Preservation (library and archive)

1754:: with the ever-changing world outside, the library will remain stable and dependable. Preservation is a great help in this regard. Through digitization and reformatting, preservation librarians are able to retain material while at the same time adapting to new methods. In this way, libraries can adapt to the changes in user needs without changing the quality of the material itself. Through preservation efforts, patrons can rest assured that although materials are constantly deteriorating over time, the library itself will remain a stable, reliable environment for their information needs. Another sacred ability of the library is to provide information and a connection to the past. By working to slow down the processes of deterioration and decay of library materials, preservation practices help keep this link to the past alive. 1722:, which chronicled his efforts to save many old runs of American newspapers (formerly owned by the British Library) from being sold to dealers or pulped. A similar concern persists over the retention of original documents reformatted by any means, analog or digital. Concerns include scholarly needs and legal requirements for authentic or original records as well as questions about the longevity, quality, and completeness of reformatted materials. Retention of originals as a source or fail-safe copy is now a fairly common practice. Another controversy revolving around different preservation methods is that of digitization of original material to maintain the intellectual content of the material while ignoring the physical nature of the book. Further, the 1710:. Handling materials promotes their progression to an unusable state, especially if they are handled carelessly. On the other hand, materials must be used in order to gain any benefit from them. In a collection with valuable materials, this conflict is often resolved by a number of measures which can include heightened security, requiring the use of gloves for photographs, restricting the materials researchers may bring with them into a reading room, and restricting use of materials to patrons who are not able to satisfy their research needs with less valuable copies of an item. These restrictions can be considered hindrances to researchers who feel that these measures are in place solely to keep materials out of the hands of the public. 20: 1291:

needs and desires of their local communities, which could cause an emphasis on acquiring new materials over preserving old ones. Librarians working in public facilities frequently have to make complicated decisions about how to best serve their patrons. Commonly, public library systems work with each other and sometimes with more academic libraries through interlibrary loan programs. By sharing resources, they are able to expand upon what might be available to their own patrons and share the burdens of preservation across a greater array of systems.

1726:'s Committee on the Future of the Print Record structured its "Statement on the Significance of Primary Records" on the inherent theoretical ideology that there is a need to preserve as many copies of a printed edition as is possible as texts and their textual settings are, quite simply, not separable, just as the artifactual characteristics of texts are as relevant and varied as the texts themselves (in the report mentioned herewith, 5540: 874: 6135: 5356: 5346: 266: 450: 6145: 51: 592:

are often more valuable for future use. Fragile items are often more difficult or more expensive to scan, which creates a selection problem for preservationists where they must decide if digital access in the future is worth potentially damaging the item during the scanning process. Other problems include scan quality, redundancy of digitized books among different libraries, and copyright law.

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difficulties in providing access to these items. Discussion as to the best ways to utilize digital technologies is therefore ongoing, and the practice continues to evolve. Of course, the issues surrounding digital objects and their care in libraries and archives continues to expand as more and more of contemporary culture is created, stored, and used digitally. These

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consuming HVAC systems as well as the introduction of passive preservation techniques. Rather than maintaining a flat line, consistent 24/7 condition for a collection's environment, fluctuation can occur within acceptable limits to create a preservation environment while also thinking of energy efficiency and taking advantage of the outside environment.

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in the middle or low range. Generally, the relative humidity should be between 30–50% with as little variation as possible, however recommendations on specific levels to maintain vary depending on the type of material, i.e. paper-based, film, etc. A specialized dew point calculator for book preservation is available.

1750:, Nancy Kalikow Maxwell discusses how libraries are capable of performing some of the same functions as religion. Many librarians feel that their work is done for some higher purpose. The same can be said for preservation librarians. One instance of the library's role as sacred is to provide a sense of 1299:

Archival facilities focus specifically on rare and fragile materials. With staff trained in appropriate techniques, archives are often available to many public and private library facilities as an alternative to destroying older materials. Items that are unique, such as photographs, or items that are

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has stated that the study of understanding the needs of the archive/library is inherently important to their survival. To prolong the life of a collection, it is important that a systematic preservation plan is in place. The first step in planning a preservation program is to assess the institution's

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folders which are then placed in acid-free of low-lignin boxes for further protection. Similarly, books that are fragile, valuable, oddly shaped, or in need of protection can be stored in archival boxes and enclosures. Additionally, housing books can protect them from many of the contributing factors

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When practicing preservation, one has several factors to consider in order to properly preserve a record: 1) the storage environment of the record, 2) the criteria to determine when preservation is necessary, 3) what the standard preservation practices are for that particular institution, 4) research

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Some individuals in the archival community have explored the possible moral responsibility to preserve all cultural phenomena, in regards to the concept of monumental preservation. Other advocates argue that such an undertaking is something that the indigenous or native communities that produce such

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It is important that preservation specialists be respectful of cultural property and the societies that created it, and it is also important for them to be aware of international and national laws pertaining to stolen items. In recent years there has been a rise in nations seeking out artifacts that

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and bleaching the paper, which would eventually lead to yellowing, brittle paper. Barrow's 1933 article on the fragile state of wood pulp paper predicted the life expectancy, or "LE", of this paper was approximately 40–50 years. At that point the paper would begin to show signs of natural decay, and

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Limited, tax-driven funding can often interfere with the ability for public libraries to engage in extensive preservation activities. Materials, particularly books, are often much easier to replace than to repair when damaged or worn. Public libraries usually try to tailor their services to meet the

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Because budget and time limitations require priorities to be set, standards have been established by the profession to determine what should be preserved in a collection. Considerations include existing condition, rarity, and evidentiary and market values. With non-paper formats, the availability of

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Bound materials are sensitive to rapid temperature or humidity cycling due to differential expansion of the binding and pages, which may cause the binding to crack and/or the pages to warp. Changes in temperature and humidity should be done slowly so as to minimize the difference in expansion rates.

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Books and other materials take up and give off moisture making them sensitive to relative humidity. Very high humidity encourages mold growth and insect infestations. Low humidity causes materials to lose their flexibility. Fluctuations in relative humidity are more damaging than a constant humidity

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However, many of these problems are being solved through educational initiatives. Educational programs are tailoring themselves to fit preservation needs and help new students understand preservation practices. Programs teaching graduate students about digital librarianship are especially important.

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Ethics will play an important role in many aspects of the conservator's activities. When choosing which objects are in need of treatment, the conservator should do what is best for the object in question and not yield to pressure or opinion from outside sources. Conservators should refer to the AIC

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Forms of significance can be historically, culturally, socially, or spiritually significant. In the preservation context, libraries and archives make decisions in different ways. In libraries, decision-making likely targets existing holding materials, whereas in archives, decisions for preservation

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Although digitization seems to be a promising area for future preservation, there are also problems. The main problems are that digital space costs money, media and file formats may become obsolete, and backwards compatibility is not guaranteed. Higher-quality images take a longer time to scan, but

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For manuscripts, digitization is achieved through scanning an item and saving it to a digital format. For example, the Google Book Search program has partnered with over forty libraries around the world to digitize books. The goal of this library partnership project is to "make it easier for people

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on the management of cultural heritage objects as well as the historic environment has prompted research efforts to investigate alternative climate control methods and strategies that include the implementation of alternative climate control systems to replace or supplement traditional high-energy

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One instance in which these decisions may get tricky is when the conservator is dealing with cultural objects. The AIC Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice has addressed such concerns, stating "All actions of the conservation professional must be governed by an informed respect for cultural

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Selection for treatment determines the survival of materials and should be done by a specialist, whether in relation to an established collection development policy or on an item by item basis. Once an object or collection has been chosen for preservation, the treatment must be determined that is

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Groups such as the Digital Preservation Network strive to ensure that "the complete scholarly record is preserved for future generations". The Library of Congress maintains a Sustainability of Digital Formats web site that educates institutions on various aspects of preservation: most notably, on

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Sri Lankan symbols or images of the Sinhalese "Fire Demons" are hung in the corners of libraries and other buildings to appease the incendiary demons and to avert fire, lightning and cataclysm, according to Sinhalese mythology. Since fire and acid decomposition (also known as "slow fires") are a

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The ancient Chinese god Wei T'O is the patron god of libraries and books. Many examples of appeals to Wei T'O can be found in Chinese manuscripts dated five hundred or more years ago. Wei T'O is especially invoked for the protection of books and libraries against fire. Since the modern books are

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Institutions should establish an environment that prioritizes preservation and create an understanding among administration and staff. Additionally, the institution's commitment to preservation should be communicated to funders and stakeholders so that funds can be allocated towards preservation

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for preservation should be made considering significance and value of materials. Significance is considered to have two major components: importance and quality. "Importance" relates to the collection's role as a record, and "quality" covers comprehensiveness, depth, uniqueness, authenticity and

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Many digitized items, such as back issues of periodicals, are provided by publishers and databases on a subscription basis. If these companies were to cease providing access to their digital information, facilities that elected to discard paper copies of these periodicals could face significant

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The care of cultural and sacred objects often affects the physical storage or the object. For example, sacred objects of the native peoples of the Western United States are supposed to be stored with sage to ensure their spiritual well-being. The idea of storing an object with plant material is

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is being explored by students and professionals in archives/libraries. The two main issues that most institutions tend to face are the rapid disintegration of acidic paper and water damage (due to flooding, plumbing problems, etc.). Therefore, these areas of preservation, as well as new digital

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is a set of preventive conservation activities aimed at prolonging the life of a record, book, or object while making as few changes as possible. Preservation activities vary widely and may include monitoring the condition of items, maintaining the temperature and humidity in collection storage

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Learning the proper methods of preservation is important and most archivists are educated on the subject at academic institutions that specifically cover archives and preservation. In the United States most repositories require archivists to have a degree from an ALA-accredited library school.

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problem. In later studies, Barrow tested paper from American books made between 1900 and 1949, and learned that after forty years the books had lost on average 96 percent of their original strength; after less than ten years, they had already lost 64 percent. Barrow determined that this rapid

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In general, the lower the temperature is, the better it is for the collection. However, since books and other materials are often housed in areas with people, a compromise must be struck to accommodate human comfort. A reasonable temperature to accomplish both goals is 65–68˚F (18–20 °C)

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The Preservation, Planning and Publications Committee of the Preservation and Reformatting Section (PARS) in the Association for Library Collections & Technical Services has created a Preservation Education Directory of ALA Accredited schools in the U.S. and Canada offering courses in

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Since 2010, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation has enhanced funding for library and archives conservation education in three major conservation programs. These programs are all part of the Association of North American Graduate Programs in the Conservation of Cultural Property (ANAGPIC).

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equipment to access the information will be a factor (for example, playback equipment for audio-visual materials, or microform readers). An institution should determine how many, if any, other institutions hold the material, and consider coordinating efforts with those that do.

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With old media deteriorating or showing their vulnerabilities and new media becoming available, research remains active in the field of conservation and preservation. Everything from how to preserve paper media to creating and maintaining electronic resources and gauging their

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reputation of the collection. Moreover, analyzing the significance of materials can be used to uncover more about their meaning. Assessment of significance can also aid in documenting the provenance and context to argue the case for grant funding for the object and collection.

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most appropriate to the material and its collecting institution. If the information is most important, reformatting or creation of a surrogate is a likely option. If the artifact itself is of value, it will receive conservation treatment, ideally of a reversible nature.

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or the amount of lumens/m, the generally accepted level of illumination with sensitive materials is limited to 50 lux per day. Materials receiving more lux than recommended can be placed in dark storage periodically to prolong the original appearance of the object.

1690:(NAGPRA). The First Archivists Circle, a group of Native American archivists, has also created Protocols for Native American Archival Materials. The non-binding guidelines are suggestions for libraries and archives with Native American archival materials. 422:/ Disaster Mitigation Plan) is the practice of arranging for the necessary resources and planning the best course of action to prevent or minimize damage to a collection in the event of a disaster of any level of magnitude, whether natural or human-made. 1694:

inherently problematic to an archival collection because of the possibility of insect infestation. When conservators have faced this problem, they have addressed it by using freeze-dried sage, thereby meeting both conservation and cultural needs.

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However, an accelerated aging study on the effects of fluctuating temperature and humidity on paper color and strength showed no evidence that cycling of one temperature to another or one RH to another caused a different mechanism of decay.

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Because so many museum holdings are unique, including print materials, art, and other objects, preservationists are often most active in this setting; however, since most holdings are usually much more fragile, or possibly corrupted,

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is another name for digitization, and is the term more commonly used in archival courses. The main goal of digital preservation is to guarantee that people will have access to the digitally preserved materials long into the future.

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cultural objects are better suited to perform. Currently, however, many indigenous communities are not financially able to support their own archives and museums. Still, indigenous archives are on the rise in the United States.

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There is also controversy surrounding preservation methods. A major controversy at the end of the twentieth century centered on the practice of discarding items that had been microfilmed. This was the subject of novelist

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worked as head of Columbia University Libraries' Preservation Division from 1981 until 1987, where she worked closely with Paul Banks. She published extensive research throughout her career, especially dealing with

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efforts. The first steps an institution should implement, according to the NEDCC, are to establish a policy that defines and charts the course of action and create a framework for carrying out goals and priorities.

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have been stolen and are now in museums. In many cases museums are working with the nations to find a compromise to balance the need for reliable supervision as well as access for both the public and researchers.

1636:, as the first president of the Commission on Preservation and Access, worked to organize a national campaign both for the use of alkaline paper in publishing companies and for a national program of preservation 4697: 814:

There are three methods for carrying out a preservation survey: general preservation assessment, collection condition surveys, and an item-by-item survey. General condition surveys can be part of a library

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issues. In many cases, a library is allowed to make a limited number of copies of an item for preservation purposes. In the United States, certain exceptions have been made for libraries and archives.

4688: 4234: 1556:(1904–1967) was an American chemist and paper conservator, and a pioneer of library and archives conservation. He introduced the field of conservation to paper deacidification through alkalization. 1686:

Conservators are not just bound by ethics to treat cultural and religious objects with respect, but also in some cases by law. For example, in the United States, conservators must comply with the

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Pests, such as insects and vermin, eat and destroy paper and the adhesive that secures book bindings. Food and drink in libraries, archives, and museums can increase the attraction of pests. An

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property, its unique character and significance and the people or person who created it." This can be applied in both the care and long-term storage of objects in archives and institutions.

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existing preservation needs. This process entails identifying the general and specific needs of the collection, establishing priorities, and gathering the resources to execute the plan.

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and wood pulp papers. Earlier papermaking methods left the final product only mildly alkaline or even neutral and such paper has maintained its strength for 300 to 800 years, despite

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for outstanding preservation specialists in library and archival science, is given annually by the Association for Library Collections & Technical Services, a subdivision of the

1618:, former Conservation Officer at the Library of Congress in Washington, DC, worked in the areas of disaster recovery and preparedness, and the salvaging of water-damaged paper goods. 4304: 4193: 1687: 588:

to find relevant books – specifically, books they wouldn't find any other way such as those that are out of print – while carefully respecting authors' and publishers' copyrights."

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suggests that presently existing book stacks need not be abandoned with emerging technologies; rather they serve as vitally important original (primary) sources for future study).

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Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice, which states that the conservation professional must "strive to attain the highest possible standards in all aspects of conservation."

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is the maintenance of digitally stored information. Some means of digital preservation include refreshing, migration, replication and emulation. This should not be confused with

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special problem for libraries because of the concentration of paper products, the "Fire Demons" are also included when used to assuage these destroyers of libraries and books.

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is the heavenly patron of books and protector of clay tablets. Nabu is the Babylonian god of wisdom and writing, and is the patron of the scribes, librarians and archivists.

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In Arabic and other eastern societies, sometimes a traditional method to protect books and scrolls was a metaphysical appeal to "Kabi:Kaj", the "King of the Cockroaches".

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are often made when they acquire materials. Therefore, different criteria might be needed on different occasions. In general, for archive criteria, the points include:

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Preservation as a formal profession in libraries and archives dates from the twentieth century, but its philosophy and practice has roots in many earlier traditions.

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Contamination can occur at the time of manufacture, especially with electronic materials. It must be stopped before it spreads, but it is usually irreversible.

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deterioration was not the direct result of using wood-pulp fibers, since rag papers of this period were also aging rapidly, but rather due to the residual

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In some Christian monasteries, prayers and curses were placed at the end of books to prevent theft, or to damn the thieves. Frequently called a "

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preservation. The directory is updated approximately every three years. The 10th Edition was made available on the ALCTS web site in March 2015.

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materials raise their own new kinds of preservation challenges and in some cases they may even require use new kinds of tools and techniques.

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In many ancient societies, appeals to heavenly protectors were used to preserve books, scrolls and manuscripts from insects, fire and decay.

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Albany, NY: The University of the State of New York, The State Education Dept., The New York State Library, Division of Library Development.

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Environmental controls are necessary to facilitate the preservation of organic materials and are especially important to monitor in rare and

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The Flickr user describes an incident of putting a banana stained book in their backpack and leaving it for a couple weeks with this result.

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Exposure to light also has a significant effect on materials. It is not only the light visible to humans that can cause damage, but also

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Kaschins, Elizabeth and Jane Kemp. "Saint Jerome, the Patron Saint of Librarians." Library Journal. September 1, 1988, pages 135-136.

2251: 258: 5054: 3521: 3489: 3087: 2519: 2404: 1585: 1130: 914: 2323: 1249: 5907: 4601: 3891: 1779: 358:, which refers to the treatment and repair of individual items to slow the process of decay, or restore them to a usable state. " 27: 2793: 5573: 5302: 5159: 5077: 3836: 3736: 1814: 1090: 42: 2122: 1659:. It is awarded in recognition of professional preservation specialists who have made significant contributions to the field. 6014: 5149: 3776: 1261: 1012: 1002: 952: 205: 2123:"UCSD Libraries Preservation Department. "Why is Eating and Drinking in the Library Discouraged?" 2006. UCSD. 18 June 2008" 5425: 4117: 4047: 4004: 3756: 3716: 2963: 2236: 1794: 19: 5527: 5297: 5265: 5112: 5102: 5072: 5007: 4479: 4052: 3826: 3741: 3726: 1656: 1159: 1123: 841: 415: 117: 23: 644:

however, if possible, film and photography collections should be kept in a segregated area at 55 ˚F (13 °C).

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Matthews, Graham (1995). "Surveying Collections: The importance of Condition Assessment for Preservation Management".

2401:"A Regional Approach to Identifying Items of National Significance Held by Small Cultural Institutions in New Zealand" 1723: 1643:

John F. Dean, Preservation and Conservation Librarian at Cornell University, has made contributions towards improving

1571: 1385:), Wei T'O is especially relevant to modern librarianship. A modern product to de-acidify paper is named in his honor. 1110: 2298: 1706:

There is a longstanding tension between preservation of and access to library materials, particularly in the area of

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Another educational resource available to preservationists is the Northeast Document Conservation Center or NEDCC.

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Additional preservation education is available to librarians through various professional organizations, such as:

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Gacek, Adam. "The Use of Kabikaj in Arabic Manuscripts." Manuscripts of the Middle East. Volume I, 1986. Page 49.

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and testing, and 5) if any vendor services will be needed for further preservation and potentially conservation.

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that developed in the 4th millennium BC. Written record keeping and information sharing practices, along with

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1989: March 7 Major US print publishers convene at NYPL to endorse a community-wide commitment to utilizing

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Conway, Paul (2010). "Preservation in the Age of Google: Digitization, Digital Preservation, and Dilemmas".

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and other air pollutants. The manufacturing methods used after 1870, however, employed sulfuric acid for

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The Aztec and Mayan Indians of Latin America also had deities concerned with libraries. The major god,

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There are three saints in the Christian church that are closely associated with libraries as patrons:

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Conservation environment guidelines for libraries and archives; with the assistance of Paul N. Banks.

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out of print, can be preserved in archival facilities more easily than in many library settings.

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introduces the field of conservation to paper deacidification when he publishes a paper on the

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approximately 200 digital format types and which are most likely to last into the future.

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Making a proper decision is an important factor before starting preservation practices.

6138: 6105: 6031: 5946: 5941: 5912: 5892: 5725: 5640: 5559: 5490: 5199: 5049: 4936: 4919: 4909: 4872: 4852: 4845: 4820: 4631: 4616: 4551: 4501: 4122: 4037: 3811: 3656: 3335: 3076: 3047:"The Archival Paradigm—The Genesis and Rationales of Archival Principles and Practices" 3046: 2562: 1581: 1506: 1470: 1420: 1413: 1359: 1040: 763: 663: 243: 239: 3414: 2366:"A Significance Recognition Scheme for Non-National Museums and Galleries in Scotland" 6163: 6036: 5844: 5814: 5762: 5164: 4887: 4561: 4491: 4057: 3911: 3821: 2797: 2511:

The Evidence in Hand: Report of the Task Force on the Artifact in Library Collections

2341: 1574:, and problems related to conservation. He designed and implemented a curriculum for 1559: 1498: 1401: 1065: 1035: 3369: 2704:. American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. Archived from 2011: 449: 331:, and increasing accessibility. Preservation, in this definition, is practiced in a 6148: 6009: 5757: 5742: 5672: 5655: 5515: 5469: 5452: 4973: 4571: 4526: 4102: 4062: 2464: 2447: 2126: 1735: 1615: 1522: 1502: 1424: 1393: 1363: 854:

International Preservation News, Journal of the American Institute for Conservation

789:

comparative value (rarity, completeness, integrity relative to others of its kind).

581: 429: 193: 185: 3237: 2565:(2000). "Selection for Preservation". In Banks, Paul N.; Pilette, Roberta (eds.). 1543:

9706 certified permanent durable paper in order to combat the acid paper epidemic.

1514:

he concluded that research for a new media on which to write and print was needed.

844:

has many scholarly journals that publish articles on preservation topics, such as

50: 3484:. Bristol & London: British Library and Joint Information Systems Committee. 3169: 327:

areas, writing a plan in case of emergencies, digitizing items, writing relevant

5951: 5861: 5772: 5747: 5709: 5694: 5613: 5606: 5596: 5457: 4978: 4857: 4759: 4506: 4142: 4087: 4032: 3979: 3939: 3796: 3646: 2509: 2108:"Dew Point Calculator." Image Permanence Institute. Retrieved May 16, 2011 from 1946: 1751: 1626: 1567: 1475: 1460: 1450: 1070: 758: 716: 674: 629: 495: 435:

Reformatting is the practice of creating copies of an object in another type of

227: 147: 3434:

Tanselle, G.T. (1998). Texts and artifacts in the electronic era. 21stC, 3.2.

2971: 6026: 5897: 5730: 5667: 5601: 5500: 4882: 4566: 4546: 4077: 3944: 3934: 3886: 3691: 2891:. The Kilgarlin Center for Preservation of the Cultural Record. Archived from 1493: 1382: 1374: 1314: 1045: 702: 575: 1667:

Reformatting, or in any other way copying an item's contents, raises obvious

1317:. Museums typically hold to the same practices led by archival institutions. 6041: 5971: 5792: 5782: 5689: 5682: 5677: 5650: 5522: 4999: 4651: 4576: 3929: 2584: 2529: 2163:. Centre for Sustainable Heritage, University College London. Archived from 1829: 1668: 1637: 1533: 440: 348: 344: 159: 3317: 3269: 2942: 2892: 1562:(1934–2000) was Conservator and Head of the Conservation Department at the 3575: 3554: 3361: 2638: 6051: 5963: 5956: 5854: 5827: 5767: 5751: 5635: 5510: 5462: 4581: 4541: 4536: 4082: 3906: 3218: 2002: 1578:

School of Library Science that dealt directly with preservation training.

1017: 678: 477: 393: 328: 151: 143: 3570: 2913: 5849: 5839: 5832: 5618: 4825: 4815: 4790: 3969: 3651: 3541:

Preserving our heritage: perspectives from antiquity to the digital age

3155: 1345: 1223: 1105: 472: 336: 332: 223: 2730: 1313:

may be more necessary than preservation. This is especially common in

6061: 3861: 3851: 1510: 1435: 1431: 1095: 846:

College and Research Libraries, Information Technology and Libraries,

468: 3565: 3308: 3283: 3147: 2702:"American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works" 2058:

Association for Library Collections & Technical Services (ALCTS)

1923:"Preservation in the Age of Large-Scale Digitization: A White Paper" 852:. Scholarly periodicals in this field from other publishers include 16:

Set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of a record or object

2299:"For Delicate Books, Safe and Snug Houses | Preservation Week 2014" 1993: 770:

For archival criteria, the following are evidence of significance:

6083: 6066: 5981: 5976: 5777: 5410: 3896: 3801: 2514:. Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources. 1839: 1454: 715: 705:, archival records, and other paper documents is to place them in 659: 637: 3478:

Digital archaeology? Rescuing Neglected or Damaged Data Resources

2818: 2617:"Preservation and Conservation | The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation" 2324:"Preservation, Conservation, Restoration: What's the Difference?" 2164: 6078: 5582: 3661: 3514:

Sacred Stacks: The Higher Purpose of Libraries and Librarianship

2659: 1748:

Sacred Stacks: The Higher Purpose of Libraries and Librarianship

1408:, some 32,000–40,000 years ago. More direct antecedents are the 1349: 667: 139: 5555: 5414: 4763: 3584: 2992: 2889:"The Kilgarlin Center for Preservation of the Cultural Record" 2843: 2729:. Amigos Library Services Preservation Service. Archived from 2448:"Building Collections for All Time: the Issue of Significance" 867: 710:

to book damage: pests, light, temperature changes, and water.

682: 557: 1630:, a criticism of libraries' destruction of paper-based media. 5538: 3219:

Association for Library Collections & Technical Services

2751: 1584:, author and historian, was Preservation Specialist for the 1536:

which examines paper embrittlement resulting from acid decay

3677:

Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property

2569:. Chicago: American Library Association. pp. 206–224. 1206:

School of Film & Video Preservation Rochester, New York

3348:

Cooper, Amy (2002). "Issues in Native American Archives".

1337:

To the ancient Egyptians, the scarab or dung beetle (see:

3682:

Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property

2772: 2109: 742:

the characteristics of a record (purpose, creator, etc.);

5551: 4068:

Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment

3121: 2087:. Northeast Document Conservation Center. Archived from 2040:"Library of Congress: Sustainability of Digital Formats" 1215:

Kilgarlin Center for Preservation of the Cultural Record

928:

Similar institutions exist in countries outside the US.

4716:

Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes

1899:. Southern Polytechnic State University. Archived from 1463:

and the changing conception of artists and works of art

1170:

Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM)

892: 354:

Preservation should be distinguished from interventive

3415:"Inheritance and loss? A brief survey of Google Books" 2705: 2394: 2392: 2025: 1688:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

837:

technologies, receive much of the research attention.

1252:. Master of Art Conservation Program, Ontario, Canada 5997: 5931: 5870: 5718: 5589: 5251: 5230: 5063: 4997: 4801: 4665: 4478: 4207: 4151: 4018: 3920: 3622: 3134:Stevens, Rolland E. (October 1968). "The Library". 2821:. Campbell Center for Historic Preservation Studies 2819:"Campbell Center for Historic Preservation Studies" 2481:"Assessing Preservation Needs, A Self-Survey Guide" 1534:

Slow Fires: On the Preservation of the Human Record

385:is the preventive care of a collection as a whole. 3447:"Statement on the Significance of Primary Records" 3075: 1624:is a contemporary American novelist and author of 1198:Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts 658:Particulate and gaseous pollutants, such as soot, 6185:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage 4721:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty 3857:Mold control and prevention (library and archive) 3672:Conservation and restoration of cultural property 3391:. American Historical Association. Archived from 2486:. Andover: Northeast Document Conservation Center 1192:Campbell Center for Historic Preservation Studies 754:the cost against the benefits from its existence. 655:system is one way to control pests in libraries. 4744:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies 4734:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence 4698:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's 3576:Protocols for Native American Archival Materials 3266:"AIC Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice" 3018:"Preservation Programs at the National Archives" 2545:Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 1653:Paul Banks and Carolyn Harris Preservation Award 1400:Human record-keeping arguably dates back to the 1377:", these were placed in the book to deter theft. 1188:. Art Conservation Department, Buffalo, New York 748:the record in context (part of a series or not); 453:Preservation and recording of magnetic tapes at 4739:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative 4711:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin 2681:"Preservation Education Directory 10th Edition" 362:" is used interchangeably with "preservation". 4675:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum 3832:Integrated pest management (cultural property) 3053:. Council on Library and Information Resources 2727:"Amigos Library Services Preservation Service" 1879:A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology 1566:from 1964 to 1981, and published regularly on 1519:The Flood of the River Arno in Florence, Italy 5567: 5426: 4775: 3596: 3453:. Modern Language Association. Archived from 2161:"Climate change and the historic environment" 1295:Archival repositories and special collections 1131: 881:The examples and perspective in this section 745:the quality of the information in the record; 628:. Key environmental factors to watch include 291: 8: 2941:. North Bennet Street School. Archived from 2754:. Association for Recorded Sound Collections 2752:"Association for Recorded Sound Collections" 2452:Australian Academic & Research Libraries 1645:preservation efforts in developing countries 6170:Preservation (library and archival science) 3560:Preservation (library and archival science) 3082:. Chicago: Society of American Archivists. 2865:"International Federation of Film Archives" 2794:"Buffalo State Art Conservation Department" 2641:. University of Texas School of Information 2503: 2501: 751:potential use and possible limitations; and 377:Standard functions of preservation programs 5574: 5560: 5552: 5433: 5419: 5411: 5375: 4782: 4768: 4760: 4240:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera 3603: 3589: 3581: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 2796:. Buffalo State University. Archived from 2428:. Heritage Collections Council (Australia) 2371:. Scottish Museums Council. Archived from 2229:"Energy Savings and Collection Management" 1273:Art Conservation Program, Newark, Delaware 1174:Association for Recorded Sound Collections 1138: 1124: 941: 899:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 780:high level of impact – over time or place, 404:, and more specialized activities such as 298: 284: 49: 33: 3787:Disaster preparedness (cultural property) 3566:American Institute for Conservation (AIC) 3516:. Chicago: American Library Association. 3307: 2599:"Best Archives and Preservation Programs" 2508:Nichols, Stephen G.; Smith, Abby (2001). 2463: 2001: 1210:International Federation of Film Archives 915:Learn how and when to remove this message 3687:Conservation science (cultural property) 3338:", Winter 2007. Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2775:. Association of Moving Image Archivists 2773:"Association of Moving Image Archivists" 2662:. Northeast Document Conservation Center 2250:Bigourdan, Jean-Louis; Reilly, James M. 850:Library Resources and Technical Services 757: 448: 372:Digital preservation § Fundamentals 18: 1866: 1532:1987: Terry Saunders releases the film 1281:Preservation in non-academic facilities 1234:Conservation Center, New York, New York 1026: 951: 944: 543:Color photography § Preservation issues 514:Preservation of Illuminated Manuscripts 41: 3260: 3258: 2842:. George Eastman House. Archived from 2399:Dorner, Daniel; Young, Sophie (2007). 2322:Kroslowitz, Karen (October 26, 2012). 1341:) was a protector of written products. 1244:Northeast Document Conservation Center 1180:Association of Moving Image Archivists 800:Northeast Document Conservation Center 2993:"Winterthur Art Conservation Program" 2054:"Definitions of Digital Preservation" 7: 5365: 2970:. Queen's University. Archived from 2150:. 2nd ed. London: Butterworths, 1986 1893:"Preservation of Cultural Artifacts" 1845:Tribal Historic Preservation Officer 1527:burning of the Library of Alexandria 462:Media-specific issues and treatments 5395: 3385:"Google Books: What's Not to Like?" 3078:Preserving Archives and Manuscripts 1742:The library as a sacred institution 1381:suffering from acid decomposition ( 1258:(RBS) at the University of Virginia 1155:American Institute for Conservation 3872:Preservation (library and archive) 3332:"The Moral Imperative to Preserve" 1805:History of Public Library Advocacy 1449:Medieval practices, including the 527:Preservation of magnetic audiotape 457:(National Sound Archive of Mexico) 14: 5055:Library and information scientist 3174:Preservation, Library of Congress 2567:Preservation: Issues and Planning 1881:. Society of American Archivists. 1586:Association of Research Libraries 1430:Antiquarian practices, including 701:The preferred method for storing 439:. Reformatting processes include 388:Preservation can include general 6143: 6134: 6133: 6123: 5394: 5384: 5374: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5345: 5344: 4726:Conservation-restoration of the 4602:Indigenous intellectual property 3553: 3195:"Carolyn Price Horton 1909-2001" 1780:Art conservation and restoration 872: 265: 264: 28:U.S. Declaration of Independence 6124: 5385: 5078:Library and information science 3837:Inventory (library and archive) 3737:Cultural property documentation 3512:Maxwell, Nancy Kalikow (2006). 3475:Ross, Seamus; Gow, Ann (1999). 3193:Eldridge, Betsy Palmer (2002). 3136:The Journal of Higher Education 1815:Library and information science 1091:Library and information science 43:Library and information science 5150:Electronic resource management 4235:Bone, horn, and antler objects 3777:Digital photograph restoration 3539:Cloonan, M. V. (Ed.). (2015). 2465:10.1080/00048623.2006.10755323 2209:. Getty Conservation Institute 2188:. Getty Conservation Institute 2026:"Digital Preservation Network" 1262:Society of American Archivists 1013:Science and technology studies 383:Risk management in collections 206:Science and technology studies 1: 4420:South Asian household shrines 4118:Reconstruction (architecture) 4048:Cultural property radiography 4005:Registrar (cultural property) 3757:Cultural resources management 3717:Collections management system 3244:. Legal Information Institute 1795:Hand-colouring of photographs 1200:in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 786:representation of a type, and 762:Worn books at the library of 6047:Conservation and restoration 4689:Conservation-restoration of 4680:Conservation-restoration of 4053:Detachment of wall paintings 3827:Intangible cultural heritage 3742:Cultural property exhibition 3727:Cultural heritage management 2939:"North Bennet Street School" 2603:U.S. News & World Report 1948:Google Books Library Project 1657:American Library Association 1160:American Library Association 1027:Related fields and subfields 842:American Library Association 356:conservation and restoration 24:National Bureau of Standards 5083:Education for librarianship 4133:Transfer of panel paintings 2227:Herzog, Peter (July 2008). 1724:Modern Language Association 1572:book and paper conservation 1446:and other ancient archives. 1111:Quantum information science 895:, discuss the issue on the 6201: 5243:History of library science 4597:Heritage language learning 3867:Optical media preservation 2964:"Art Conservation Program" 2256:Image Permanence Institute 2233:Image Permanence Institute 1810:Integrated Pest Management 1770:Architectural conservation 1609:and the 1972 flood of the 1238:North Bennet Street School 689:Recent concerns about the 653:Integrated Pest Management 580:A relatively new concept, 573: 562: 553:Optical media preservation 369: 6119: 5536: 5448: 5340: 4637:Oral history preservation 3752:Cultural property storage 3747:Cultural property imaging 1785:Digital artifactual value 1478:'s imperative to preserve 1219:Library Binding Institute 1194:, Mount Carroll, Illinois 636:, pests, pollutants, and 547:Architectural reprography 532:Oral history preservation 5360:Category:Library science 5045:Information professional 4942:Learning Resource Centre 4684:by Elías García Martínez 3902:Sustainable preservation 3382:See Robert B. Townsend, 2999:. University of Delaware 2914:"Institute of Fine Arts" 1663:Legal and ethical issues 783:high level of influence, 691:impact of climate change 398:environmental monitoring 170:Interdisciplinary fields 5705:Collection (publishing) 5629:Illuminated manuscripts 4642:Preservation of meaning 4627:Language revitalization 4295:Illuminated manuscripts 4073:Historic paint analysis 3965:Conservation technician 3767:Deaccessioning (museum) 3707:Collections maintenance 3632:Agents of deterioration 3571:First Archivists Circle 3072:Ritzenthaler, Mary Lynn 2328:Computer History Museum 1921:Rieger, Oya Y. (2008). 1850:Video game preservation 1835:Public Library Advocacy 1702:Criticism and reception 1611:Corning Museum of Glass 1368:Catherine of Alexandria 1240:, Boston, Massachusetts 1165:Amigos Library Services 681:radiation. Measured in 390:collections maintenance 360:Preventive conservation 5543: 5130:Collection development 4652:Tradition preservation 4305:Iron and steel objects 4194:Outdoor bronze objects 4138:UVC-based preservation 3995:Photograph conservator 3960:Conservation scientist 3712:Collections management 3642:Archaeological science 3412:See also Paul Duguid, 3124:accessed July 10, 2010 2840:"George Eastman House" 2683:. ALCTS. 12 March 2012 2148:The Museum Environment 2110:http://www.dpcalc.org/ 1790:Disaster recovery plan 1607:1966 flood of the Arno 1267:University of Delaware 1232:Institute of Fine Arts 1076:Information technology 998:Knowledge organization 767: 721: 670:is a helpful defense. 458: 114:Information management 102:Collections management 31: 6074:Intellectual property 5700:Volume (bibliography) 5542: 5135:Collective collection 4657:Traditional knowledge 4622:Language preservation 4230:Ancient Greek pottery 4128:Textile stabilization 3990:Paintings conservator 3877:Preservation metadata 3762:Database preservation 3616:historic preservation 3362:10.1300/j105v27n02_05 3350:Collection Management 3122:http://www.weito.com/ 2920:. New York University 2551:(4). Washington, D.C. 2479:Patkus, Beth (2003). 2258:. RIT. Archived from 2235:. RIT. Archived from 1800:Historic preservation 1576:Columbia University's 1276:The National Archives 1212:(FIAF) Bologna, Italy 1204:George Eastman Museum 1186:Buffalo State College 1086:Intellectual property 1056:Computer data storage 858:Collection Management 798:Since the 1970s, the 761: 725:Preservation criteria 719: 563:Further information: 537:Language Preservation 452: 416:Business Continuation 414:(RT: Disaster Plan / 412:Disaster preparedness 190:Documentation science 178:Communication studies 22: 5298:Library associations 5238:History of libraries 5155:Information literacy 4445:Time-based media art 4255:Copper-based objects 4169:Archaeological sites 4098:Mass deacidification 4043:Cradling (paintings) 3955:Conservator-restorer 3782:Digital preservation 3562:at Wikimedia Commons 3330:Cloonan, Michele V. 1603:Carolyn Price Horton 1597:mass deacidification 1167:Preservation Service 1081:Intellectual freedom 893:improve this section 883:may not represent a 827:Research and testing 604:Digital Preservation 426:Digital preservation 406:mass deacidification 402:preservation surveys 122:Knowledge management 5175:Library instruction 5035:Periodicals/serials 4954:Special collections 4749:World Heritage Site 4612:Indigenous language 4512:Endangered language 4410:Shipwreck artifacts 4390:Photographic plates 4340:Musical instruments 4093:Lining of paintings 4010:Textile conservator 3985:Objects conservator 3975:Exhibition designer 3882:Preservation survey 3807:Found in collection 3697:Collection (museum) 3667:Calendar (archives) 3637:Archival processing 3300:2006Natur.440R.716. 3242:www.law.cornell.edu 2070:Lull, W.P. (1990). 1765:Archaeological site 1708:special collections 1599:of wood-pulp paper. 1438:, the libraries at 1229:New York University 946:Information science 860:among many others. 626:special collections 620:Storage environment 522:and Video recording 437:data-storage device 392:activities such as 202:Information science 98:Archives management 37:Part of a series on 6111:World Book Capital 5544: 5476:The Book Collector 5350:Category:Libraries 5217:Technical services 5185:Library publishing 5180:Library management 5008:Distance education 4607:Indigenous culture 3950:Collection manager 3847:Media preservation 3842:Inventory (museum) 3702:Collection catalog 3389:www.historians.org 3224:2007-12-14 at the 2446:Pymm, Bob (2006). 1825:Library management 1728:G. Thomas Tanselle 1548:Significant people 1483:Significant events 1250:Queen's University 834:digital permanence 768: 722: 565:Media preservation 541:Visual material - 525:Sound recording - 459: 126:Library management 32: 6157: 6156: 5989:Coffee table book 5820:Bookworm (insect) 5549: 5548: 5408: 5407: 5195:Readers' advisory 4868:Library of things 4757: 4756: 4706:Pompeian frescoes 4592:Heritage language 4482:cultural heritage 4270:Flags and banners 4215:cultural property 4179:Heritage railways 4159:cultural property 4108:Paleo-inspiration 3792:Film preservation 3732:Cultural property 3722:Cultural heritage 3612:Cultural heritage 3558:Media related to 3284:"Rightful Owners" 3272:on March 4, 2000. 2576:978-0-585-37626-4 2278:National Archives 1982:Library Quarterly 1501:produced in both 1476:Romantic movement 1406:Upper Paleolithic 1339:Scarab (artifact) 1271:Winterthur Museum 1148: 1147: 925: 924: 917: 777:irreplaceability, 634:relative humidity 520:Film preservation 455:Fonoteca Nacional 443:and digitization. 420:Disaster Recovery 308: 307: 6192: 6180:Archival science 6175:Collections care 6147: 6137: 6136: 6127: 6126: 6057:History of books 5576: 5569: 5562: 5553: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5412: 5398: 5397: 5388: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5368: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5145:Discovery system 5093:Archival science 4803:Types of library 4784: 4777: 4770: 4761: 4693:by Thomas Eakins 4691:The Gross Clinic 4587:Folklore studies 4497:Applied folklore 4470:Wooden furniture 4465:Wooden artifacts 4460:Woodblock prints 4440:Tibetan thangkas 4300:Insect specimens 4189:Outdoor artworks 4184:Historic gardens 3817:Heritage science 3605: 3598: 3591: 3582: 3557: 3528: 3527: 3509: 3496: 3495: 3483: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3443: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3345: 3339: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3311: 3294:(6): 716. 2006. 3280: 3274: 3273: 3268:. Archived from 3262: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3234: 3228: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3199: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3131: 3125: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3081: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3022:www.archives.gov 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2713: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2623:. Archived from 2613: 2607: 2606: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2485: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2403:. Archived from 2396: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2370: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2352: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2262:on 26 July 2011. 2247: 2241: 2240: 2239:on 26 July 2011. 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2172: 2157: 2151: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2134: 2125:. Archived from 2119: 2113: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2081: 2075: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2005: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1927: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1871: 1775:Archival science 1564:Newberry Library 1432:scribal practice 1286:Public libraries 1256:Rare Book School 1140: 1133: 1126: 1061:Cultural studies 942: 920: 913: 909: 906: 900: 876: 875: 868: 510:Parchment repair 504:Print permanence 320:archival science 300: 293: 286: 273: 268: 267: 182:Computer science 174:Archival science 53: 34: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6115: 6100:The Philobiblon 5993: 5927: 5866: 5714: 5661:limited edition 5585: 5580: 5550: 5545: 5534: 5496:Limited edition 5444: 5442:Book collecting 5439: 5409: 5404: 5336: 5303:Library schools 5247: 5226: 5170:Library history 5065:Library science 5059: 4993: 4959:Special library 4797: 4795:library science 4788: 4758: 4753: 4700:The Last Supper 4667: 4661: 4647:Primitive music 4557:Folk instrument 4532:Family folklore 4522:Ethnomusicology 4517:Ethnochoreology 4484: 4481: 4474: 4395:Plastic objects 4380:Performance art 4365:Panel paintings 4360:Painting frames 4325:Leather objects 4245:Ceramic objects 4217: 4214: 4212: 4211:and restoration 4210: 4203: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4155:and restoration 4154: 4147: 4113:Paper splitting 4028:Aging (artwork) 4020: 4014: 4000:Preservationist 3922: 3916: 3772:Digital library 3624: 3618: 3609: 3550: 3543:. Neal-Schuman. 3536: 3531: 3524: 3511: 3510: 3499: 3492: 3481: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3460: 3458: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3429: 3420: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3398: 3396: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3329: 3325: 3309:10.1038/440716b 3282: 3281: 3277: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3247: 3245: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3226:Wayback Machine 3217: 3213: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3148:10.2307/1980093 3133: 3132: 3128: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3056: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3031: 3029: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3002: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2975: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2923: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2896: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2873: 2871: 2869:www.fiafnet.org 2863: 2862: 2858: 2849: 2847: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2776: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2757: 2755: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2711: 2709: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2684: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2577: 2563:Harris, Carolyn 2561: 2560: 2556: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2522: 2507: 2506: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2408: 2398: 2397: 2390: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2350: 2348: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2307: 2305: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2283: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2212: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2170: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2145: 2141: 2132: 2130: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2107: 2103: 2094: 2092: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2069: 2065: 2060:. 24 June 2007. 2052: 2051: 2047: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2024: 2023: 2019: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1906: 1904: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855:Wood-pulp paper 1820:Library binding 1760: 1744: 1716:Nicholson Baker 1704: 1665: 1634:Patricia Battin 1622:Nicholson Baker 1550: 1485: 1436:burial practice 1410:writing systems 1328: 1323: 1306: 1297: 1288: 1283: 1144: 1115: 1022: 953:General aspects 921: 910: 904: 901: 890: 877: 873: 866: 829: 796: 731:Decision making 727: 707:acid-free paper 622: 613: 578: 572: 567: 518:Moving image - 500:Paper splitting 492:Japanese tissue 488:Acid-free paper 473:Leather Binding 464: 379: 374: 368: 304: 263: 251: 250: 217: 209: 208: 198:Library science 171: 163: 162: 137: 129: 128: 110:Data management 95: 87: 86: 77: 26:preserving the 17: 12: 11: 5: 6198: 6196: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6162: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6141: 6131: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6106:World Book Day 6103: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6032:Book packaging 6029: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6007: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5966: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5918:United Kingdom 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5745: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5556: 5547: 5546: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5480: 5472: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5415: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5382: 5372: 5362: 5352: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5257: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5125:Classification 5122: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5050:Informationist 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4984:Transportation 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4695: 4686: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4632:Living history 4629: 4624: 4619: 4617:Language death 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4552:Folk etymology 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4502:Dance notation 4499: 4494: 4488: 4486: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4415:Silver objects 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4219: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4199:Outdoor murals 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4165: 4163: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4123:Rissverklebung 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4038:Arrested decay 4035: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4021:and techniques 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3812:Heritage asset 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3657:Bioarchaeology 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3549: 3548:External links 3546: 3545: 3544: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3522: 3497: 3490: 3467: 3438: 3427: 3417:. First Monday 3405: 3375: 3340: 3336:Library Trends 3323: 3275: 3254: 3229: 3211: 3185: 3161: 3142:(7): 407–409. 3126: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3088: 3063: 3038: 3009: 2984: 2968:www.queensu.ca 2955: 2930: 2905: 2880: 2856: 2831: 2810: 2785: 2764: 2743: 2718: 2693: 2672: 2651: 2630: 2627:on 2014-10-09. 2608: 2590: 2575: 2554: 2535: 2520: 2497: 2471: 2438: 2417: 2388: 2357: 2333: 2314: 2290: 2265: 2242: 2219: 2198: 2177: 2152: 2139: 2114: 2101: 2076: 2063: 2045: 2031: 2017: 1994:10.1086/648463 1972: 1963: 1954: 1938: 1935:on 2015-09-19. 1913: 1884: 1875:"conservation" 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1743: 1740: 1703: 1700: 1664: 1661: 1649: 1648: 1641: 1631: 1619: 1613: 1600: 1592:Carolyn Harris 1589: 1582:Pamela Darling 1579: 1557: 1554:William Barrow 1549: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1530: 1515: 1507:sulfur dioxide 1490:William Barrow 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1471:Encyclopedists 1464: 1458: 1447: 1428: 1421:Oral tradition 1414:oral tradition 1398: 1397: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1371: 1360:Saint Lawrence 1356: 1353: 1342: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1305: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1264: 1259: 1253: 1247: 1241: 1235: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1162: 1157: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1135: 1128: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1051:Classification 1048: 1043: 1041:Categorization 1038: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 959: 956: 955: 949: 948: 923: 922: 887:of the subject 885:worldwide view 880: 878: 871: 865: 862: 828: 825: 795: 792: 791: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 764:Merton College 756: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 726: 723: 664:sulfur dioxide 621: 618: 612: 609: 574:Main article: 571: 568: 561: 560: 555: 550: 539: 534: 529: 523: 516: 506: 484: 475: 463: 460: 447: 446: 445: 444: 433: 423: 409: 378: 375: 367: 364: 306: 305: 303: 302: 295: 288: 280: 277: 276: 275: 274: 261: 253: 252: 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 138: 135: 134: 131: 130: 96: 93: 92: 89: 88: 78: 75: 74: 71: 70: 69: 68: 63: 55: 54: 46: 45: 39: 38: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6197: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6140: 6132: 6130: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6037:Book swapping 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5923:United States 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5845:Print culture 5843: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5763:Bibliotherapy 5761: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5565: 5563: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5541: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:First edition 5489: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5424: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5401: 5393: 5391: 5383: 5381: 5373: 5371: 5363: 5361: 5353: 5351: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5165:Legal deposit 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4773: 4771: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4562:Folk medicine 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4492:Ancient music 4490: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4425:Stained glass 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4405:Road vehicles 4403: 4401: 4400:Rail vehicles 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4350:New media art 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4310:Ivory objects 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4290:Human remains 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4280:Glass objects 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4157:of immovable 4150: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4058:Desmet method 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923:and expertise 3919: 3913: 3912:Web archiving 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3822:Inherent vice 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3523:0-8389-0917-5 3519: 3515: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3491:1-900508-51-6 3487: 3480: 3479: 3471: 3468: 3457:on 2008-07-01 3456: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3416: 3409: 3406: 3395:on 2008-09-14 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3223: 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