1232:"Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a type of discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context. With such dissident research, critical discourse analysts take explicit position, and thus want to understand, expose, and ultimately resist social inequality."
275:. The antecedent is the part preceded by the word "if," and the consequent is the part that is (or could be) preceded by "then." If the consequent contains a presupposition trigger, and the triggered presupposition is explicitly stated in the antecedent of the conditional, then the presupposition is blocked. Otherwise, it is allowed to project up to the entire conditional. Here is an example:
1788:
872:(2003) says CDA studies power imbalances existing in both the conversational and political spectrum. With the purpose of first identifying and then tackling inequality in society, van Dijk describes CDA as a nonconformist piece of work. One notable feature of ideological presuppositions researched in CDA is a concept termed
868:(CDA) is a broad study belonging to not one research category. It focuses on identifying presuppositions of an abstract nature from varying perspectives. CDA is considered critical, not only in the sense of being analytical, but also in the ideological sense. Through the analysis of written texts and verbal speech,
408:
format in a 2007 book on language and cognition, using a widely publicized example from a speech by a U.S. president. A 2003 speech by George W. Bush included the line, "British
Intelligence has learned that Saddam Hussein recently sought significant quantities of uranium from Africa." Over the next
852:
But that presupposition, as stated, is completely trivial, given what we know about New York. Several million people had dinner in New York last night, and that in itself doesn't satisfy the presupposition of the sentence. What is needed for the sentence to be felicitous is really that somebody
370:
when either there exist more than one potential referents, as in "the senator from Ohio", or none at all, as in "the king of France". In conventional speech, definite descriptions are implicitly assumed to be proper, hence such phrases trigger the presupposition that the referent is unique and
92:
A presupposition is information that is linguistically presented as being mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context. A presupposition remains as such whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion, denial, or
817:
this without my addressee having ever heard, or having any reason to believe that I have a wife. In order to be able to interpret my utterance, the addressee must assume that I have a wife. This process of an addressee assuming that a presupposition is true, even in the absence of explicit
216:. In the second sentence, however, it does not. John might be mistaken about his belief that I have a wife, or he might be deliberately trying to misinform his audience, and this has an effect on the meaning of the second sentence, but, perhaps surprisingly, not on the first one.
399:
of defining knowledge as justified true belief. On this definition, for someone to know X, it is required that X be true. A linguistic question thus arises regarding the usage of such phrases: does a person who states "John knows X" implicitly claim the truth of X?
660:
Cleft sentence structures highlight particular aspects of a sentence and consider the surrounding information to be backgrounded knowledge. These sentences are typically not spoken to strangers, but rather to addressees who are aware of the ongoing situation.
813:) in order for the sentence to be felicitous. Sometimes, however, sentences may carry presuppositions that are not part of the common ground and nevertheless be felicitous. For example, I can, upon being introduced to someone, out of the blue explain that
750:
Questions often presuppose what the assertive part of the question presupposes, but interrogative parts might introduce further presuppositions. There are three different types of questions: yes/no questions, alternative questions and WH-questions.
853:
relevant to the interlocutors had dinner in New York last night, and that this has been mentioned in the previous discourse, or that this information can be recovered from it. Presupposition triggers that disallow accommodation are called
409:
few years, it became apparent that this intelligence lead was incorrect. But the way the speech was phrased, using a factive verb, implicitly framed the lead as truth rather than hypothesis. There is however a strong alternative view that
295:
is blocked, because it is stated in the antecedent of the conditional: That sentence doesn't imply that I have a wife. In the following example, it is not stated in the antecedent, so it is allowed to project, i.e. the sentence
335:
A presupposition trigger is a lexical item or linguistic construction which is responsible for the presupposition, and thus "triggers" it. The following is a selection of presuppositional triggers following
1340:
5484:
4773:
1203:
Sedivy, Julie, and
Carlson, Greg N. (2011). "Sold on Language: How Advertisers Talk to You and What This Says About You," Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 104-105.
259:. Some linguistic environments are intermediate between plugs and holes: They block some presuppositions and allow others to project. These are called
212:
triggers the presupposition that I have a wife. The first sentence below carries that presupposition, even though the phrase occurs inside an embedded
5247:
840:. This word triggers the presupposition that, roughly, something parallel to what is stated has happened. For example, if pronounced with emphasis on
1241:
152:
If presuppositions of a sentence are not consistent with the actual state of affairs, then one of two approaches can be taken. Given the sentences
208:
A presupposition of a part of an utterance is sometimes also a presupposition of the whole utterance, and sometimes not. For instance, the phrase
2482:
1107:
1845:
919:: "Every interpretation which makes the question truly answerable is an interpretation which makes the presupposed sentence true as well."
687:
Comparisons and contrasts may be marked by stress (or by other prosodic means), by particles like "too", or by comparatives constructions.
5115:
4782:
1444:
1368:
830:) allow for such accommodation. In "Presupposition and Anaphora: Remarks on the Formulation of the Projection Problem", the philosopher
1573:
1299:
907:
of a question if the truth of the sentence is a necessary condition of the question's having some true answer." Then referring to the
615:
The situation explained in a clause that begins with a temporal clause constructor is typically considered backgrounded information.
1722:
834:
noted that some presupposition triggers do not seem to permit such accommodation. An example of that is the presupposition trigger
1806:
5202:
3759:
1398:
31:
4856:
5323:
5197:
4766:
2982:
2678:
1727:
1143:
927:
1335:
348:. As is customary, the presuppositional triggers themselves are italicized, and the symbol » stands for 'presupposes'.
4975:
4796:
4552:
4341:
900:
170:
approach: Both "my wife is pregnant" and "my wife is not pregnant" use a wrong presupposition (i.e. that there exists a
4861:
3669:
1956:
1802:
939:
865:
844:, the following sentence triggers the presupposition that somebody other than John had dinner in New York last night.
806:
362:
Definite descriptions are phrases of the form "the X" where X represents a noun phrase. The description is said to be
4949:
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5005:
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2179:
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1753:
979:
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3204:
2557:
2375:
2184:
1941:
1732:
1657:
1439:
1295:
964:
944:
873:
1321:
5408:
5267:
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2907:
2828:
2758:
2199:
2112:
1927:
1885:
1838:
1630:
954:
908:
200:
For the first phrase, Russell would claim that it is false, whereas the second would be true according to him.
5403:
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4247:
3074:
2902:
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1714:
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With these presupposition triggers, the current unfolding situation is considered presupposed information.
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264:
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1212:
Kripke, Saul (2009) "Presupposition and
Anaphora: Remarks on the Formulation of the Projection Problem,"
5328:
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2040:
2010:
1995:
1687:
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1098:
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357:
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2020:
1904:
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1568:
1517:
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1391:
1291:
989:
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337:
137:
120:
both presuppose that the subject has a wife. In this respect, presupposition is distinguished from
50:
53:
about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in
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5368:
5338:
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1748:
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1121:
1103:
1029:
959:
247:, verbs that allow presuppositions to "pass up" to the whole sentence ("project") are called
5428:
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2405:
2370:
2194:
2107:
2035:
2015:
1797:
1490:
1469:
1384:
1057:
Pragmatics: A Reader, Steven Davis (ed.), pages 406-415, Oxford
University Press, 1991.
167:
4751:
5458:
5105:
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4674:
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2134:
2050:
1970:
1876:
1637:
1459:
930:
as follows: the question has some true answer if and only if the sentence is true.
892:
476:
know; be sorry that; be proud that; be indifferent that; be glad that; be sad that.
390:
94:
413:, the proposition that relational predicates having to do with knowledge, such as
1250:
1248:", chapter 18 in Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen and Heidi E. Hamilton (eds.),
572:
These types of triggers presuppose the existence of a previous state of affairs.
5288:
5262:
5145:
4909:
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2204:
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1985:
1951:
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366:
when the phrase applies to exactly one object, and conversely, it is said to be
179:
125:
38:
630:
Chomsky was revolutionizing linguistics, the rest of social science was asleep.
17:
5438:
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3821:
3811:
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2415:
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2226:
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1615:
1583:
1548:
984:
327:
is devoted to a proper understanding of when and how presuppositions project.
324:
196:"There does not exist exactly one person, who is my wife and who is pregnant."
189:
tries to solve this dilemma with two interpretations of the negated sentence:
42:
1033:
5237:
5055:
4980:
4959:
4889:
4841:
4821:
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4169:
4134:
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2321:
2154:
1854:
1677:
1538:
1449:
1009:
320:
54:
316:
for presuppositions that are triggered by expressions in their consequent.
291:
Here, the presupposition (that I have a wife) triggered by the expression
5150:
4939:
4703:
4606:
4547:
4513:
4504:
4475:
4465:
4440:
4396:
4336:
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4209:
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3234:
3192:
3081:
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2888:
2648:
2567:
2547:
2542:
2462:
2281:
2256:
2251:
1990:
1965:
1946:
1598:
193:"There exists exactly one person, who is my wife and who is not pregnant"
171:
101:
112:
both presuppose that the subject has done it already one or more times;
4732:
4717:
4693:
4381:
4321:
4311:
4279:
4274:
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3254:
3165:
3108:
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2713:
2643:
2609:
2604:
2590:
2580:
2576:
2517:
2209:
1980:
1936:
1662:
1593:
701:»For Marianne to call Adolph a male chauvinist would be to insult him.
235:
Thus, this seems to be a property of the main verbs of the sentences,
4586:
4581:
4499:
4331:
4316:
3903:
3831:
3705:
3654:
3570:
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3420:
3348:
3160:
3130:
3115:
2863:
2703:
2685:
2594:
2585:
2045:
1880:
1500:
213:
1307:
1068:
Formal pragmatics: semantics, pragmatics, presupposition, and focus
5015:
4523:
4269:
3883:
3796:
3791:
3293:
3199:
3170:
3103:
3052:
2698:
1692:
1407:
760:»Either there is a professor of linguistics at MIT or there isn't.
396:
97:
or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance.
3907:
3754:
3600:
3541:
3508:
3483:
3358:
2783:
2658:
2599:
2079:
1961:
1932:
1652:
4755:
3938:
2067:
1865:
1827:
1380:
395:
In
Western epistemology, there is a tradition originating with
3848:
3725:
606:
another time; to come back; restore; repeat; for the nth time.
421:, presuppose the factual truth of their object, is incorrect.
1823:
1338:. 2007. Accommodation. In Ramchand, G. and C. Reiss (eds.),
1099:
The stuff of thought: language as a window into human nature
805:
A presupposition of a sentence must normally be part of the
501:»John ought to have locked, or intended to lock, the door.
432:
Presupposition: Martha did in fact drink John's home brew.
1083:
Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1983, pp. 181-184.
1376:
267:("If-then" clauses). A conditional sentence contains an
1812:
1268:
822:. We have just seen that presupposition triggers like
809:
of the utterance context (the shared knowledge of the
772:»Newcastle is in England or Newcastle is in Australia.
622:
Strawson was even born, Frege noticed presuppositions.
104:
of an expression does not change its presuppositions:
5391:
5276:
5180:
5173:
4968:
4877:
4870:
4789:
4360:
4208:
3987:
3949:
3522:
3225:
3043:
2722:
2516:
2242:
2078:
1741:
1713:
1706:
1561:
1526:
1478:
1432:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
691:Marianne called Adolph a male chauvinist, and then
1294:(1966) "Questions, Answers, and Presuppositions",
148:Negation of a sentence containing a presupposition
1170:Hazlett, A. (2010). "The Myth of Factive Verbs".
5248:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
1070:. Great Britain: Wiley-Blackwell, 2001, page 10.
780:»Someone is the professor of linguistics at MIT.
731:'mine-field' in Welsh as well as in English, we
517:»X was expected to, or usually did, or ought to
164:Both the sentence and its negation are false; or
93:question, and can be associated with a specific
1324:. 1997. Presupposition. In J. van Benthem and
1228:
1226:
1224:
525:Change of state or continuation of state verbs
4767:
1839:
1392:
1302:Eastern Division Sixty-Third Annual Meeting.
861:Presupposition in critical discourse analysis
741:»The notice didn't say 'mine-field' in Welsh.
8:
1341:The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces
848:John had dinner in New York last night, too.
344:, which in turn draws on a list produced by
174:which can be described with the noun phrase
251:, and verbs that block such passing up, or
5177:
4874:
4774:
4760:
4752:
3946:
3935:
2075:
2064:
1862:
1846:
1832:
1824:
1710:
1475:
1399:
1385:
1377:
818:information that it is, is usually called
444:Presupposition: Dracula was in fact there.
632:»Chomsky was revolutionizing linguistics.
456:Presupposition: John was in fact in debt.
1172:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
319:A significant amount of current work in
263:. An example of such an environment are
136:, but if the expression is negated, the
76:Presupposition: you had once eaten meat.
66:Presupposition: Jane once wrote fiction.
27:Assumed context surrounding an utterance
1010:"Presupposition and Linguistic Context"
1000:
57:. Examples of presuppositions include:
1131:
1130:
1119:
644:Further temporal clause constructors:
638:Churchill died, we've lacked a leader.
548:»Joan hadn't been teasing her husband.
5203:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
505:Some further implicative predicates:
468:Presupposition: He was in fact proud.
7:
778:the professor of linguistics at MIT?
554:start; finish; carry on; cease; take
552:Some further change of state verbs:
312:Hence, conditional sentences act as
178:) and therefore can not be assigned
5485:Formal semantics (natural language)
5116:Quantificational variability effect
4783:Formal semantics (natural language)
1574:Analytic and synthetic propositions
1445:Formal semantics (natural language)
1369:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
380:»there exists a man with two heads.
160:when one has no wife, then either:
1330:The Handbook of Logic and Language
1300:American Philosophical Association
1251:The Handbook of Discourse Analysis
758:a professor of linguistics at MIT?
650:As John was getting up, he slipped
25:
1216:, Vol. 40, No. 3, Pages 367-386.
474:Some further factive predicates:
1786:
1184:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00338.x
801:Accommodation of presuppositions
591:»You once could get gobstoppers.
539:»John had been teasing his wife.
668:It was Henry that kissed Rosie.
582:»The flying saucer came before.
562:leave; enter; come; go; arrive;
32:Presupposition (disambiguation)
5198:Combinatory categorial grammar
1332:, Elsevier, pp. 939–1008.
676:What John lost was his wallet.
255:of presuppositions are called
243:, respectively. After work by
130:The president was assassinated
62:Jane no longer writes fiction.
1:
4976:Antecedent-contained deletion
4342:Traditional African religions
560: » Y was at/in/with Z);
492:»John tried to open the door.
204:Projection of presuppositions
72:Have you stopped eating meat?
820:presupposition accommodation
509:»X didn't plan or intend to
404:explored this question in a
86:Presupposition: Hans exists.
3670:Food and drink prohibitions
1269:"Synthetic personalisation"
1239:Critical Discourse Analysis
1026:10.1515/thli.1974.1.1-3.181
866:Critical discourse analysis
715:Counterfactual conditionals
646:after; during; whenever; as
429:drinking John's home brew.
110:I don't want to do it again
5501:
4857:Syntax–semantics interface
1158:State of the Union Address
980:Performative contradiction
924:expresses a presupposition
674:Pseudo-cleft construction:
600:»Carter held power before.
585:You can't get gobstoppers
388:
355:
304:If it's already 4am, then
300:imply that I have a wife.
29:
5349:Question under discussion
5299:Conversational scoreboard
5076:Intersective modification
5061:Homogeneity (linguistics)
3945:
3934:
2558:Cross-cultural psychology
2376:Manipulation (psychology)
2074:
2063:
1872:
1861:
1781:
1658:Necessity and sufficiency
1414:
1344:, Oxford University Press
1296:The Journal of Philosophy
1008:Karttunen, Lauri (1974).
965:Fallacy of many questions
945:Conversational scoreboard
874:synthetic personalisation
857:presupposition triggers.
706:is a better linguist than
683:Comparisons and contrasts
391:Epistemology § Truth
5409:Distributional semantics
2908:Mass psychogenic illness
2759:Collective effervescence
2200:Self-fulfilling prophecy
1886:Collective consciousness
955:Double-barreled question
915:are used to formulate a
909:semantic theory of truth
794:children are very noisy.
441:that Dracula was there.
415:knows, learn, remembers,
82:Have you talked to Hans?
5404:Computational semantics
5141:Subsective modification
4945:Propositional attitudes
4248:Eastern Orthodox Church
2789:Culture-bound syndromes
2764:Collective intelligence
1142:CS1 maint: postscript (
1014:Theoretical Linguistics
710:»Barbara is a linguist.
576:The flying saucer came
377:the man with two heads.
340:'s classic textbook on
331:Presupposition triggers
265:indicative conditionals
158:My wife is not pregnant
118:My wife is not pregnant
5434:Philosophy of language
5071:Inalienable possession
5051:Free choice inferences
5046:Faultless disagreement
4817:Generalized quantifier
4689:Social constructionism
4347:Unitarian Universalism
3151:Observational learning
2879:In-group and out-group
2819:False consensus effect
2498:Suppression of dissent
2396:Moral entrepreneurship
2366:Ideological repression
2354:Historical revisionism
1890:Collective unconscious
1235:Teun Adrianus van Dijk
889:propositional calculus
670:»Someone kissed Rosie.
5329:Plural quantification
5223:Inquisitive semantics
5188:Alternative semantics
4238:Chinese folk religion
2938:Political correctness
2933:Pluralistic ignorance
2622:Identity (philosophy)
2448:Religious persecution
2431:Psychological warfare
2411:Political engineering
2262:Argumentum ad populum
2120:Collective narcissism
2098:Attitude polarization
1793:Philosophy portal
1258:, 2003): pp. 352–371.
1160:, January 28th, 2003.
1079:Levinson, Stephen C.
950:Context (linguistics)
926:in a question may be
828:definite descriptions
815:my wife is a dentist,
766:Newcastle in England
678:»John lost something.
453:that he was in debt.
352:Definite descriptions
134:The president is dead
106:I want to do it again
5314:Function application
5121:Responsive predicate
5111:Privative adjectives
4602:Naturalism (Western)
4597:Naturalism (Chinese)
4509:Renaissance humanism
3065:Conceptual framework
3030:System justification
2869:Hysterical contagion
2453:Religious uniformity
2436:Religious conversion
2292:Cognitive dissonance
2190:Selective perception
2041:Theory of everything
2011:Primal world beliefs
1996:Philosophical theory
604:Further iteratives:
546:teasing her husband.
358:Definite description
30:For other uses, see
5399:Cognitive semantics
5364:Strawson entailment
5309:Existential closure
5253:Situation semantics
5156:Temperature paradox
5126:Rising declaratives
5091:Modal subordination
5066:Hurford disjunction
5026:Discourse relations
4015:Christian democracy
2978:Social facilitation
2874:Information cascade
2809:Emotional contagion
2747:Collective behavior
2709:Symbolic boundaries
2563:Cultural psychology
2307:Cultural dissonance
2180:Observer-expectancy
2175:Observational error
2160:In-group favoritism
1905:Conventional wisdom
1455:Philosophy of logic
1346:. pp. 503–538.
1292:Nuel D. Belnap, Jr.
990:Strawson entailment
796:»John has children.
666:Cleft construction:
624:»Strawson was born.
338:Stephen C. Levinson
154:My wife is pregnant
114:My wife is pregnant
51:implicit assumption
5444:Semantics of logic
5369:Strict conditional
5339:Quantifier raising
5304:Downward entailing
5284:Autonomy of syntax
5213:Generative grammar
5193:Categorial grammar
5131:Scalar implicature
5036:Epistemic modality
5011:De dicto and de re
4713:Post-structuralism
3467:natural philosophy
2849:Group polarization
2834:Group cohesiveness
2483:Social engineering
2381:Media manipulation
2302:Crowd manipulation
2287:Circular reporting
2205:Clever Hans effect
2185:Selective exposure
1754:Rules of inference
1723:Mathematical logic
1465:Semantics of logic
1244:2009-02-06 at the
1214:Linguistic Inquiry
887:in the context of
465:how proud he was.
308:is probably angry.
5480:Cognitive inertia
5475:Concepts in logic
5452:
5451:
5424:Logic translation
5387:
5386:
5379:Universal grinder
5359:Squiggle operator
5319:Meaning postulate
5258:Supervaluationism
5228:Intensional logic
5208:Dynamic semantics
5169:
5168:
5001:Crossover effects
4950:Tense–aspect–mood
4930:Lexical semantics
4749:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4723:Transcendentalism
4679:Neo-scholasticism
4660:Neopythagoreanism
4110:Industrialisation
4050:Constitutionalism
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3748:political freedom
3265:mind–body problem
3058:tacit assumptions
3010:Spontaneous order
3000:Social psychology
2953:Self-organization
2297:Critical thinking
2059:
2058:
2026:School of thought
1915:Cultural movement
1895:Conceptual system
1821:
1820:
1777:
1776:
1611:Deductive closure
1557:
1556:
1496:Critical thinking
1156:Bush, George W.,
1132:|postscript=
1129:External link in
1109:978-0-670-06327-7
1102:, Penguin Books,
960:Dynamic semantics
879:Logical construct
537:teasing his wife.
499:to lock the door.
490:to open the door.
481:Implicative verbs
437:Frankenstein was
220:John thinks that
16:(Redirected from
5492:
5429:Linguistics wars
5354:Semantic parsing
5243:Montague grammar
5178:
5021:Deontic modality
4875:
4862:Truth conditions
4797:Compositionality
4790:Central concepts
4776:
4769:
4762:
4753:
4411:New Confucianism
4285:Korean shamanism
4255:Ethnic religions
4185:Social democracy
4060:Environmentalism
4040:Communitarianism
4005:Authoritarianism
3947:
3936:
3566:Codes of conduct
3217:World disclosure
3205:consensus theory
2973:Social exclusion
2779:Crowd psychology
2774:Consensus theory
2737:Bandwagon effect
2674:Rites of passage
2488:Social influence
2421:Propaganda model
2386:Media regulation
2215:wishful thinking
2165:Magical thinking
2076:
2065:
1928:World folk-epics
1863:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1825:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1711:
1476:
1440:Computer science
1401:
1394:
1387:
1378:
1373:
1364:Zalta, Edward N.
1360:"Presupposition"
1310:
1298:63(20): 609–11,
1289:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1265:
1259:
1230:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1188:
1187:
1167:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1117:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1036:. Archived from
1005:
922:A sentence that
870:Teun A. van Dijk
640:»Churchill died.
611:Temporal clauses
411:factivity thesis
187:Bertrand Russell
142:necessarily true
21:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5383:
5272:
5233:Lambda calculus
5165:
5136:Sloppy identity
5096:Opaque contexts
5031:Donkey anaphora
4996:Counterfactuals
4964:
4866:
4785:
4780:
4750:
4737:
4568:Megarian school
4519:Illuminationism
4495:New historicism
4471:Foundationalism
4456:Eretrian school
4416:Critical theory
4377:Aristotelianism
4372:Agriculturalism
4362:
4356:
4290:Modern paganism
4204:
4115:Intellectualism
3989:
3983:
3941:
3922:
3770:Meaning of life
3675:unclean animals
3532:Aesthetic taste
3518:
3474:Problem of evil
3416:National mythoi
3221:
3039:
3035:Viral phenomena
3025:Swarm behaviour
2968:Social emotions
2963:Social behavior
2943:Pseudoconsensus
2894:Majoritarianism
2794:Deindividuation
2732:Abilene paradox
2718:
2654:Myth and ritual
2512:
2493:Social progress
2468:Self-censorship
2344:Excommunication
2267:Attitude change
2244:
2238:
2070:
2055:
2006:Presuppositions
1868:
1857:
1852:
1822:
1817:
1787:
1785:
1773:
1737:
1728:Boolean algebra
1702:
1553:
1544:Metamathematics
1522:
1474:
1428:
1410:
1405:
1357:
1354:
1318:
1316:Further reading
1313:
1308:10.2307/2024255
1290:
1286:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1256:Wiley-Blackwell
1246:Wayback Machine
1233:
1231:
1222:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1191:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1128:
1118:
1110:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1074:
1066:Kadmon, Nirit.
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1007:
1006:
1002:
998:
975:Loaded question
970:Intertextuality
936:
913:interpretations
881:
863:
803:
795:
787:
785:Possessive case
779:
771:
759:
748:
740:
739:poor Llewellyn.
717:
709:
700:
685:
677:
669:
658:
656:Cleft sentences
639:
631:
623:
613:
599:
590:
581:
570:
558:X took Y from Z
547:
538:
527:
507:X happened to V
500:
491:
483:
406:popular science
393:
387:
379:
360:
354:
346:Lauri Karttunen
333:
245:Lauri Karttunen
227:John said that
206:
150:
128:. For example,
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Presuppositions
15:
12:
11:
5:
5498:
5496:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5457:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5419:Inferentialism
5416:
5414:Formal grammar
5411:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5334:Possible world
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5218:Glue semantics
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5181:Formal systems
5175:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5106:Polarity items
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4991:Conservativity
4988:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4955:Quantification
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4832:Presupposition
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4756:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4728:Utilitarianism
4725:
4720:
4715:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:Pythagoreanism
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4543:Neo-Kantianism
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4502:
4497:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4461:Existentialism
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4352:Zoroastrianism
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4195:Utilitarianism
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4130:Libertarianism
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4095:Green politics
4092:
4087:
4085:Fundamentalism
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3901:
3899:Unspoken rules
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Meta-knowledge
3133:
3128:
3126:Meaning-making
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:Milieu control
2910:
2905:
2900:
2891:
2886:
2884:Invisible hand
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2839:Group dynamics
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2588:
2583:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2478:Social control
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:Polite fiction
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:Indoctrination
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2210:placebo effect
2207:
2197:
2195:Self-deception
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:Social reality
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:Reality tunnel
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1930:
1924:National epics
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1883:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1358:Geurts, Bart.
1353:
1352:External links
1350:
1349:
1348:
1333:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1284:
1260:
1220:
1205:
1189:
1178:(3): 497–522.
1162:
1149:
1108:
1094:Pinker, Steven
1085:
1072:
1059:
1050:
999:
997:
994:
993:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
935:
932:
917:presupposition
905:presupposition
885:presupposition
883:To describe a
880:
877:
862:
859:
850:
849:
802:
799:
798:
797:
786:
783:
782:
781:
773:
761:
747:
744:
743:
742:
716:
713:
712:
711:
702:
684:
681:
680:
679:
671:
657:
654:
642:
641:
633:
625:
612:
609:
602:
601:
592:
583:
569:
566:
550:
549:
540:
526:
523:
515:X avoided Ving
503:
502:
493:
482:
479:
472:
471:
470:
469:
459:
458:
457:
447:
446:
445:
435:
434:
433:
386:
383:
382:
381:
356:Main article:
353:
350:
332:
329:
310:
309:
289:
288:
233:
232:
225:
205:
202:
198:
197:
194:
184:
183:
165:
149:
146:
90:
89:
88:
87:
79:
78:
77:
69:
68:
67:
47:presupposition
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5497:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5101:Performatives
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5081:Logophoricity
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:Evidentiality
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4772:
4770:
4765:
4763:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4709:Structuralism
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4675:Scholasticism
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:Phenomenology
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:Postmodernism
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Individualism
4527:
4525:
4524:ʿIlm al-Kalām
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:Republicanism
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Progressivism
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:Individualism
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3933:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:Social stigma
3852:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:jurisprudence
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Family values
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Entertainment
3643:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3514:Unobservables
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3426:philosophical
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3289:Creation myth
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3260:Consciousness
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:Social action
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Peer pressure
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Herd behavior
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Group emotion
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:Social status
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2508:Woozle effect
2506:
2504:
2503:Systemic bias
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Social change
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Fearmongering
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Deprogramming
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Filter bubble
2148:
2146:
2145:Ethnocentrism
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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2001:Point of view
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1877:Basic beliefs
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1867:Related terms
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1769:Logic symbols
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1518:Philosophical
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1513:Non-classical
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1326:A. ter Meulen
1323:
1322:Beaver, David
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1040:on 2023-05-21
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940:Common ground
938:
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929:
928:characterized
925:
920:
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914:
910:
906:
902:
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893:truth-bearers
890:
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811:interlocutors
808:
807:common ground
800:
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789:
788:
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777:
774:
770:in Australia?
769:
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412:
407:
403:
402:Steven Pinker
398:
392:
385:Factive verbs
384:
378:
374:
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372:
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365:
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351:
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343:
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330:
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286:
282:
281:I have a wife
278:
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266:
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258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
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231:is beautiful.
230:
226:
224:is beautiful.
223:
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132:entails that
131:
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19:
5374:Type shifter
5344:Quantization
5294:Continuation
5161:Veridicality
5041:Exhaustivity
5006:Cumulativity
4925:Indexicality
4905:Definiteness
4900:Conditionals
4831:
4827:Logical form
4670:Reductionism
4646:Pre-Socratic
4626:Neoplatonism
4486:Hermeneutics
4451:Epicureanism
4407:Confucianism
4402:Collectivism
4392:Cartesianism
4243:Christianity
4055:Distributism
4045:Conservatism
4020:Collectivism
3988:Economic and
3913:Works of art
3869:Sublime, The
3760:Magnificence
3711:Human rights
3438:Origin myths
3384:Intelligence
3364:Idios kosmos
3099:Explanations
3070:Epistemology
2995:Social proof
2990:Social group
2948:Scapegoating
2829:Group action
2824:Folie à deux
2814:Entitativity
2691:Social class
2634:Institutions
2526:Anthropology
2391:Missionaries
2317:Echo chamber
2272:Brainwashing
2227:Stereotyping
2135:Cryptomnesia
2125:Confirmation
2051:Value system
2005:
1971:Mental model
1688:Substitution
1508:Mathematical
1433:Major fields
1367:
1345:
1339:
1329:
1287:
1277:, retrieved
1275:, 2017-07-29
1272:
1263:
1249:
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1157:
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1097:
1088:
1080:
1075:
1067:
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1053:
1042:. Retrieved
1038:the original
1017:
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841:
836:
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185:
180:truth values
175:
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133:
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117:
113:
109:
105:
99:
95:lexical item
91:
81:
71:
61:
46:
36:
5289:Context set
5263:Type theory
5146:Subtrigging
4910:Disjunction
4837:Proposition
4684:Sentientism
4665:Rationalism
4612:Peripatetic
4592:Natural law
4563:Materialism
4491:Historicism
4481:Hegelianism
4431:Determinism
4308:Agnosticism
4180:Sentientism
4150:Nationalism
4100:Imperialism
4030:Communalism
4025:Colonialism
3979:Weltschmerz
3959:Misanthropy
3859:Stewardship
3787:Obligations
3691:Culpability
3682:Golden Rule
3576:Common good
3494:Supernature
3450:Otherworlds
3409:comparative
3379:Information
3374:Incarnation
3311:Eschatology
3245:Anima mundi
3227:Metaphysics
3146:Observation
3141:Methodology
2923:Moral panic
2903:Mass action
2799:Doublethink
2742:Collectives
2664:Pilgrimages
2553:Coronations
2458:Revolutions
2426:Proselytism
2359:negationism
2245:maintenance
2093:Attentional
1952:Life stance
1920:Epic poetry
1910:Conventions
1803:WikiProject
1673:Proposition
1668:Probability
1621:Description
1562:Foundations
1336:Henk Zeevat
1081:Pragmatics.
899:defines "A
832:Saul Kripke
723:the notice
126:implicature
100:Crucially,
39:linguistics
5470:Pragmatics
5459:Categories
5439:Pragmatics
5086:Mirativity
4852:Speech act
4807:Entailment
4802:Denotation
4651:Pyrrhonism
4641:Pragmatism
4636:Positivism
4539:Kantianism
4446:Empiricism
4364:philosophy
4361:Schools of
4304:Irreligion
4300:Secularity
4233:Cheondoism
4165:Radicalism
4145:Monarchism
4140:Militarism
4125:Liberalism
4070:Fanaticism
4010:Capitalism
3992:ideologies
3990:political
3918:Wrongdoing
3822:Repentance
3812:Punishment
3807:Principles
3802:Praxeology
3591:Creativity
3581:Conscience
3542:Almsgiving
3455:axes mundi
3339:Nonfiction
3316:Everything
3178:Revelation
3166:fallacious
3156:Perception
3092:scientific
3015:Status quo
2854:Groupshift
2769:Conformity
2724:Groupthink
2639:Liminality
2573:Employment
2548:Ceremonies
2416:Propaganda
2401:Persuasion
2277:Censorship
2243:Change and
2222:Status quo
2130:Congruence
1733:Set theory
1631:Linguistic
1626:Entailment
1616:Definition
1584:Consequent
1579:Antecedent
1279:2020-05-15
1044:2023-05-21
996:References
985:Speech act
568:Iteratives
389:See also:
371:existent.
342:Pragmatics
325:pragmatics
287:is blonde.
273:consequent
269:antecedent
253:projection
168:Strawson's
138:entailment
122:entailment
43:philosophy
5465:Semantics
5238:Mereology
5174:Formalism
5056:Givenness
4981:Cataphora
4969:Phenomena
4960:Vagueness
4890:Ambiguity
4842:Reference
4822:Intension
4812:Extension
4699:Spinozism
4631:Pluralism
4622:Platonism
4573:Modernism
4558:Logicians
4426:Cyrenaics
4387:Averroism
4327:Spiritism
4295:Rastafari
4210:Religions
4190:Socialism
4170:Reformism
4135:Masculism
4090:Globalism
4065:Extremism
4035:Communism
4000:Anarchism
3974:Reclusion
3969:Pessimism
3951:Attitudes
3874:Suffering
3837:Sexuality
3827:Reverence
3817:Qualities
3736:religious
3716:Judgement
3696:Happiness
3660:Étiquette
3650:Eroticism
3638:Aesthetic
3621:religious
3616:emotional
3606:Economics
3537:Aesthetic
3499:Teleology
3443:political
3404:Mythology
3369:Illusions
3344:Free will
3330:Existence
3325:Evolution
3299:existence
3282:religious
3277:Cosmology
3272:Cosmogony
3250:Causality
3240:Afterlife
3188:Tradition
3183:Testimony
3161:Reasoning
3121:Intuition
3087:anecdotal
3045:Knowledge
3020:Stigmergy
3005:Sociology
2804:Emergence
2543:Calendars
2339:Euphemism
2327:religious
2322:Education
2155:Homophily
2108:Cognitive
1957:Lifestyle
1855:Worldview
1764:Fallacies
1759:Paradoxes
1749:Logicians
1683:Statement
1678:Reference
1643:Induction
1606:Deduction
1569:Abduction
1539:Metalogic
1486:Classical
1450:Inference
1273:Knowledge
1034:0301-4428
855:anaphoric
746:Questions
737:have lost
695:insulted
598:to power.
375:John saw
321:semantics
55:discourse
5392:See also
5277:Concepts
5151:Telicity
4986:Coercion
4940:Negation
4935:Modality
4885:Anaphora
4704:Stoicism
4607:Nihilism
4553:Legalism
4548:Kokugaku
4514:Idealism
4505:Humanism
4476:Hedonism
4466:Fatalism
4441:Eleatics
4421:Cynicism
4337:Tenrikyo
4260:Hinduism
4228:Caodaism
4223:Buddhism
4200:Veganism
4155:Pacifism
4120:Islamism
4080:Feminism
3964:Optimism
3940:Examples
3889:Theodicy
3879:Sympathy
3775:Morality
3633:Emotions
3628:Elegance
3556:Autonomy
3551:Altruism
3504:Theology
3433:Ontology
3399:Miracles
3255:Concepts
3235:Ætiology
3210:criteria
3193:folklore
3082:Evidence
2898:Mob rule
2889:Lynching
2649:Marriage
2627:cultural
2605:Holidays
2591:Funerals
2586:Families
2568:Doctrine
2531:cultural
2463:Rhetoric
2282:Charisma
2257:Argument
2252:Activism
2140:Cultural
2088:Academic
2021:Schemata
1991:Paradigm
1966:Memeplex
1947:Ideology
1937:factoids
1798:Category
1698:Validity
1599:Antinomy
1527:Theories
1491:Informal
1328:(eds.),
1242:Archived
1122:citation
1096:(2007),
934:See also
901:sentence
756:Is there
708:Barbara.
596:returned
451:realized
419:realized
368:improper
172:referent
102:negation
4895:Binding
4733:Yangism
4718:Thomism
4694:Sophism
4436:Dualism
4397:Cārvāka
4382:Atomism
4322:Sikhism
4312:Atheism
4280:Judaism
4275:Jainism
4265:Hòa Hảo
4075:Fascism
3904:Virtues
3743:Liberty
3721:Justice
3701:Harmony
3611:Ecstasy
3596:Disgust
3586:Consent
3546:Charity
3479:Reality
3462:Physics
3354:History
3335:Fiction
3320:Nothing
3306:Destiny
3294:Deities
3109:fideism
3075:outline
2918:Mobbing
2714:Worship
2704:Symbols
2686:Rituals
2679:secular
2644:Liturgy
2610:Hygiene
2581:Slavery
2577:Serfdom
2518:Culture
2069:Aspects
1981:Mindset
1942:Framing
1900:Context
1881:Beliefs
1813:changes
1805: (
1663:Premise
1594:Paradox
1424:History
1419:Outline
1366:(ed.).
1114:pp. 6–9
1020:(1–3).
824:my wife
648:(as in
594:Carter
587:anymore
556:(as in
535:stopped
521:, etc.
488:managed
461:It was
427:regrets
425:Martha
314:filters
306:my wife
293:my wife
285:my wife
283:, then
261:filters
229:my wife
222:my wife
210:my wife
176:my wife
140:is not
5324:Monads
4871:Topics
4587:Monism
4582:Mohism
4534:Ionian
4500:Holism
4332:Taoism
4317:Shinto
4218:Baháʼí
3864:Styles
3842:ethics
3832:Rights
3780:public
3765:Maxims
3706:Honour
3655:Ethics
3571:Comedy
3561:Beauty
3489:Spirit
3421:Nature
3394:Matter
3349:Future
3131:Memory
3116:Gnosis
3053:Axioms
2983:animal
2864:Holism
2752:animal
2615:ritual
2595:Burial
2536:social
2441:forced
2332:values
2232:ethnic
2103:Belief
2080:Biases
2046:Umwelt
1715:topics
1501:Reason
1479:Logics
1470:Syntax
1106:
1032:
897:Belnap
776:Who is
735:never
704:Carol
620:Before
497:forgot
364:proper
271:and a
214:clause
49:is an
5016:De se
4920:Focus
4878:Areas
4847:Scope
4270:Islam
3908:Vices
3894:Trust
3884:Taboo
3797:Piety
3792:Peace
3687:Guilt
3524:Value
3484:Souls
3389:Magic
3359:Ideas
3200:Truth
3171:logic
3104:Faith
2784:Cults
2699:Caste
2659:Oaths
2600:Games
2170:Media
1986:Norms
1962:Memes
1933:Facts
1742:other
1707:Lists
1693:Truth
1460:Proof
1408:Logic
1362:. In
903:is a
790:John'
733:would
727:only
636:Since
628:While
578:again
564:etc.
544:began
542:Joan
533:John
495:John
486:John
449:John
439:aware
397:Plato
257:plugs
249:holes
237:think
3906:and
3755:Love
3601:Duty
3509:Time
2669:Play
2113:list
1935:and
1807:talk
1653:Name
1638:Form
1144:link
1137:help
1104:ISBN
1030:ISSN
891:and
842:John
729:said
417:and
323:and
298:does
239:and
156:and
124:and
116:and
108:and
45:, a
41:and
5268:TTR
3849:Sin
3726:Law
2031:Set
1549:Set
1304:doi
1254:, (
1237:, "
1180:doi
1022:doi
837:too
725:had
697:HER
652:).
463:odd
279:If
241:say
37:In
5461::
4711:/
4677:/
4658:/
4624:/
4575:/
4541:/
4507:/
4493:/
4409:/
4310:/
4306:/
4302:/
3689:/
3544:/
3337:/
3318:/
2896:/
2697:/
2693:/
2593:/
2579:/
2575:/
1964:/
1926:/
1922:/
1888:/
1879:/
1271:,
1223:^
1192:^
1176:80
1174:.
1126::
1124:}}
1120:{{
1112:,
1028:.
1016:.
1012:.
911:,
895:,
768:or
764:Is
721:If
693:HE
513:;
144:.
4775:e
4768:t
4761:v
1847:e
1840:t
1833:v
1809:)
1400:e
1393:t
1386:v
1372:.
1306::
1186:.
1182::
1146:)
1139:)
1135:(
1116:.
1047:.
1024::
1018:1
826:(
792:s
699:.
589:.
580:.
519:V
511:V
182:.
34:.
20:)
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