720:
to nearly US$ 4 billion. The
Springtime Plan, however, increasingly depended on its reserves to shore up the austral, whose stability guaranteed lower inflation rates. In so doing, the Central Bank shed almost all its US$ 3 billion in reserves and, in heavy trading on "Black Tuesday," February 7, 1989, the U.S. dollar gained around 40% against the austral. The sudden drop in the austral's value threatened the nation's tenuous financial stability and, later that month, the World Bank recalled a large tranche of a loan package agreed on in 1988, sending the austral into a tailspin: trading at 17 to the dollar in January, the dollar quoted at over 100 australes by election day, May 14. Inflation, which had been held below 10% a month as late as February, rose to 78.5% in May, shattering records and leading to a landslide victory for the Justicialist candidate, Carlos Menem. Polling revealed that economic anxieties were paramount among two-thirds of voters and Menem won in 19 of 22 provinces, while losing in the traditionally anti-Peronist Federal District (Buenos Aires).
133:
428:
26:
567:, which lost half its value between June and October. As most Argentine wholesalers accepted only U.S. dollars at the time, this inevitably led to higher inflation, which leapt from 5% monthly in the first half of 1987 to 20% in October. Unimpressed by Alfonsín's appointment of a Labor Minister from within the CGT's ranks, their leader, Saúl Ubaldini, called two more general strikes during the year (hundreds of smaller, sectoral strikes erupted, as well).
731:. Inflation continued its dizzying rise: 114% a month in June and 197% in July. Income poverty leapt from around 30% to 47% during the debacle and the economy shrank by 7% in 1989, pushing per capita GDP to its lowest level since 1964. Having declared his intention to stay on until inaugural day, December 10, these events and spiraling financial chaos led Alfonsín to transfer power to President-elect Menem on July 8.
2318:
618:. The UCR lost 13 seats in Congress (leaving 117). Though still enjoying a 12-seat advantage over Justicialists, this deprived the UCR of its absolute majority in the Lower House and, five seats short of a majority in the Senate, this effectively suspended much of the UCR's legislative agenda, particularly the planned transfer of the capital to the
439:. They gained one seat in the Lower House of Congress and would control 130 of the 254 seats. The Justicialists lost eight seats (leaving 103) and smaller, provincial parties made up the difference. Alfonsín surprised observers in April 1986 by announcing the creation of a panel entrusted to plan the transfer of the nation's capital to
189:(his campaign manager), Alfonsín began his administration with high approval ratings and with the fulfillment of campaign promises such as a nutritional assistance program for the 27% of Argentines under the poverty line at the time, as well as the recission of Bignone's April 1983 blanket amnesty for those guilty of
719:
The economy had benefited only modestly from lower inflation, which had fallen from 27% in August to 5-10% monthly for the rest of 1988. Owing to the mid-year recession, GDP fell 2% in 1988 and inflation rose to 380% while real wages continued to slide. Exports did recover and the trade surplus rose
176:
Chief among Alfonsín's inherited problems was an economic depression stemming from the 1981-82 financial collapse and its resulting US$ 43 billion foreign debt, with interest payments that swallowed all of
Argentina's US$ 3 billion trade surplus. The economy recovered modestly in 1983 as a result of
462:
in 1986 stymied hopes for lasting financial stability. The nation's record US$ 4.5 billion trade surplus was cut in half and inflation had declined to 50% in the twelve months to June 1986 (compared to 1,130% to June 1985). Inflation, which had been targeted for 28% in the calendar year, soon began
622:
region. UCR governors fared even worse: the 1987 mid-term election left only two, toppling, among four others, Governor Armendáriz of the paramount
Province of Buenos Aires. Ongoing military discontent reached a flash point when Major Aldo Rico, the instigator of the Easter Rebellion, escaped from
529:
on the basis of "due obedience." This law, condemned by
Amnesty International, among others, effectively halted most remaining prosecutions of Dirty War criminals. The climate of tension between those on either side of the issue was aggravated by the suspicious death in 1986 of Defense Minister
669:
in exchange for the return of half the funds and the subsequent discovery of a sub-rosa "parallel customs" operated by
National Customs Director Juan Carlos Delconte cast serious doubts on Alfonsín's commitment against large-scale corruption, which had become endemic to Argentine government and
641:
The
Austral Plan continued to disintegrate as the economy slipped back into recession. Inflation continued at 15-20% a month and in August, reached 27%. Foreign debt installments fell into arrears in April when Alfonsín ordered the Central Bank to curtail payments. Coinciding with the Southern
534:
while at the Campo de Mayo military base and by the
September 1987 discovery of the body of prominent banker Osvaldo Sivak, the victim of a police-orchestrated kidnapping for a ransom of over a million US dollars. During this political turn to the right, Alfonsín did manage the passage of the
623:
house arrest and promptly organized a second mutiny in
January 1988; this mutiny was, again, quickly subdued. The resulting tension and continuing stagflation set the stage for Alfonsín's announcement that elections, scheduled for October 1989, would be moved up five months earlier.
367:
would receive a temporary discount compensating for the sudden drop in inflation and interest rates; inflation, running at 30% in June, plummeted to 2% a month for the remainder of 1985. The fiscal deficit fell by two-thirds in 1985, helping pave the way for the first meaningful
467:. Repeated wage freezes ordered by Economy Minister Sourouille led to an erosion in real wages of about 20% during the Austral Plan's first year, triggering seven general strikes by the CGT during the same period. The President's August appointment of a conservative economist,
646:("Springtime Plan") on August 3, whose centerpiece was a price truce agreed on with 53 leading wholesalers. The plan also included a fresh wage freeze, however, triggering a September 9 general strike by the CGT that turned violent when police repressed demonstrators at the
372:
since the start of the crisis four years earlier. Sharp cuts in military spending fed growing discontent in the military, and several bomb threats and acts of sabotage at numerous military bases were blamed on hard-line officers, chiefly former 1st Army Corps head Gen.
610:
dampened further deals, however, and left
Sourouille little choice but to raise taxes. GDP managed a 3% rise in 1987, led by higher construction spending, though inflation rose to 175% and real wages declined around 10%, leaving them lower than they were in 1983.
161:
220:
as
Secretary of Science and Technology, hundreds of artists and scientists returned to Argentina during 1984. Gorostiza abolished the infamous National Film Rating Entity, helping lead to a doubling in film and theatre production. The harrowing
341:"printed" money and inflation, which was bad enough at around 18% a month at the end of the dictatorship, rose to 30% in June 1985 (the world's highest, at the time). Attempting to control the record inflation, the new Minister of the Economy,
475:
pleased the financial sector; but it did little to stem continuing capital flight. Affluent Argentines were believed to hold over US$ 50 billion in overseas deposits. Alfonsín made several state visits abroad, securing a number of trade deals.
715:
by a leftist armed organization led to 39 deaths and tested Alfonsín's improved rapport with the military, which was consequently given wide latitude to prosecute the matter, leading to the alleged torture of a number of the conspirators.
634:, a little-known and flamboyant governor of one of the nation's smallest provinces. The primaries resulted in an upset, however, and Menem was nominated the Justicialist Party's standard bearer. The UCR, for its part, made a safe choice:
358:
Sharp budget cuts were enacted, particularly in military spending which, including cutbacks in 1984, was slashed to around half of its 1983 level. Responding to financial sector concerns, the government also introduced a mechanism called
697:, who were found exiled in the United States and returned to stand trial in 1987. The President's relationship with the military remained tenuous. Continuing military budget cuts and opposition to democratic rule led the extremist
563:. The problem and the efforts of Alfonsín's debt negotiator, Daniel Marx, helped secure the record rescheduling of US$ 19 billion in foreign public debt (a third of the total); but speculators' concerns led to a sudden fall in the
505:
during the Easter weekend in 1987. Negotiating in person with the rebels, who objected to ongoing civil trials but enjoyed little support elsewhere in the Armed Forces, Alfonsín secured their surrender. Returning to the
310:
2768:
1449:
162:
1820:
177:
Bignone's lifting of wage freezes and crushing interest rates imposed by the Central Bank's "Circular 1050;" but inflation raged at 400%, GDP per capita remained at its lowest level since 1968 and
164:
2392:
539:, helping resolve the legal status of 3 million adults (1 in 6) who were separated from their spouses. He also passed the Antidiscrimination Law of 1987, a bill supported by Argentina's sizable
626:
The campaign made strange bedfellows of Alfonsín and the CGT during the May 1988 Justicialist Party convention. The CGT was averse to the frontrunner for the nomination, Buenos Aires Governor
703:
to stage a third mutiny on December 1, receiving support from disaffected members of the Coast Guard, among others. The impasse lasted six days, resulting in the arrest of their leader, Col.
711:. In the interest of compromise, Alfonsín announced a modest military budget increase and the dismissal of the moderate Gen. Dante Caridi as Army Chief of Staff. A January 23, 1989
559:
A severe drought early in 1987 led to a new decline in exports, which reached their lowest level in a decade, nearly cancelling the vital trade surplus and leaving a US$ 6 billion
489:
to those indicted within 60 days of the law's passage, a tall order given the reluctance of many victims and witnesses to testify. Despite these concessions, a group identified as
165:
2341:
240:
329:
exacerbated by high global interest rates, Alfonsín had to contend with shattered business confidence and record budget deficits. GDP grew by a modest 2% in 1984, though
2533:
1755:
337:, service on the public debt and growing tax evasion left the federal budget with a US$ 10 billion shortfall in 1984 (13% of GDP). Unable to finance the budget, the
564:
2302:
2483:
2255:
519:
His subsequent appointment of General Dante Caridi as Army Chief of Staff further strained relations with the military and in June, Congress passed Alfonsín's
209:, from the Armed Forces' control, ordering the retirement of 70 generals and admirals known for their opposition to the transfer of the lucrative contractor.
2874:
2677:
1142:
236:
2144:
287:
2859:
638:, the centrist governor of Córdoba Province (Argentina's second-largest) and the most prominent UCR figure not closely tied to the unpopular Alfonsín.
2869:
598:, an academic with a long history in the UCR, prevailed on the administration to allow a novel, if controversial, search for needed foreign exchange:
163:
255:
and presented the President with its findings on September 20. The report drew mixed reaction, however, as its stated total of victims fell short of
2589:
854:
463:
to rise, however, exceeding 80% in 1986. GDP, which had fallen by 5% in 1985, recovered by 7% in 1986, led by a rise in machinery purchases and
314:
2221:
2725:
2558:
2519:
1294:
759:
602:. A number of factories and rail lines were offered for sale and, in September 1987, the effort yielded its first results with the sale of
479:
The President's international reputation for his human rights record suffered in December 1986, when on his initiative Congress passed the
424:, though he and two others were court-martialed in May 1986 for malfeasance during the Falklands War, receiving 12-year prison sentences.
2402:
2397:
2292:
723:
The nation's finances did not stabilize after the election, as hoped. The dollar doubled in value that next week, alone and, on May 29,
615:
436:
400:, the trial became the focus of international attention. In December, the tribunal handed down life sentences against former President
2879:
2366:
712:
2688:
1169:
2525:
2476:
2248:
2196:
690:
665:
executives were convicted the same day for fraud committed against the Central Bank totalling US$ 110 million, their receiving a
2651:
2614:
2387:
1944:
1044:
919:
630:. The President, in turn, preferred to see his struggling UCR (14 points behind in the polls) matched against Cafiero's rival,
110:
78:
2541:
2307:
1763:
987:
2811:
2696:
1604:
767:
282:
against dissidents and for her alleged embezzlement of public funds, though his introduction of legislation providing for
2469:
260:
2241:
396:
on April 22, 1985. Prosecuting some of the top members of the previous military regime for crimes committed during the
2864:
2547:
1881:
1793:
132:
2443:
704:
603:
2634:
326:
117:
290:, Argentina's largest, and handed his administration its first defeat when the Senate struck it down by one vote.
1017:
678:
614:
This turn for the worse helped to a significant setback for Alfonsín's UCR in local and legislative elections in
472:
374:
338:
305:
failed to bring economic concessions towards Argentina. Alfonsín initiated the first diplomatic contact with the
427:
520:
408:, as well as 17-year sentences against three others. For these accomplishments, Alfonsín was awarded the first
347:
2831:
2286:
1672:
1177:
516:("The house is in order and there's no blood in Argentina. Happy Easter!"), to signify the end of the crisis.
2371:
2356:
724:
560:
526:
393:
309:
since the Falklands War two years earlier, resulting in the lifting of British trade sanctions. Proposing a
202:
194:
2757:
2708:
1422:
1237:
2665:
2505:
2493:
2020:
1992:
1962:
1864:
1836:
1217:
1092:
1082:
51:
2782:
1487:
2714:
2702:
1267:
413:
266:
Alfonsín had leading members of leftist groups prosecuted, leading to jail sentences for, among others,
256:
2837:
2207:
2172:
2158:
2117:
2094:
2068:
1702:
694:
502:
468:
2788:
1517:
1332:
455:, and were well received by the Lower House, though they encountered strong opposition in the Senate.
2825:
2794:
2671:
2578:
2423:
1642:
1547:
1112:
827:
448:
252:
2603:
2566:
2449:
2351:
2279:
1927:
1803:
1773:
1712:
1682:
1652:
1622:
1587:
1497:
1467:
1432:
1402:
1372:
1342:
1312:
1277:
1247:
1207:
1187:
1152:
1122:
1062:
1027:
997:
967:
937:
902:
872:
837:
807:
777:
389:
223:
67:
2745:
2511:
2496:
2264:
1362:
420:, never before awarded to an individual. Four defendants were acquitted, notably former President
148:
25:
2461:
2218:
1897:
1557:
1527:
666:
654:
480:
364:
206:
85:
590:, they agreed to subsidize intra-regional exports with a special currency for the purpose (the
2739:
2659:
2640:
2622:
1917:
1052:
927:
591:
464:
421:
417:
409:
369:
352:
248:
198:
186:
2751:
2572:
1952:
1392:
797:
658:
595:
459:
342:
334:
330:
232:
213:
178:
105:
94:
181:
was 40% lower than in 1980. Naming a generally center-left cabinet led by Foreign Minister
2225:
635:
627:
271:
458:
Economic concerns continued to dominate the national discourse, and sharp fall in global
275:
345:, launched the Austral Plan, by which prices were frozen and the existing currency, the
2800:
2733:
2628:
2297:
2183:
2128:
1982:
1577:
1302:
957:
892:
587:
575:
531:
452:
405:
306:
217:
2853:
2776:
2418:
1457:
647:
607:
599:
579:
570:
A positive rapport between Alfonsín and the new, democratically elected President of
544:
540:
498:
302:
294:
283:
2597:
2346:
862:
708:
699:
631:
490:
444:
401:
244:
182:
2317:
606:, a domestic carrier. Subsequent instability and the fallout from the Wall Street
2361:
507:
485:, which limited the civil trials against roughly 600 officers implicated in the
317:, he put the issue before voters in a referendum and won its approval with 82%.
90:
662:
274:. He sought to improve relations with Peronists by pardoning former President
267:
2819:
1612:
682:
619:
494:
486:
397:
385:
279:
190:
493:("painted faces," from their use of camouflage paint) loyal to Army Major
674:
297:
suffered when Alfonsín terminated the previous regime's support for the
728:
642:
Hemisphere's change of seasons, Economy Minister Sorouille announced a
583:
536:
447:. His proposals boldly called for constitutional amendments creating a
298:
727:
broke out in the poorer outskirts of a number of cities, particularly
571:
513:
La casa está en orden y no hay sangre en Argentina. ¡Felices pascuas!
440:
435:
These developments contributed to a strong showing by the UCR in the
384:
Unable to persuade the military to court martial officers guilty of
551:) Prize by the Argentine Jewish community for the accomplishment.
548:
510:, where an anxious population was waiting for news, he announced:
426:
378:
2233:
363:, by which debtors whose installments were based on much higher
2465:
2237:
333:
continued to decline and inflation rose to 700%. Losses in the
169:
Inaugural speech of President Raúl Alfonsín (Spanish). Source:
686:
677:'s cooperation in extraditing fugitive Army Corps leader Gen.
278:
in May 1984 for her prominent role in the early stages of the
170:
657:
were of increasing concern among the public and, though the
443:, a small coastal city 800 km (500 mi) south of
216:
as Secretary of Culture and exiled computer scientist Dr.
2393:
Argentine Beagle conflict dispute resolution referendum
707:, an Army officer with a long history of violence and
689:
nearly bankrupted the state oil concern in 1983) and
586:
in January 1988. Meeting in the Uruguayan resort of
2810:
2767:
2724:
2687:
2650:
2613:
2588:
2557:
2532:
2518:
2504:
2436:
2411:
2380:
2334:
2325:
2271:
241:
National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons
84:
74:
63:
231:) was released in April 1985 and became the first
152:was the president of Argentina from 1983 to 1989.
2083:Encyclopædia Britannica. Book of the Year, 1986.
497:, staged a mutiny of the Army training base of
286:labor union elections led to opposition by the
525:, granting immunity to officers implicated in
2477:
2249:
8:
237:Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
2484:
2470:
2462:
2331:
2256:
2242:
2234:
1734:
738:
578:, helped lead to initial agreements for a
24:
2812:Ministry of Health and Social Development
2168:
2166:
1605:Minister of Health and Social Development
547:communities. He was awarded the Moisés (
2078:
2076:
431:Alfonsín visiting an exhibition in 1986.
159:
2697:Carlos Román Santiago Alconada Aramburu
2590:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship
2044:
855:Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship
45:10 December 1983 – 8 July 1989
2052:
2050:
2048:
128:
20:
16:Argentine presidency from 1989 to 1999
2057:Statistical Abstract of Latin America
1943:
1880:
1819:
1754:
1743:
1603:
1448:
1295:Minister of Public Works and Services
1293:
1168:
1043:
918:
853:
758:
747:
193:and his September decree authorizing
7:
713:attack on the Regiment of La Tablada
392:, whose first hearings began at the
2875:1989 disestablishments in Argentina
2293:Permanent Assembly for Human Rights
594:). A new Minister of Public Works,
437:November 1985 legislative elections
381:following an October arrest order.
301:. Two meetings with U.S. President
2367:1989 attack on La Tablada Regiment
416:and the Human Rights Prize by the
14:
313:ending a border dispute over the
259:'s estimate of 16,000 and of the
2870:1983 establishments in Argentina
2316:
691:Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
131:
2017:
1989:
1959:
1924:
1894:
1882:Secretary of State Intelligence
1861:
1833:
1800:
1770:
1709:
1679:
1649:
1619:
1584:
1554:
1524:
1494:
1464:
1429:
1399:
1369:
1339:
1309:
1274:
1244:
1214:
1184:
1149:
1119:
1089:
1059:
1024:
994:
964:
934:
899:
869:
834:
804:
774:
685:perpetrator whose control over
388:abuses, Alfonsín sponsored the
321:Tackling inflation and impunity
212:Appointing renowned playwright
2130:Clarín: Dudas de vida o muerte
1:
1821:Legal and Technical Secretary
2106:National Geographic Magazine
582:between the two nations and
261:Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
171:Televisión Pública Argentina
2860:Presidency of Raúl Alfonsín
1828:Jorge Luis Fernández Pastor
670:business during the 1970s.
251:, CONADEP documented 8,960
205:, then Argentina's leading
201:advised Alfonsín to remove
50:
40:Presidency of Raúl Alfonsín
2896:
2059:. UCLA Press, Los Angeles.
2880:Presidencies of Argentina
2314:
2085:World Affairs: Argentina.
1749:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1731:Presidential secretariats
753:
750:
744:
741:
339:Central Bank of Argentina
139:Standard of the president
127:
100:
36:
32:
23:
2832:Ricardo Barrios Arrechea
2726:Minister of Public Works
2526:Víctor Hipólito Martínez
2444:María Lorenza Barreneche
1673:Ricardo Barrios Arrechea
1178:Carlos Alconada Aramburu
768:Antonio Américo Tróccoli
760:Minister of the Interior
247:abuses. Led by novelist
2372:1989 riots in Argentina
2357:1987 Carapintada mutiny
2303:Death and state funeral
561:current account deficit
527:crimes against humanity
263:'s estimate of 30,000.
239:. Alfonsín created the
203:Fabricaciones Militares
195:warrantless wiretapping
2666:Juan Vital Sourrouille
2403:1987 midterm elections
2398:1985 midterm elections
1083:Juan Vital Sourrouille
1018:José Horacio Jaunarena
679:Guillermo Suárez Mason
661:scored a victory when
471:, as President of the
432:
404:and former Navy Chief
375:Guillermo Suárez Mason
351:, was replaced by the
243:(CONADEP) to document
173:
2758:Roberto Pedro Echarte
2709:Jorge Federico Sábato
2689:Ministry of Education
2388:1983 general election
2287:La cuestión argentina
1423:Roberto Pedro Echarte
1238:Jorge Federico Sabato
1170:Minister of Education
705:Mohamed Alí Seineldín
430:
414:Liberal International
257:Amnesty International
253:forced disappearances
185:and Economy Minister
168:
2672:Juan Carlos Pugliese
2579:Juan Carlos Pugliese
2559:Ministry of Interior
2424:Law of Due Obedience
2148:. November 20, 1987.
1945:Secretary of Culture
1113:Juan Carlos Pugliese
828:Juan Carlos Pugliese
565:value of the austral
555:A turn for the worse
522:Law of Due Obedience
449:Parliamentary system
2783:Juan Manuel Casella
2652:Ministry of Economy
2615:Ministry of Defense
2604:Susana Ruiz Cerutti
2352:Trial of the Juntas
2280:Propuesta y control
2208:Todo Argentina 1989
2173:Todo Argentina 1988
2159:Todo Argentina 1987
2118:Todo Argentina 1986
2095:Todo Argentina 1985
2069:Todo Argentina 1984
1928:Radical Civic Union
1856:Horacio Jorge Costa
1804:Radical Civic Union
1774:Radical Civic Union
1713:Radical Civic Union
1683:Radical Civic Union
1653:Radical Civic Union
1623:Radical Civic Union
1588:Radical Civic Union
1498:Radical Civic Union
1488:Juan Manuel Casella
1468:Radical Civic Union
1433:Radical Civic Union
1403:Radical Civic Union
1373:Radical Civic Union
1343:Radical Civic Union
1313:Radical Civic Union
1278:Radical Civic Union
1248:Radical Civic Union
1188:Radical Civic Union
1153:Radical Civic Union
1123:Radical Civic Union
1063:Radical Civic Union
1045:Minister of Economy
1028:Radical Civic Union
998:Radical Civic Union
968:Radical Civic Union
938:Radical Civic Union
920:Minister of Defense
903:Radical Civic Union
873:Radical Civic Union
838:Radical Civic Union
808:Radical Civic Union
778:Radical Civic Union
390:Trial of the Juntas
327:foreign debt crisis
293:Relations with the
224:La historia oficial
197:. Defense Minister
191:human rights abuses
68:Radical Civic Union
2865:1980s in Argentina
2769:Ministry of Labour
2715:José Gabriel Dumón
2703:Julio Raúl Rajneri
2224:2012-02-16 at the
1898:Justicialist Party
1558:Justicialist Party
1528:Justicialist Party
1450:Minister of Labour
1268:José Gabriel Dumón
673:Alfonsín obtained
667:suspended sentence
655:white collar crime
469:José Luis Machinea
433:
365:built-in inflation
229:The Official Story
207:defense contractor
174:
2847:
2846:
2838:Enrique Beveraggi
2740:Roberto Tomassini
2660:Bernardo Grinspun
2641:Horacio Jaunarena
2534:General Secretary
2459:
2458:
2432:
2431:
2272:Life and politics
2036:
2035:
1756:General Secretary
1728:
1727:
1703:Enrique Beveraggi
1688:16 September 1987
1663:16 September 1987
1593:16 September 1987
1568:16 September 1987
1408:16 September 1987
1383:16 September 1987
1253:10 September 1987
1228:10 September 1987
1053:Bernardo Grinspun
813:15 September 1987
788:15 September 1987
725:riots and looting
465:consumer spending
422:Leopoldo Galtieri
418:Council of Europe
410:Prize For Freedom
370:debt rescheduling
355:at 1,000 to one.
353:Argentine austral
335:State enterprises
311:Treaty with Chile
187:Bernardo Grinspun
166:
145:
144:
2887:
2789:Hugo Barrionuevo
2752:Rodolfo Terragno
2573:Enrique Nosiglia
2567:Antonio Tróccoli
2486:
2479:
2472:
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453:prime minister
451:, including a
406:Emilio Massera
377:, who fled to
348:peso argentino
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307:United Kingdom
249:Ernesto Sábato
235:to receive an
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648:Plaza de Mayo
645:
639:
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629:
624:
621:
617:
612:
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608:Crash of 1987
605:
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585:
581:
580:common market
577:
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568:
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546:
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523:
517:
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514:
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499:Campo de Mayo
496:
492:
488:
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482:Full Stop Law
477:
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438:
429:
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394:Supreme Court
391:
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366:
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349:
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332:
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325:Inheriting a
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Ronald Reagan
300:
296:
295:United States
291:
289:
285:
284:secret ballot
281:
277:
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200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
172:
156:New beginning
155:
153:
151:
150:
149:Raúl Alfonsín
134:
126:
120: →
119:
113:
112:
107:
104:←
99:
96:
92:
89:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:Raúl Alfonsín
56:
53:
49:
48:
42:
35:
31:
27:
22:
19:
2746:Pedro Trucco
2635:Germán López
2598:Dante Caputo
2542:Germán López
2347:Austral plan
2326:
2285:
2278:
2214:
2203:
2192:
2184:
2179:
2154:
2145:
2140:
2133:(in Spanish)
2129:
2124:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2090:
2082:
2064:
2056:
1889:Roberto Peña
1875:29 June 1989
1764:Germán López
1363:Pedro Trucco
1223:21 June 1986
1198:21 June 1986
988:Germán López
863:Dante Caputo
722:
718:
709:antisemitism
700:Carapintadas
698:
672:
653:Violent and
652:
643:
640:
632:Carlos Menem
625:
613:
569:
558:
521:
518:
512:
511:
491:Carapintadas
481:
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473:Central Bank
457:
445:Buenos Aires
434:
402:Jorge Videla
383:
360:
357:
346:
324:
292:
276:Isabel Perón
265:
245:human rights
228:
222:
211:
183:Dante Caputo
175:
147:
146:
118:Carlos Menem
109:
38:
18:
2834:(1987–1989)
2828:(1986–1987)
2822:(1983–1986)
2803:(1987–1989)
2791:(1984–1987)
2779:(1983–1984)
2754:(1987–1989)
2748:(1986–1987)
2742:(1985–1986)
2736:(1983–1985)
2711:(1987–1989)
2705:(1986–1987)
2699:(1983–1986)
2668:(1985–1989)
2662:(1983–1985)
2643:(1986–1989)
2631:(1985–1986)
2625:(1983–1985)
2623:Raúl Borrás
2600:(1983–1989)
2575:(1987–1989)
2569:(1983–1987)
2550:(1986–1989)
2544:(1983–1986)
2499:(1983-1989)
2492:Cabinet of
2362:Spring plan
2197:Monografías
2031:8 July 1989
2021:Independent
1993:Independent
1963:Independent
1938:8 July 1989
1865:Independent
1837:Independent
1814:8 July 1989
1723:8 July 1989
1718:26 May 1989
1693:26 May 1989
1598:8 July 1989
1443:8 July 1989
1438:26 May 1989
1413:26 May 1989
1378:3 July 1986
1353:3 July 1986
1348:27 May 1985
1323:27 May 1985
1288:8 July 1989
1283:27 May 1989
1258:26 May 1989
1218:Independent
1163:8 July 1989
1158:14 May 1989
1133:14 May 1989
1093:Independent
1038:8 July 1989
1033:5 June 1986
1008:2 June 1986
973:29 May 1985
948:25 May 1985
928:Raúl Borrás
913:8 July 1989
908:27 May 1989
883:26 May 1989
848:8 July 1989
843:27 May 1989
818:16 May 1989
693:mastermind
681:(a leading
576:José Sarney
508:Casa Rosada
199:Raúl Borrás
91:Casa Rosada
2854:Categories
2327:Presidency
2039:References
1870:5 May 1988
1847:5 May 1988
663:Banco Alas
268:Montoneros
2820:Aldo Neri
2506:President
2494:President
2381:Elections
1741:Minister
1738:Ministry
1613:Aldo Neri
745:Minister
742:Ministry
683:Dirty War
620:Patagonia
501:and near
495:Aldo Rico
487:Dirty War
398:Dirty War
386:Dirty War
280:Dirty War
52:President
2308:Timeline
2222:Archived
675:INTERPOL
111:de facto
75:Election
2342:CONADEP
735:Cabinet
729:Rosario
584:Uruguay
537:divorce
503:Córdoba
412:of the
361:desagio
299:Contras
270:leader
2840:(1989)
2797:(1987)
2785:(1984)
2760:(1989)
2717:(1989)
2680:(1989)
2674:(1989)
2637:(1986)
2606:(1989)
2581:(1989)
2446:(wife)
2437:Family
2335:Events
2185:Clarín
1747:Start
1744:Party
751:Start
748:Party
592:Gaucho
572:Brazil
541:Jewish
441:Viedma
2452:(son)
2219:INDEC
549:Moses
545:Gypsy
379:Miami
70:(UCR)
64:Party
2412:Laws
1750:End
754:End
543:and
86:Seat
79:1983
687:YPF
288:CGT
2856::
2165:^
2075:^
2047:^
650:.
574:,
2485:e
2478:t
2471:v
2257:e
2250:t
2243:v
227:(
114:)
108:(
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