207:, in which Mayberry yielded to the demands of some members of the commission for better staff support than they felt they were receiving. Lee said: "For whatever reason, lack of staff or whatever, things just weren't happening. With Gene Mayberry out in Rochester, Minnesota, most of the time, the commission felt we had to get a really good, high-powered, full-time person" to manage the commission staff. On October 7, Mayberry and Myers quit, as did the commission's senior staff adviser for medical and research affairs, Dr. Franklin Cockerill 3d, a Mayo Clinic physician specializing in AIDS. Lilly said he was considering resigning but would wait to see who replaced the chairman and vice-chairman. The administration immediately announced the appointment of James D. Watkins, a retired admiral who had been Chief of Naval Operations. The
327:
in his discussions with reporters: "My conscience has been advising me on AIDS.... I'd hate it if a kid of mine got a blood transfusion and my grandson had AIDS and the community discriminated against that child, that innocent child". Reagan said his drug policy advisor would review the report and make recommendations to him in 30 days. President Reagan later said he opposed such discrimination in principle but took no action before his term as president ended in
January 1989. The administration took small steps. It acted to inform recipients of blood transfusions that they were at risk, made plans to speed FDA drug approvals, and developed proposals to add facilities for the
212:
personalities are intense" and that "I don't feel the commission as currently constituted would be effective." Comments from those familiar with the commission and its responsibilities expressed dismay at the resignations. Richard Dunne, executive secretary of GMHC, said: "The AIDS epidemic is out of control, and it seems, so is the
Presidential Commission on AIDS." On October 9, DeVos said that the president needed to avoid naming commissioners who were "emotionally" involved in the commission's work and that, in one newspaper's account of his statement, "some homosexuals want to 'capture the agenda'".
220:, he said, "We have in Washington today one of the largest gay rights activist demonstrations that we have had—we are sensitive to them as human beings and to their issues". He continued: "We haven't done the job to date, I am sorry to say, but I feel comfortable and the other members of the commission feel comfortable that I can take it and mold them together and bring all of our prima donnas, including me, into a nice, neat, unified package." He named a new executive director on October 13.
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not be successful without such protections against discrimination: "So, once those with HIV are treated like anyone else with a disability, then we will find that what is best for the individual is also best for the public health." He said "Semen, blood, and ignorance surround this epidemic, and we were in that last category" when starting work.
196:, a New Hampshire Republican, attacked Lilly's appointment, said the President "should strive at all costs to avoid sending the message to society—especially to impressionable youth—that homosexuality is simply an alternative lifestyle" and said the President should have named heterosexual experts to the commission.
224:
Primm, director of a New York City treatment program for addicts. Primm was the only
African American on the commission and the only one with expertise on the intravenous drug use. Of the challenge of heading the commission, Watkins later said: "I really wasn't sure I could pull it out of the swamp."
223:
Without Bauer's approval, Watkins later added two commission members who had track records as critics of the Reagan administration: Kristine Gebbie, Oregon public health commissioner and president of the AIDS Task Force of the
American Society of State and Territorial Health Officers and Dr. Benny J.
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objected to the appointment of someone with no experience with the disease, but others praised
Mayberry's experience in both medical research and clinical services. Administration officials said it would resist pressure from gay rights activists to include a representative of the gay community on the
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Vice
President George Bush, who was running for president at the time, immediately endorsed both an executive order and legislation to meet the commission's call for the extension of Federal anti-discrimination protection to those with AIDS and those who test positive for HIV. He emphasized children
215:
Years later, Watkins' wife reported that
Watkins told Reagan "I'm a sailor and a submariner, and I know nothing about medicine", and that Reagan replied: "You're exactly who we're looking for." On October 11, Watkins announced plans to move quickly with reorganizing the commission staff. Noting that
240:
On June 2, 1988, Watkins described the commission's draft report and called for state and federal laws to provide anti-discrimination protection for AIDS patients. He called that discrimination "the rule, not the exception." He explained that testing and the identification of sexual partners could
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thought the commission's work both more expert than she expected and free of ideology. Tim
Sweeney, executive director of GMHC call the draft report "courageous, aggressive and compassionate" and added: "We challenge the President, Congress and presidential candidates to respond to this report by
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The commission produced its final report on June 24, 1988. The commissioners approved it by a vote of 7 to 6. Its recommendations surprised observers by arguing against every measure advocated by conservative observers, such as mandatory testing, and characterizing partner notification as an
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said
Mayberry had been "viewed as a moderating influence on the views of other members who are considered more ideological in their approach" and that "y virtually all accounts, the commission has got off to a slow start in recruiting staff and organizing for its task." Myers said that "The
72:, said: "I would be very surprised if an administration opposed to making appointments on the basis of race or sex would agree to make an appointment based on bedroom habits". The commission was charged with producing a preliminary report in 3 months and a final report within a year.
199:
The commission planned visits to review activities in several localities, beginning with a two-day visit to New York City by 5 commissioners in August/September. They visited hospitals and met with volunteers, health-care providers, and representatives of gay organizations.
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later described the significance of
Watkins' military background to the debate over the nation's response to AIDS: "To have a presidential commission chairman with his background to come out so strongly against stigma and discrimination was a very, very important step".
232:
In February 1988, the commission released an interim report focused on IV drugs that called for a $ 20-billion, 10-year effort to fight AIDS. Watkins described it as "only seven-tenths of a percent of the defense budget." William B. Rubenstein, an attorney with the
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inappropriate activity for medical professionals. Its principal findings and recommendations were designed to provide a national strategy for managing the epidemic. It made more than 500 recommendations, which it summarized under these headings:
75:
The president named the other commission members on July 23. Saying AIDS needed to go "the way of smallpox and polio", President Reagan announced the appointments at the commission's first meeting. They included:
217:
366:. The legislation specified that commission's members must be "individuals with experience and/or expertise pertinent to the AIDS epidemic". It produced several reports over the next 4 years.
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484:"Appointment of W. Eugene Mayberry as a Member of the Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic, and Designation as Chairman - June 25, 1987"
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reported. When the meeting ended, reporters and television cameras surrounded Lilly leaving him, he said, "shell-shocked" and "scared to death". Senator
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The commission's executive director was forced to resign in September "after a power struggle and allegations of inadequate performance," wrote the
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237:(ACLU) who earlier sued the commission anticipating that its membership would bias its findings, found Watkins' work "a pleasant surprise".
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establishment of federal and state scholarship and loan programs to encourage nurses to serve in areas of high HIV impact;
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called it "an aggressive first step towards developing an integrated national strategy to deal with the AIDS epidemic."
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434:"Executive Order 12601 - Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic - June 24, 1987"
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replacement of the obsolete term "AIDS" (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) with the term "HIV infection";
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creating the President's Commission on the HIV Epidemic on June 24, 1987. On June 26, he appointed Dr.
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At the commission's first meeting, Lilly and O'Connor, seated side by side, "chatted cordially", the
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156:, an Illinois legislator and advocate of mandatory premarital HIV testing and later founder of the
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increased testing to facilitate understanding of the incidence and prevalence of HIV infection;
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780:"But Toughest Tasks Lie Ahead: AIDS Commission's New Chairman Earns High Marks for Leadership"
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called the report "a sweeping battle plan.... AIDS was war, Watkins reasoned, and in a war
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immediate implementation of preventive measures such as confidential partner notification;
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68:, the assistant to the President for policy development who would soon become head of the
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support and encouragement of international efforts to combat the spread of HIV infection.
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133:(GMHC) from 1984 to 1986. He was "one of the first openly gay Presidential appointees".
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undertaking all reasonable efforts to avoid transfusion of another person's blood;
140:, an African American and the health commissioner of Indiana and president of the
716:"James D. Watkins, who led Reagan's commission on AIDS in the 1980s, dies at 85"
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The Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic Report
864:
The Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic Report
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more equitable and cost-effective financing of care for HIV-infected persons;
440:. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 717–718.
362:, a Georgia Democrat and the only physician in Congress, that created the
490:. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. p. 718.
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treatment of HIV infection as a disability under federal and state law;
36:, its chairman when the commission issued its final report in 1988.
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stronger legal protection of the privacy of HIV-infected persons;
59:, to chair the commission. Jeff Levi, executive director of the
686:"Head of AIDS Commission Pledges Quick Reorganization of Panel"
597:"Frank Lilly, a Geneticist, 65; Member of National AIDS Panel"
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extension and expansion of the National Health Service Corps;
286:
implementation of drug and alcohol abuse education programs;
747:"Executive Director Named for President's AIDS Commission"
512:"U.S. Panel on AIDS, Citing Challenges, Ousts Staff Chief"
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addressing ethical issues raised by the HIV epidemic; and
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Congress passed legislation sponsored by Representative
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addressing the problem of HIV-infected "border babies";
632:"Leaders of AIDS Panel Quit Amid Feuds and Criticism"
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development and implementation of education programs;
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federal assurance of the safety of the blood supply;
142:
Association of State and Territorial Health Officers
904:"Bush Is Urged to Be a Leader in the Fight on AIDS"
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prevention and treatment of intravenous drug abuse;
458:"Hospital Official to Lead President's AIDS Panel"
976:. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 111.
316:addressing the problem of high-risk adolescents;
301:addressing the concerns of health care workers;
878:"Bush Backs Protection Of AIDS Victim Rights"
216:he was speaking to reporters on the day of a
8:
866:, June 24, 1988. Retrieved February 12, 2013
1035:HIV/AIDS organizations in the United States
1001:AIDS, the Winter War: A Testing of America
959:. NY: St. Martin's Press. pp. 609–10.
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771:
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537:"Reagan's AIDS Panel: Who the Members are"
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18:President's Commission on the HIV Epidemic
391:Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS
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253:implementing its recommendations". The
218:political march and rally in Washington
129:. Lilly had served on the board of the
1040:United States Presidential Commissions
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745:Boffey, Philip M. (October 14, 1987).
162:Corinna "Cory" SerVaas, editor of the
121:Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
778:Boodman, Sandra G. (April 17, 1988).
630:Boffey, Philip M. (October 8, 1987).
595:Dunlap, David W. (October 16, 1995).
250:American Foundation for AIDS Research
125:Dr. Frank Lilly, a geneticist at the
20:was a commission formed by President
7:
658:"Members of Federal AIDS Commission"
656:Morgan, Thomas (September 2, 1987).
421:. National Archives. 15 August 2016.
902:Johnson, Julie (December 2, 1988).
569:Boffey, Philip M. (July 24, 1987).
482:Reagan, Ronald W. (June 25, 1987).
456:Boffey, Philip M. (June 26, 1987).
432:Reagan, Ronald W. (June 24, 1987).
419:Executive Orders Disposition Tables
127:Albert Einstein College of Medicine
95:Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
61:National Gay and Lesbian Task Force
1030:Health policy in the United States
714:Shapiro, T. Rees (July 27, 2012).
571:"Reagan Names 12 to Panel on AIDS"
255:American Public Health Association
144:; named vice-chairman by Mayberry.
14:
876:Boyd, Gerald M. (June 29, 1988).
268:early diagnosis of HIV infection;
813:"Aids Panel Urges Antibias Laws"
1003:(Temple University Press, 1993)
931:The Epidemic: A History of Aids
840:The Epidemic: A History of Aids
295:aggressive biomedical research;
178:, a medical relief organization
381:Office of National AIDS Policy
235:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
333:National Institutes of Health
970:Harden, Victoria A. (2012).
1045:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
386:National Commission on AIDS
364:National Commission on AIDS
329:Centers for Disease Control
24:in 1987 to investigate the
1061:
811:Van, John (June 3, 1988).
349:somebody must be in charge
244:In an initial review, Dr.
28:. It is also known as the
158:Illinois Family Institute
44:President Reagan issued
928:Engel, Jonahan (2009).
837:Engel, Jonahan (2009).
131:Gay Men's Health Crisis
70:Family Research Council
957:And the Band Played On
955:Shilts, Randy (1987).
415:"Ronald Reagan - 1987"
376:Ronald Reagan and AIDS
973:AIDS at 30: A History
165:Saturday Evening Post
119:, a physician at the
86:Vanderbilt University
84:, dean of nursing at
138:Woodrow A. Myers Jr.
82:Colleen Conway-Welch
184:, a retired admiral
101:Theresa L. Crenshaw
908:The New York Times
882:The New York Times
751:The New York Times
692:. October 11, 1987
690:The New York Times
662:The New York Times
636:The New York Times
601:The New York Times
575:The New York Times
541:The New York Times
516:The New York Times
462:The New York Times
53:W. Eugene Mayberry
30:Watkins Commission
934:. HarperCollins.
843:. HarperCollins.
784:Los Angeles Times
726:on April 12, 2013
351:; that's how you
248:, founder of the
117:Burton J. Lee III
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911:. Retrieved
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728:. Retrieved
724:the original
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360:Roy Rowland
57:Mayo Clinic
1024:Categories
402:References
66:Gary Bauer
147:Cardinal
93:, CEO of
370:See also
331:and the
228:Reports
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111:Amway
49:12601
978:ISBN
936:ISBN
915:2013
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338:Dr.
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