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248:, parents care for their young for some length of time. Even if the period of care is very short, the animal is still described as subsocial. If adult animals associate with other adults, they are not called subsocial, but are ranked in some other classification according to their social behaviours. If occasionally associating or nesting with other adults is a taxon's most social behaviour, then members of those populations are said to be
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Eusocial societies have overlapping adult generations, cooperative care of young, and division of reproductive labor. When organisms in a species are born with physical characteristics specific to a caste which never changes throughout their lives, this exemplifies the highest acknowledged degree of
1354:
Beyond parasociality is eusociality. Eusocial insect societies have all the characteristics of a semisocial one, except overlapping generations of adults cohabit and share in the care of young. This means that more than one adult generation is alive at the same time, and that the older generations
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Kirkendall, L.R., D.S. Kent, and K.F. Raffa. 1997. Interactions among males, females and offspring in bark and ambrosia beetles: the significance of living in tunnels for the evolution of social behavior . In: The
Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids (J.C. Choe and B.J. Crespi,
1489:. Each group has one breeding female; she is protected by a large number of male defenders who are armed with enlarged snapping claws. As with other eusocial societies, there is a single shared living space for the colony members, and the non-breeding members act to defend it.
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Costa, J.T. and N.E. Pierce. 1991. Social evolution in the
Lepidoptera: ecological context and communication in larval societies. pp. 407–442. In: Choe, J.C.; Crespi, B.J. 1997. The evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids. Cambridge: Cambridge University
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Kirkendall, L.R., P.H.W. Biedermann, and B.H. Jordal. 2015. Evolution and diversity of bark and ambrosia beetles. . In: Bark
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Windsor, D.M, Choe, J.C. 1994. Origins of parental care in chrysomelid beetles. In: Jolivet PH, Cox ML, Petitipierre E, editors. Novel aspects of the biology of
Chrysomelidae. Series Entomologica 50. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; pp.
1464:, and they aid in raising their siblings and relatives, all of whom are born from a single reproductive queen; they usually live in harsh or limiting environments. A study conducted by O'Riain and Faulkes in 2008 suggests that, due to regular
1338:
Communal, quasisocial, and semisocial groups differ in a few ways. In a communal group, adults cohabit in a single nest site, but they each care for their own young. Quasisocial animals cohabit, but they also share the responsibilities of
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K.F. Raffa, J.-C. Gregoire B., and S. Lindgren (2015) Natural history and ecology of bark beetles. In: Bark
Beetles – Biology and Ecology of Native and Invasive Species (F.E. Vega & R.W. Hofstetter, eds,). Academic Press, Cambridge,
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Chaboo, Caroline S., Andreas Kay, and Rob
Westerduijn. 2019. New Reports of Subsocial Species of Proseicela Chevrolat and Platyphora Gistel (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae: Chrysomelini). The Coleopterists Bulletin
1351:.) A semisocial population has the features of communal and quasisocial populations, but they also have a biological caste system that delegates labor according to whether or not an individual is able to reproduce.
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Gwynne, Darryl T. (1995). "Phylogeny of the
Ensifera (Orthoptera): A Hypothesis Supporting Multiple Origins of Acoustical Signalling, Complex Spermatophores and Maternal Care in Crickets, Katydids, and Weta".
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Halffter, G. 1991. Subsocial behavior in
Scarabaeinae beetles. pp. 237–259. In: Choe, J.C. & B.J. Crespi. 1997. The evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids. Cambridge: Cambridge University
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Iwan D. 2000. Ovoviviparity in tenebrionid beetles of the melanocratoid
Platynotina (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Platynotini) from Madagascar, with notes on the viviparous beetles. Ann Zool. 50:15–25.
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of females usually overlap, whereas those of males do not. Males usually do not associate with other males, and male offspring are usually evicted upon maturity. However, this is opposite among
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Chaboo, C.S., F.A. Frieiro-Costa, J. Gómez-Zurita, R. Westerduijn. 2014. Subsociality in leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae, Chrysomelinae). Journal of
Natural History 48:1–44.
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Tallamy, D.W.; Walsh, E.; Peck, D.C. 2004. Revisiting Paternal Care in the Assassin Bug, Atopozelus pallens (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, Vol. 17, No. 4: 431–436.
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Beier, M. 1959. Ordung Dermaptera (De Geer 1773) Kirby 1913. In: Weber, H. (Ed.), Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs (Dermaptera), Vol. V (part III), pp. 455–585. Leipzig:
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Chaboo, C.S. 2007. Biology and phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal sensu lato (tortoise and leaf-mining beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Bull Amer Mus Nat Hist. 305:1–250.
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Tallamy, D.W. and C. Schaeffer. 1991. "Maternal care in the Hemiptera: ancestry, alternatives, and current adaptive value". pp. 94–115. In: Choe, J.C. & B.J. Crespi. 1997.
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exhibit sufficient sociality to be counted as a eusocial species, and that this enabled them to enjoy spectacular ecological success and dominance over ecological competitors.
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Subsociality is widely distributed among the winged insects, and has evolved independently many times. Insect groups that contain at least some subsocial species are shown in
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adopt a solitary but social behavior, that is, they live apart from their own species but interact with humans. This behavior has been observed in species including
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Choe, J.C. 1997. "The evolution of mating systems in the Zoraptera: mating variations and sexual conflicts". pp. 130–145. In: Choe, J.C. & B.J. Crespi. 1997.
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Eberhard, W.G. 1975. "The ecology and behavior of a subsocial pentatomid bug and two scelionid wasps: strategy and counter-strategy in a host and its parasites".
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Rankin, S.M.; Storm, S.K.; Pieto, D.L.; Risser, A.L. 1996. "Maternal behavior and clutch manipulation in the ring-legged earwig (Dermaptera: Carcinophoridae)".
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Schuster, J.C.; Schuster, L.B. 1985. Social behavior in passalid beetles (Coleoptera: Passalidae): cooperative broode care. Florida Entomologist 68: 266–272.
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Lihoreau, M.; Costa, J. T.; Rivault, C. (2012). "The social biology of domiciliary cockroaches: colony structure, kin recognition and collective decisions".
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Rasa OAE. 1990. Interspecific defence aggregations: a model for the evolution of sociality and kin selection. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 40:711–728.
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Klemperer HG. 1983. The evolution of parental behaviour in Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae): an experimental approach. Ecol Entomol. 8:49–59.
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Reid ML, Roitberg BF. 1994. Benefits of prolonged male residence with mates and brood in pine engravers (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Oikos. 70:140–148.
186:. If an animal taxon shows a degree of sociality beyond courtship and mating, but lacks any of the characteristics of eusociality, it is said to be
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Trumbo, S.T. 1994. Interspecific competition, brood parasitism, and the evolution of biparental cooperation in burying beetles. Oikos. 69:241–249.
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Edgerley, J.S. 1997. "Life beneath silk walls: a review of the primitively social Embiidina". pp. 14–25. In: Choe, J.C. & B.J. Crespi. 1997.
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Crespi, Bernard J. (1990). "Subsociality and female reproductive success in a mycophagous thrips: An observational and experimental analysis".
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Valenzuela-Gonzalez, J.V. 1992. Pupal cell-building behavior in passalid beetles (Coleoptera: Passalidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 6: 33–41
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2721:
1985:
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Signoret (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Reduviidae), with notes on its life history. Proceedings Royal Entomological Society London A. 34:175–185.
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2001:
Choe, J.C. & B.J. Crespi. 1997. The evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
190:. Although presocial species are much more common than eusocial species, eusocial species have disproportionately large populations.
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Cocroft, R.B. 2002. "Antipredator defense as a limited resource: unequal predation risk in broods of an insect with maternal care".
1944:
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1433:(thrips) are described as eusocial. Eusocial species that lack this criterion of morphological caste differentiation are said to be
1213:
2804:
Furey, R. E. (1998). "Two cooperatively social populations of the theridiid spider Anelosimus studiosus in a temperate region".
2254:
Cocroft, R.B. 1999. "Parent-offspring communication in response to predators in a subsocial treehopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae:
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31:
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Harold (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Hypotheses on the origin and evolution of leaf beetles toxins. Chemoecology. 11:107–112.
2968:"On the frequency of eusociality in snapping shrimps (Decapoda: Alpheidae), with description of a second eusocial species"
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Duffy, J. Emmett; Cheryl L. Morrison; Ruben Rios (2000). "Multiple origins of eusociality among sponge-dwelling shrimps (
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2702:. In: Breed, M.D. and Moore, J., (eds.) Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, volume 3, pp. 358–362. Oxford: Academic Press.
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are snapping shrimp that rely on fortress defense. They live in groups of closely related individuals, amidst tropical
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sociality. Eusociality has evolved in several orders of insects. Common examples of eusociality are from Hymenoptera (
1331:. The two commonalities of parasocial taxa are the exhibition of parental investment, and socialization in a single,
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Solitary-but-social animals forage separately, but some individuals sleep in the same location or share nests. The
130:(including other offspring). An animal that cares for its young but shows no other sociality traits is said to be
37:
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O'Riain, M. J.; Faulkes, C. G. (2008). "African Mole-Rats: Eusociality, Relatedness and Ecological Constraints".
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Plasman, V.; Plehiers, M.; Braekman, J.C.; Daloze, D.; de Biseau, J.C; Pasteels, J.M. 2001. Chemical defence in
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1932:
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in 1966). Michener used these terms in his study of bees, but also saw a need for additional classifications:
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Daccordi, an unusual subsocial chrysomeline (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal Natural History 43:373–398.
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Batra, S. W. T. (1966). "Social behavior and nests of some nomiine bees in India (Hymenoptera, Halictidæ)".
197:
152:
46:
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Hinton HE. 1944. Some general remarks on sub-social beetles, with notes on the biology of the staphylinid,
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Costa, J.T. 2006. Chpt. 8. Psocoptera and Zoraptera. The other insect societies. Harvard University Press
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78:
2019:
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1722:"Spatial Ecology and Social Interactions of Jaguars (Panthera Onca) in the Southern Pantanal, Brazil"
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Wicknick, J.A.; Miskelly, S.A. 2009. Behavioral interactions between non-cohabitating bess beetles,
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Radl, R.C.; Linsenmair, K.E. 1991. "Maternal behaviour and nest recognition in the subsocial earwig
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126:. Parental investment detracts from a parent's capacity to invest in future reproduction and aid to
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Brandmayr, P. 1992. Short review of the presocial evolution in Coleoptera. Ethol Ecol Evol. 4:7–16.
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Aaron S. Weed, Matthew P. Ayres, and Barbara J. Bentz. 2015 Population Dynamics of Bark Beetles.
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are less likely to eat the larvae. Biologists suspect that pressures from parasites and other
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published a classification system for presociality in 1969, building on the earlier work of
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Sociobiologists place communal, quasisocial, and semisocial animals into a meta-class: the
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1468:, mole rats sometimes outbreed and establish new colonies when resources are sufficient.
1312:(1983–2020). At least 32 solitary-sociable dolphins were recorded between 2008 and 2019.
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Boheman (Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) in Panama. Psyche Journal of Entomology 94:127–150.
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This wasp behaviour evidences the most fundamental characteristic of animal sociality:
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Odhiambo, T.R. 1960. Parental care in bugs and non-social insects. New Sci. 8:449–451.
1992:
Entry is linked to entries on each of the other terms, as Subsocial, Quasisocial, etc.
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2617:(Boheman) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Eugenysini). Coleop Bull. 56:50–67.
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Percheron (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Erotylinae) from Peru. Coleop Bull. 64:116–118.
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2399:, prevents flooding and anoxia in its burrow. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 19:323–331.
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Reid, C.A.M.; Beatson, M.; Hasenpusch, J. 2009. The morphology and biology of
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2010:
Costa JT. 2006. The other insect societies. Belknap: Harvard University Press.
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59:
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Tallamy, D.W.; Wood, T.K. 1986. "Convergence patterns in subsocial insects".
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17:
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2500:(Illiger) (Coleoptera: Passalidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 63: 108–116.
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Burda, H. Honeycutt; Begall, S.; Locker-Grutjen, O; Scharff, A. (2000).
1825:
162:, cooperative care of young, and—in the most refined cases—a biological
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1249:, this form of social organization is most common among the nocturnal
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56:
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Windsor, D.M. 1987. Natural History of a Subsocial Tortoise Beetle,
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141:. The highest degree of sociality recognized by sociobiologists is
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36:
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https://sites.google.com/a/cornell.edu/dimitriforero/publications
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Chaboo, C.S.; McHugh, J.V. 2010. Maternal care by a species of
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Michener, C. D. (1969). "Comparative Social Behavior of Bees".
1800:
Nowak, Martin A.; Tamita, Corina E.; Wilson, Edward O. (2010).
1440:
Two potential examples of primitively eusocial mammals are the
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An animal that exhibits a high degree of sociality is called a
2593:
1394:
1390:
244:
Subsociality is common in the animal kingdom. In subsocial
1720:
Cavalcanti, Sandra M. C.; Gese, Eric M. (14 August 2009).
224:. In his use of these words, he did not generalize beyond
2849:"Are naked and common mole-rats eusocial and if so, why?"
2362:
The evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids
2182:
The evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids
2040:
The evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids
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Sussman, R. W. (2003). "Ecology: General Principles".
2511:"Horned passalus – Odontotaenius disjunctus (Illiger)"
2053:
https://www.scu.edu/cas/biology/faculty/edgerly-rooks/
2747:"A Global Reassessment of Solitary-Sociable Dolphins"
2342:(Hemiptera: Tingidae). Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 11:7–11.
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Tallamy, D.W. 1982. Age specific maternal defence in
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2412:(Fourcroy). Proc Roy Entomol Soc Lond A. 19:115–128.
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Odhiambo, T.R. 1959. An account of parental care in
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Capinera, John L., ed. (2008). "Eusocial Behavior".
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3299:
3234:
3111:
2395:Wyatt TD. 1986. How a subsocial intertidal beetle,
269:(note that many non-subsocial groups are omitted):
2460:eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
1683:Ross, Kenneth G.; Matthews, Robert W. (1991).
3089:
2991:"Edward O. Wilson's New Take on Human Nature"
2700:Subsociality and the Evolution of Eusociality
1917:
1915:
1732:(4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 935–945.
8:
114:. Parental investment is any expenditure of
2745:Nunny, Laetitia; Simmonds, Mark P. (2019).
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1755:
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1475:that live in groups in a restricted area.
1347:and spider taxa, as well as in some other
1147:(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) (apart from
3054:
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2780:
2762:
2716:. Pearson Custom Publishing. p. 29.
2223:
1833:
1737:
1644:, eds. (2001). "Evolution of Sociality".
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2364:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2042:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1760:Gadagkar, Raghavendra (September 1987).
1629:
3021:"Eusociality: Origin and consequences"
1257:. Solitary-but-social species include
1504:controversially claimed in 2005 that
7:
3356:
2714:Primate Ecology and Social Structure
2286:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
1355:also care for the newest offspring.
1018:(lacewings, alderflies, and allies)
232:later refined Batra's definition of
77:Sociality is a survival response to
3149:Evolutionary models of food sharing
2853:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2154:Pallas (Dermaptera: Labiduridae)".
2051:see works of Janice Edgerly-Rooks,
1871:10.1146/annurev.en.14.010169.001503
1079:
1066:(true flies, scorpionflies, fleas)
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27:Form of collective animal behaviour
2937:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00053.x
1691:: Comstock Publishing Associates.
1471:Eusociality has arisen among some
1456:, respectively). Both species are
1343:. (This has been observed in some
25:
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1972:. Springer. pp. 1377–1378.
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1532:
1518:
3283:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
2751:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
2140:Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft
1769:IUSSI Indian Chapter Newsletter
2890:. Springer. pp. 207–223.
2592:see works of Caroline Chaboo,
2102:Journal of Orthoptera Research
1978:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3698
1802:"The Evolution of Eusociality"
1568:Collectivism and individualism
1300:. Notable individuals include
100:this behavior in wasps of the
32:Social animal (disambiguation)
1:
2184:. Cambridge University Press.
174:Solitary animals such as the
153:overlapping adult generations
81:. For example, when a mother
2896:10.1007/978-3-540-75957-7_10
353:(cockroaches, inc. eusocial
178:do not associate except for
3374:Evolutionary biology portal
3019:; Hölldobler, Bert (2005).
2888:Ecology of Social Evolution
2594:http://www.leafbeetles.org/
1859:Annual Review of Entomology
1685:The Social Biology of Wasps
1554:Evolutionary biology portal
3422:
2972:Bulletin of Marine Science
2196:Journal of Insect Behavior
2169:Journal of Insect Behavior
1970:Encyclopedia of Entomology
1762:"What are social insects?"
1416:Austroplatypus incompertus
1362:
1319:
929:(pleasing fungus beetles)
569:(treehoppers, thorn bugs)
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2078:10.1007/s00040-012-0234-x
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2989:Angier, Natalie (2012).
2966:J. Emmett Duffy (1998).
2764:10.3389/fvets.2018.00331
2498:Odontotaenius disjunctus
1369:Evolution of eusociality
1320:Not to be confused with
1109:(butterflies and moths)
3169:Male warrior hypothesis
3139:Evolutionary psychology
3129:Dual inheritance theory
3046:10.1073/pnas.0505858102
2698:Linksvayer T.A. (2010)
2294:10.5479/si.00810282.205
1739:10.1644/08-mamm-a-188.1
70:) and form cooperative
2818:10.1006/anbe.1997.0648
2410:Platystethus arenarius
2306:Rhinocoris albopilosus
1563:Aggregation (ethology)
1409:, termites), but some
1385:
1322:parasocial interaction
1234:
1225:, solitary-but-social
902:(leaf/flower beetles)
204:(who coined the words
79:evolutionary pressures
49:
3144:Evolution of morality
2865:10.1007/s002650050669
2668:Leptinotarsa behrensi
2326:see works by Forero,
1450:Heterocephalus glaber
1426:Pemphigus spyrothecae
1376:
1245:, for example. Among
1216:
151:is one that exhibits
62:tend to associate in
40:
3124:Challenge hypothesis
3119:Behavioural genetics
2995:Smithsonian Magazine
2256:Umbonia crassicornis
1928:The Insect Societies
1726:Journal of Mammalogy
1466:inbreeding avoidance
1435:primitively eusocial
1413:(such as the beetle
1333:cooperative dwelling
3174:Reciprocal altruism
3037:2005PNAS..10213367W
3031:(38): 13367–13371.
2651:Pterodunga mirabile
2615:Eugenysa columbiana
2397:Bledius spectabilis
2208:1990JIBeh...3...61C
1826:10.1038/nature09205
1818:2010Natur.466.1057N
1812:(7310): 1057–1062.
1775:(2). Archived from
1608:Reciprocal altruism
1573:Dominance hierarchy
1446:Damaraland mole-rat
1209:Solitary but social
676:many families
250:solitary but social
198:Charles D. Michener
122:) to benefit one's
112:parental investment
3396:Behavioral ecology
3262:Sarah Blaffer Hrdy
3191:Sex and psychology
2664:Platyphora kollari
2273:Behavioral Ecology
2216:10.1007/bf01049195
1898:10.1007/BF02223020
1603:Prosocial behavior
1578:Group cohesiveness
1478:Synalpheus regalis
1454:Fukomys damarensis
1386:
1278:bottlenose dolphin
1235:
803:(carrion beetles)
50:
3383:
3382:
3307:Stephen Jay Gould
2905:978-3-540-75956-0
2723:978-0-536-74363-3
1987:978-1-4020-6242-1
1654:. p. 14506.
1493:Human eusociality
1401:, and wasps) and
1308:(1994–1995), and
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
976:
975:
967:
966:
958:
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875:
874:
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865:
812:
811:
718:
717:
709:
708:
680:
679:
670:
669:
661:
660:
652:
651:
623:(predatory bugs)
456:
455:
447:
446:
438:
437:
382:
381:
263:phylogenetic tree
160:division of labor
16:(Redirected from
3413:
3371:
3359:
3358:
3347:
3346:
3328:Not in Our Genes
3317:Richard Lewontin
3179:Sexual selection
3098:
3091:
3084:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3048:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2806:Animal Behaviour
2801:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2766:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2709:
2703:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2660:
2654:
2647:
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2624:
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2596:
2590:
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2575:
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2549:
2543:
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2494:
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2438:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2375:Ann Rev Entomol.
2371:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2340:Gargaphia solani
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2282:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2227:
2191:
2185:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2152:Labidura riparia
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2066:Insectes Sociaux
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1886:Insectes Sociaux
1881:
1875:
1874:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
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1766:
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1744:
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1741:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1638:Smelser, Neil J.
1634:
1598:Nesting instinct
1556:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1378:Giant honey bees
1272:Some individual
1080:
1057:
1050:
993:
916:
889:
826:
770:
763:
756:
742:
735:
610:
583:
556:
521:
513:
496:(angel insects)
483:
473:
396:
340:
330:
297:
290:
283:
273:
21:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3335:
3295:
3252:Richard Dawkins
3230:
3221:Dunbar's number
3159:Kin recognition
3154:Group selection
3107:
3102:
3072:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
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2193:
2192:
2188:
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2166:
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2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2110:10.2307/3503478
2098:
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2063:
2062:
2058:
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2046:
2037:
2033:
2018:
2014:
2009:
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1996:
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1967:
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1947:
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1699:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1662:
1642:Baltes, Paul B.
1636:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1613:Social behavior
1593:Interdependence
1583:Group selection
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1502:Bert Hölldobler
1495:
1371:
1363:Main articles:
1361:
1325:
1318:
1294:Risso's dolphin
1286:striped dolphin
1211:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1128:
1119:
1037:
1028:
977:
968:
959:
949:(leaf beetles)
876:
867:
813:
783:(rove beetles)
719:
710:
681:
671:
662:
653:
457:
448:
439:
383:
242:
172:
118:(time, energy,
85:stays near her
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3419:
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3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3257:Daniel Dennett
3254:
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3093:
3086:
3078:
3071:
3070:
3008:
2981:
2958:
2931:(2): 503–516.
2911:
2904:
2878:
2859:(5): 293–303.
2839:
2812:(3): 727–735.
2796:
2737:
2722:
2704:
2691:
2681:
2672:
2655:
2642:
2640:73(3):710–713.
2632:
2628:Acromis sparsa
2619:
2606:
2597:
2585:
2576:
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2535:
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2297:
2277:
2264:
2262:. 105:553–568.
2247:
2186:
2173:
2160:
2143:
2131:
2104:(4): 203–218.
2091:
2072:(4): 445–452.
2056:
2044:
2031:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1986:
1960:
1945:
1911:
1892:(3): 145–153.
1876:
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1543:
1540:Biology portal
1529:
1526:Animals portal
1513:
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1494:
1491:
1442:naked mole-rat
1423:(bugs such as
1384:of their nest.
1360:
1357:
1317:
1314:
1282:common dolphin
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
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1190:
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1089:(caddisflies)
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987:Neuropteroidea
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596:(shield bugs)
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301:Idioprothoraca
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120:social capital
68:gregariousness
43:American bison
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3291:Robert Wright
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3272:Frans de Waal
3270:
3268:
3267:Steven Pinker
3265:
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3242:Anne Campbell
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3164:Kin selection
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3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:Wilson, E. O.
3012:
3009:
2996:
2992:
2985:
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2978:(2): 387–400.
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2225:2027.42/44947
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2177:
2174:
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2164:
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2158:. 89:287–296.
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1946:9780674454903
1942:
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1937:Belknap Press
1934:
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1923:Wilson, E. O.
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1793:
1782:on 2012-01-05
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3247:Noam Chomsky
3213:presociality
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3105:Sociobiology
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2999:. Retrieved
2997:(April 2012)
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1777:the original
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1646:
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1498:E. O. Wilson
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1431:Thysanoptera
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1405:(infraorder
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1302:Pelorus Jack
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1259:mouse lemurs
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258:bold italics
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240:Subsociality
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230:E. O. Wilson
221:
217:
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195:entomologist
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170:Presociality
164:caste system
157:reproductive
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109:
76:
67:
52:
51:
47:Genesee Park
18:Presociality
3322:Steven Rose
3201:eusociality
3001:19 December
2562:Pselaphacus
2377:31:369–390.
2275:13:125–133.
1865:: 299–342.
1473:crustaceans
1460:and highly
1365:Eusociality
1359:Eusociality
1345:Hymenoptera
1243:cassowaries
1239:home ranges
1219:mouse lemur
1143:Hymenoptera
1105:Lepidoptera
1087:Trichoptera
1064:Antliophora
839:(bessbugs)
565:Membracidae
373:(mantises)
334:Dictyoptera
234:quasisocial
210:quasisocial
144:eusociality
3390:Categories
3312:Leon Kamin
3235:Supporters
3226:Polyethism
2921:Synalpheus
2288:205:1–39.
2028:Kluge 2012
2024:Kluge 2010
2020:Kluge 2005
1786:2013-12-12
1625:References
1411:Coleoptera
1380:cover the
1341:brood care
1329:parasocial
1267:orangutans
1231:Madagascar
1229:native to
1016:Neuroptera
925:Erotylidae
857:(scarabs)
835:Passalidae
748:Coleoptera
696:Psocoptera
619:Reduviidae
467:Eumetabola
429:(earwigs)
425:Dermaptera
405:Orthoptera
309:Embioptera
222:semisocial
60:population
3300:Opponents
3206:evolution
3196:Sociality
3184:in humans
2925:Evolution
2773:2297-1769
2666:Baly and
2234:0892-7553
2171:9:85–103.
2118:1082-6467
1933:Cambridge
1618:Stigmergy
1421:Hemiptera
1403:Blattodea
1382:honeycomb
1274:cetaceans
1223:nocturnal
1151:species)
799:Silphidae
547:Hemiptera
534:(thrips)
492:Zoraptera
349:Blattodea
214:subsocial
188:presocial
180:courtship
132:subsocial
124:offspring
116:resources
95:predators
91:parasites
72:societies
53:Sociality
3401:Ethology
3350:Category
3134:Ethology
3065:16157878
2945:10937227
2873:35627708
2834:11129821
2791:30723720
2732:57408633
2574:111–117.
2260:Ethology
2242:31542354
2156:Ethology
2086:10205316
1925:(1971).
1906:22379046
1844:20740005
1707:22184337
1670:47869490
1652:Elsevier
1512:See also
1444:and the
1407:Isoptera
1399:sawflies
1255:tarsiers
1247:primates
1149:eusocial
639:Tingidae
371:Mantodea
355:termites
277:Neoptera
267:Neoptera
218:communal
206:eusocial
105:Vespidae
98:selected
41:Herd of
3362:Commons
3056:1224642
3033:Bibcode
2953:1088840
2826:9515053
2782:6349760
2757:: 331.
2204:Bibcode
2126:3503478
1835:3279739
1814:Bibcode
1487:sponges
1458:diploid
1429:), and
1263:lorises
265:of the
226:insects
3112:Topics
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2951:
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2689:Press.
2533:Press.
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1955:199513
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1943:
1904:
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1806:Nature
1705:
1695:
1689:Ithaca
1668:
1658:
1506:humans
1462:inbred
1310:Fungie
1296:, and
1290:beluga
1265:, and
220:, and
184:mating
176:jaguar
102:family
87:larvae
57:animal
2949:S2CID
2869:S2CID
2830:S2CID
2238:S2CID
2122:JSTOR
2082:S2CID
1902:S2CID
1780:(PDF)
1765:(PDF)
1483:reefs
1227:lemur
1221:is a
261:on a
149:taxon
3061:PMID
3025:PNAS
3003:2016
2941:PMID
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2900:ISBN
2822:PMID
2787:PMID
2769:ISSN
2728:OCLC
2718:ISBN
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2114:ISSN
1982:ISBN
1951:OCLC
1941:ISBN
1840:PMID
1703:OCLC
1693:ISBN
1666:OCLC
1656:ISBN
1500:and
1485:and
1452:and
1395:bees
1391:ants
1367:and
1306:Tião
1298:orca
1217:The
246:taxa
208:and
193:The
182:and
83:wasp
3051:PMC
3041:doi
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2814:doi
2777:PMC
2759:doi
2441:MA.
2422:MA.
2290:doi
2220:hdl
2212:doi
2106:doi
2074:doi
1974:doi
1894:doi
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