42:
51:
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467:
protected by the
Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause. The Commission stated that because women were already entitled to constitutional protection against discrimination, it did not "now" endorse a constitutional amendment. However, some key members of the Commission said privately that they would support an equal rights amendment if the Court refused to extend the Fourteenth Amendment to cover women.
175:, set up the Women for Kennedy National Committee in 1959 helping Kennedy in an extremely close race. In 1961, Paterson met with trade union women, including Dollie Robinson and Kitty Ellickson, and began to draft a proposal for the PCSW. Peterson sent the proposal to secretary Arthur Goldberg, who wrote to Kennedy using language from Ellickson's draft. This ultimately led to President Kennedy signing
156:), protective legislation was supposed to help working women avoid workplace injury and exploitation. However, more often, protective legislation just provided employers with the justification to avoid hiring women altogether or to not pay them the same wages as men received. If women needed so many accommodations in the workplace, it was subsequently easier and cheaper for employers to only hire men.
206:
PCSW Commission and committee members came from professional organizations, trade unions, and religious groups, as well as presidents of colleges and the
Secretaries of all the relevant executive branch agencies. An effort was made to diversify membership, although most were white. Several men served
151:
Legislation related to women in the workplace up to this time had usually taken the form of protective legislation. Protective legislation advocated gender-based workplace restrictions specifically for women on the belief that their biological differences needed to be accommodated in the workplace.
543:
so that white women would be protected by the Civil Rights Act. Smith, a long-time supporter of the Equal Rights
Amendment, noted in his campaign literature in November 1964 that he was responsible for this amendment. The Act passed into law without additional floor debate. For the first time, the
466:
Reflecting the then-position of labor and
Kennedy's labor ties, the report avoided a flat statement about the Equal Rights Amendment. Instead, it stated that constitutional equality between men and women was essential and should be achieved through a Supreme Court decision holding that women were
523:
The PCSW research on women's status, as well as the research conducted by state commissions, demonstrated that discrimination against women was a serious problem. In 1964, the U.S. Department of Labor began to bring members of state commissions to
Washington annually to discuss best practices to
182:
When PCSW began in 1961, Congress began considering 412 pieces of legislation related to women's status. The PCSW's very existence gave the federal government an incentive to again consider women's rights and roles as being a serious issue worthy of political debate and public policy-making.
190:
initiative to free up women's talents for national security purposes. To win the global challenge against the Soviet Union, America needed the talents of all its citizens. Discrimination against women could mean that they were barred from important positions that they could fill.
1542:
459:
On
October 11, 1963, coinciding with what would have been Eleanor Roosevelt's 79th birthday, the PCSW issued its final report, entitled "American Women", documenting the status of American women and making recommendations for further action.
124:. At the time, labor, which had been important to Kennedy's victory, opposed ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment believing instead that women required protective legislationâand fearing that the amendment would prevent this.
501:
By 1962, the creation of a national commission encouraged states and localities (cities, colleges and universities, etc.) to begin studying women's status in their areas. All fifty states had commissions in operation by 1967.
120:'s administration proposed the President's Commission on the Status of Women to address people who were concerned about women's status while avoiding alienating the Kennedy administration's labor base through support of the
198:, was appointed to chair the PCSW. Roosevelt chaired the PCSW until her death in 1962. No replacement was appointed, but Esther Peterson, the Executive Vice-chair of the commission, ran the commission until its conclusion.
547:
Because the women interested in pressuring the EEOC were not allowed to pass such a resolution at the 1966 meeting of the state commissions on women, they decided they needed to create an independent organizationâan
400:
1235:
319:
505:
In 1970 these commissions formed the
Interstate Association of Commissions on the Status of Women (IACSW) and in 1975, the IACSW became the National Association of Commissions for Women (NACW) (
41:
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135:. She had disliked Kennedy's ties to Joe McCarthy and mediocre civil rights record. After Kennedy's election, he asked Roosevelt to chair a new commission proposed by
2563:
2142:
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1946:
1479:
159:
Until the 1970s, trade unions/organized labor opposed the Equal Rights
Amendment (which would have prevented laws holding different standards for men and women).
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559:(NOW) was founded by conference attendees in October 1966, the first new feminist organization of the "second wave" of feminism. A former EEOC commissioner,
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1174:
845:
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1907:
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The report criticized inequalities facing the
American woman in a "free" society while acknowledging the importance of women's traditional gender roles.
810:. Office of the Federal Register. Copy archived by: The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). December 14, 1961.
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At the 1966 meeting of commissions in
Washington, several of the attendees began talking with each other about their frustrations with the
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ran a four-part nationwide story on the final report recommendations, and a 1965 mass-market book was published of the findings.
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143:. Roosevelt accepted appointment to chair the President's Commission on the Status of Women. This was her last public position.
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710:
Hewitt, Nancy A.; Hewitt, Nancy (2010). "Labor Feminists and President Kennedy's Commission on Women".
645:"John F. Kennedy: Executive Order 10980âEstablishing the President's Commission on the Status of Women"
612:
152:
Supported by many 19th and early 20th century progressives including some we would now call feminists (
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for women" which would press for enforcement of this law and for achieving other objectives.
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2003:
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989:
972:
531:'s (EEOC) failure to enforce the provision barring sex discrimination in employment.
418:
792:
Cobble, Dorothy Sue. "Labor Feminists and President Kennedy's Commission on Women".
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1329:
817:
592:
413:
390:
323:
814:
127:
While running for the presidency in 1960, John F. Kennedy had earlier approached
2476:
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1630:
1610:
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1401:
544:
United States had a law against all sex discrimination in private employment.
2296:
2164:
897:
United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1947â1953, Chairperson 1946â1951)
535:(Virginia) had added "sex" into the employment provision (Title VII) of the
265:
131:
for political support. Roosevelt refused to support him, remaining loyal to
515:). At that time, the NACW expanded to include city and county commissions.
2494:
1547:
187:
711:
694:
1651:
931:
613:"Prospects of Mankind with Eleanor Roosevelt; What Status For Women?"
422:
823:
186:
The Kennedy administration itself publicly positioned the PCSW as a
167:
The PCSW was the results of years worth of lobbying and activism by
892:
United States delegate, United Nations General Assembly (1946â1952)
519:
PCSW influences the creation of the National Organization for Women
55:
Prospects of Mankind with Eleanor Roosevelt; What Status For Women?
1413:
549:
1417:
827:
773:
Moving the Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960
1236:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
404:
401:
National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs
320:
International Union of Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers
787:
The Presidency and Women: Promise, Performance, and Illusion
780:
On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945â1968
756:
On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945â1968
94:
on issues concerning the status of women. It was created by
670:"Eleanor Roosevelt, John Kennedy, and the Election of 1960"
302:
Mrs. Ellen Body, Rancher and civic leader, Henrietta, Texas
171:. Esther Peterson, founder of the Women's Committee of the
866:
Chairwoman, Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
713:
No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism
507:
693:
A portion of a verbal presentation by Judith Nies on
1241:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
232:, Assistant Secretary of Labor, Executive Vice Chair
2371:
2235:
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2029:
1939:
1866:
1790:
1773:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961
1678:
1574:
1490:
1261:
1218:
1071:
1031:
998:
922:
884:
34:
491:to discuss commission findings and ramifications.
18:President's Commission On the Status of Women
2312:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
1226:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
179:which established the PCSW on December 14, 1961.
2185:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
563:, was on NOW's first board as a vice president.
430:, psychologist, teacher, former vice president,
173:International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
105:signed December 14, 1961. In 1975 it became the
62:, chair of the Commission, interviews President
2559:Establishments by United States executive order
2143:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
443:, Nurse, Dean of the Tuskegee School of Nursing
1011:Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
2447:Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington
1817:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
1429:
1125:Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert
839:
539:at the request of the Virginia branch of the
262:, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
107:National Association of Commissions for Women
8:
697:June 19, 2008 concerning her autobiography,
1176:Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years
782:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
758:(University of California Press, 1988) p162
716:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
403:; branch chief in Office of Chief Counsel,
27:JFK-era advisory body to the U.S. president
1571:
1436:
1422:
1414:
978:1940 Democratic National Convention speech
932:"My Day" daily newspaper column, 1935â1962
846:
832:
824:
820:, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
796:. Newark: Rutgers University, Press, 2010.
342:; Director, Leadership Training Services,
2574:Second-wave feminism in the United States
2257:John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)
1875:U.S. House of Representatives elections:
1743:Status of Women (Presidential Commission)
1106:Statue at the Franklin Roosevelt Memorial
1056:Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness
389:, assistant director of Social Security,
2569:1961 establishments in the United States
1891:U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts:
1101:Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights
942:Marian Anderson Lincoln Memorial Concert
789:. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M.
738:"K. P. Ellickson, 91, A Labor Economist"
2170:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
604:
529:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
2564:United States Presidential Commissions
2252:Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
1836:Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts
270:United States Civil Service Commission
194:Eleanor Roosevelt, widow of President
31:
2262:John F. Kennedy International Airport
902:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
471:Coverage of the Commission and Report
7:
2317:John F. Kennedy University (defunct)
1621:Migration and Refugee Assistance Act
937:Co-Chair, Office of Civilian Defense
1589:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
344:Young Women's Christian Association
147:Equality vs. protective legislation
1231:International Bill of Human Rights
1084:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network
775:. Chicago: University of Illinois.
382:National Council of Catholic Women
25:
1912:Democratic National Conventions:
1748:University of Alabama integration
2532:
2531:
366:National Council of Jewish Women
90:) was established to advise the
49:
40:
2307:John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
1924:U.S. presidential election 1960
1713:Federal housing segregation ban
1594:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
1468:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
1039:Val-Kill National Historic Site
1016:National Organization for Women
875:First Lady of the United States
618:National Educational Television
557:National Organization for Women
449:National Organization for Women
352:, lawyer, Contributing Editor,
340:National Council of Negro Women
1460:President of the United States
451:after she served on the PCSW.
399:, lawyer, former president of
330:New School for Social Research
92:President of the United States
1:
2584:Presidency of John F. Kennedy
2021:John F. Kennedy document hoax
2015:Happy Birthday, Mr. President
2009:Coretta Scott King phone call
1947:Birthplace and childhood home
1830:A rising tide lifts all boats
1733:Presidential Medal of Freedom
1336:Franklin Delano Roosevelt III
1184:Backstairs at the White House
966:National Youth Administration
421:, Sociologist, Historian for
2220:LincolnâKennedy coincidences
1688:Communications Satellite Act
1063:Hyde Park home and gravesite
524:combat such discrimination.
434:; Member, National Board of
432:National Council of Churches
141:United States Women's Bureau
2122:Gravesite and Eternal Flame
1980:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
1903:1960 presidential primaries
1811:We choose to go to the Moon
1693:Community Mental Health Act
1318:Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves
1144:The Eleanor Roosevelt Story
318:, Member, Executive Board,
207:on the various committees.
2600:
1908:1960 presidential campaign
1841:State of the Union Address
1805:American University speech
1708:Federal affirmative action
1538:Presidential Proclamations
1096:Eleanor Roosevelt Monument
1023:Encampment for Citizenship
387:Katherine Pollak Ellickson
244:, Secretary of Agriculture
221:, President of Economics,
2510:
2302:John F. Kennedy Arboretum
1763:Oil Pollution Act of 1961
1665:MoscowâWashington hotline
1451:
1354:Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt
1306:Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.
1111:Eleanor Roosevelt College
861:
48:
39:
2459:Patricia Kennedy Lawford
2160:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2148:Profile in Courage Award
1758:All-Channel Receiver Act
1728:Pilot Food Stamp Program
1342:John Roosevelt Boettiger
1160:Eleanor: The Years Alone
578:Civil Rights Act of 1964
476:U.S. Department of Labor
447:Rawalt helped found the
328:Henry David, President,
2399:Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
2322:John F. Kennedy Stadium
2155:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1753:Voter Education Project
961:American Youth Congress
808:"Executive Order 10980"
649:www.presidency.ucsb.edu
412:, Secretary-Treasurer,
250:, Secretary of Commerce
139:, then Director of the
2516:â Dwight D. Eisenhower
2453:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
2247:Harvard Kennedy School
2165:Apollo 11 Moon landing
2058:A Nation of Immigrants
1548:Presidential limousine
1378:Martha Stewart Bulloch
1372:Theodore Roosevelt Sr.
1288:Anna Eleanor Roosevelt
1091:Roosevelt Study Center
1006:First Lady of New York
956:Eleanor, West Virginia
947:Tuskegee Airmen flight
785:Martin, J. M. (2003).
699:The Girl I Left Behind
541:National Woman's Party
441:Lillian Holland Harvey
436:Girl Scouts of the USA
380:, executive director,
364:, National President,
163:Forming the commission
122:Equal Rights Amendment
84:on the Status of Women
82:President's Commission
2435:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
2423:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
2115:attending dignitaries
1703:Executive Order 11110
1584:Alliance for Progress
1521:Judicial appointments
1330:Sara Delano Roosevelt
1271:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1133:Sunrise at Campobello
778:Harrison, C. (1988).
573:Equal Pay Act of 1963
537:1964 Civil Rights Act
410:William F. Schnitzler
196:Franklin D. Roosevelt
177:Executive Order 10980
66:, Secretary of Labor
2215:U.S. five cent stamp
2175:Kennedy Space Center
1823:Ich bin ein Berliner
1647:Cuban Missile Crisis
1637:Bay of Pigs Invasion
1543:Presidential pardons
1282:presidency 1941â1945
1277:presidency 1933â1941
1168:Eleanor and Franklin
1152:Eleanor and Franklin
283:Maurine B. Neuberger
256:, Secretary of Labor
223:Princeton University
154:difference feminists
72:Open Vault from WGBH
2523:Lyndon B. Johnson â
2411:Tatiana Schlossberg
2393:John F. Kennedy Jr.
2210:U.S. postage stamps
2205:Kennedy half dollar
2195:Cultural depictions
2048:Profiles in Courage
1768:Revenue Act of 1962
1616:Trade Expansion Act
1476:U.S. Representative
1360:Anna Hall Roosevelt
1348:James Roosevelt III
1079:Roosevelt Institute
1044:Val-Kill Industries
818:Schlesinger Library
815:Records, 1961-1963.
744:. January 13, 1997.
588:Economic inequality
428:Cynthia Clark Wedel
355:Ladies Home Journal
260:Abraham A. Ribicoff
2489:John F. Fitzgerald
2471:Jean Kennedy Smith
2381:Jacqueline Bouvier
2327:Kennedy Expressway
2297:Runnymede memorial
2098:in popular culture
1999:Castle Hot Springs
1553:Presidential yacht
1384:Theodore Roosevelt
1294:James Roosevelt II
1194:(2014 documentary)
907:Drafting committee
794:No Permanent Waves
771:Davis, F. (1999).
754:Cynthia Harrison,
742:The New York Times
623:Open Vault at WGBH
378:Margaret J. Mealey
350:Margaret A. Hickey
254:Arthur J. Goldberg
242:Orville L. Freeman
238:, Attorney General
133:Adlai Stevenson II
2579:Eleanor Roosevelt
2546:
2545:
2501:Billie and Debbie
2465:Robert F. Kennedy
2292:Portland memorial
2272:Brooklyn memorial
2062:
2052:
2042:
2038:Why England Slept
1800:Inaugural address
1786:
1785:
1778:Wetlands Loan Act
1601:Flexible response
1411:
1410:
1312:John Roosevelt II
1300:Elliott Roosevelt
1210:(2023 miniseries)
1186:(1979 miniseries)
925:the United States
855:Eleanor Roosevelt
723:978-0-8135-4917-0
397:Marguerite Rawalt
310:Radcliffe College
236:Robert F. Kennedy
219:Richard A. Lester
213:Eleanor Roosevelt
129:Eleanor Roosevelt
77:
76:
60:Eleanor Roosevelt
16:(Redirected from
2591:
2535:
2534:
2441:Rosemary Kennedy
2417:Jack Schlossberg
2405:Rose Schlossberg
2387:Caroline Kennedy
2282:Hyannis memorial
2060:
2050:
2040:
2004:Hammersmith Farm
1952:Kennedy Compound
1718:Fifty-mile hikes
1606:Kennedy Doctrine
1572:
1533:Executive Orders
1483:
1471:
1463:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1324:Curtis Roosevelt
1263:Roosevelt family
1202:(2022 TV series)
1163:(1972 biography)
1155:(1971 biography)
984:Women in Defense
914:Human Rights Day
848:
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496:Associated Press
455:"American Women"
316:Mary R. Callahan
266:John W. Macy Jr.
248:Luther H. Hodges
169:social feminists
53:
52:
44:
32:
21:
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2506:
2429:Rose Fitzgerald
2413:(granddaughter)
2407:(granddaughter)
2367:
2356:John F. Kennedy
2347:John F. Kennedy
2339:John F. Kennedy
2287:London memorial
2277:Dallas memorial
2238:
2231:
2126:
2110:Riderless horse
2066:
2025:
1935:
1862:
1792:
1782:
1674:
1570:
1494:
1486:
1474:
1466:
1455:
1447:
1445:John F. Kennedy
1442:
1412:
1407:
1396:Bamie Roosevelt
1332:(granddaughter)
1320:(granddaughter)
1257:
1248:Morgenthau Plan
1214:
1067:
1051:Campobello home
1027:
994:
924:
918:
880:
857:
852:
806:
803:
768:
766:Further reading
763:
762:
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611:
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533:Howard W. Smith
521:
506:
483:Esther Peterson
473:
457:
373:, Industrialist
371:Edgar F. Kaiser
306:Mary I. Bunting
297:Jessica M. Weis
295:Representative
288:Representative
276:George D. Aiken
230:Esther Peterson
204:
165:
149:
137:Esther Peterson
118:John F. Kennedy
115:
100:Executive Order
96:John F. Kennedy
68:Arthur Goldberg
64:John F. Kennedy
58:
50:
35:External videos
28:
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2138:Bibliography
2057:
2047:
2037:
1992:
1985:Arthur Evans
1973:
1957:Hickory Hill
1791:Presidential
1742:
1738:Space policy
1680:New Frontier
1558:
1511:Inauguration
1404:(family dog)
1207:
1199:
1191:
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999:Other events
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677:. Retrieved
673:
664:
652:. Retrieved
648:
639:
627:. Retrieved
616:
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593:US labor law
554:
546:
526:
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486:
485:appeared on
474:
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299:(R-New York)
225:, Vice Chair
205:
202:PCSW members
193:
188:Cold War era
185:
181:
166:
158:
150:
126:
116:
106:
87:
80:
78:
70:and others,
29:
2477:Ted Kennedy
2363:Yad Kennedy
1631:Vietnam War
1611:Peace Corps
1482:(1947â1953)
1470:(1953â1960)
1462:(1961â1963)
1178:(1977 film)
1170:(1976 film)
1146:(1965 film)
1135:(1958 play,
1127:(1939 film)
877:(1933â1945)
868:(1961â1962)
674:www.gwu.edu
290:Edith Green
278:(R-Vermont)
2553:Categories
2503:(hamsters)
2419:(grandson)
2389:(daughter)
2237:Memorials,
1962:La Querida
1506:Transition
1492:Presidency
1390:presidency
1350:(grandson)
1344:(grandson)
1338:(grandson)
1326:(grandson)
1290:(daughter)
1138:1960 film)
952:Arthurdale
599:References
292:(D-Oregon)
285:(D-Oregon)
113:Background
2479:(brother)
2467:(brother)
2437:(brother)
2354:USS
2345:USS
2239:namesakes
2093:reactions
1868:Elections
1368:(brother)
1118:Roosevelt
679:April 15,
654:April 12,
268:, chair,
2537:Category
2495:Pushinka
2473:(sister)
2461:(sister)
2455:(sister)
2449:(sister)
2443:(sister)
2431:(mother)
2425:(father)
2083:timeline
1793:speeches
1559:Resolute
1497:timeline
1362:(mother)
1356:(father)
1273:(husband
583:Wage gap
567:See also
281:Senator
274:Senator
1967:Wexford
1929:debates
1516:Cabinet
1219:Related
695:Book TV
414:AFLâCIO
391:AFLâCIO
324:AFLâCIO
215:, Chair
2383:(wife)
2373:Family
2131:Legacy
2061:(1958)
2051:(1956)
2041:(1940)
1974:PT-109
1652:ExComm
1635:Cuba:
1398:(aunt)
1386:(uncle
1072:Legacy
720:
625:. 1962
423:UNESCO
2497:(dog)
2401:(son)
2395:(son)
2200:films
2190:VISTA
2071:Death
2030:Books
1993:PT-59
1626:USAID
1480:MAâ11
1314:(son)
1308:(son)
1302:(son)
1296:(son)
550:NAACP
510:.nacw
481:head
395:Miss
376:Miss
360:Mrs.
348:Mrs.
334:Miss
314:Mrs.
228:Mrs.
211:Mrs.
103:10980
1919:1960
1914:1956
1898:1958
1893:1952
1887:1950
1882:1948
1877:1946
1856:1963
1851:1962
1846:1961
1561:desk
1478:for
1457:35th
1402:Fala
1116:USS
954:and
872:34th
718:ISBN
681:2018
656:2017
631:2016
555:The
512:.org
494:The
88:PCSW
79:The
2337:MV
1208:FDR
508:www
405:IRS
98:'s
2555::
740:.
672:.
647:.
621:.
615:.
322:,
109:.
2017:"
2013:"
1832:"
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1499:)
1495:(
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1430:t
1423:v
1392:)
1284:)
847:e
840:t
833:v
726:.
683:.
658:.
633:.
548:"
86:(
20:)
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