongue': The Theoretical and Sociopolitical Construction of a Concept". In Ammon, Ulrich (ed.) (1989), 4311: 3533: 3037: 2877: 2799: 2775: 2429: 2327: 1558: 1446: 1287: 1056: 985: 815: 770: 624: 509: 489: 419: 349: 215: 5361:

BACILA, Carlos Roberto. Criminologia e Estigmas: Um estudo sobre os Preconceitos. São Paulo: Gen Atlas, 2016.

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Defines sexism as "prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex".

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has been known to flourish in society. Research and questionnaires are formulated to fit the majority; i.e.,

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in some countries, and workplaces are required to protect against discrimination based on gender identity.

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beliefs and it may apply to "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence".

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Platow, Michael J., Dirk Van Rooy, Martha Augoustinos, Russell Spears, Daniel Bar-Tal, and Diana M. Grace.

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usually refers to prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls.

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The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Love, Courtship, and Sexuality through History, Volume 6: The Modern World

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wrote: "A great many people think they are thinking when they are merely rearranging their prejudices."

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people can be discriminated against because they identify with a gender that does not align with their

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David Buller (2005). Adapting Minds: Evolutionary Psychology and the Persistent Quest for Human Nature

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Institute on Globalization, Culture and Mobility has highlighted research considering prejudice as a

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Rolf Pfeifer, Josh Bongard (2006). How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence

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Sexism, or prejudice toward one sex (almost always women), has existed throughout recorded history.

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MacRae, C. Neil; Bodenhausen, Galen V. (2001). "Social cognition: Categorical person perception".

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Crawford, Jarret T., and Lee Jussim, eds. Politics of Social Psychology. Psychology Press, 2017.

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towards them and how this can endanger individuals, countries, and the international community.

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Turiel, Elliot (2007). "Commentary: The Problems of Prejudice, Discrimination, and Exclusion".

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labs have been used to carry out dangerous experiments or to torture the individuals involved.

2928:. It may also involve a person's ability or inability to use one language instead of another. 7830: 7741: 7669: 7654: 7453: 7396: 7201: 7109: 7000: 6920: 6767: 6064: 5897: 5652: 5474: 5445: 5412: 5337: 5327: 5306: 5117: 5092: 5045: 5004: 4942: 4849: 4618: 4517: 4483: 4416: 4387: 4348: 4318: 4281: 4248: 4217: 4194: 4165: 4138: 4114: 4061: 4032: 4009: 3975: 3872: 3828: 3746: 3670: 3639: 3573: 3434: 3407: 3313: 3242: 3187: 2849: 2783: 2768: 2646: 2626: 2550: 2001: 1912: 1842: 1827: 1610: 1553: 1352: 1260: 1151: 1071: 910: 183: 5466: 5323:

International Migration and International Security: Why Prejudice is a Global Security Threat

4960:

NeuroTribes: The legacy of autism and how to think smarter about people who think differently

4180:

however, it is commonly held that, in developed societies, women have been the usual victims.

3665:

Sherif, Muzafer; Harvey, O. J.; White, B. Jack; Hood, William R.; Sherif, Carolyn W. (1988).

2306:

In the 1930s and 1940s, this perspective began to change due to the increasing concern about

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Brewer, Marilynn B. (1999). "The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love and Outgroup Hate?".

3484: 3342: 3237: 3068: 3061: 2982: 2833: 2807: 1964: 1949: 1879: 1800: 1770: 1585: 1421: 1121: 681: 676: 519: 409: 5350: 2771:", or it may refer to ideology that the primary or only social norm is being heterosexual. 2637:. Discrimination in this context is defined as discrimination toward people based on their 7808: 7716: 7612: 7561: 7421: 7406: 7386: 7351: 7064: 6975: 6910: 6717: 6662: 6307: 5827: 5744: 5371: 4050:'sexism' refers to a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women. 3262: 3014: 2909: 2865: 2760: 2638: 2634: 2560: 2537: 2433: 2300: 2076: 1979: 1889: 1785: 1726: 1578: 1563: 1543: 1508: 1215: 1126: 1061: 860: 805: 434: 6448: 4296:

inequality, it is usually women who are disadvantaged relative to similarly situated men.

3569: 3562: 583: 5105: 4027:; Jones, Leslie E. (2008). "Sexism". In Frey, R. G.; Wellman, Christopher Heath (eds.). 7891: 7803: 7761: 7731: 7721: 7639: 7632: 7617: 7607: 7443: 7379: 7321: 7316: 7301: 7084: 7079: 7074: 6960: 6895: 6426: 6399: 6252: 5954: 5902: 5832: 5817: 5807: 5797: 5724: 5628: 5554: 4999: 4975:"Brain Organization Underlying Superior Mathematical Abilities in Children with Autism" 4974: 4607: 4186: 3705: 3282: 3091: 2948: 2853: 2803: 2795: 2699: 2691: 2598: 2554: 2355: 2334: 2319: 2276: 2186: 2175: 1974: 1932: 1902: 1894: 1812: 1805: 1790: 1780: 1600: 1536: 1478: 1473: 1458: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1111: 1046: 561: 534: 379: 53: 5197:"How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators" 7880: 7815: 7438: 7374: 7359: 7221: 7186: 7166: 7037: 6980: 6915: 6329: 6232: 5907: 5613: 5509: 5251: 4901: 4799: 4581: 4273: 4157: 3987: 3758: 3713: 3505: 3367: 3354: 3111: 2883: 2729: 2482: 2063:

of another person based on that person's perceived personal characteristics, such as

1986: 1595: 1531: 1516: 1372: 1337: 1317: 1188: 1131: 1066: 456: 359: 34: 5129: 4861: 3651: 7649: 7536: 7364: 7331: 7311: 7241: 7231: 7211: 7191: 6827: 6727: 6712: 6458: 6433: 6297: 6237: 6202: 6167: 6162: 5837: 5769: 5749: 5739: 5729: 5699: 5457: 4990: 3840: 3460:

UNU-GCM: United Nations University Institute on Globalization, Culture and Mobility

3192: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2965: 2706: 2406: 2307: 2194: 2179: 2088: 1822: 1701: 1521: 1488: 1468: 1392: 1382: 1362: 1342: 970: 870: 855: 593: 568: 424: 364: 329: 294: 289: 5424:

Sherman, Jeffrey W.; Lee, Angela Y.; Bessenoff, Gayle R.; Frost, Leigh A. (1998).

4776:"Death and Discourse: The History of Arguing Against the Homosexual Panic Defense" 4637: 4164:(3rd ed.). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants.: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 631. 3971: 2964:

Broadly speaking, attribution of low social status to those who do not conform to

5321: 5285:

Adorno, Th. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J. and Sanford, R. N. (1950).

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two competing camps were forced to cooperate on tasks to achieve a common goal.

2214: 2171: 2160: 2156: 2140: 2120: 1716: 1676: 1644: 1503: 1463: 1297: 1210: 1161: 1136: 1036: 723: 446: 429: 384: 299: 26: 5531:

Amodio, David M.; Cikara, Mina (2021). "The Social Neuroscience of Prejudice".

5441: 5426:"Stereotype efficiency reconsidered: Encoding flexibility under cognitive load" 5425: 5090:

Crisp, Richard J.; Meleady, Rose (2012). "Adapting to a Multicultural Future".

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men and women can experience sexism, but sexism against women is more pervasive

4079:

Sexism is an ideology or practices that maintain patriarchy or male domination.

3795: 3608: 2299:

conducted on prejudice occurred in the 1920s. This research attempted to prove

7825: 7820: 7701: 7696: 7592: 7576: 7433: 7326: 7284: 7246: 7054: 7042: 7015: 7005: 6925: 6346: 6341: 6312: 6247: 6086: 5867: 5689: 5679: 5293:

Cantle, Ted (2005). "Prejudice, Discrimination and the 'Fear of Difference'".

4245:

The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology: A User's Guide to Sociological Language

3182: 3172: 3041: 2921: 2802:

for crimes that were directed against them. This may be seen as an example of

2787: 2738: 2723: 2673: 2622: 2564: 2512: 2504: 2280: 2128: 2096: 1996: 1991: 1874: 1869: 1765: 1741: 1590: 1483: 1441: 1397: 1205: 1193: 1166: 1156: 1076: 473: 468: 439: 374: 205: 5501: 5374:, Alan Musgrave et alii). – Reissued: Routledge, London – New York, NY, 2020. 5341: 5243: 4791: 3939:

Brown, Rupert. Prejudice: Its social psychology. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

3824: 3371: 3346: 2790:

against someone that the client thought was LGBT. The controversy comes when

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Macfarlane, Christina; Coppack, Sean; Masters, James (September 12, 2019).

4547: 3979: 3832: 3750: 3643: 5449: 4449: 4391: 4383: 4086: 4031:. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. p. 104. 3919:"Prejudice is about Collective Values, not a Biased Psychological System." 2852:

began to flourish in the eighteenth century and was greatly influenced by

7691: 7521: 7448: 7099: 7025: 6930: 6890: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6122: 5754: 5603: 4368:

Nakdimen, K. A. (1984). "The Physiognomic Basis of Sexual Stereotyping".

3045: 2837: 2744: 2685: 2350:

In the 1970s, research began to show that prejudice tends to be based on

2198: 2116: 2100: 1864: 1686: 1605: 1250: 1176: 1081: 1041: 404: 399: 394: 319: 314: 309: 249: 5177: 5160: 37:

in 1943, depicts a personal view of race relations in the United States.

6197: 6091: 6071: 6044: 6019: 5704: 5159:

Paluck, Elizabeth Levy; Green, Seth A; Green, Donald P (10 July 2018).

4212:

Foster, Carly Hayden (2011). "Sexism". In Kurian, George Thomas (ed.).

3177: 3119: 2954: 2917: 2860:

studies, as well as ideas taken from the writings of philosophers like

2124: 324: 210: 190: 163: 138: 4844: 7151: 6177: 6076: 6054: 6049: 5999: 5822: 5215: 5196: 3488: 3212: 3102:

of equality must exist and be present to foster prejudice reduction.

3034: 2925: 2890:

and other forms of violence motivated by hatred of religious groups.

2887: 2827: 2606: 2594: 2577: 2315: 2287:

praeiūdicium which comes from prae (before) and iūdicium (judgment).

2148: 2136: 2132: 2092: 2080: 2072: 1302: 304: 195: 173: 168: 118: 2413:) about themselves when they act on their dislike of the out-group. 2354:, rather than negative feelings towards another group. According to 5366: 4835: 7161: 6004: 5775: 5585: 5577: 2811: 2610: 2583: 2330:, and enforced strict adherence to social rules and hierarchies". 2311: 2284: 1312: 123: 25: 5923: 7773: 7602: 4561:"FIFA must act after death of Iran's 'Blue Girl,' says activist" 4137:(4th ed.). Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 551. 3667:

The Robbers Cave Experiment: Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation

3157: 2978: 2630: 2614: 1944: 1775: 5927: 5550: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 2767:

or conforming to heterosexual standards may be referred to as "

5852: 5024:"Creativity and Psychopathology: A Shared Vulnerability Model" 4280:(4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4. 4060:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. pp. 748–751. 2779: 2602: 2208: 2144: 2068: 4751:"What is Heterosexual Privilege? - Definition & Examples" 2728:

Individuals with non-heterosexual sexual attraction, such as

2657:. Sexism may arise from social or cultural customs and norms. 4056:

Masequesmay, Gina (2008). "Sexism". In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.).

2912:

or other characteristics of the person's speech, such as an

4885:

Culture of Prejudice: Arguments in Critical Social Science

4740:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 200. Print. 4727:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 198. Print. 4671:

Culture of Prejudice: Arguments in Critical Social Science

4652:

Culture of Prejudice: Arguments in Critical Social Science

4609:

Culture of Prejudice: Arguments in Critical Social Science

3473:

Garth, T. Rooster. (1930). "A review of race psychology".

2641:

or their gender or sex differences. An example of this is

4933:

Quoted in Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove, and Phillipson, Robert,

4719: 4717: 4605:

Blackwell, Judith; Smith, Murray; Sorenson, John (2003).

3013:

or value of individuals who have or exhibit behaviors of

5546: 4941:, p. 455. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter & Co. 3383:

Rosnow, Ralph L. (March 1972). "Poultry and Prejudice".

2924:(whether the person uses complex and varied words), and 5471:

Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals

5145:

Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. M. (2010).

4939:

Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties

4685:"The concept of homophobia: A psychosocial perspective" 4004:

Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A., eds. (2011).

3110:

Academics Thomas Pettigrew and Linda Tropp conducted a

2778:, all groups are not always considered equal under the 4501: 4499: 4162:

The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought

3669:. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. 4897: 4895: 4893: 3017:

or conditions. Individuals who have a difficult time

2864:; for example, Aristotle believed in the concept of " 2645:. Sexism refers to violation of equal opportunities ( 4883:

Blackwell, Judith, Murray Smith, and John Sorenson.

4669:

Blackwell, Judith, Murray Smith, and John Sorenson.

4649:

Blackwell, Judith, Murray Smith, and John Sorenson.

3372:

Quotable Quotes – Courtesy of The Freeman Institute.

2988:

Since there are moves by some experts to have these

2170:

The word "prejudice" can also refer to unfounded or

7585: 7462: 7255: 6866: 6508: 6355: 6105: 5992: 5961: 5785: 5584: 5297:. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 91–115. 5141: 5139: 3568:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 2591:

organizations campaigned for women's right to vote.

4738:Benign Bigotry: The Psychology of Subtle Prejudice 4725:Benign Bigotry: The Psychology of Subtle Prejudice 4606: 4406: 4317:(5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. p. 601. 4247:(2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. 4130: 3561: 3508:". Understanding Prejudice.org. Web. 07 Apr. 2011. 2609:. Sexism can affect anyone, but primarily affects 7737:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 4924:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. 414. Print. 4908:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. 413. Print. 4278:Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics 3433:(1 ed.). London: Karnac. pp. xxi–xxii. 1908:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 4176:Either sex may be the object of sexist attitudes 3500: 3498: 7397:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 4920:Dovidio, John, Peter Glick, and Laurie Rudman. 4887:. Toronto: Broadview Press, 2003. 37–38. Print. 3335:International Journal of Behavioral Development 2197:some populations and inciting others to commit 1554:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 6879:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 2528:controversies may arise from any given topic. 1030:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 5939: 5562: 5379:The DNA of Prejudice: On the One and the Many 4916: 4914: 4683:Fraïssé, C.; Barrientos, J. (November 2016). 4673:. Toronto: Broadview Press, 2003. 146. Print. 4665: 4663: 4661: 4655:. Toronto: Broadview Press, 2003. 145. Print. 2033: 8: 5490:Social Psychological and Personality Science 5465:Kinder, Donald R.; Sanders, Lynn M. (1997). 5430:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4058:Encyclopedia of Gender and Society, Volume 2 3774:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3596:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2649:) based on gender or refers to violation of 2384:Contemporary theories and empirical findings 7095:List of people killed for being transgender 4109:(2005). "Sexism". In Honderich, Ted (ed.). 3921:Editor’s Introduction 48, no. 1 (2019): 15. 3456:"Why Prejudice is a Global Security Threat" 2243:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1246:List of people killed for being transgender 5946: 5932: 5924: 5569: 5555: 5547: 3223:Prejudice from an evolutionary perspective 2040: 2026: 40: 16:Attitudes based on preconceived categories 5398: 5214: 5176: 5039: 4998: 4843: 4476:Beyond Comparison: Sex and Discrimination 4113:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 4046:the more accurate and more specific sense 3785: 2263:Learn how and when to remove this message 6213:Social determinants of health in poverty 4347:. Oxford University Press. p. 197. 3730:Personality and Social Psychology Review 2979:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 2705:Others argue the contrary. According to 2420:states that competition between limited 2322:believed that prejudice stemmed from an 2279:around the year 1300. It comes from the 340:Social determinants of health in poverty 4262:key test of whether something is sexist 4129:Jary, David; Jary, Julia, eds. (2005). 3406:. Perseus Books Publishing. p. 6. 3274: 2275:The word prejudice has been used since 52: 5813:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder 5351:"Us vs. Them: The process of othering" 5065:Personality and Individual Differences 4415:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 315. 4345:The Handbook of Culture and Psychology 5543::10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050928. 5528::10.1146/annurev-psych-071620-030619. 5202:European Journal of Social Psychology 5161:"The contact hypothesis re-evaluated" 4613:. Toronto: Broadview Press. pp. 4214:The Encyclopedia of Political Science 3812:Perspectives on Psychological Science 2358:, prejudice "may develop not because 7: 7861: 6901:Capital punishment for homosexuality 6218:Social determinants of mental health 4193:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 3855:"Can prejudice ever be a good thing" 3306:Bethlehem, Douglas W. (2015-06-19). 3025:standards and society may be label " 2241:adding citations to reliable sources 2167:or other perceived characteristics. 1052:Capital punishment for homosexuality 345:Social determinants of mental health 7021:Genital modification and mutilation 5467:"Subtle Prejudice for Modern Times" 2818:orientation in many labor markets. 2428:Another contemporary theory is the 2352:favoritism towards one's own groups 1172:Genital modification and mutilation 4904:, Peter Glick, and Laurie Rudman. 4111:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 3706:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01022.x 3127:Problems with psychological models 3009:Assumptions may be made about the 14: 5349:Curle, Clint (January 24, 2020). 5149:(7th edition). New York: Pearson. 4774:Helmers, Matthew T. (June 2017). 3430:Respect, Plurality, and Prejudice 2720:Sexual orientation discrimination 2283:word préjudice, which comes from 7860: 7851: 7850: 7500:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 7337:Law for Protection of the Nation 7237:White genocide conspiracy theory 5355:Canadian Museum for Human Rights 4448:Masequesmay, Gina (5 Jan 2024). 4085:Masequesmay, Gina (5 Jan 2024). 3560:Young-Bruehl, Elizabeth (1996). 3309:A Social Psychology of Prejudice 2576:This section is an excerpt from 2441:way. ITT defines four threats: 2213: 1665:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1494:Law for Protection of the Nation 1388:White genocide conspiracy theory 60: 7342:MSM blood donation restrictions 7090:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 4780:Law, Culture and the Humanities 4408:"Women: The Oppressed Majority" 4133:Collins Dictionary of Sociology 3857:January 2014, accessed 02/12/17 1499:MSM blood donation restrictions 1241:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 7355:(as religious or racial quota) 5028:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 4991:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.06.018 4371:American Journal of Psychiatry 4216:. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 4006:New Oxford American Dictionary 3521:. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 3044:research/care facilities, and 2806:. One method of this defense, 1512:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 7902:Barriers to critical thinking 7769:Second-generation gender bias 7485:Constitutional colorblindness 6208:Social determinants of health 5594:Adverse childhood experiences 5387:British Journal of Psychology 5287:The authoritarian personality 5232:Psychology of Women Quarterly 4823:American Journal of Sociology 4405:Schaefer, Richard T. (2011). 4309:; Weaver, Charles A. (1999). 4029:A Companion to Applied Ethics 3972:10.1080/00918369.2022.2132576 3693:Psychology of Women Quarterly 2653:based on gender, also called 1940:Second-generation gender bias 1650:Constitutional colorblindness 335:Social determinants of health 7907:Prejudice and discrimination 2503:Some research has connected 7680:Medical model of disability 7532:Hate speech laws by country 5533:Annual Review of Psychology 5518:Annual Review of Psychology 4963:. Allen & Unwin. Print. 4701:10.1016/j.sexol.2016.02.002 4506:Sharyn Ann Lenhart (2004). 4008:. Oxford University Press. 3743:10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4 3636:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.414 3506:The Psychology of Prejudice 3096:"jigsaw" teaching technique 2943:Neurological discrimination 2310:due to the ideology of the 1853:Medical model of disability 1697:Hate speech laws by country 7923: 7789:Social model of disability 6263:Discrimination against men 5442:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.589 5195:; Tropp, Linda R. (2008). 5077:10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.003 5041:10.1177/070674371105600304 4922:On the Nature of Prejudice 4906:On the Nature of Prejudice 4480:Cambridge University Press 3869:Stereotyping and Prejudice 3796:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.476 3609:10.1037/0022-3514.38.1.141 3059: 2983:bipolar spectrum disorders 2952: 2946: 2901: 2875: 2825: 2784:gay or queer panic defense 2717: 2683: 2665: 2575: 2535: 2487:Excessive citations inline 2371:ultimate attribution error 1960:Social model of disability 390:Discrimination against men 21:Prejudice (disambiguation) 18: 7846: 7142:Opposition to immigration 6055:Race / Ethnicity 5803:Abusive power and control 5165:Behavioural Public Policy 4973:Iuculano, Teresa (2014). 4343:Matsumoto, David (2001). 3283:"Definition of PREJUDICE" 3163:Collective responsibility 2904:Linguistic discrimination 2898:Linguistic discrimination 2808:homosexual panic disorder 2418:realistic conflict theory 2324:authoritarian personality 2193:threat due to its use in 1293:Opposition to immigration 174:Race / Ethnicity 7137:Occupational segregation 6906:Compulsory sterilization 5878:Psychological projection 5740:Referee and umpire abuse 5502:10.1177/1948550616660592 5244:10.1177/0361684312440958 5022:Carson, Shelley (2011). 4792:10.1177/1743872113479885 4189:, ed. (2007). "Sexism". 3960:Journal of Homosexuality 3825:10.1177/1745691612455204 3564:An Anatomy of Prejudices 3534:Journal of Social Issues 3402:Allport, Gordon (1979). 3347:10.1177/0165025407083670 2939:the basis of language". 2878:Religious discrimination 2872:Religious discrimination 2617:. It has been linked to 2430:integrated threat theory 1288:Occupational segregation 1057:Compulsory sterilization 7665:Internalized oppression 7527:Fighting Discrimination 7517:Fat acceptance movement 7475:Anti-discrimination law 7115:Native American mascots 5409:10.1348/000712601162059 5320:Bello, Valeria (2017). 5303:10.1057/9780230508712_4 5114:10.1126/science.1219009 4454:Encyclopædia Britannica 4437:University of New Haven 4091:Encyclopædia Britannica 3547:10.1111/0022-4537.00126 3519:The Nature of Prejudice 3517:Allport, G. W. (1954). 3454:Bello, Valeria (2014). 3404:The Nature of Prejudice 3287:www.merriam-webster.com 3168:Common ingroup identity 2800:excuse or justification 2690:Classism is defined by 2492:considered for deletion 2464:social dominance theory 2340:The Nature of Prejudice 1838:Internalized oppression 1692:Fighting Discrimination 1682:Fat acceptance movement 1640:Anti-discrimination law 1266:Native American mascots 7784:Social identity threat 7757:Reverse discrimination 7747:Racial color blindness 7227:Violence against women 7207:Sex-selective abortion 4474:Macklem, Tony (2003). 3624:Psychological Bulletin 3476:Psychological Bulletin 3427:Auestad, Lene (2015). 3248:Suspension of judgment 3233:Reverse discrimination 3203:In-group and out-group 3198:Idée fixe (psychology) 3081:The contact hypothesis 2757:heterosexual privilege 2592: 2438:social identity theory 2337:, in his classic work 2297:psychological research 2161:sport-team affiliation 1955:Social identity threat 1928:Reverse discrimination 1918:Racial color blindness 1378:Violence against women 1358:Sex-selective abortion 38: 7897:Anti-social behaviour 7752:Religious intolerance 7712:Political correctness 7542:Intersex human rights 7490:Cultural assimilation 7172:Religious persecution 6936:Disability hate crime 5848:Just-world hypothesis 5599:Anti-social behaviour 4979:Biological Psychiatry 4384:10.1176/ajp.141.4.499 4292:Although we speak of 3891:10.31234/osf.io/6vqwk 3218:Political correctness 2971:individual difference 2714:Sexual discrimination 2633:, and other forms of 2587: 2555:assigned sex at birth 2390:out-group homogeneity 2291:Historical approaches 2065:political affiliation 1923:Religious intolerance 1885:Political correctness 1707:Intersex human rights 1655:Cultural assimilation 1323:Religious persecution 1087:Disability hate crime 29: 7157:Political repression 6158:Anti-left handedness 6148:Anti-intellectualism 5883:Psychological trauma 5367:Rethinking prejudice 5193:Pettigrew, Thomas F. 4413:Sociology in Modules 4307:Loftus, Elizabeth F. 3871:. Psychology Press. 3312:. Psychology Press. 3228:Presumption of guilt 3153:Benevolent prejudice 3148:Ambivalent prejudice 2995:behavioural genetics 2936:Tove Skutnabb-Kangas 2655:substantive equality 2651:equality of outcomes 2643:workplace inequality 2507:personality traits ( 2454:Negative stereotypes 2411:cognitive dissonance 2395:Princeton University 2237:improve this section 1308:Political repression 285:Anti-left handedness 275:Anti-intellectualism 19:For other uses, see 7660:Historical eugenics 7197:Segregation academy 7177:Religious terrorism 6966:Enemy of the people 6874:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 6395:Jehovah's Witnesses 6288:Perpetual foreigner 5793:Abusive supervision 5720:Psychological abuse 5695:Institutional abuse 5289:. New York: Harper. 5178:10.1017/bpp.2018.25 5106:2012Sci...336..853C 4736:Anderson, Kristin. 4723:Anderson, Kristin. 4303:Wortman, Camille B. 3038:Concentration Camps 2696:economic inequality 2436:. It also uses the 1833:Historical eugenics 1348:Segregation academy 1328:Religious terrorism 1117:Enemy of the people 1025:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 530:Jehovah's Witnesses 415:Perpetual foreigner 7572:Social integration 7567:Self-determination 7557:Racial integration 7505:Diversity training 7495:Cultural pluralism 7470:Affirmative action 7370:Racial segregation 7280:Crime of apartheid 7182:Religious violence 6687:Indigenous people 6082:Sexual orientation 5873:Playing the victim 5765:Surveillance abuse 5715:Professional abuse 5636:Cruelty to animals 5295:Community Cohesion 3385:Psychologist Today 3208:Milgram experiment 3106:Empirical research 3087:contact hypothesis 3076:Reducing prejudice 2990:higher-functioning 2931:In the mid-1980s, 2593: 2523:Types of prejudice 2451:Intergroup anxiety 2399:Rutgers University 2345:contact hypothesis 1737:Social integration 1732:Self-determination 1722:Racial integration 1670:Diversity training 1660:Cultural pluralism 1635:Affirmative action 1527:Racial segregation 1437:Crime of apartheid 1333:Religious violence 830:Indigenous people 201:Sexual orientation 39: 7874: 7873: 7742:Racism by country 7670:Intersectionality 7655:Heteronormativity 7454:Voter suppression 7202:Sexual harassment 7001:Forced conversion 6921:Cultural genocide 6586:African Americans 6405:post–Cold War era 6390:Eastern Orthodoxy 6143:Anti-drug addicts 6138:Anti-homelessness 6065:Scientific racism 5921: 5920: 5898:Traumatic bonding 5480:978-0-226-43574-9 5312:978-0-230-50871-2 5147:Social Psychology 4523:978-1-135-94131-4 4489:978-0-521-82682-2 4422:978-0-07-802677-5 4354:978-0-19-513181-9 4324:978-0-0707-1931-6 4287:978-0-1953-7522-0 4254:978-0-631-21681-0 4241:Johnson, Allan G. 4223:978-1-9331-1644-0 4200:978-0-3133-3646-1 4171:978-0-230-62509-9 4144:978-0-00-718399-9 4120:978-0-19-103747-4 4107:Hornsby, Jennifer 4067:978-1-4522-6602-2 4038:978-1-4051-7190-8 4015:978-0-19-989153-5 3676:978-0-8195-6194-7 3413:978-0-201-00179-2 3319:978-1-317-54855-3 3243:Stigma management 3188:Hostile prejudice 2850:Scientific racism 2845:Scientific racism 2841:race accurately. 2794:use the victim's 2769:heteronormativity 2627:sexual harassment 2445:Realistic threats 2273: 2272: 2265: 2050: 2049: 1913:Racism by country 1843:Intersectionality 1828:Heteronormativity 1611:Voter suppression 1353:Sexual harassment 1152:Forced conversion 1072:Cultural genocide 729:African Americans 540:post–Cold War era 525:Eastern Orthodoxy 270:Anti-drug addicts 265:Anti-homelessness 184:Scientific racism 7914: 7864: 7863: 7854: 7853: 7794:Social privilege 7779:Social exclusion 7707:Police brutality 7628:Multiculturalism 7598:Amatonormativity 7429:Social exclusion 7265:Age of candidacy 7065:Homeless dumping 6971:Ethnic cleansing 5948: 5941: 5934: 5925: 5760:Structural abuse 5735:Police brutality 5641:Disability abuse 5571: 5564: 5557: 5548: 5513: 5484: 5461: 5420: 5402: 5393:(Pt 1): 239–55. 5377:Eskin, Michael, 5358: 5345: 5316: 5274: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216:10.1002/ejsp.504 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5156: 5150: 5143: 5134: 5133: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5043: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5002: 4970: 4964: 4956: 4950: 4936: 4931: 4925: 4918: 4909: 4899: 4888: 4881: 4866: 4865: 4847: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4747: 4741: 4734: 4728: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4656: 4647: 4641: 4640:, dictionary.com 4635: 4629: 4628: 4612: 4602: 4585: 4584:, dictionary.com 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4556: 4550: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4410: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4316: 4298: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4208: 4182: 4179: 4148: 4136: 4124: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4081: 4078: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4019: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3882: 3864: 3858: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3789: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3567: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3493: 3492: 3489:10.1037/h0075064 3470: 3464: 3463: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3380: 3374: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3279: 3238:Social influence 3069:Richard J. Crisp 3062:Multiculturalism 3056:Multiculturalism 3021:or fitting into 3015:mental disorders 2960:High-functioning 2763:. The status of 2597:is prejudice or 2509:Machiavellianism 2495: 2448:Symbolic threats 2367:Thomas Pettigrew 2268: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2248: 2217: 2209: 2042: 2035: 2028: 1965:Social privilege 1950:Social exclusion 1880:Police brutality 1801:Multiculturalism 1771:Amatonormativity 1586:Social exclusion 1422:Age of candidacy 1216:Homeless dumping 1122:Ethnic cleansing 64: 41: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7877: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7842: 7717:Polyculturalism 7613:Civil liberties 7581: 7562:Reappropriation 7463:Countermeasures 7458: 7387:Racial steering 7353:Numerus clausus 7257: 7251: 6976:Ethnic conflict 6911:Corrective rape 6862: 6504: 6351: 6243:HIV/AIDS stigma 6101: 6050:Mental disorder 5988: 5957: 5952: 5922: 5917: 5893:Rationalization 5828:Destabilisation 5781: 5745:Religious abuse 5580: 5575: 5487: 5481: 5464: 5423: 5400:10.1.1.318.4390 5384: 5372:Alan H. Goldman 5348: 5334: 5319: 5313: 5292: 5282: 5280:Further reading 5277: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5144: 5137: 5100:(6083): 853–5. 5089: 5088: 5084: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5021: 5020: 5016: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4953: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4919: 4912: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4869: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4759: 4757: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4735: 4731: 4722: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4668: 4659: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4604: 4603: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4542: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4505: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4325: 4301: 4288: 4272: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4239: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4211: 4201: 4187:Sears, James T. 4185: 4177: 4172: 4156: 4145: 4128: 4121: 4105: 4102: 4095: 4093: 4084: 4076: 4068: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4023: 4016: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3943: 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Identity 2536:Main articles: 2534: 2532:Gender identity 2525: 2480: 2434:symbolic racism 2386: 2328:black and white 2301:white supremacy 2293: 2269: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2234: 2218: 2207: 2191:global security 2077:gender identity 2046: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2013: 1890:Polyculturalism 1786:Civil liberties 1758: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1727:Reappropriation 1627: 1626:Countermeasures 1619: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1544:Racial steering 1510:Numerus clausus 1414: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1127:Ethnic conflict 1062:Corrective rape 1017: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005: 654: 643: 642: 641: 640: 639: 492: 482: 481: 480: 479: 478: 370:HIV/AIDS stigma 232: 224: 223: 222: 221: 220: 169:Mental disorder 111: 103: 102: 101: 100: 99: 72: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7920: 7918: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7879: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7868: 7858: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7765: 7764: 7762:Reverse racism 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7732:Prisoner abuse 7729: 7724: 7722:Power distance 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7640:Ethnic penalty 7637: 7636: 7635: 7633:Neurodiversity 7630: 7620: 7618:Dehumanization 7615: 7610: 7608:Cisnormativity 7605: 7600: 7595: 7589: 7587: 7586:Related topics 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7444:State religion 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7380:Nuremberg Laws 7377: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7322:Ghetto benches 7319: 7317:Gerrymandering 7314: 7309: 7304: 7302:Gender pay gap 7299: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7261: 7259: 7256:Discriminatory 7253: 7252: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7085:Lavender scare 7082: 7080:Kill Haole Day 7077: 7075:Indian rolling 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7040: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6961:Eliminationism 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6896:Cancel culture 6893: 6888: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6870: 6868: 6867:Manifestations 6864: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6763:Middle Eastern 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6513: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6500:Zoroastrianism 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6427:Untouchability 6424: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6253:Leprosy stigma 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5955:Discrimination 5953: 5951: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5928: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5903:Victim blaming 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5833:Discrimination 5830: 5825: 5820: 5818:Dehumanization 5815: 5810: 5808:Child grooming 5805: 5800: 5798:Abuse of power 5795: 5789: 5787: 5786:Related topics 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5725:Physical abuse 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5655: 5653:Domestic abuse 5650: 5649: 5648: 5646:military draft 5638: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5529: 5514: 5496:(8): 884–892. 5485: 5479: 5462: 5436:(3): 589–606. 5421: 5382: 5375: 5364:Dorschel, A., 5362: 5359: 5346: 5332: 5317: 5311: 5290: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5266: 5257: 5238:(2): 210–226. 5222: 5209:(6): 922–934. 5184: 5171:(2): 129–158. 5151: 5135: 5082: 5071:(5): 873–883. 5055: 5014: 4985:(3): 223–230. 4965: 4951: 4926: 4910: 4889: 4867: 4836:10.1086/661653 4830:(2): 586–626. 4812: 4786:(2): 285–301. 4766: 4742: 4729: 4713: 4695:(4): e65–e69. 4675: 4657: 4642: 4630: 4623: 4586: 4574: 4551: 4540: 4522: 4495: 4488: 4466: 4440: 4428: 4421: 4397: 4378:(4): 499–503. 4360: 4353: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4323: 4299: 4295: 4286: 4274:Lorber, Judith 4270: 4253: 4237: 4222: 4209: 4199: 4183: 4170: 4158:Scruton, Roger 4154: 4143: 4126: 4119: 4103: 4083: 4066: 4053: 4037: 4021: 4014: 3993: 3966:(3): 775–802. 3950: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3894: 3878:978-1848726444 3877: 3859: 3846: 3801: 3764: 3719: 3682: 3675: 3657: 3614: 3585: 3578: 3552: 3523: 3510: 3494: 3465: 3446: 3439: 3419: 3412: 3394: 3375: 3360: 3341:(5): 419–422. 3325: 3318: 3298: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3107: 3104: 3092:Elliot Aronson 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3060:Main article: 3057: 3054: 3006: 3003: 2961: 2958: 2949:Neurodiversity 2947:Main article: 2944: 2941: 2920:, the size of 2902:Main article: 2899: 2896: 2876:Main article: 2873: 2870: 2866:natural slaves 2854:Charles Darwin 2846: 2843: 2826:Main article: 2823: 2820: 2804:victim blaming 2715: 2712: 2692:dictionary.com 2684:Main article: 2681: 2678: 2666:Main article: 2663: 2660: 2599:discrimination 2582: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2462:Additionally, 2456: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2385: 2382: 2369:described the 2356:Marilyn Brewer 2335:Gordon Allport 2320:Theodor Adorno 2292: 2289: 2277:Middle English 2271: 2270: 2221: 2219: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2187:United Nations 2176:Gordon Allport 2061:classification 2048: 2047: 2045: 2044: 2037: 2030: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1933:Reverse racism 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1903:Prisoner abuse 1900: 1897: 1895:Power distance 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1813:Ethnic penalty 1810: 1809: 1808: 1806:Neurodiversity 1803: 1793: 1791:Dehumanization 1788: 1783: 1781:Cisnormativity 1778: 1773: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1757:Related topics 1756: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1601:State religion 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1537:Nuremberg Laws 1534: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1479:Ghetto benches 1476: 1474:Gerrymandering 1471: 1466: 1461: 1459:Gender pay gap 1456: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1236:Lavender scare 1233: 1231:Kill Haole Day 1228: 1226:Indian rolling 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1112:Eliminationism 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1047:Cancel culture 1044: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1016:Manifestations 1015: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1004: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 906:Middle Eastern 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 847: 846: 841: 836: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 742: 741: 736: 731: 721: 716: 711: 710: 709: 704: 699: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 658: 657: 656: 655: 649: 648: 645: 644: 638: 637: 635:Zoroastrianism 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 611: 610: 600: 599: 598: 597: 596: 591: 586: 581: 566: 565: 564: 562:Untouchability 559: 549: 544: 543: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 512: 507: 502: 496: 495: 494: 493: 488: 487: 484: 483: 477: 476: 471: 466: 465: 464: 459: 454: 444: 443: 442: 437: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 380:Leprosy stigma 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 236: 235: 234: 233: 230: 229: 226: 225: 219: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 187: 186: 181: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 115: 114: 113: 112: 109: 108: 105: 104: 98: 97: 92: 87: 82: 76: 75: 74: 73: 70: 69: 66: 65: 57: 56: 54:Discrimination 50: 49: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7919: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7867: 7859: 7857: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7816:Social stigma 7814: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7439:State atheism 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:Jim Crow laws 7373: 7372: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7360:One-drop rule 7358: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7275:Blood quantum 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7222:Victimisation 7220: 7218: 7217:Trans bashing 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7187:Religious war 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7167:Racialization 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7038:Glass ceiling 7036: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6981:Ethnic hatred 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6916:Counter-jihad 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6701:United States 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6564:United States 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6507: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6485:Protestantism 6483: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6400:LDS or Mormon 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6330:Transmisogyny 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6233:Gerontophobia 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6153:Anti-intersex 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6128:Anti-albinism 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969:Institutional 5967: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5937: 5935: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908:Victimisation 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5567: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5333:9781138689473 5329: 5326:. Routledge. 5325: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5270: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5223: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5086: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5034:(3): 144–53. 5033: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4947:3-11-011299-X 4944: 4940: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4902:Dovidio, John 4898: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4816: 4813: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4767: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4631: 4626: 4624:9781551114903 4620: 4616: 4611: 4610: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4582:"Nationalism" 4578: 4575: 4562: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4525: 4519: 4516:. p. 6. 4515: 4511: 4510: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4467: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4401: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4364: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4315: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4051: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3819:(5): 427–49. 3818: 3814: 3813: 3805: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3780:(3): 476–90. 3779: 3775: 3768: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3737:(4): 336–53. 3736: 3732: 3731: 3723: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3686: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3630:(3): 414–46. 3629: 3625: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3579:9780674031913 3575: 3571: 3566: 3565: 3556: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3541:(3): 429–44. 3540: 3536: 3535: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3483:(5): 329–56. 3482: 3478: 3477: 3469: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3440:9781782201397 3436: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3368:William James 3364: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3302: 3299: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112:meta-analysis 3105: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3063: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2972: 2967: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761:heterosexuals 2758: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2669: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2529: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308:anti-Semitism 2304: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2267: 2264: 2256: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2222:This section 2220: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2020: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1987:Social stigma 1985: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1754: 1753: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1623: 1622: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1596:State atheism 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1532:Jim Crow laws 1530: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1517:One-drop rule 1515: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1432:Blood quantum 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1410: 1409: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1373:Victimisation 1371: 1369: 1368:Trans bashing 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1338:Religious war 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1318:Racialization 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 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