1005:
989:
1021:
2857:
977:
1141:
1153:
879:, the pterygoid bones were flat, wing-like bones forming the major part of the roof of the mouth. Above the pterygoids were the epipterygoid bones, which formed part of a flexible joint between the braincase and the palatal region, as well as extending a vertical bar of bone towards the roof of the skull. Between the pterygoids lay an elongated, narrow parasphenoid bone, which also spread over some of the lower surface of the braincase, and connected, at its forward end, with a
1117:
47:
59:
1033:
1045:
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1093:
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910:, these various bones are often (though not always) fused into a single structure; the sphenoid. The basisphenoid forms the posterior part of the base, while the pterygoid processes represent the pterygoid bones. The epipterygoids have extended into the wall of the cranium; they are referred to as
750:
The sphenoidal conchae are each developed from a center that makes its appearance about the fifth month; at birth they consist of small triangular laminae, and it is not until the third year that they become hollowed out and coneshaped; about the fourth year they fuse with the labyrinths of the
2877:
914:
when separate in mammals, and form the greater wings of the sphenoid when fused into a larger structure. The sphenethmoid bone forms as three bones: the lesser wings and the anterior part of the base. These two parts of the sphenethmoid may be distinguished as
806:
In the first year after birth the great wings and body unite, and the small wings extend inward above the anterior part of the body, and, meeting with each other in the middle line, form an elevated smooth surface, termed the jugum sphenoidale.
802:
is united to the postsphenoid about the eighth month, and at birth the sphenoid is in three pieces : a central, consisting of the body and small wings, and two lateral, each comprising a great wing and pterygoid process.
1116:
1242:, meaning "bone resembling a wasp", and that the word was later written 'sphenoidale' by a transcription error. An anterior view of the bone resembles more the body of a wasp or a bat with wings than a wedge.
902:
have a relatively simplified skull in this region; a broad parasphenoid forms the floor of the braincase, the pterygoids are relatively small, and all other related bones except the sphenethmoid are absent.
318:, though the incidence of ligamentous ossification (both partial and complete) varies according to the ligament type, with the interclinoid ligament being most commonly identified as having ossified and the
789:(except its hamulus) is ossified in membrane, and its center probably appears about the ninth or tenth week; the hamulus becomes chondrified during the third month, and almost at once ossifies (Fawcett).
813:
Between the pre- and postsphenoid there are occasionally seen the remains of a canal, the canalis cranio-pharyngeus, through which, in early fetal life, the hypophyseal diverticulum of the buccal
1368:
Touska, P., Hasso, S., Oztek, A. et al. Skull base ligamentous mineralisation: evaluation using computed tomography and a review of the clinical relevance. Insights
Imaging 10, 55 (2019).
775:
about the eighth week. The orbital plate and that part of the sphenoid, which is found in the temporal fossa, as well as the lateral pterygoid plate, are ossified in membrane (Fawcett).
828:
This bone assists with the formation of the base and the sides of the skull, and the floors and walls of the orbits. It is the site of attachment for most of the muscles of
1004:
132:
988:
976:
930:
the sphenoid is represented by 8 bones: basisphenoid, alisphenoids, presphenoid, orbitosphenoids, pterygoids. These bones remain separate and are the:
2538:
723:
The greater part of the bone is ossified in cartilage. There are fourteen centers in all, six for the presphenoid and eight for the postsphenoid.
1491:
1463:
1390:
1353:
1328:
108:
1122:
The skull from the front. The sphenoid is labeled with yellow to the left of the picture, both in the orbit and behind the zygomatic process
1044:
820:
The sphenoidal sinuses are present as minute cavities at the time of birth (Onodi), but do not attain their full size until after puberty.
1020:
2882:
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2414:
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961:
253:
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2017:
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554:
2812:
2438:
1614:
1592:
1538:
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923:, respectively, although there is often some degree of fusion. Only the parasphenoid appears to be entirely absent in mammals.
832:. Many foramina and fissures are located in the sphenoid that carry nerves and blood vessels of the head and neck, such as the
2829:
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509:
173:
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127:
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887:. Finally, the basisphenoid bone formed part of the floor of the braincase and lay immediately above the parasphenoid.
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Aside from the loss of the flexible joint at the rear of the palate, this primitive pattern is broadly retained in
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appear, one on either side of the sella turcica, and become blended together about the middle of fetal life.
653:
These are two triangular wings projecting laterally from anterosuperior part of the body. Each consists of:
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with a number of bones that are often separate in other animals, and have a somewhat complex arrangement.
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1238:, "wedgelike". Thieme Atlas of Anatomy disagrees and says that the sphenoid bone was originally called
1068:
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About the fourth month, a center appears for each lingula and speedily joins the rest of the bone.
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712:, the presphenoid, with which the small wings are continuous; the other, consisting of the
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720:, the postsphenoid, with which are associated the great wings, and pterygoid processes.
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2878:
Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
2774:
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2382:
2012:
1764:
1575:
1553:
1500:
752:
426:
405:
381:
373:
315:
165:
1466:
at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Lateral view of skull."
96:
2807:
2288:
1504:
954:
935:
920:
911:
829:
799:
764:
744:
898:, the epipterygoids are absent and the pterygoids considerably reduced. Living
2824:
1818:
397:
292:
755:, and between the ninth and twelfth years they unite with the sphenoid bone.
2552:
1705:
1469:
1369:
899:
288:, superiorly attached to the root of the lateral pterygoid plate anteriorly;
181:
120:
196:
17:
810:
By the twenty-fifth year the sphenoid and occipital are completely fused.
176:. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the
2085:
1801:
995:
876:
814:
256:, directed downwards from the junction of the body and the greater wings.
2800:
2795:
2704:
2694:
2576:
2516:
891:
619:
498:
708:, the body of the sphenoid consists of two parts: one in front of the
2656:
1700:
907:
792:
The medial joins the lateral pterygoid plate about the sixth month.
541:
are asymmetrical air sinuses in the body of the sphenoid, closed by
145:
1415:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 220–244.
693:
212:
1534:
1281:
211:
195:
169:
79:
895:
161:
2520:
1473:
1050:
Lateral wall of nasal cavity, showing ethmoid bone in position.
1263:
1223:
1217:
927:
185:
497:
Sphenoidal crest articulates with the perpendicular plate of
204:. The sphenoid bone is in red (directly in the middle of the
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
264:
are situated at the anterior and inferior part of the body.
743:; this is followed by the appearance of two nuclei in the
763:
The first ossific nuclei are those for the great wings (
982:
Position of sphenoid bone (shown in green). Animation.
501:
leading to formation of a part of the septum of nose.
2845:
1323:. CBS Publishers & Distributors. pp. 43–45.
1220:
1214:
1211:
767:). One makes its appearance in each wing between the
684:
Medially, terminates in the anterior clinoid process.
1226:
306:
the caroticoclinoid, connecting the anterior to the
2788:
2718:
2655:
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2559:
2475:
2423:
2390:
2381:
2356:
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2214:
2127:
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1998:
1945:
1907:
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1856:
1772:
1763:
1720:
1688:
1665:
1613:
1520:
1511:
1411:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
1294:
Thieme Atlas of
Anatomy, Head and Neuroanatomy 2011
1208:
1110:
Roof, floor, and lateral wall of left nasal cavity.
126:
114:
102:
90:
78:
73:
68:
39:
1086:Horizontal section of nasal and orbital cavities.
894:, albeit with some individual modifications. In
2088:in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone)
2532:
1485:
236:as well as the paired paranasal sinuses, the
8:
670:Inferior surface forming upper boundary of
2539:
2525:
2517:
2387:
2124:
1904:
1769:
1517:
1492:
1478:
1470:
735:an ossific center appears for each of the
568:. It presents (starting from the front):
1370:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-019-0740-8
1198:According to most dictionaries, the word
700:Sphenoid bone at birth, posterior aspect.
216:Wedge-shaped sphenoid bone seen laterally
180:. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a
1383:Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck
692:
660:Tip forming the lateral end of the wing.
246:on the lateral side of the body and two
220:It is divided into the following parts:
2852:
1255:
1191:
972:
739:(orbito-sphenoids) just lateral to the
1439:This article incorporates text in the
657:A base forming medial end of the wing.
168:. It is situated in the middle of the
143:
36:
704:Until the seventh or eighth month of
642:This forms the posterior wall of the
291:the interclinoid ligament, a band of
254:Pterygoid processes of the sphenoides
7:
1406:
1404:
1402:
677:Posterior surface projects into the
2665:Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
268:Intrinsic ligaments of the sphenoid
200:Seven bones articulate to form the
172:towards the front, in front of the
663:Superior surface forming floor of
372:The sphenoid articulates with the
272:The more important of these are:
174:basilar part of the occipital bone
25:
1282:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
555:Greater wing of the sphenoid bone
2855:
1433:
1204:
1158:Sphenoid bone and temporal bones
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1062:Base of skull. Inferior surface.
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1003:
987:
975:
778:Soon after, the centers for the
57:
45:
1593:Internal occipital protuberance
1539:External occipital protuberance
864:The sphenoid bone of humans is
429:anteriorly and basilar part of
404:bones and helps to connect the
224:a median portion, known as the
2830:Suspensory ligament of eyeball
510:Basilar part of occipital bone
280:, which stretches between the
63:Animation of the sphenoid bone
1:
1319:Chaurasia (31 January 2013).
780:postsphenoid part of the body
314:These ligaments occasionally
51:Position of the sphenoid bone
2640:Trochlea of superior oblique
1381:Fehrenbach; Herring (2012).
883:bone helping to protect the
564:This forms the floor of the
560:Superior or cerebral surface
421:Superior or cerebral surface
2158:Posterior clinoid processes
1603:Groove for transverse sinus
1447:of the 20th edition of
1146:Sphenoid bone superior view
731:By about the ninth week of
583:Sphenoidal emissary foramen
322:least commonly identified.
2904:
2883:Bones of the head and neck
1321:Human Anatomy Volume Three
1074:Lateral view of the skull.
552:
29:
2743:Accessory lacrimal glands
2675:Medial palpebral ligament
1348:. Elsevier. p. 211.
598:This is divided into (by
301:posterior clinoid process
188:with its wings extended.
138:
56:
44:
2284:Anterior clinoid process
2279:Superior orbital fissure
2025:Internal auditory meatus
1871:Fossa for lacrimal gland
1598:Internal occipital crest
1549:External occipital crest
1464:Anatomy figure: 22:01-06
1385:. Elsevier. p. 52.
964:: medial pterygoid plate
834:superior orbital fissure
672:superior orbital fissure
297:anterior clinoid process
140:Anatomical terms of bone
27:Bone of the neurocranium
2647:Inferior oblique muscle
2635:Superior oblique muscle
2261:Sulcus of auditory tube
1026:Shape of sphenoid bone.
528:internal carotid artery
433:posteriorly. It shows:
286:lateral pterygoid plate
250:from the anterior side.
2620:Inferior rectus muscle
2615:Superior rectus muscle
2175:Middle clinoid process
1180:Basilar skull fracture
1175:Pterygospinal ligament
787:medial pterygoid plate
701:
665:anterior cranial fossa
487:medial pterygoid plate
357:pterygospinous process
308:middle clinoid process
217:
209:
32:anatomical terminology
2625:Lateral rectus muscle
2452:Superior nasal concha
1932:Petrotympanic fissure
1234:) derives from Greek
696:
614:infratemporal surface
485:Vaginal processes of
303:of the sphenoid bone;
226:body of sphenoid bone
215:
199:
2630:Medial rectus muscle
2447:Supreme nasal concha
2079:Petrosquamous suture
2035:Stylomastoid foramen
1922:Suprameatal triangle
1814:Supraorbital foramen
957:: front part of body
566:middle cranial fossa
320:pterygoalar ligament
2888:Otorhinolaryngology
2728:Lacrimal canaliculi
2462:Middle nasal concha
2415:Perpendicular plate
2256:Infratemporal crest
1797:Superciliary arches
1675:Pharyngeal tubercle
1413:The Vertebrate Body
1098:Floor of the skull.
951:: back part of body
938:: each greater wing
600:infratemporal crest
443:Sulcus chiasmaticus
232:, which houses the
2720:Lacrimal apparatus
2490:ethmoidal foramina
2408:Olfactory foramina
2369:Sphenoidal conchae
2206:Sphenoidal sinuses
2198:Sphenoidal lingula
1917:Articular tubercle
1588:Cruciform eminence
1267:2nd edition, 1989.
945:: each lesser wing
873:lobe-finned fishes
747:part of the body.
702:
543:sphenoidal conchae
533:Sphenoidal sinuses
481:Sphenoidal conchae
295:that connects the
262:sphenoidal conchae
238:sphenoidal sinuses
218:
210:
30:This article uses
2843:
2842:
2813:Plica semilunaris
2780:Nasolacrimal duct
2733:Lacrimal caruncle
2700:Palpebral fissure
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2377:
2376:
2203:Anterior surface:
2170:Chiasmatic groove
2153:Hypophysial fossa
2148:Tuberculum sellae
2135:Superior surface:
2114:
2113:
2106:Suprameatal spine
2062:Inferior tympanic
2030:Cochlear aqueduct
1937:Zygomatic process
1894:
1893:
1831:Zygomatic process
1730:Parietal eminence
1716:
1715:
1640:Hypoglossal canal
1392:978-1-4377-2419-6
1355:978-0-443-10373-5
1330:978-81-239-2332-1
1010:Seen from above (
994:Seen from below (
969:Additional images
733:fetal development
710:tuberculum sellae
706:fetal development
505:Posterior surface
448:Tuberculum sellae
438:Jugum sphenoidale
425:Articulates with
347:pterygoid hamulus
228:, containing the
154:
153:
149:
16:(Redirected from
2895:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2770:Lacrimal punctum
2765:Lacrimal papilla
2753:Ciaccio's glands
2541:
2534:
2527:
2518:
2439:Uncinate process
2398:Cribriform plate
2388:
2326:pterygoid plates
2190:Lateral surface:
2180:Petrosal process
2125:
2045:Subarcuate fossa
1975:Occipital groove
1927:Mandibular fossa
1905:
1886:Frontonasal duct
1787:Frontal eminence
1770:
1740:Parietal foramen
1655:Jugular tubercle
1559:Suprainiac fossa
1518:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1471:
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1436:
1427:
1426:
1408:
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1335:
1334:
1316:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1277:Entry "sphenoid"
1274:
1268:
1260:
1243:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
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1196:
1170:Sphenoidal sinus
1155:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1007:
991:
979:
885:olfactory nerves
854:mandibular nerve
842:foramen rotundum
838:ophthalmic nerve
817:is transmitted.
769:foramen rotundum
632:Foramen spinosum
608:temporal surface
588:foramen spinosum
573:foramen rotundum
539:sphenoid sinuses
493:Anterior surface
469:Inferior surface
416:Body of sphenoid
146:edit on Wikidata
61:
49:
37:
21:
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2902:
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2896:
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2893:
2892:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2854:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2835:Tenon's capsule
2784:
2748:Krause's glands
2714:
2685:Meibomian gland
2680:Epicanthic fold
2651:
2601:
2555:
2545:
2515:
2506:
2471:
2457:Superior meatus
2431:Lateral surface
2419:
2373:
2352:
2343:Pterygoid canal
2300:
2293:
2265:
2210:
2165:Ethmoidal spine
2110:
2092:
2074:Styloid process
1994:
1960:Mastoid process
1955:Mastoid foramen
1941:
1890:
1876:Trochlear fovea
1866:Ethmoidal notch
1852:
1841:Sagittal sulcus
1759:
1745:Sagittal sulcus
1712:
1684:
1661:
1650:Jugular process
1628:Condyloid fossa
1609:
1507:
1498:
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1008:
999:
992:
983:
980:
971:
943:Orbitosphenoids
917:orbitosphenoids
862:
846:maxillary nerve
826:
761:
729:
698:Figure 4 :
691:
651:
640:
638:Orbital surface
596:
594:Lateral surface
562:
557:
551:
535:
524:cavernous sinus
517:
515:Lateral surface
507:
495:
471:
423:
418:
410:facial skeleton
370:
352:pterygoid canal
337:pterygoid fossa
332:pterygoid notch
328:
282:spina angularis
270:
234:pituitary gland
194:
160:is an unpaired
150:
64:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2820:Orbital septum
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2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2740:
2738:Lacrimal gland
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2690:Ciliary glands
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2577:Maxillary bone
2574:
2572:Zygomatic bone
2569:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:Medial surface
2441:
2436:
2434:Orbital lamina
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2394:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2305:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2193:Carotid groove
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1985:Mastoid antrum
1982:
1980:Sigmoid sulcus
1977:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1789:
1784:
1782:Frontal suture
1778:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1755:Sagittal crest
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1696:Foramen magnum
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1633:Condylar canal
1630:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1458:External links
1456:
1450:Gray's Anatomy
1429:
1428:
1421:
1398:
1391:
1373:
1361:
1354:
1344:Jacob (2008).
1336:
1329:
1296:
1287:
1269:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:os sphecoidale
1190:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1012:parietal bones
1009:
1002:
1000:
993:
986:
984:
981:
974:
970:
967:
966:
965:
958:
952:
946:
939:
861:
858:
825:
822:
760:
757:
728:
725:
690:
687:
686:
685:
682:
675:
668:
661:
658:
650:
647:
639:
636:
635:
634:
629:
617:
616:
610:
595:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
561:
558:
550:
547:
537:Sphenoidal or
534:
531:
520:Carotid sulcus
516:
513:
506:
503:
494:
491:
490:
489:
483:
478:
470:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
431:occipital bone
422:
419:
417:
414:
369:
366:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
342:scaphoid fossa
339:
334:
327:
324:
312:
311:
304:
289:
278:pterygospinous
269:
266:
258:
257:
251:
240:
206:orbital cavity
193:
190:
152:
151:
142:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
85:os sphenoidale
82:
76:
75:
71:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2900:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Lacrimal lake
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2710:Gland of Zeis
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2597:Lacrimal bone
2595:
2593:
2592:Palatine bone
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:Sphenoid bone
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Ethmoid sinus
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2467:Middle meatus
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Dorsum sellae
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:Sella turcica
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2098:Tympanic part
2095:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2050:Jugular fossa
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Carotid canal
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Mastoid notch
1968:
1965:
1964:Mastoid cells
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1909:Squamous part
1906:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:Frontal sinus
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1846:Frontal crest
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:Foramen cecum
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1774:Squamous part
1771:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:Sagittal keel
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:Temporal line
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1615:Lateral parts
1612:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Occipital bun
1542:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1522:Squamous part
1519:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:public domain
1424:
1422:0-03-910284-X
1418:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1346:Human Anatomy
1340:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1134:Sphenoid bone
1130:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1038:Facial bones.
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1001:
997:
990:
985:
978:
973:
968:
963:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
940:
937:
933:
932:
931:
929:
924:
922:
918:
913:
909:
904:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
871:In the early
869:
867:
860:Other animals
859:
857:
855:
851:
850:foramen ovale
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
821:
818:
816:
811:
808:
804:
801:
796:
793:
790:
788:
783:
781:
776:
774:
773:foramen ovale
770:
766:
758:
756:
754:
748:
746:
742:
741:optic foramen
738:
734:
726:
724:
721:
719:
718:dorsum sellae
715:
714:sella turcica
711:
707:
699:
695:
688:
683:
680:
679:Sylvian point
676:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
656:
655:
654:
648:
646:
645:
637:
633:
630:
628:
627:Foramen ovale
625:
624:
623:
621:
615:
611:
609:
605:
604:
603:
601:
593:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
578:foramen ovale
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
567:
559:
556:
549:Greater wings
548:
546:
544:
540:
532:
530:
529:
525:
521:
514:
512:
511:
504:
502:
500:
492:
488:
484:
482:
479:
476:
473:
472:
468:
464:
461:
459:
458:Dorsum sellae
456:
454:
453:Sella turcica
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
432:
428:
420:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
368:Articulations
367:
363:
362:sella turcica
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
325:
323:
321:
317:
309:
305:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:
273:
267:
265:
263:
255:
252:
249:
245:
244:greater wings
241:
239:
235:
231:
230:sella turcica
227:
223:
222:
221:
214:
207:
203:
198:
191:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:sphenoid bone
147:
141:
137:
134:
131:
129:
125:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
72:
67:
60:
55:
48:
43:
40:Sphenoid bone
38:
33:
19:
2775:Lacrimal sac
2587:Ethmoid bone
2581:
2567:Frontal bone
2489:
2443:
2430:
2403:Crista galli
2325:
2308:
2223:
2202:
2189:
2134:
2119:
2083:
2056:
2039:
2013:Facial canal
2000:Petrous part
1947:Mastoid part
1858:Orbital part
1835:
1808:
1791:
1667:Basilar part
1644:
1582:
1565:
1554:Nuchal lines
1529:
1501:Neurocranium
1452:
1438:
1432:
1412:
1382:
1376:
1364:
1345:
1339:
1320:
1290:
1280:
1272:
1262:
1258:
1239:
1235:
1199:
1194:
1014:are removed)
949:Basisphenoid
936:Alisphenoids
925:
912:alisphenoids
905:
889:
881:sphenethmoid
870:
863:
827:
819:
812:
809:
805:
797:
794:
791:
784:
777:
765:alisphenoids
762:
759:Postsphenoid
753:ethmoid bone
749:
730:
722:
703:
697:
652:
649:Lesser wings
641:
618:
597:
563:
536:
518:
508:
496:
427:ethmoid bone
424:
406:neurocranium
371:
313:
271:
259:
248:lesser wings
219:
166:neurocranium
157:
155:
109:A02.1.05.001
84:
2808:Conjunctiva
2289:Optic canal
2271:Small wings
2216:Great wings
1236:sphenoeides
998:is removed)
955:Presphenoid
921:presphenoid
830:mastication
800:presphenoid
745:presphenoid
737:small wings
727:Presphenoid
689:Development
622:pierce it:
477:of sphenoid
74:Identifiers
18:Presphenoid
2872:Categories
2825:Periorbita
2057:canaliculi
1819:Brow ridge
1250:References
962:Pterygoids
900:amphibians
866:homologous
553:See also:
293:dura mater
2495:Posterior
2477:Labyrinth
2314:Pterygoid
2301:processes
2299:Pterygoid
1706:Opisthion
1571:Occipital
1513:Occipital
877:tetrapods
612:Lower or
606:Upper or
402:occipital
390:zygomatic
192:Structure
182:butterfly
2500:Anterior
2424:Surfaces
2319:Scaphoid
2244:Spinosum
2229:Rotundum
2224:foramina
2128:Surfaces
2120:Sphenoid
2086:ossicles
1900:Temporal
1836:internal
1809:foramina
1802:Glabella
1792:external
1722:Parietal
1583:internal
1530:external
1445:page 147
1200:sphenoid
1164:See also
996:mandible
892:reptiles
824:Function
815:ectoderm
522:lodging
394:palatine
386:temporal
378:parietal
326:Features
284:and the
2862:Anatomy
2801:Unibrow
2796:Eyebrow
2705:Canthus
2695:Eyelash
2607:Muscles
2551:of the
2383:Ethmoid
2348:Hamulus
2331:Lateral
2239:Vesalii
2084:(note:
2067:Mastoid
1765:Frontal
1645:jugular
1623:Condyle
1503:of the
926:In the
908:mammals
620:Foramen
499:ethmoid
475:Rostrum
408:to the
382:ethmoid
374:frontal
164:of the
97:D013100
69:Details
2848:Portal
2670:Tarsus
2657:Eyelid
2391:Plates
2336:Medial
2309:fossae
2185:Clivus
2040:fossae
2018:Hiatus
1989:Aditus
1701:Basion
1680:Clivus
1576:Nuchal
1566:planes
1453:(1918)
1419:
1389:
1352:
1327:
852:(with
848:) and
844:(with
836:(with
463:Clivus
400:, and
316:ossify
2789:Other
2560:Bones
2549:orbit
2357:Other
2251:Spine
2234:Ovale
1689:Other
1535:Inion
1505:skull
1443:from
1186:Notes
896:birds
785:Each
644:orbit
398:vomer
202:orbit
178:orbit
170:skull
144:[
133:52736
80:Latin
2547:The
2364:Body
1417:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1325:ISBN
919:and
875:and
798:The
771:and
716:and
526:and
299:and
276:the
260:Two
242:two
162:bone
156:The
104:TA98
92:MeSH
2553:eye
1279:in
1264:OED
928:dog
906:In
856:).
840:),
602:):
186:bat
184:or
128:FMA
121:584
116:TA2
2874::
1401:^
1299:^
1224:ɔɪ
1218:iː
960:2
941:2
934:2
545:.
412:.
396:,
392:,
388:,
384:,
380:,
376:,
2850::
2540:e
2533:t
2526:v
1991:)
1987:(
1966:)
1962:(
1537:/
1493:e
1486:t
1479:v
1425:.
1395:.
1358:.
1333:.
1285:.
1230:/
1227:d
1221:n
1215:f
1212:s
1209:ˈ
1206:/
1202:(
681:.
674:.
667:.
310:.
208:)
148:]
34:.
20:)
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