307:. The autonomy and independence of municipal and state governments was preserved, as long as the municipal governments supported the state governments and these, in turn, supported the federal government. With this way of governing, Campos Sales achieved political stability in the country. This stability was achieved through the manipulation of results through the Powers Verification Commission, formed by federal deputies. The president had control over it. From then on, electoral fraud was committed by the commission itself, which only recognized the governor's candidates as elected. This was dubbed the "beheading" of the opposition, which from then on found itself unable to win elections. This policy had previously been initiated and tested when Campos Sales, as governor of SĂŁo Paulo, guaranteed the power of local bosses as long as they joined the
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274:' Powers Verification Commission, the congressmen themselves legitimized the election of representatives and thus only elected representatives who were appointed by the state governors were sworn in. The result of this pact was the weakening of opposition factions, electoral fraud and the exclusion of the majority of the population from any political participation. Oligarchic political control was also ensured by open voting and the recognition of elections not by the
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207:, then Prudente de Morais' Minister of Finance, negotiations began with representatives of the Rothschild Firm, the main creditor of Brazilian debt, resulting in the approval of a consolidation loan (called Funding Loan). From this negotiation came the final agreement that secured a new loan of ÂŁ10 million. In exchange, the Brazilian government gave the income from the
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years; payment of existing external debt was suspended for thirteen years; the value of interest and unpaid installments would be added to the already existing debt; the
Brazilian external debt would begin to be paid in 1911, for a period of 63 years and with interest of 5% per year; and the income from customs in Rio de Janeiro and
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was entrusted with an arbitration treaty, seeking to put an end to the disagreements regarding territorial delimitation. The Baron had noted that the United
Kingdom also had an interest in the area, and did not wish to see France dominating the entire Guiana region through territory claimed by French
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Then, freed from payment of installments, Campos Sales was able to carry out his policy of economic "sanitation". He fought inflation by no longer issuing money and removing part of the paper money issued by previous governments from circulation. Then he tackled budget deficits, reducing spending and
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In the economy, the Campos Sales administration decided that solving the external debt problem was the first step to be taken. In London, the president and the
British established an agreement, known as the Funding Loan. With this agreement, the payment of interest on the debt was suspended for three
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Campos Sales received the nickname "Campos Selos", for having created the so-called "stamp tax" and increased taxes. Finally, he dedicated himself to raise the exchange rate from a 48 thousand-reis per pound to 14 thousand-reis per pound. His policy was accused of being extremely recessive — in more
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The protocol of 1 April 1897, signed between the two governments, more or less precisely determined the limits of the disputed territory. The French
Government tried to introduce the possibility of the arbitrator resorting to a transaction, but Brazil insisted that this be restricted to eliminating
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that the currency had appreciated, however the results proved tragic: the price of foreign products in Brazil decreased, but the country's industry, already weakened, began to face greater competition from imported goods, resulting in the closure of factories while others reduced their production.
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crisis. Campos Sales believed that all of Brazil's problems had a single cause: the devaluation of its currency. He defined his government as disconnected from party political interests, thus expressing his administrative vision, he sought to choose technicians not linked to party politics for his
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Campos Sales' government marked an era of transition in Brazil's political history. The
Governors' Policy, financial stabilization and international relations are key aspects of this period. While his government was instrumental in stabilizing Brazil's economy with the first Funding Loan, it also
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I understood that I had to dedicate my government to a purely administrative work, separating it from partisan interests and passions, only to take care of solving the complicated problems that are the legacy of a long past. I understood that it would not be through the incandescent vivacity of
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In this regime, I said in my last message, the true political force, which in the strict unitarism of the Empire resided in the central power, moved to the States. The States' Policy, that is, the policy that strengthens the bonds of harmony between the States and the Union, is therefore, in
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Through the States' Policy, Campos Sales obtained the support of
Congress through relationships of mutual support and political favor between the central government, represented by the president, and the states, represented by their respective governors, and municipalities, represented by
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Campos Sales devised his States' Policy, better known as the
Governors' Policy, through which he removed the military from politics (who had held the presidency since the proclamation of the republic) and established the oligarchic system of Brazil's First Republic, declaring that:
776:"As origens da diplomacia presidencial na relação entre o Brasil e a Argentina: as visitas do presidente Julio Roca ao Rio de Janeiro (1899) e do presidente Campos Sales a Buenos Aires (1900) - IHGB - Instituto Histórico Geográfico Brasileiro"
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ambiguities over the territory, in particular the
Oyapock River. The facts were definitively resolved with the Swiss arbitration ruling in favor of Brazil, the conclusions of which were announced on 1 December 1900 by
278:, but by the Legislative branch itself. As Congress was influenced by the president and state governors, this mechanism gave rise to the so-called "beheading" of undesirable candidates. Campos Sales remarked:
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customs as a guarantee, and committed itself not to resort to new external loans. It was also expected that the
Brazilian authorities would incinerate a quantity of paper money equivalent to the loan.
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Campos Sales governed until 15 November 1902, and managed to appoint his successor, electing, on 1 March 1902, Rodrigues Alves, from SĂŁo Paulo, as president of Brazil, and as vice-president,
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In April 1898, after the electoral result, Campos Sales travelled to Europe with the goal of addressing the serious issue of the country's external debt. For around two months, alongside
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In practice, however, Campos Sales typically represented the political ideals of each state's dominant oligarchies. In return, he received political support from state factions in
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Campos Sales is remembered as a president who, at a critical moment in
Brazilian history, sought to balance economic needs with the political demands of regional elites. The young
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459:. Campos Sales' government was not popular with public opinion. Upon leaving the presidency, he was booed as he walked from the presidential palace to the train station.
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The Amapá Question was a territorial dispute between France and Brazil over the issue of delimiting the border between French Guiana and the current Brazilian state of
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essence, a national policy. It is there, in the sum of these autonomous units, that the true sovereignty of opinion is found. What the States think, the Union thinks.
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400:, with around 300,000 people from the total 1.2 million inhabitants of the Argentine capital. Campos Sales was the first Brazilian president to travel abroad.
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Although Campos Sales and his minister Joaquim Murtinho policies stabilized finances, it profoundly harmed industry and the population's living standards.
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of 1713, delimiting the areas belonging to France and Portugal. Portugal, and later Brazil, argued that the entire area of the northern basin of the
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political struggles, which were pointless, that I would be able to save the nation's finances, compromised due to a debt with external creditors!
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During his term, with a strong concern for the country's finances, and with austerity measures, Brazil's GDP grew on average 3.1% per year.
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138:, the 3rd presidential election held in Brazil, becoming the country's 4th President; and ended on 15 November 1902, when
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belonged to them, while the French claimed the interior of the territory. After decades of dispute, the
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Campos Sales also managed to establish a balance of power between the states with the alternation of
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in the first year of government, while São Paulo's agriculture suffered a loss of 440 billion réis.
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358:'s budget, raised all existing taxes and created others. Thus, he achieved a surplus of 38 billion
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On 1 March 1898, Campos Sales was elected President of Brazil, with the support of then president
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consolidated an oligarchic political system that would later generate significant challenges.
752:"Folha de S.Paulo - Brasil 500 d.c. - José Murilo de Carvalho: Aconteceu em um fim de século"
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modern terms — and called "forced stagnation", at the time. It was the first time since
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residents in the presidency and vice-presidency, called "milk coffee politics".
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195:. Campos Sales took office on 15 November 1898, succeeding Prudente de Morais.
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Campos Sales with president Julio Argentino Roca during his visit to Argentina
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477:"A ciência do governar: positivismo, evolucionismo e natureza em Lauro Sodré"
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ministries, and was inspired by the advice of American president
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678:"PolĂtica do cafĂ©-com-leite - Acordo marcou a RepĂşblica Velha"
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would be mortgaged to British bankers as a guarantee.
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A caricature of Sales and Prudente de Morais in the
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238:At the time, the Brazilian economy, based on the
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597:"O Brasil está preparado para um estadista?"
259:, Campos Sales cited Harrison's book called
134:began on 15 November 1898, after he won the
40:15 November 1898 – 15 November 1902
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519:"Os Funding Loans Brasileiros — 1898-1931"
191:from 1891 to 1896. His vice-president was
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431:colonists, threatening its own colony of
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627:"Comissão de verificação de poderes"
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136:1898 Brazilian presidential election
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517:Abreu, Marcelo de Paiva (2002).
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309:Republican Party of SĂŁo Paulo
497:Porto, Walter Costa (2002).
199:Negotiating the foreign debt
807:(in Portuguese). 2018-11-06
662:Leal, Victor Nunes (1949).
649:Da Propaganda Ă PresidĂŞncia
270:. With the creation of the
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666:. Rio de Janeiro: Forense.
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169:1898 presidential election
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35:Presidency of Campos Sales
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350:increasing revenue.
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315:Milk coffee politics
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253:Benjamin Harrison
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1398:2023–present
1374:Michel Temer
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1285:New Republic
1240:
1237:Pedro Aleixo
1231:
1230:(1967–1969)
1187:
1186:(1961–1964)
1184:JoĂŁo Goulart
1172:
1135:
1088:
1087:(1937–1945)
1062:
1061:(1930–1937)
1053:Mena Barreto
1018:
1007:
978:
977:(1918–1919)
968:
947:Nilo Peçanha
941:
940:(1906–1909)
925:
922:Campos Sales
904:
903:(1889–1891)
890:Old Republic
838:. Retrieved
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1423:Coup d'Ă©tat
1306:José Sarney
1275:(1979–1985)
1155:(1955–1956)
1153:Nereu Ramos
1143:(1954–1955)
1098:(1945–1946)
1075:Estado Novo
986:(1919–1922)
961:(1914–1918)
955:(1910–1914)
949:(1909–1910)
938:Afonso Pena
934:(1902–1906)
918:(1894–1898)
912:(1891–1894)
893:(1889–1930)
780:ihgb.org.br
501:. Topbooks.
457:Afonso Pena
1471:Categories
1437:Impeached
1414:Resigned;
1241:posthumous
1147:Carlos Luz
1141:Café Filho
840:2023-11-02
811:2023-11-02
786:2023-11-02
761:2023-11-01
732:2023-11-01
704:2023-11-01
607:2023-11-01
581:2023-11-01
551:2023-11-01
463:References
215:Presidency
164:Background
1427:self-coup
1388:2019–2023
1378:2016–2019
1363:2011–2016
1353:2003–2011
1343:1995–2003
1333:1992–1995
1320:1990–1992
1310:1985–1990
1267:1974–1979
1257:1969–1974
1222:1964–1967
1204:(1964–85)
1163:1956–1961
1132:1951–1954
1122:1946–1951
1110:(1946–64)
1078:(1937–46)
1034:(1930–37)
1004:1926–1930
994:1922–1926
926:1898–1902
634:FGV CPDOC
380:Argentina
331:SĂŁo Paulo
1446:Category
1055:) (1930)
268:Congress
234:magazine
69:Election
1171:(1961)
575:EstadĂŁo
486:. 2006.
337:Economy
1249:(1969)
1214:(1964)
1180:(1961)
1149:(1955)
344:Santos
244:rubber
805:Época
630:(PDF)
480:(PDF)
416:Amapá
59:Party
1456:List
529:(3).
360:réis
329:and
242:and
189:Pará
130:The
80:Seat
73:1898
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