Early Gothic architecture - Knowledge (XXG)

2305: 786: 710: 722: 1328:, or meeting place of two barrel vaults, with stone ribs. The ribbed groin vaults were installed in 1093–96 and were the first of their kind in Europe. As the work continued, the builders experimented with an even bolder variation, using pointed instead of rounded arches, to spread the weight outwards. The new pointed rib vaults were installed over the south transept and nave beginning in 1130. The new vaults were not successful; the thin panels between the ribs were made of plastered rubble, and were too heavy and cracked, and in 1235 they had to be replaced. Newer and lighter versions of the rib vault, using small pieces of cut stone in the panels, rather than plastered rubble, were developed in Normandy and the Ile-de-France. Pointed Rib vaults did not fully take hold in England until the second half of the 12th century. 649: 1410: 964: 2459: 2582: 580: 1563: 1964: 568: 1648: 2633: 210: 2260: 2403: 2383: 1711: 1083: 774: 2130: 1726: 226: 1531: 698: 1390: 1547: 2244: 633: 2364: 1000: 1696: 2597: 2272: 544: 1741: 1191: 2177: 2419: 1516:, rather than the dominant vertical elements, such as wall shafts, of the French style. The piers were composed of as many as twenty-four shafts, adding another unusual decorative effect. The north porch, built in 1210–15, and especially the west front (1220–1240) had a particularly novel decorative effect. The screen facade of the west front is filled with nearly four hundred carved and painted stone figure, and is made more impressive by two flanking towers, attached to but not part of the body of the church. This arrangement was adapted by other English cathedrals, including 1179: 857:

massive pillars made of dreamlike sections of stone, giving it greater harmony and a greater sensation of length. The new cathedral was unusual in form; the apse on the east was flat, not rounded, and the choir was exceptionally long, nearly as long as the nave. Another striking feature of Laon Cathedral were the three great rose windows, one on the west facade and two on the transepts. (Only the west and north windows still remain). Another unusual feature at Laon is the lantern tower at the transept crossing, most likely inspired by the Norman Gothic abbey churches in

1827: 890: 1636: 2098: 841: 1996: 976: 2020:

The rib vault had thin stone ribs which carried the vaulted surface of thin panels. Unlike the earlier barrel vault, where the weight of the vault pressed down directly onto the walls, the arched ribs of a rib vault had a pointed arch, a rib which directed the weight outwards and downwards to specific points, usually piers and columns in the nave below, or outward to the walls, where it was countered by buttresses. The panels between the ribs were made of small pieces of stone, and were much lighter than the earlier barrel vaults. A primitive form, a ribbed

1379:, who had been murdered in the cathedral. The new structure had many French features, such as the doubled columns in the Trinity chapel, and piers replaced by Purbeck-marble wall shafts. But it also retained many specifically English features, such as a great variety in the level and placement of the spaces; the Trinity chapel, for example is sixteen steps above the Choir). It also retaining rather than eliminated the transepts - Canterbury had two. Early English Gothic put an emphasis on great length; Canterbury was doubled in length between 1096 and 1130. 1095: 1461: 2207: 556: 1616: 1980: 878: 2293: 194: 798: 1949: 2435: 1842: 988: 2114: 1600: 1115: 1812: 1491: 2320: 2617: 2471: 1780: 2161: 179: 2082: 2447: 1476: 40: 1899: 2192: 1867: 1796: 902: 1670:, was French, but he constructed a church with distinct non-French features; double transepts, an elongated nave, complexity of interior space, and a more lavish use of decorative features. St. Hugh's Choir, named after the French-born monk St. Hugh of Lincoln, was a good example. The choir was covered with a rib vault in which most of the ribs had a purely decorative role. In addition to the functional ribs, it featured extra ribs called 1883: 684: 1313: 3998: 2044:

columns from the corners of the vault to the alternating heavy piers and thinner columns in the nave below. The weight was distributed unevenly; the piers received the greater weight from diagonal arches, while the columns took the lesser weight from the intermediate arch. This system was used successfully at the Basilica of Saint-Denis, Noyon Cathedral, Laon Cathedral, and Notre-Dame de Paris.

4022: 1024: 1368:. Contrasting the old with the new choir. He wrote: "There, the arches and everything else was plain, or sculpted with an axe and not with a chisel. But here almost throughout is appropriate sculpture. There used to be no marble shafts, but here are innumerable ones. There in the circuit round the choir, the vaults were plain, but here they are arch-ribbed and have key-stones." 4010: 1581:(1220–1260) is another example of the mature Early English Gothic. Salisbury is best known for its famous crossing tower and spire, added in the 14th century, but its complex plan, with two sets of transepts, a projecting north porch and a rectangular east end, is a classic example of the early English Gothic. It was a distinct contrast from the French 2525:

then pieces of colored glass were "grozed", or cracked off the sheet, and assembled on the table. The details of the windows were then painted on in vitreous enamel, then fired. The glass pieces were fit into grooved pieces of lead, which were soldered together, and sealed with putty to make them waterproof, to complete the window.

2304: 1681:(also known as a blank arcade) in the decoration of Hugh's chapel. Two layers of arcades with pointed arches are attached to the walls, giving a theatrical effect of three dimensions. This element is enhanced by the use of different color stone for the thin columns; ribs of white limestone for the lower columns and black 785: 1765:, the first in France, was a good example; A facade with three portals and two towers; a long nave with collateral aisles; a rather long choir, a very short transept, and a rounded apse with a double ambulatory and radiating chapels. Variations on this plan were used in most early French cathedrals, including 954:. The buttresses reached from heavy towers outside the nave, over the top of the tribunes, and pressed directly against the upper walls of the nave, countering the outward thrust from the ceiling vaults. This made possible thinner walls and the installation of larger windows in the upper walls of the nave 2019:

was a characteristic feature of Gothic architecture from the beginning. It was the result of a search for a way to build stone roofs on churches that could not catch fire but would not be too heavy. Variations of rib vaults had been used in Islamic and Romanesque architecture, often to support domes.

1153:

The predominant sensation at Bourges is not only great height, but great length and interior space; the cathedral is 120 m (390 ft) long, without a transept or other interruption. The most unusual feature of Bourges Cathedral is the arrangement of vertical height; each part of the elevation

1149:

Since Bourges used six-part rib vaults instead of the lighter four-part vaults, the upper walls had to resist greater outward thrust, and the flying buttresses had to be more effective. The Bourges buttresses used a unique design with a particularly acute angle, which gave it the necessary force, but

852:

Laon was built upon a hilltop one hundred metres high, making it visible from a great distance. The hilltop imposed a special burden for the builders; all the stones had to be carried to the top of the hill in carts drawn by oxen. The oxen who did the work were honoured by statues on the tower of the

599:

began before the construction of the ambulatory of Saint-Denis. Therefore, the ambulatory is rather Romanesque than Gothic. All adjacent chapels are much later and no more Primary Gothic. But its arcades and triforia already fit the criteria of Gothic architecture. It was constructed between 1135 and

285:

In the classification of architecture periods, Early Gothic raises certain issues. Early Gothic is defined as a style that used some principle elements of Gothic, but not all. Especially, it had no fine tracery. It marks the first phase of a division of Gothic style into three periods. If it is used

1917:

At the time of the early Gothic, the flying buttress was not yet in common use, and buttresses were placed directly close to or directly against the walls. The walls had to be reinforced by additional width. The early Gothic churches in France typically had four elevations or levels in the nave: the

502:

in a new way, replacing the thick dividing walls with arched rib vaults poised on columns with sculpted capitals. Suger wrote that the new chevet was "ennobled by the beauty of length and width." And "the midst of the edifice was suddenly raised aloft by twelve columns". He added that, when creating

2496:

to fill the ambulatory and chapels with what he considered to be divine light. The stained glass windows of Saint-Denis and other Early Gothic churches had a particular intensity of color, partly because the glass was thicker and used more color, and partly because the early windows were small, and

272:

Stained glass windows were an important feature of early Gothic architecture, and they were significantly larger than those in earlier periods. Their purpose was to fill the church interior with a mystical coloured light, representing the Holy Spirit, and to illustrate Bible stores for the majority

2047:

A simpler and stronger vault with just four compartments was developed at the end of the period by eliminating the intermediate arch. As a result, the piers or columns below all received an equal load, and could have the same size and appearance, giving greater harmony to the nave. This system was

1382:

One reason for the differences between French and English Gothic was that French Benedictine abbey-churches usually put different functions into separate buildings, while in England they were usually combined in the same structure. Similar complicated multifunctional designs were found not only in

939:. Its original elevations were intermediate between tree levels and four levels: above the tribunes there were no veritable triforia, but a clerestory with two levels of windows, the lower level consisted of small rose windows, and the upper level of modest pointed arched windows without tracery. 2524:

for yellow. When molten, it was blown into a bubble, formed into a tubular shape, cut at the ends to make a cylinder, then slit and flattened while it was still hot. It ranged in thickness from 3 to 8 mm (0.12 to 0.31 in). A full-size drawing of the window was made on a large table, and

2153:

existed before the Gothic period, but Gothic architects developed them to a high degree of sophistication. By counterbalancing the thrust against the upper walls from the rib vaults, they made possible the great height, thin walls and large upper windows of the Gothic cathedrals. The early Gothic

931:

The builders covered the interior of the cathedral with six-part vaults, but unlike Sens and other the earlier cathedrals they did not use alternating piers and columns to support them. The vaults were supported instead by bundles of three uninterrupted slender columns which were received by rows

667:

was built between 1153 and 1191. Its length was limited by modest budget and by the placement of the building against the city wall. Like Sens cathedral, it was composed of a nave without a transept, flanked by a single collateral. The radiating chapels of the choir are separate extensions of the

1688:

A third feature important feature of Lincoln was the thick or double-shell wall. This was an Anglo-Romanesque feature, which earlier had been in used in Romanesque structures of Caen, and in Durham and Winchester Cathedral. Instead of being supported only by flying buttresses, the vaults receive

1038:

and a popular pilgrimage site that displayed the reputed tunic that Mary wore when giving birth to Christ. A series of earlier cathedrals in Chartres beginning in the fourth century, were destroyed by fire. The cathedral immediately previous to the present church burned in 1194, leaving only the

1145:

cathedrals, alternating strong and weak pillars. This was artfully hidden by the use of large cylindrical piers, each surrounded by eight engaged colonettes. The piers of the arcade are particularly imposing; each is 21 m (69 ft) tall. Choir and chapels of Bourges cathedral still have

856:

Laon was also unusual because of its five towers; two on the west front, two on the transepts, and an octagonal lantern on crossing. Laon, like most early Gothic cathedrals, had four interior levels. Laon also had alternating octagonal and square piers supporting the nave, but these rested upon

2043:

The first Gothic rib vaults were divided by the ribs into six compartments. A six-part vault could cover two sections of the nave. Two pointed arches crossed diagonally and were supported by an intermediate arch, which crossed the nave from side to side. The weight was carried downward by thin

1351:

Many limitations were put upon William of Sens by the monks who ran the cathedral. He was not allowed to replace entirely the original Norman church, and had to fit his new structure on the old crypt and within the surviving outer Norman walls. Nonetheless, he achieved a strikingly original

1859:

The plans of the early English Gothic cathedrals were usually longer and much more complex, with additional transepts, attached chapels, external towers, and usually a rectangular west end. The choirs were often as long as the nave. The form expressed the multiple activities often going on

672:

that was begun in 1209 and has a polygonal ambulatory and chapels. The elevation of Senlis originally had four levels, including large tribunes. Like Sens, Senlis Cathedral had alternating strong and weak piers to receive the uneven thrust from the six-part rib vaults. The church underwent

709: 1136:

and not Chartres. Like Chartres, the builders simplified the vertical plan to three levels; grand arcades, triforium, and high windows. The triforium was simplified a long horizontal band, the entire length of the church. However, unlike Paris, Bourges continued to use the older six-part

2225:

The most important sculptural decoration of early Gothic cathedrals was found over and around the portals, or doorways, on the tympanum and sometimes also on the columns. Following the model of Romanesque churches, these depicted the Holy Family and Saints. Following the tradition of

1963: 1050:

Work was nearly completed by 1225, with the architecture, glass and sculpture finished, though the seven steeples were still being rebuilt. It was not formally reconsecrated until 1260. Only a few changes were made since that time, including the addition of a new chapel dedicated to

764:, Noyon also used massive compound piers alternating with round columns, necessary because of the uneven weight distribution from the six-part vaults. The east end has five radiating chapels and three levels of windows, creating a created a dramatic flood of light into the nave. 2230:, the figures were usually stiff, straight, simple forms, and often elongated. As the period advanced, the sculpture became more naturalistic. The floral and vegetal sculpture of the capitals of columns in the nave was more realistic, showing a close observation of nature. 648: 1941:

The introduction of a simpler four-part rib vault and especially the flying buttress meant that the walls could be thinner and higher, with more room for windows. By the end of the period, the triforium level was usually eliminated, and larger windows filled the space.

2067:, a French or French-Normand master-builder who between 1192 and 1200 designed St. Hugh's choir, completed in 1208. The ribs were designed so that the bays slightly offset each other, giving them the nickname of "Crazy vaults". De Noiers was succeeded at Lincoln by 1154:

is set back, like steps, with the highest roof and vaults over the central aisle. The outermost aisles have vaults nine meters high; the intermediate aisles have vaults 21.3 m (70 ft) high; and the center aisle has vaults 37.5 m (123 ft) high.

3196:"As work began on the vault of the eastern part of the choir, William was incapacitated by a fall from a scaffold. He probably continued to direct the work from his sickbed, but this was impractical, and so he gave up and returned to France, where he died." 1433:

order and its monasteries. The architecture of the Cistercians was based upon simplicity and functionality. All decoration was forbidden. The Cistercian monasteries were in remote locations, far from the cities. They were closed in 1539 during the reign of

1546: 721: 519:, who taught that light was a divine manifestation, and that all things were "material lights", reflecting the infinite light of God himself. Therefore, stained glass became a way to create a glowing, unworldly light ideal for religious reflection. 1047:. The arcades and aisles were much taller than in the first Gothic cathedrals, and the tribune were omitted. Also the clerestories were higher than in any basilica before it. Except for their lowest parts, the apse and the chapels were polygonal. 2363: 343:(Radiant or Shining Gothic), from the second third of 13th century to the first half of 14th century, marked by triforia with windows and a general preference for stained glass instead of stone walls. It forms the greater portion of High Gothic. 928:, the previous tallest church. It featured a central nave flanked by double collaterals, and a choir surrounded by a double ambulatory, without radiating chapels. (The current chapels were added between the buttresses in the 14th century). 942:

In the 13th century, when it was decided that the interior was too dark, and the upright windows were enlarged downward into the area of the small roses. Around the transept, the original design was reconstructed during the restoration by

507:

and elsewhere in Rome. He described the finished work as "a circular string of chapels, by virtue of which the whole church would shine with the wonderful and uninterrupted light of most luminous windows, pervading the interior beauty."

1512:, (built between 1185–1200 and modified until 1240) is another leading example of the early English style. It borrowed some aspects, such as its elevation, from the French style, but gave precedence to strong horizontals, such as the 1360:. Following the French model, he used six-part rib vaults, pointed arches, supporting columns with carved acanthus leaf decoration, and a semi-circular ambulatory. However, other elements were purely English, such as the use of dark 2382: 1689:

additional support from the thicker walls of the gallery over the aisles. This allowed a considerably wider span across the nave, and also meant that the vaults could have additional purely decorative ribs, as in the "Crazy vault".

600:

1164. Different from the other cathedrals of Primary Gothic, it has no tribunes above the aisles, but triforia as one of three levels, alike some Romanesque basilicas before and Classic Gothic afterwards. It used the new six-part

963: 827:

style. In about 1180, the (first) choir, crossing and transept and the eastern five bays of the nave were finished. The western part of the nave and the façade followed until 1200. Therefore, the façade is already an example of

2458: 1674:, which did not lead to the central point of the vault, but to a point along the ridge rib on the crown of the vault. They were put together in lavish designs, which gave the resulting ceiling the nickname "The crazy vault." 1340:. A fire destroyed the mainly Romanesque choir in September 1174, and leading architects from England and France were invited to offer plans for its reconstruction. The winner of this competition was a French master builder, 2154:

buttresses were placed close to the walls, and were columns of stone with a short arch to the upper level, between the windows. They were often topped by stone pinnacles both for decoration, and to make them even heavier.

431:, but soon developed its own particular characteristics, particularly an emphasis for length over height, and more complex and asymmetric floor plans, square rather than rounded east ends, and polychrome decoration, using 1082: 1042:

Concerning its windows (without tracery or with plate tracery), this cathedral was still an example of Early Gothic, but its elevations were innovative. Therefore Chartres Cathedral is considered the initial building of

1409: 773: 999: 166:, was not only a prominent religious figure but also first minister to Louis VI and Louis VII. He oversaw the royal administration when the King was absent on the Crusades. He commissioned the reconstruction of the 1562: 474:

was important because it was the burial place of the French Kings of the Capetian dynasty from the late 10th until the early 14th century. It attracted a very large number of pilgrims, attracted by the relics of

2596: 1995: 836:

praised the innovative upper parts of the towers. But the original choir began to decay and in 1205–1220 was replaced by the actual one. Following English examples, it has no apse, but a rectangular east end.

2129: 1926:, a wall with larger windows, just under the vaults. These multiple levels added to the width and thus the stability of the walls, before the flying buttress was commonly used. This was the system used at 2581: 1725: 975: 756:. The new cathedral still had many Romanesque features, including prominent transepts with rounded ends and deep galleries, but it introduced several Gothic innovations, including the fourth level, the 2402: 2330:

Sculpture was lavishly used in Early Gothic cathedrals, particularly over the portals. The early Gothic sculpture was stiff and formal and lacked realism, unlike the sculpture the later sculpture of

1615: 1589:

columns. The Lady Chapel of Salisbury has extremely slender pillars of Purbeck marble supporting the vaults, shows the diversity and harmony of mature English Early Gothic, entering the period of

1094: 1599: 74:

which lasted from about 1120 until about 1200. The early Gothic builders used innovative technologies to resolve the problem of masonry ceilings which were too heavy for the traditional arched

2632: 2271: 555: 2259: 2243: 1389: 140:(1081–1137), had succeeded, after a long struggle, in bringing the barons of northern France under his control, and successfully defended his domain against attacks by the English King, 1948: 1841: 1062:. Since the cathedral was constructed with the new flying buttresses, the walls were more stable, enabling the builders to eliminate the tribune level, and have more space for windows. 112:

in Paris, (1135-1144). The style soon spread from the Paris region to other parts of France, and then to England. Notable examples of early English Gothic include the Trinity Chapel of

877: 1647: 567: 1826: 2470: 209: 1740: 2160: 579: 2418: 260:

Another important innovation of the High Gothic was a change in the interior elevations. As thinner walls were made possible by buttresses, intermediate levels, such as the

2434: 1039:

crypt, towers, and the recently built west front. Rebuilding began the same year, with support from the Pope, the King, and the wealthy nobility and merchants of the city.

1530: 543: 1695: 1710: 2504:

in the early 12th century. The glass and the windows were made by different craftsmen, usually at different locations. The molten glass was coloured with metal oxides;

1178: 1371:

William of Sens fell from a scaffolding in 1178 and was seriously injured, and returned to France, where he died, and his work was continued by an English architect,

1779: 1270:, begun in the 1170s, featured the more modern four-part rib vaults and flying buttresses. Other experiments with Gothic rib vaults and other features took place in 225: 1190: 697: 608:

massive square piers and more slender round columns. It had a wide impact on the Gothic style not only in France, but also in England, because its master builder,

2097: 632: 3689: 1979: 2176: 673:

considerable rebuilding in the 13th and 16th century, including a new tower and new interior decorations. Many of the early Gothic features are overladen with

2292: 2764: 1811: 1460: 2206: 924:

with the intention of surpassing all other existing churches in Europe. The new cathedral was 122 meters long and 35 meters high, eleven meters higher than

2488:

had existed for centuries, and was used in Romanesque churches, but it became was a particularly important feature of early Gothic architecture. The Abbot

522:

According to Suger, every aspect of the new apse architecture had a symbolic meaning. The twelve columns separating the chapels, he wrote, represented the

193: 2446: 2113: 1069:. The north and south transepts fronts are High Gothic, as is the sculpture of the six thirteenth-century portals. The spire on the north tower is later 2528:

The rose window was a particular feature of early Gothic. They had been used in Romanesque architecture, such as the two small windows on the facade of

1635: 1585:, begun the same year, with its simple apse on east and its minimal transepts. The nave has strong horizontal lines created by the contrast of the dark 93:

region of France, around Paris, and spread quickly to other regions, and to England and Germany. It combined several existing technologies, notably the

987: 604:

in the nave, giving the church exceptional width and height. Because the six-part vaults distributed the weight unevenly, the vaults were supported by

144:(1100–1135). Under Louis and his successors, cathedrals were the most visible symbol of the unity of the French church and state. During the reign of 3882: 2616: 2319: 453:

was succeeded in the early 13th century by a new wave of larger and taller buildings, with further technical innovations, in a style later known as

178: 159:

became the ceremonial royal burial place. The King and his successors lavishly supported the construction and enlargement of abbeys and cathedrals.

2081: 1490: 2802: 797: 4058: 3923: 3918: 3662: 3649: 3616: 3583: 3527: 3489: 3345: 3966: 3768: 3546: 2354: 950:

The flying buttress made its first appearance in Paris in the early 13th century, either at Notre Dame, or perhaps earlier in the Abbey of

889: 1475: 3971: 3876: 3565: 2350: 920:

was the largest of the Early Gothic cathedrals, and marked the summit of the Early Gothic in France. It was begun in 1163 by the Bishop

677:

and later decoration. In the 16th century, the triforia disappeared, whereas the tribunes kept their Primary Gothic layout until today.

1973:, consecration 1182, three levels (arcade, tribune and clerestory); triforia removed by the remodeling of the clerestories after 1220 654:

Elevation of Sens Cathedral: three levels; the tribune above the aisle, typical for Early Gothic or Primary Gothic, is still missing.

3682: 3631: 3598: 3508: 3470: 3370: 1866: 1898: 1666:(rebuilt from the Norman style beginning in 1192), is the best example of the fully mature early Gothic style. The master-builder, 2532:

in Italy (early 10th century), but they became more important and complex in the Gothic period. In the 12th century, according to

3976: 3841: 3758: 1795: 1279: 1055:

in 1326, and the covering of the choir columns with stucco and the addition of marble reliefs in behind the stalls in the 1750s.

3418: 2551:, a geometric pattern of openings in stone over the central portal. Early examples included the rose on the west facade of the 2191: 2167: 1882: 1275: 105:, to build much higher and thinner walls, which allowed more space for stained glass windows and more light in the interior. 3872: 3815: 3773: 2658: 397: 82:, where thin stone ribs passed the weight of the ceiling to rows of columns and outside the walls to another innovation, the 748:, the prosperous region north of Paris. The city has an important connection with French history, as the coronation site of 301:) or Gothique premier (First Gothic), from short before 1140 until short after 1180, marked by tribunes above the aisles of 4014: 1364:

to create decorative contrasts with the pale stone brought from Normandy. The work was described by a monk and chronicler,

1761:

The plans of the early Gothic cathedrals in France were usually in the form of a Greek cross, and were relatively simple.

273:

of parishioners who could not read.The windows were necessarily small, because, before the invention of the stone ribs of

2028:, and then, in the course of building, was improved with pointed arches in about 1096. Other variations had been used at 901: 132:

Early Gothic architecture was the result of the emergence in the 12th century of a powerful French state centered in the

4053: 4048: 4002: 3751: 3675: 1556:, with its strong horizontal emphasis. The unusual double arch was added in 1338 to reinforce the support of the tower. 840: 3946: 3913: 3778: 3741: 3724: 2683: 1301: 287: 245:

Early Gothic architecture was the solution that the first Gothic builders found to resolve the problem of the earlier

1324:, a Romanesque church, a traverse of the nave and lower aisle was made with an early variation a rib vault, a ribbed 1292:

beginning in 1185. The new Gothic nave was given four levels, while the later choir had the newly fashionable three.

1288:

had notable early Gothic features, added when the interior was reconstructed from Romanesque to Gothic by archbishop

286:

for all countries, it has to be regarded that there may be special terms for the styles of single countries, such as

1383:

Canterbury, but in the abbey-churches of Bath, Coventry, Durham, Ely, Norwich, Rochester, Winchester and Worcester.

3729: 3402: 3294: 3202: 2914: 2848: 2678: 377: 2756: 1073:. Chartres still has much of its original medieval stained glass, famous for the deep color called Chartres blue. 359: 3719: 1429:

monasteries. The Cistercian order had been formed in 1098 as a reaction against the opulence and ornament of the

1226:. Its eastern parts are Early Gothic with some Romanesque elements; its western parts have High Gothic tracery. 668:

ambulatory (different from Saint-Denis, where they form something like an outer aisle). They gave an example for

350:(Flaming Gothic), since mid 14th century, marked by swinging and flaming (that makes the term) forms of tracery. 2688: 1010: 1258:

Experiments with Gothic features were also underway in Normandy in the late 11th and 12th centuries. In 1098

683: 358:

and other buildings with the first rib vaults in Romanesque walls are subsumed to this style, most of German

3019:, puublshed by Verlag Langewiesche, Königstein im Taunus 2016 (= Die Blauen Bücher), ISBN 978-3-7845-4826-5. 2588: 2552: 2493: 2389: 2369: 2311: 1786: 1267: 1157:

Many later Gothic cathedrals followed the Chartres model, but several were influenced by Bourges, including

605: 471: 381: 246: 200: 184: 167: 3961: 3734: 1372: 951: 313: 1375:, who constructed the Trinity Chapel in the apse and the Corona in the east end, which were monuments to 4026: 3930: 1365: 1141:

used in Paris. This meant that the weight of the vaults fell unevenly upon the nave, and required, like

833: 479:, the patron saint of Paris. To accommodate the large number of pilgrims, Suger first constructed a new 400:, of exceptional height and grandeur, filled with light from stained glass windows. Notable examples of 2334:

cathedrals, which was influenced by the ancient Roman sculpture which had recently been discovered.

932:

massive pillars with capitals decorated with classical decoration. This gave the nave greater harmony.

4021: 2786: 1114: 533:

The Basilica, including the upper parts of the choir and the apse, were extensively modified into the

257:, where thin stone ribs spread the weight of the ceiling outward and downwards to flying buttresses. 3956: 2623: 2564: 2533: 2501: 2477: 2227: 1396: 1337: 1289: 613: 512: 476: 428: 405: 156: 113: 109: 981:

Nave looking to the east: six-part rib vaults, clerestories remodeled after 1220, three levels only.

779:

Choir, begun short after 1150, elevation with 4 levels: arcade, tribune, triforium, clerestory

3746: 3698: 2653: 2639: 2541: 2213: 2104: 2068: 2033: 1970: 1935: 1904: 1848: 1832: 1770: 1622: 1606: 1578: 1517: 1353: 1133: 1059: 917: 669: 504: 444: 421: 71: 39: 2556: 2497:

their light had a more striking contrast with the dark interiors of the churches and cathedrals.

2425: 2250: 2234: 2064: 1667: 1243: 1219: 1162: 1031: 936: 321: 265: 145: 141: 137: 3908: 3903: 3763: 3714: 3658: 3645: 3627: 3612: 3594: 3579: 3561: 3542: 3523: 3504: 3485: 3466: 3366: 3341: 2278: 2233:

One of the finest examples of early Gothic sculpture is the tympanum over the royal portal of

2136: 2072: 2052: 2002: 1889: 1732: 1717: 1701: 1663: 1247: 1207: 1158: 1125: 1118: 1088:

The choir and the apse chapels of Chartres Cathedral, except for the crypts already polygonal

1058:

The new cathedral was 130.2 meters long and 30 meters high in the nave longer and higher than

1006: 865: 516: 440: 3032:, published by Verlag Schnell und Steiner, 19th revised edition, 2015, ISBN 978-3-7954-4365-8 2707:

Enyclopedia Britannica On-Line, "Gothic Architecture" (by subscription), retrieved April 2024

3898: 3793: 3788: 2555:(though the present window is not original), and the early rose window on the west front of 2025: 1590: 1582: 1521: 1321: 1215: 1166: 921: 689: 664: 612:, was invited to England and introduced Early Gothic features to the reconstructed choir of 537:

style in the 1230s, but the original early Gothic ambulatory and chapels can still be seen.

417: 355: 329: 232: 133: 90: 744:, begun between 1150 and 1155, was the first of a series of famous Cathedrals to appear in 503:

this feature, he was inspired by the ancient Roman columns he had seen in the ruins of the

3422: 2183: 2150: 2120: 1986: 1954: 1931: 1873: 1817: 1766: 1553: 1537: 1509: 1496: 1466: 1447: 1439: 1400: 1341: 1285: 741: 609: 523: 436: 427:

Early English Gothic was influenced by the French style, particularly in the new choir of

389: 325: 312:), from the 1180s to the first third of 13th century, marked by basilicas without lateral 152: 149: 117: 102: 83: 864:

Laon Cathedral was the model for the first Gothic project in Germany, the rebuilding of

1918:

aisle arcade on the ground floor; the gallery arcade, a passageway, above it; the blind

380:. It combined and developed several key elements from earlier styles, particularly from 3783: 2560: 2198: 2088: 1927: 1802: 1762: 1682: 1626: 1586: 1361: 1357: 1345: 1235: 1129: 1044: 944: 925: 845: 829: 824: 816: 804: 639: 596: 432: 413: 409: 309: 216: 121: 1312: 1218:

begun by bishop Normand de Doué, 1148–1152, the first Angevin vault were constructed.

760:

a narrow passageway between the ground-level gallery, the tribunes, and the top level

4042: 3825: 2603: 2572: 2529: 2485: 2409: 2393: 1852: 1376: 527: 3415: 3397: 3289: 3197: 2843: 2540:, and had a prominent place on the facades of the cathedrals named for her, such as 526:, while the twelve columns of the side aisles represented the minor prophets of the 3811: 2909: 2607: 2568: 2029: 1678: 1259: 1142: 820: 495: 393: 250: 108:

Early examples of Early Gothic include the east end, chapels and ambulatory of the

98: 75: 2571:

has what is believed to be the oldest existing stained glass window in England, a

2005:. showing three levels; arcades (bottom); tribunes {middle} and clerestory (top). 1128:

took a different direction. It was built by Bishop Henri de Sully, whose brother,

619:

In the following centuries, all clerestories were remodelled, and the transept is

561:

Tympanum and lintel of the central portal "Last Judgement (c. 1135, restored 1839)

148:(1081–1137), Paris was the principal residence of the Kings of France. During the 883:

Eastern part of the nave (before 1180), towards the choir, replaced in 1205–1220.

3856: 3836: 3539:

Architecture du Patrimoine Française - Abbayes, Églises, Cathédrales et Châteaux

2663: 2537: 2021: 1481: 1443: 1430: 1325: 1239: 1223: 1035: 749: 484: 454: 333: 274: 3133:

Encyclopédie Larousse on-line, "Le Premier Art Gothique" (retrieved May 3, 2020

2237:(1145–1245), which survived a fire that destroyed much of the early Cathedral. 1677:

Another distinctive English element introduced at Lincoln was the use of s the

1023: 935:

The upper parts of the choir were built at about 1182 or 1185, not long before

791:

The alternating piers and columns of the grand arcade, which support the vaults

170:, making it the first and most influential example of the new style in France. 3831: 2673: 1923: 1435: 1426: 1101: 1070: 1052: 761: 753: 728: 674: 620: 347: 17: 2051:

More elaborate rib vaults were introduced in England later in the period, at

490:

The most original and influential step made by Suger was the creation of the

376:, it was mixed with regional traditions. In England, it gave the example for 3851: 3846: 3458: 2668: 2517: 2331: 2060: 2016: 1919: 1671: 1513: 1451: 1263: 1214:, by dating and by shape are part of early Gothic. In the reconstruction of 1138: 757: 601: 534: 499: 385: 340: 317: 261: 254: 94: 79: 3657:(2002), Éditions du Patrimoine, Centre des Monuments Nationaux (in French) 2464:

Seth and Adam Window, from Canterbury Cathedral (late 12th – early 13th c.)

293:

In France, where Gothic style began, another phasing has been established:

1425:

Another notable form of early English Gothic architecture was that of the

969:

Reconstructed Early Gothic clerestories adjacent to the northern transept.

3951: 2521: 2440:

Detail of the stained glass window called Notre-Dame de la Belle Verierre

1132:, was the bishop of Paris, and its construction in several ways followed 511:

Suger was an admirer of the doctrines of the early Christian philosopher

373: 302: 264:

were gradually made smaller. or eliminated. After 1194, the builders of

1957:, late 12h century, four levels: arcade, tribune, triforium, clerestory 1124:

While most High Gothic cathedrals generally followed the Chartres plan,

249:

style; masonry ceilings which were too heavy for the traditional arched

3983: 2746:

Brisac, Catherine (1994), "Le Vitrail" (in French), Paris, La Matiniere

2548: 2071:, who designed the tierceron star vaulting in the cathedral's nave. at 745: 480: 3667: 396:, and used them in innovative ways to create structures, particularly 2547:

The rose windows of the Early Gothic churches were composed of plate

2509: 2505: 2056: 2037: 1336:

One of the first major buildings in England to use the new style was

491: 369: 3437: 3435: 1150:

it was also reinforced by thicker and stronger walls than Chartres.

268:

enitlrely removed the tribune, making more space for stained glass.

1320:

English architects had experimented with early Gothic features. At

3463:

French Gothic Architecture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries

2489: 2373: 1311: 1169:

in Spain, which copied the system of vaults of different heights.

1113: 1022: 839: 163: 2310:

Early Gothic style: Prophet's head, 1137-1140, originally in the

1034:

was the site of four annual trade fairs on the Feast Days of the

2737:

Enclopedia Britannica on-line, "Early Gothic" (by subscription).

2513: 1568:

Detail of the sculpted capitals of clustered columns in the nave

1271: 858: 277:, the windows were held together only with thin strips of iron. 3671: 2728:

Enclopedia Britannica on-line, "Early Gothic" (by subscription)

2063:, in ornate designs like stars and fans, They were the work of 1415:

The windows and vaults of Trinity Chapel, Canterbury Cathedral

1274:, in the churches of the two large royal abbeys churches, the 2376:, the patron, depicted at the feet of the Virgin. (1140–1144) 1609:(1220–1260), with its multiple transepts and projecting porch 253:. The solution to the problem came in the form of the Gothic 3180: 3178: 2500:

The process of making the windows was described by the monk

2265:

Detail of the royal portal of Chartres Cathedral (1145–1245)

1282:, but they remained essentially Norman Romanesque churches. 354:

The term "Early Gothic" should not be extended backward; if

3609:

Paris Panorama de l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours

2822: 2820: 3141: 3139: 3042: 3040: 3038: 2963: 2961: 2959: 1009:

of Notre Dame as they appeared in about 1220–30 (drawn by

715:

Sculpted capitals of the piers, Chapel of Sainte-Genevieve

2055:. These had additional purely decorative ribs called the 2048:

used increasingly at the end of the Early Gothic period.

1316:

Durham Cathedral Nave with reconstructed vaults (c. 1235)

3246: 3244: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3059: 3057: 3055: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2871: 2869: 2452:

Chartres Cathedral, Passion of Christ windows, (c. 1150)

1100:

South side of the nave: No fine tracery, except for the

494:, or east end, with radiating chapels. Here he used the 324:, have to be subsumed to Early Gothic, others, like the 124:, an early example of early French Gothic architecture. 3307: 3305: 3303: 3086: 3084: 2536:, writing at that time, the rose was the symbol of the 1746:

Blind arcades of St. Hugh's choir in Lincoln Cathedral

78:. The solutions to the problem came in the form of the 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 2610:(c. 1170), the oldest stained-glass window in England. 2325:

Image of Biblical Wise Men, Moissac Abbey (12th. c.)

1065:

The lower portions of the west front (1134–1150) are

320:

without windows. Some buildings of this phase, like

3939: 3891: 3865: 3804: 3705: 2559:. Other examples are the rose on the west front of 2372:, Apse, axial chapel, The Annonciation, with Abbot 2298:Sculpture of the portal of Basilica of Saint Denis 1184:

Nave, with 21-meter-high piers of the grand arcades

483:and façade at the west end, with twin towers and a 57: 49: 3578:, Association des Amis de la tour Jean sans Peur. 1438:, and now are picturesque ruins. Examples include 1222:, erected since 1166 is known as the first Gothic 3365:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 134–135. 1348:, the first complete Gothic cathedral in France. 1250:also have elements of Early Gothic architecture. 595:The construction of the choir and ambulatory of 3589:Trintignac, André; Coloni, Marie-Jeanne (1984). 3441: 1835:, begun in 1163, plan with additions since 1220. 844:Choir of Laon Cathedral, replaced in 1205–1220, 549:Detail of the west front (12th c.) restored 1839 435:. Major examples are the nave and west front of 3414:Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. " 1344:, who had been involved in the construction of 404:in France include the ambulatory and facade of 3556:Renault, Christophe; Lazé, Christophe (2006). 1731:The "Crazy Vaults" of the St. Hugh's choir of 3683: 8: 3644:, Éditions Ouest-France, Rennes (in French) 993:West façade: rose level built at about 1220. 32: 3558:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier 3499:Houvet, E (2019). Miller, Malcolm B (ed.). 3336:Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan (2016). 2950: 2860: 2716: 2492:commissioned stained glass windows for the 2388:Windows of the Chapel of the Virgin at the 1625:, with its strong horizontal lines of dark 3690: 3676: 3668: 3429:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art 3285: 3283: 2544:, whose west rose window dates from 1220. 2277:Adam and Eve eating apples, west front of 1262:was given an early version of the pointed 38: 31: 1820:, 1130–1150, plan without later additions 1196:The chevet, all windows without tracery. 44:Ambulatory of the Basilica of Saint-Denis 27:Architectural style in France and England 3883:Gothic secular and domestic architecture 3340:. Oxford University Press. p. 527. 3017:Dom und Domschatz in Limburg an der Lahn 2759:L'art gothique à la conquête de l'Europe 2412:window, Baslica of Saint-Denis (1140–44) 1352:sculpture, showing elements inspired by 3642:Cathédales Cothiques - un Défi Médiéval 2905: 2903: 2700: 2577: 2359: 2338: 2336: 2288: 2239: 2156: 2077: 1944: 1862: 1775: 1691: 1595: 1526: 1456: 1385: 1171: 1075: 956: 870: 766: 679: 628: 539: 174: 3520:Architecture des Cathédrales Gothiques 3385: 3323: 3311: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3235: 3214: 3184: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3121: 3090: 3075: 3063: 3046: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2926: 2894: 2875: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2826: 2476:Face from the Thomas Becket window at 2249:Central tympanum of the royal portal, 1653:The Lady Chapel of Salisbury Cathedral 3574:Rivière, Rémi; Lavoye, Agnès (2007). 1860:simultaneously in the same building. 155:was the place of coronation, and the 7: 4009: 3541:(in French). Éditions Ouest-France. 3522:(in French). Éditions Ouest-France. 3363:Medieval Structure: The Gothic Vault 3109: 2355:English Gothic stained glass windows 70:is the term for the first period of 3877:List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe 2351:French Gothic stained glass windows 3465:. University of California Press. 703:Nave: arcades and tribunes 1153–91 25: 3624:A History of Western Architecture 3611:, Parigramme, Paris (in French), 3501:Chartres - Guide of the Cathedral 3427:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 3338:Oxford Dictionary of Architecture 2424:Top of the Tree of Jessé Window, 2024:, with round arches, was used at 1922:, a narrower passageway, and the 515:(c. 810–87) and Dionysus, or the 116:, built under the supervision of 4020: 4008: 3997: 3996: 3655:Le Guide du Patrimoine en France 3416:Stained Glass in Medieval Europe 2939:Le Guide du Patrimoine de France 2631: 2615: 2595: 2587:12th century stained glass from 2580: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2417: 2401: 2381: 2362: 2318: 2303: 2291: 2270: 2258: 2242: 2205: 2190: 2175: 2159: 2128: 2112: 2096: 2080: 1994: 1978: 1962: 1947: 1897: 1881: 1865: 1840: 1825: 1810: 1794: 1778: 1739: 1724: 1709: 1694: 1646: 1641:The choir of Salisbury Cathedral 1634: 1614: 1598: 1561: 1545: 1529: 1489: 1474: 1459: 1408: 1388: 1332:Canterbury Cathedral (1174-1184) 1189: 1177: 1093: 1081: 998: 986: 974: 962: 900: 888: 876: 796: 784: 772: 720: 708: 696: 682: 647: 631: 578: 566: 554: 542: 224: 208: 192: 177: 2805:from the original on 3 May 2023 2767:from the original on 6 May 2023 2139:in St. Hugh's choir (1192–1208) 1851:before 1220, reconstruction by 573:Early decoration of West Front 3873:Gothic cathedrals and churches 3816:List of Brick Gothic buildings 2659:Gothic cathedrals and churches 1019:Chartres Cathedral (1194–1225) 727:Buttresses of Primary Gothic, 461:Early French Gothic cathedrals 398:Gothic cathedrals and churches 1: 4059:Gothic architecture in France 3591:Decouvrir Notre-Dame de Paris 3030:Limburg an der Lahn – Der Dom 1280:Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Caen 1110:Bourges Cathedral (1195–1230) 752:and of the early French King 585:Saint Fermin chapel (12th c.) 3442:Trintignac & Coloni 1984 2793:Noyon, cathédrale Notre-Dame 2787:"Dominiqque Vermand, portal 2480:(late 12th – early 13th c.) 2168:Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen 1276:Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen 1266:in the choir. The church of 1230:Early Classic or High Gothic 443:, and the early portions of 360:Late Romanesque architecture 3947:Building a Gothic cathedral 3914:Gothic Revival architecture 2684:English Gothic architecture 1704:(rebuilt beginning in 1192) 1499:, North Yorkshire (c. 1132) 1484:, South Yorkshire (c. 1172) 1302:English Gothic architecture 420:; (1160) and most famously 4075: 3593:(in French). Paris: Cerf. 3482:Caractéristique des Styles 2679:French Gothic architecture 2345:Early Gothic Stained Glass 1469:, West Yorkshire (c. 1152) 819:was begun in 1155, in the 378:Early English architecture 162:The Abbot of Saint-Denis, 3992: 3822:Early Gothic architecture 3484:(in French). Flammarion. 3361:Acland, James H. (1972). 1234:Some notable examples of 402:early Gothic architecture 332:, have to be subsumed to 328:and the western parts of 281:Classification of periods 187:, west facade (1130–1140) 37: 33:Early Gothic architecture 3640:Wenzler, Claude (2018), 3537:Mignon, Olivier (2017). 3518:Mignon, Olivier (2015). 3028:Matthias Theodor Kloft, 3015:Matthias Theodor Kloft, 2689:Architecture of Normandy 2040:at about the same time. 1985:Three-part elevation of 1847:Choir and ambulatory of 1785:Choir and ambulatory of 1685:for the upper portions. 1254:Early Gothic in Normandy 1104:window on the very right 61:France, England, Germany 3607:Texier, Simon, (2012), 3560:(in French). Gisserot. 3480:Ducher, Robert (2014). 3403:Encyclopædia Britannica 3295:Encyclopædia Britannica 3203:Encyclopædia Britannica 2951:Renault & Lazé 2006 2915:Encyclopædia Britannica 2861:Renault & Lazé 2006 2849:Encyclopædia Britannica 2717:Renault & Lazé 2006 2589:Basilica of Saint-Denis 2553:Basilica of Saint-Denis 2494:Basilica of Saint-Denis 2390:Basilica of Saint-Denis 2370:Basilica of Saint-Denis 2166:Flying buttress at the 2103:Six-part rib vaults in 1308:Durham Cathedral (1235) 1268:Saint-Pierre de Lisieux 472:Basilica of Saint-Denis 466:Basilica of Saint-Denis 382:Romanesque architecture 362:would be Early Gothic. 201:Basilica of Saint-Denis 185:Basilica of Saint Denis 168:Basilica of Saint-Denis 89:Gothic appeared in the 3962:Medieval stained glass 3626:. Barrie and Jenkins. 3622:Watkin, David (1986). 3576:La Tour Jean sans Peur 2396:window is on the right 1605:The sprawling plan of 1373:William the Englishman 1317: 1121: 1028: 952:Saint-Germain-des-Pres 868:, begun in the 1180s. 849: 3931:High Victorian Gothic 2312:Basilica of St. Denis 2212:Flying buttresses of 2170:, Caen (11th century) 1421:The Cistercian abbeys 1366:Gervase of Canterbury 1315: 1117: 1026: 1011:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 843: 834:Villard de Honnecourt 368:appeared in northern 3957:International Gothic 2910:Western architecture 2638:West rose window of 2624:Notre Dame de Mantes 2565:Notre Dame de Mantes 2534:Bernard of Clairvaux 2502:Theophilus Presbyter 2478:Canterbury Cathedral 2228:Romanesque sculpture 2182:Early buttresses of 2119:Four-part vaults of 1397:Canterbury Cathedral 1338:Canterbury Cathedral 1296:English Early Gothic 1290:Gautier de Coutances 1242:cathedrals, such as 853:finished cathedral. 614:Canterbury Cathedral 513:John Scotus Eriugena 429:Canterbury Cathedral 406:Saint-Denis Basilica 308:Gothique classique ( 157:Abbey of Saint-Denis 120:, who had worked on 114:Canterbury Cathedral 110:Abbey of Saint Denis 4054:Church architecture 4049:Gothic architecture 3699:Gothic architecture 3503:. Éditions Houvet. 3290:Gothic architecture 2654:Gothic architecture 2640:Notre Dame de Paris 2542:Notre-Dame de Paris 2214:Salisbury Cathedral 2105:Notre-Dame de Paris 2087:Six-part vaults in 2069:Alexander the Mason 2032:in Normandy and in 1971:Notre Dame de Paris 1936:Notre Dame de Paris 1905:Salisbury Cathedral 1849:Notre Dame de Paris 1833:Notre Dame de Paris 1771:Notre Dame de Paris 1623:Salisbury Cathedral 1607:Salisbury Cathedral 1579:Salisbury Cathedral 1574:Salisbury Cathedral 1518:Salisbury Cathedral 1354:Notre-Dame de Paris 1146:semicircular ends. 1134:Notre-Dame de Paris 1060:Notre-Dame de Paris 958:Notre Dame de Paris 918:Notre Dame de Paris 913:Notre Dame de Paris 907:"English" footplan 803:Façade, 1200–1235, 731:clerestory of C XVI 670:Magdeburg Cathedral 505:Baths of Diocletian 445:Salisbury Cathedral 422:Notre-Dame de Paris 297:Gothique primitif ( 72:Gothic architecture 34: 3421:2021-11-22 at the 3326:, p. 126–127. 3217:, p. 144–145. 3187:, p. 143–144. 3160:, p. 108–109. 2829:, p. 126–128. 2557:Chartres Cathedral 2426:Chartres Cathedral 2251:Chartres Cathedral 2235:Chartres Cathedral 2149:Variations of the 2135:"Crazy vaults" of 2065:Geoffrey de Noiers 1934:and originally at 1789:abbey church, 1140 1668:Geoffrey de Noiers 1318: 1244:Chartres Cathedral 1220:Poitiers Cathedral 1206:Most buildings of 1163:Beauvais Cathedral 1122: 1077:Chartres Cathedral 1032:Chartres Cathedral 1029: 1027:Chartres Cathedral 937:Chartres Cathedral 895:Façade (1180–1200) 850: 322:Chartres Cathedral 266:Chartres Cathedral 146:Louis VI of France 142:Henry I of England 138:Louis VI of France 4036: 4035: 3909:Dissenting Gothic 3904:Collegiate Gothic 3663:978-2-85822-760-0 3650:978-2-7373-7712-9 3617:978-2-84096-667-8 3584:978-2-95164-940-8 3529:978-2-7373-6535-5 3491:978-2-0813-4383-2 3347:978-0-19-967499-2 3277:, pp. 40–43. 2789:Églises de l'Oise 2279:Lincoln Cathedral 2137:Lincoln Cathedral 2073:Lincoln Cathedral 2053:Lincoln Cathedral 2003:Lincoln Cathedral 1890:Lincoln Cathedral 1733:Lincoln Cathedral 1718:Lincoln Cathedral 1716:The wide nave of 1702:Lincoln Cathedral 1664:Lincoln Cathedral 1659:Lincoln Cathedral 1450:(c. 1132) all in 1248:Bourges Cathedral 1208:Plantagenet style 1173:Bourges Cathedral 1159:Le Mans Cathedral 1126:Bourges Cathedral 1119:Bourges Cathedral 1007:flying buttresses 866:Limburg Cathedral 517:Pseudo-Areopagite 441:Lincoln Cathedral 65: 64: 16:(Redirected from 4066: 4024: 4012: 4011: 4000: 3999: 3940:Related articles 3899:Carpenter Gothic 3692: 3685: 3678: 3669: 3637: 3604: 3571: 3552: 3548:978-27373-7611-5 3533: 3514: 3495: 3476: 3445: 3444:, p. 44–45. 3439: 3430: 3412: 3406: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3298: 3287: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3233: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3148:, p. 30–31. 3143: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3094: 3088: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3050: 3049:, p. 18–19. 3044: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2970:, p. 16–17. 2965: 2954: 2953:, p. 33–35. 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2929:, p. 10-11. 2924: 2918: 2907: 2898: 2892: 2879: 2873: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2841: 2830: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2635: 2619: 2599: 2584: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2421: 2405: 2385: 2366: 2322: 2307: 2295: 2274: 2262: 2246: 2209: 2194: 2179: 2163: 2132: 2116: 2100: 2084: 2034:Cefalù Cathedral 2026:Durham Cathedral 1998: 1982: 1966: 1951: 1901: 1885: 1869: 1844: 1829: 1814: 1798: 1782: 1743: 1728: 1713: 1698: 1650: 1638: 1618: 1602: 1591:Decorated Gothic 1583:Amiens Cathedral 1565: 1549: 1533: 1522:Exeter Cathedral 1493: 1478: 1463: 1412: 1392: 1322:Durham Cathedral 1246:(see above) and 1216:Angers Cathedral 1193: 1181: 1167:Toledo Cathedral 1097: 1085: 1002: 990: 978: 966: 922:Maurice de Sully 904: 892: 880: 800: 788: 776: 724: 712: 700: 690:Senlis Cathedral 686: 665:Senlis Cathedral 660:Senlis Cathedral 651: 635: 582: 570: 558: 546: 418:Senlis Cathedral 384:, including the 372:in the 130s. In 356:Durham Cathedral 330:Amiens Cathedral 233:Senlis Cathedral 228: 212: 196: 181: 42: 35: 21: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4032: 3988: 3935: 3887: 3861: 3800: 3707: 3701: 3696: 3634: 3621: 3601: 3588: 3568: 3567:9-782877-474658 3555: 3549: 3536: 3530: 3517: 3511: 3498: 3492: 3479: 3473: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3448: 3440: 3433: 3423:Wayback Machine 3413: 3409: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3301: 3288: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3198:William of Sens 3195: 3191: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3097: 3089: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3053: 3045: 3036: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2882: 2874: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2842: 2833: 2825: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2650: 2643: 2636: 2627: 2622:Rose window of 2620: 2611: 2600: 2591: 2585: 2520:for purple and 2481: 2474: 2465: 2462: 2453: 2450: 2441: 2438: 2429: 2422: 2413: 2406: 2397: 2386: 2377: 2367: 2347: 2326: 2323: 2314: 2308: 2299: 2296: 2286: 2282: 2281:(12th century) 2275: 2266: 2263: 2254: 2247: 2223: 2216: 2210: 2201: 2195: 2186: 2184:Noyon Cathedral 2180: 2171: 2164: 2151:flying buttress 2147: 2145:Flying buttress 2140: 2133: 2124: 2121:Wells Cathedral 2117: 2108: 2101: 2092: 2085: 2013: 2006: 1999: 1990: 1987:Wells Cathedral 1983: 1974: 1967: 1958: 1955:Noyon Cathedral 1952: 1932:Noyon Cathedral 1915: 1908: 1902: 1893: 1886: 1877: 1874:Wells Cathedral 1870: 1855: 1845: 1836: 1830: 1821: 1818:Noyon Cathedral 1815: 1806: 1799: 1790: 1783: 1767:Noyon Cathedral 1759: 1754: 1752:Characteristics 1747: 1744: 1735: 1729: 1720: 1714: 1705: 1699: 1661: 1654: 1651: 1642: 1639: 1630: 1619: 1610: 1603: 1576: 1569: 1566: 1557: 1554:Wells Cathedral 1550: 1541: 1538:Wells Cathedral 1534: 1510:Wells Cathedral 1507: 1505:Wells Cathedral 1500: 1497:Fountains Abbey 1494: 1485: 1479: 1470: 1467:Kirkstall Abbey 1464: 1448:Fountains Abbey 1446:(c. 1172), and 1440:Kirkstall Abbey 1423: 1416: 1413: 1404: 1401:William of Sens 1393: 1342:William of Sens 1334: 1310: 1298: 1286:Rouen Cathedral 1256: 1232: 1204: 1197: 1194: 1185: 1182: 1161:, the modified 1112: 1105: 1098: 1089: 1086: 1021: 1014: 1003: 994: 991: 982: 979: 970: 967: 915: 908: 905: 896: 893: 884: 881: 848:& "English" 814: 807: 801: 792: 789: 780: 777: 768:Noyon Cathedral 742:Noyon Cathedral 739: 737:Noyon Cathedral 732: 725: 716: 713: 704: 701: 692: 687: 662: 655: 652: 643: 636: 610:William of Sens 593: 586: 583: 574: 571: 562: 559: 550: 547: 524:twelve Apostles 487:in the centre. 468: 463: 439:, the choir of 437:Wells Cathedral 390:flying buttress 326:Reims Cathedral 283: 271: 243: 236: 229: 220: 213: 204: 197: 188: 182: 153:Reims Cathedral 150:Carolingian era 130: 118:William of Sens 103:flying buttress 84:flying buttress 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4072: 4070: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4041: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3895: 3893: 3892:Gothic Revival 3889: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3819: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3652: 3638: 3632: 3619: 3605: 3599: 3586: 3572: 3566: 3553: 3547: 3534: 3528: 3515: 3509: 3496: 3490: 3477: 3471: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3431: 3407: 3390: 3378: 3371: 3353: 3346: 3328: 3316: 3299: 3279: 3267: 3265:, p. 146. 3255: 3253:, p. 147. 3240: 3238:, p. 145. 3219: 3207: 3189: 3174: 3172:, p. 143. 3162: 3150: 3135: 3126: 3114: 3112:, p. 212. 3095: 3080: 3068: 3066:, p. 131. 3051: 3034: 3021: 3008: 2996: 2994:, p. 129. 2984: 2972: 2955: 2943: 2931: 2919: 2899: 2897:, p. 128. 2880: 2878:, p. 127. 2865: 2853: 2831: 2816: 2778: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2709: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2612: 2601: 2594: 2592: 2586: 2579: 2561:Laon Cathedral 2483: 2482: 2475: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2432: 2430: 2423: 2416: 2414: 2408:Detail of the 2407: 2400: 2398: 2387: 2380: 2378: 2368: 2361: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2317: 2315: 2309: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2248: 2241: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2211: 2204: 2202: 2199:Laon Cathedral 2197:Buttresses of 2196: 2189: 2187: 2181: 2174: 2172: 2165: 2158: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2118: 2111: 2109: 2102: 2095: 2093: 2089:Sens Cathedral 2086: 2079: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1984: 1977: 1975: 1968: 1961: 1959: 1953: 1946: 1928:Sens Cathedral 1914: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1857: 1856: 1846: 1839: 1837: 1831: 1824: 1822: 1816: 1809: 1807: 1803:Sens Cathedral 1800: 1793: 1791: 1784: 1777: 1763:Sens Cathedral 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1715: 1708: 1706: 1700: 1693: 1683:Purbeck marble 1660: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1633: 1631: 1627:Purbeck marble 1620: 1613: 1611: 1604: 1597: 1587:Purbeck marble 1575: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1536:West front of 1535: 1528: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1465: 1458: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1407: 1405: 1394: 1387: 1362:Purbeck marble 1358:Laon Cathedral 1346:Sens Cathedral 1333: 1330: 1309: 1306: 1297: 1294: 1255: 1252: 1236:Classic Gothic 1231: 1228: 1212:Angevin Gothic 1210:, also called 1203: 1202:Angevin Gothic 1200: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1176: 1174: 1130:Eudes de Sully 1111: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1099: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1080: 1078: 1045:Classic Gothic 1020: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1004: 997: 995: 992: 985: 983: 980: 973: 971: 968: 961: 959: 945:Viollet-le-Duc 926:Laon Cathedral 914: 911: 910: 909: 906: 899: 897: 894: 887: 885: 882: 875: 873: 872:Laon Cathedral 846:Classic Gothic 830:Classic Gothic 825:Primary Gothic 817:Laon Cathedral 813: 812:Laon Cathedral 810: 809: 808: 805:Classic Gothic 802: 795: 793: 790: 783: 781: 778: 771: 769: 738: 735: 734: 733: 726: 719: 717: 714: 707: 705: 702: 695: 693: 688: 681: 661: 658: 657: 656: 653: 646: 644: 640:Sens Cathedral 637: 630: 597:Sens Cathedral 592: 591:Sens Cathedral 589: 588: 587: 584: 577: 575: 572: 565: 563: 560: 553: 551: 548: 541: 467: 464: 462: 459: 433:Purbeck marble 424:(begun 1160). 414:Laon Cathedral 410:Sens Cathedral 366:Primary Gothic 352: 351: 344: 337: 310:Classic Gothic 306: 299:Primary Gothic 282: 279: 242: 239: 238: 237: 230: 223: 221: 217:Sens Cathedral 214: 207: 205: 199:Ambulatory of 198: 191: 189: 183: 176: 129: 126: 122:Sens Cathedral 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 43: 26: 24: 18:Primary Gothic 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4071: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3826:Romano-Gothic 3823: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3764:Low Countries 3762: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3633:0-7126-1279-3 3629: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3600:2-204-02087-7 3596: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3510:2-909575-65-9 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3472:0-520-05586-1 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3398:stained glass 3394: 3391: 3388:, p. 54. 3387: 3382: 3379: 3374: 3372:0-8020-1886-6 3368: 3364: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3317: 3314:, p. 42. 3313: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3124:, p. 24. 3123: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3093:, p. 21. 3092: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3078:, p. 12. 3077: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3006:, p. 67. 3005: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2982:, p. 14. 2981: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2944: 2941:(2002) pg. 53 2940: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2863:, p. 36. 2862: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2779: 2766: 2762: 2760: 2757:"L'Histoire, 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2719:, p. 33. 2718: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604:Tree of Jesse 2598: 2593: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2573:Tree of Jesse 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530:Pomposa Abbey 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486:Stained glass 2479: 2472: 2467: 2460: 2455: 2448: 2443: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2410:Tree of Jesse 2404: 2399: 2395: 2394:Tree of Jesse 2391: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2342: 2335: 2333: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2144: 2138: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2010: 2004: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1895: 1892:(begun 1192) 1891: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1854: 1853:Violet-le-Duc 1850: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1805:begun in 1135 1804: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1751: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1727: 1722: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1658: 1649: 1644: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1377:Thomas Becket 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1314: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1201: 1192: 1187: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1120: 1116: 1109: 1103: 1096: 1091: 1084: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1048: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1025: 1018: 1012: 1008: 1001: 996: 989: 984: 977: 972: 965: 960: 957: 955: 953: 948: 946: 940: 938: 933: 929: 927: 923: 919: 912: 903: 898: 891: 886: 879: 874: 871: 869: 867: 862: 860: 854: 847: 842: 838: 835: 831: 826: 822: 818: 811: 806: 799: 794: 787: 782: 775: 770: 767: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 736: 730: 723: 718: 711: 706: 699: 694: 691: 685: 680: 678: 676: 671: 666: 659: 650: 645: 641: 634: 629: 627: 624: 622: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 590: 581: 576: 569: 564: 557: 552: 545: 540: 538: 536: 531: 529: 528:Old Testament 525: 520: 518: 514: 509: 506: 501: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 473: 465: 460: 458: 456: 452: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 361: 357: 349: 345: 342: 338: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 304: 300: 296: 295: 294: 291: 290:in England. 289: 288:Early English 280: 278: 276: 269: 267: 263: 258: 256: 252: 248: 240: 234: 227: 222: 218: 211: 206: 202: 195: 190: 186: 180: 175: 173: 171: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 134:Île-de-France 127: 125: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 91:Île-de-France 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 60: 56: 52: 48: 41: 36: 30: 19: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3821: 3812:Brick Gothic 3654: 3641: 3623: 3608: 3590: 3575: 3557: 3538: 3519: 3500: 3481: 3462: 3452:Bibliography 3426: 3410: 3401: 3393: 3381: 3362: 3356: 3337: 3331: 3319: 3293: 3270: 3258: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3165: 3153: 3129: 3117: 3071: 3029: 3024: 3016: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2922: 2913: 2856: 2847: 2807:. Retrieved 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2769:. Retrieved 2758: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2712: 2703: 2608:York Minster 2602:Detail of a 2569:York Minster 2546: 2527: 2499: 2484: 2348: 2340: 2329: 2285: 2232: 2224: 2148: 2123:(begun 1176) 2107:(begun 1163) 2091:(begun 1135) 2050: 2046: 2042: 2030:Lessay Abbey 2014: 1989:(begun 1176) 1940: 1916: 1907:(begun 1220) 1876:(begun 1175) 1858: 1760: 1687: 1679:blind arcade 1676: 1662: 1621:The nave of 1577: 1508: 1424: 1381: 1370: 1350: 1335: 1319: 1299: 1284: 1260:Lessay Abbey 1257: 1233: 1211: 1205: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143:Early Gothic 1123: 1067:Early Gothic 1066: 1064: 1057: 1049: 1041: 1030: 949: 941: 934: 930: 916: 863: 855: 851: 821:Early Gothic 815: 740: 663: 625: 618: 594: 532: 521: 510: 496:pointed arch 489: 469: 451:Early Gothic 450: 449: 426: 401: 394:pointed arch 365: 364: 353: 298: 292: 284: 270: 259: 251:barrel vault 244: 172: 161: 131: 107: 99:pointed arch 88: 76:barrel vault 68:Early Gothic 67: 66: 53:c. 1129-1200 50:Years active 29: 3857:Sondergotik 3837:High Gothic 3386:Ducher 2014 3324:Watkin 1986 3312:Ducher 2014 3275:Ducher 2014 3263:Watkin 1986 3251:Watkin 1986 3236:Watkin 1986 3215:Watkin 1986 3185:Watkin 1986 3170:Watkin 1986 3158:Watkin 1986 3146:Mignon 2015 3122:Mignon 2015 3091:Mignon 2015 3076:Houvet 2019 3064:Watkin 1986 3047:Mignon 2015 3004:Mignon 2015 2992:Watkin 1986 2980:Mignon 2015 2968:Mignon 2015 2927:Mignon 2015 2895:Watkin 1986 2876:Watkin 1986 2827:Watkin 1986 2797:Chronologie 2795:(→ section 2664:High Gothic 2538:Virgin Mary 2516:for green, 2253:(1145–1245) 2022:groin vault 1787:Saint-Denis 1540:(1220–1240) 1482:Roche Abbey 1444:Roche Abbey 1442:(c. 1152); 1431:Benedictine 1403:(1174–1184) 1399:rebuilt by 1326:groin vault 1240:High Gothic 1224:hall church 1036:Virgin Mary 750:Charlemagne 606:alternating 485:rose window 477:Saint Denis 455:High Gothic 334:High Gothic 275:bar tracery 241:Innovations 235:(1153–1191) 219:(1140–1164) 4043:Categories 3842:Isabelline 3832:Flamboyant 3706:By country 3459:Bony, Jean 2844:Gothic art 2791:→ article 2695:References 2674:Flamboyant 2626:(c. 1210) 2508:for blue, 2349:(See also 1924:clerestory 1913:Elevations 1672:tiercerons 1436:Henry VIII 1427:Cistercian 1102:Flamboyant 1071:Flamboyant 1053:Saint Piat 762:clerestory 754:Hugh Capet 729:Flamboyant 675:Flamboyant 638:Facade of 621:Flamboyant 392:, and the 348:flamboyant 247:Romanesque 3852:Rayonnant 3847:Manueline 3784:Catalonia 3759:Lithuania 3708:or region 3110:Bony 1985 2669:Rayonnant 2642:(c. 1220) 2518:manganese 2512:for red, 2332:Rayonnant 2221:Sculpture 2061:tierceron 2017:rib vault 1969:Choir of 1920:triforium 1514:triforium 1452:Yorkshire 1395:Choir of 1264:rib vault 1139:rib vault 758:triforium 642:(1135–64) 602:rib vault 535:Rayonnant 500:rib vault 386:rib vault 346:Gothique 341:rayonnant 339:Gothique 316:and with 303:basilicas 262:triforium 255:rib vault 203:(c. 1140) 95:rib vault 80:rib vault 4003:Category 3952:Gargoyle 3805:By style 3794:Valencia 3774:Portugal 3735:Southern 3461:(1985). 3419:Archived 2803:Archived 2765:Archived 2648:See also 2575:(1170). 2522:antimony 2059:and the 2001:Nave of 1888:Plan of 1872:Plan of 1801:Plan of 1552:Nave of 1278:and the 412:(1140); 374:Normandy 318:triforia 314:tribunes 231:Nave of 215:Nave of 58:Location 4015:Commons 3984:Tracery 3977:Swedish 3967:English 3789:Levante 3725:England 3720:Czechia 3715:Belarus 3400:at the 3292:at the 3200:at the 2912:at the 2846:at the 2567:(1210) 2549:tracery 1629:columns 746:Picardy 481:narthex 136:. King 128:History 4027:Voyage 3972:French 3924:Poland 3919:Canada 3866:By use 3769:Poland 3752:Venice 3730:France 3661: 3648: 3630: 3615: 3597: 3582: 3564: 3545: 3526: 3507: 3488: 3469: 3425:". In 3369: 3344: 2510:copper 2506:cobalt 2428:(1150) 2392:. The 2353:) and 2057:lierne 2038:Sicily 2011:Vaults 1165:, and 492:chevet 370:France 3779:Spain 3747:Milan 3742:Italy 2809:4 May 2771:2 May 2606:from 2490:Suger 2374:Suger 1757:Plans 1300:(See 164:Suger 3659:ISBN 3646:ISBN 3628:ISBN 3613:ISBN 3595:ISBN 3580:ISBN 3562:ISBN 3543:ISBN 3524:ISBN 3505:ISBN 3486:ISBN 3467:ISBN 3367:ISBN 3342:ISBN 2811:2023 2773:2023 2563:and 2514:iron 2015:The 1769:and 1520:and 1356:and 1272:Caen 1238:and 1005:The 859:Caen 626:< 498:and 470:The 2036:in 823:or 101:, 4045:: 3434:^ 3302:^ 3282:^ 3243:^ 3222:^ 3177:^ 3138:^ 3098:^ 3083:^ 3054:^ 3037:^ 2958:^ 2902:^ 2883:^ 2868:^ 2834:^ 2819:^ 2801:. 2799:)" 2763:. 2357:) 2341:= 2075:. 1938:. 1930:, 1773:. 1593:. 1524:. 1454:. 1304:) 947:. 861:. 832:; 623:. 616:. 530:. 457:. 447:. 416:; 408:; 388:, 97:, 86:. 3879:) 3875:( 3828:) 3824:( 3818:) 3814:( 3691:e 3684:t 3677:v 3636:. 3603:. 3570:. 3551:. 3532:. 3513:. 3494:. 3475:. 3375:. 3350:. 2813:. 2775:. 2761:" 1013:) 336:. 305:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index