531:(produced in the hypoblast) and Cerberus-Short (which inhibits only Nodal), through its effect on Nodal signaling, inhibits streak formation. Eventually, the hypoblast gets displaced anteriorly by the moving endoblast, allowing streak formation at the posterior end. At the anterior end, the presence of the hypoblast and the antagonists it secretes, such as Cerberus, inhibit the expression of Nodal and hence restrict streak formation to the posterior end only. Similarly to the hypoblast in chick, the AVE in the mouse secretes two antagonists of Nodal signaling, Cerberus-like, Cerl, and
527:(TGFB family), has been implicated in streak formation. Mouse embryos mutant for Nodal fail to gastrulate and lack most mesoderm, but more than playing a role in mesoderm induction, Nodal regulates the induction and/or maintenance of the primitive streak. In the presence of hypoblast, Nodal is unable to induce ectopic streaks in the chick embryo, while its removal, induces expression of Nodal, Chordin and Brachyury, suggesting that the hypoblast must have a certain inhibitory effect on Nodal signaling. Indeed, the multifunctional antagonist of Nodal, Wnt and BMP signaling,
437:
535:. In mouse, Cer-/-; Lefty1-/- double mutants develop multiple streaks as indicated by ectopic expression of Brachyury and can be partially rescued by the removal of one copy of the Nodal gene. In the mouse, the AVE restricts streak formation through the redundant functions of Cer1 and Lefty1, which negatively regulate Nodal signaling. The role of the mouse's AVE in ensuring the formation of a single primitive streak is evolutionarily conserved in the hypoblast of the chick.
576:, where some experts have argued that experimentation with human embryos is permissible, but only before the primitive streak develops, generally around the fourteenth day of existence. The development of the primitive streak is taken, by such bioethicists, to signify the creation of a unique, human being. In some countries, it is illegal to develop a human embryo for more than 14 days outside a woman's body.
600:
216:
612:
380:, its formation involves the coordinated movement and re-arrangement of cells in the epiblast. Two counter-rotating flows of cells meet at the posterior end, where the streak forms. There is little movement in the center of these flows, while the greatest movement is observed at the periphery of the vortices. The vortex movements likened to
335:
502:
chick, but together their misexpression resulted in ectopic streak formation, confirming that the streak-inducing ability of the posterior marginal zone could be attributed to Wnt signaling and that Vg1 and Wnt must cooperate to induce this process. Misexpression of Vg1 along with Wnt antagonists, Crescent or
172:
becomes oval shaped, and then pear-shaped with the broad end towards the anterior, and the narrower region projected to the posterior. The primitive streak forms a longitudinal midline structure in the narrower posterior (caudal) region of the developing embryo on its dorsal side. At first formation,
501:
and B-catenin, further supports streak-inducing role in the marginal zone. Furthermore, it is expressed as a gradient decreasing from posterior to anterior, corresponding to the streak-inducing ability of the marginal zone. Misexpression of Vg1 or Wnt1 alone failed to induce an ectopic streak in the
563:
signaling is also important for regulating the process of streak formation in the chick embryo. The site of streak formation is characterized by low BMP signals, while the rest of the epiblast displays high levels of BMP activation. In addition, misexpression of either BMP4 or BMP7 prevents streak
488:
member (TGF-β)) misexpression and grafts of the posterior marginal zone in chicks can also induce ectopic streaks, but only within the marginal zone of the embryo, indicating a specific characteristic of this region in its ability to induce streak formation. Several lines of evidence point to Wnt
388:
in the posterior end of the chick embryo move towards the midline, meet and change direction towards the center of the epiblast. Cells from the lateral posterior marginal zone replace those cells that left Koller's Sickle by meeting at the center of this region, changing direction and extending
408:
that will contribute to the streak. This region has a defined anterior-to-posterior gradient in its ability to induce the primitive streak, with the posterior end having the highest potential. All cells in the epiblast can respond to signals from the marginal zone, but once a given region is
420:, where the extraembryonic tissue originates. In the chick, the absence of the hypoblast results in multiple streaks, suggesting that its presence is important for regulating the formation of a single primitive streak. In mice and other mammals, this structure is known as the
389:
anteriorly. As these cells move and concentrate at the posterior end of the embryo, the streak undergoes a single- to multi-layered epithelial sheet transition that makes it a macroscopically visible structure. Several mechanisms, including active proliferation, oriented
547:, which is thought to work together with Nodal to regulate this process. Inhibition of FGF signaling through expression of a dominant negative receptor, using a FGF receptor inhibitor (SU5402) or depletion of FGF ligands, inhibit
1912:
Streit A, Lee KJ, Woo I, Roberts C, Jessell TM, Stern CD (1998). "Chordin regulates primitive streak development and the stability of induced neural cells, but is not sufficient for neural induction in the chick embryo".
424:(AVE). The AVE migrates from the visceral endoderm (hypoblast). The hypoblast also plays an important role in the regulation of streak formation. Removal of the hypoblast in the chick results in correctly patterned
1718:
Pöpperl H, Schmidt C, Wilson V, Hume CR, Dodd J, Krumlauf R, Beddington RS (1997). "Misexpression of Cwnt8C in the mouse induces an ectopic embryonic axis and causes a truncation of the anterior neuroectoderm".
314:
Following its appearance and formation of the node, pit, and groove, the streak starts to regress caudally. Around day 20 in the human embryo, the remaining parts of the streak enlarge to produce a midline
506:, prevents the formation of ectopic streaks, demonstrating the importance of Wnt activity in the formation of Vg1-induced ectopic streaks and hence its implication in normal primitive streak formation.
203:
progenitors and their migration to their ultimate position, where they will differentiate into the mesoderm germ layer that, together with endoderm and ectoderm germ layers, will give rise to all the
196:
are arranged along the prospective midline, establishing the second embryonic axis, and the site where cells will ingress and migrate during the process of gastrulation and germ layer formation.
1757:
Conlon FL, Lyons KM, Takaesu N, Barth KS, Kispert A, Herrmann B, Robertson EJ (1994). "A primary requirement for nodal in the formation and maintenance of the primitive streak in the mouse".
413:
by these signals and undergoes streak formation, the remaining cells in the epiblast are no longer responsive to these inductive signals and prevent the formation of another streak.
331:
develops cranially from the primitive node. By day 22, the primitive streak has regressed to between 10 and 20% of the embryo's length, and by day 26, has seemingly disappeared.
1824:"Determination of embryonic polarity in a regulative system: evidence for endogenous inhibitors acting sequentially during primitive streak formation in the chick embryo"
1044:
776:
734:
692:
1474:
Shah SB, Skromne I, Hume CR, Kessler DS, Lee KJ, Stern CD, Dodd J (1997). "Misexpression of chick Vg1 in the marginal zone induces primitive streak formation".
564:
formation, while the BMP inhibitor
Chordin induces ectopic streak formation in the chick, suggesting that streak formation is likely to require BMP inhibition.
489:
expression as the determinant of this ability. Deletion of Wnt3 in mouse embryos results in the absence of a streak formation, similarly to the phenotype of
599:
1509:
Bachvarova RF, Skromne I, Stern CD (1998). "Induction of primitive streak and Hensen's node by the posterior marginal zone in the early chick embryo".
199:
The primitive streak extends through this midline and creates the left–right and cranial–caudal body axes. Gastrulation involves the ingression of
1352:
Perea-Gomez A, Vella FD, Shawlot W, Oulad-Abdelghani M, Chazaud C, Meno C, Pfister V, Chen L, Robertson E, Hamada H, Behringer RR, Ang SL (2002).
1306:
Khaner O, Eyal-Giladi H (1989). "The chick's marginal zone and primitive streak formation. I. Coordinative effect of induction and inhibition".
524:
485:
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988:
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on its dorsal side. At first formation, the primitive streak extends for half the length of the embryo. In the human embryo, this appears by
1555:
Skromne I, Stern CD (2001). "Interactions between Wnt and Vg1 signalling pathways initiate primitive streak formation in the chick embryo".
1990:
1792:
C Perea-Gomez A, Rhinn M, Ang SL (2001). "Role of the anterior visceral endoderm in restricting posterior signals in the mouse embryo".
497:, and misexpression of the chick cWnt8C produces multiple streaks in mouse embryos. Localization of Wnt and components of its pathway,
498:
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1100:
1071:
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718:
676:
47:
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Liu P, Wakamiya M, Shea MJ, Albrecht U, Behringer RR, Bradley A (1999). "Requirement for Wnt3 in vertebrate axis formation".
611:
551:
and this in turn, inhibits streak formation. Furthermore, ectopic streak formation induced by Vg1 required FGF signaling.
401:
cell movement, have been proposed to explain the nature of the cellular movements required to form the primitive streak.
394:
1679:"The mouse Fused locus encodes Axin, an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway that regulates embryonic axis formation"
2275:
2220:
1999:
174:
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Zeng L, Fagotto F, Zhang T, Hsu W, Vasicek TJ, Perry WL 3rd, Lee JJ, Tilghman SM, Gumbiner BM, Costantini F (1997).
560:
548:
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227:
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1983:
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257:. The primitive streak forms a longitudinal midline structure in the narrower caudal (posterior) region of the
242:
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115:
31:
295:. The primitive pit extends towards the caudal end in a narrow depression in the primitive streak called the
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515:
1948:
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1595:"A hierarchy of gene expression accompanying induction of the primitive streak by Vg1 in the chick embryo"
127:
1354:"Nodal antagonists in the anterior visceral endoderm prevent the formation of multiple primitive streaks"
83:
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494:
453:
258:
193:
165:
1968:
967:
Chuai M, Weijer CJ (2008). "The mechanisms underlying primitive streak formation in the chick embryo".
851:"The enigmatic primitive streak: prevailing notions and challenges concerning the body axis of mammals"
799:"Induction and patterning of the primitive streak, an organizing center of gastrulation in the amniote"
268:
Towards the cranial (anterior) end of the disc, the primitive streak expands into an area known as the
1949:"The President's Council on Bioethics, Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry. Chapter 6"
1254:"Induction and patterning of the primitive streak an organizing centre of gastrulation in the amniote"
436:
1173:
465:
343:
1058:
Moore, Keith L.; Persaud, T. V. N.; Torchia, Mark G. (2018). "4 - Third Week of Human
Development".
2014:
1976:
360:
1435:"The hypoblast of the chick embryo positions the primitive streak by antagonizing nodal signaling"
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The formation of the primitive streak in the chick, is highly regulated by a complex network of
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mutant embryos. In addition, mutating the intracellular negative regulator of Wnt signaling,
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streaks, suggesting that the hypoblast serves to inhibit formation of the primitive streak.
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1961:
1252:
Mikawa, Takashi; Poh, Alisa M.; Kelly, Kristine A.; Ishii, Yasuo; Reese, David E. (2004).
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An intricate network of signaling pathways regulate the formation of the primitive streak.
262:
178:
78:
1177:
1121:"Analysis of tissue flow patterns during primitive streak formation in the chick embryo"
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has provided much information about the formation of the primitive streak. In the chick
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Hatada Y, Stern CD (1994). "A fate map of the epiblast of the early chick embryo".
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1397:(8th ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates Publishers. p. 358.
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Saadaoui, M; Rocancourt, D; Roussel, J; Corson, F; Gros, J (24 January 2020).
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189:
161:
1162:"A tensile ring drives tissue flows to shape the gastrulating amniote embryo"
605:
Human embryo—length, 2 mm. Dorsal view, with the amnion laid open. X 30.
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Another important pathway in modulating formation of the primitive streak is
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476:) adjacent to the site of streak formation is required for this process.
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the primitive streak extends for half the length of the embryo. In the
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1873:"Endogenous patterns of BMP signaling during early chick development"
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56:
52:
1962:
Government of
Australia Department of Health and Ageing, 22 Dec 2008
903:
Chuai M, Zeng W, Yang X, Boychenko V, Glazier JA, Weijer CJ (2006).
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is key for the formation of the primitive streak. Cells overlaying
249:, and some of its cells will give rise to the primitive streak. In
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Standring, Susan (2020). "10 - Cell populations at gastrulation".
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276:. In birds, including the chick, this organizing node is called
1972:
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Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
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In the middle of the node is a circular depression termed the
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arising from the development of the primitive streak during
1871:
Faure S, de Santa
Barbara P, Roberts DJ, Whitman M (2002).
905:"Cell movement during chick primitive streak formation"
671:(Fifth ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom. p. 113.
1822:
Bertocchini F, Skromne I, Wolpert L, Stern CD (2004).
1119:
Cui C, Yang X, Chuai M, Glazier JA, Weijer CJ (2005).
797:
Mikawa T, Poh AM, Kelly KA, Ishii Y, Reese DE (2004).
188:, determines the site of gastrulation, and initiates
1023:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. pp. 78–80.
284:, where it was first identified, it is known as the
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713:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. p. 57.
572:The primitive streak is an important concept in
338:Primitive streak in relation to later developed
448:. Activation of various secreted factors (Vg1,
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404:The marginal zone of a chick embryo contains
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67:pr. Primitive streak. gc. germinal crescent.
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971:. Current Topics in Developmental Biology.
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1043:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
775:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
733:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
691:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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192:formation. To form the primitive streak,
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27:Structure in early amniote embryogenesis
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755:(Forty-first ed.). . p. 181.
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148:is a structure that forms in the early
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617:Lateral section through the mammalian
525:transforming growth factor beta family
486:transforming growth factor beta family
131:
36:
7:
523:, a known mesodermal inducer of the
30:For the album by The Subdudes, see
253:, the equivalent structure is the
160:, the equivalent structure is the
25:
184:The primitive streak establishes
1433:Bertocchini F, Stern CD (2002).
610:
598:
45:
416:Underlying the epiblast is the
1:
1696:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80324-4
1612:10.1016/S0925-4773(02)00034-5
1452:10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00318-0
1371:10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00321-0
981:10.1016/S0070-2153(07)81004-0
2308:Animal developmental biology
1593:Skromne I, Stern CD (2002).
1320:10.1016/0012-1606(89)90090-0
1019:Schoenwolf, Gary C. (2015).
709:Schoenwolf, Gary C. (2015).
2276:Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
2221:Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
2000:Human embryonic development
1138:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.021
921:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.451
272:which is the organizer for
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1393:Gilbert, Scott F. (2006).
513:
422:anterior visceral endoderm
354:
29:
1021:Larsen's human embryology
751:Standring, Susan (2016).
711:Larsen's human embryology
669:Principles of development
327:. Also at that time, the
286:Spemann-Mangold organizer
126:
44:
2281:Somatopleuric mesenchyme
2193:Somatopleuric mesenchyme
2002:in the first three weeks
243:bilaminar embryonic disc
220:Cellular differentiation
32:Primitive Streak (album)
1733:10.1242/dev.124.15.2997
1569:10.1242/dev.128.15.2915
1523:10.1242/dev.125.17.3521
1488:10.1242/dev.124.24.5127
1231:10.1242/dev.120.10.2879
1187:10.1126/science.aaw1965
667:Wolpert, Lewis (2015).
644:www.merriam-webster.com
640:"Definition of AMNIOTE"
516:Nodal signaling pathway
207:of the adult organism.
2165:Regional specification
1890:10.1006/dbio.2002.0579
1771:10.1242/dev.120.7.1919
1258:Developmental Dynamics
867:10.1002/bies.200900038
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347:
304:
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194:mesenchymal stem cells
128:Anatomical terminology
2271:Intraembryonic coelom
1927:10.1242/dev.125.3.507
1395:Developmental biology
514:Further information:
480:Vg1 and Wnt signaling
466:transcription factors
439:
355:Further information:
337:
218:
166:embryonic development
1095:. pp. 188–195.
1060:The Developing Human
568:Ethical implications
344:black crested gibbon
1178:2020Sci...367..453S
361:Signal transduction
1271:10.1002/dvdy.10458
1066:. pp. 47–63.
816:10.1002/dvdy.10458
549:mesoderm formation
484:Similarly, Vg1 (a
446:signaling pathways
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432:Signaling pathways
382:polonaise movement
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265:, about 17 days.
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186:bilateral symmetry
177:, this appears by
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2020:Oocyte activation
1841:10.1242/dev.01178
1727:(15): 2997–3005.
1172:(6476): 453–458.
1091:(42nd ed.).
1062:(11th ed.).
990:978-0-12-374253-7
969:Curr Top Dev Biol
849:Downs KM (2009).
592:Additional images
305:sulcus primitivus
259:developing embryo
181:, about 17 days.
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16:(Redirected from
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2146:Primitive groove
2127:Primitive streak
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239:epithelial layer
146:primitive streak
134:edit on Wikidata
51:Surface view of
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386:Koller's sickle
363:
353:
325:caudal eminence
213:
164:. During early
138:
109:linea primitiva
68:
66:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2321:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2239:Axial mesoderm
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2137:Primitive node
2134:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1940:
1904:
1863:
1811:
1794:Int J Dev Biol
1784:
1765:(7): 1919–28.
1746:
1710:
1669:
1626:
1605:(1–2): 115–8.
1582:
1536:
1501:
1466:
1410:
1403:
1385:
1333:
1293:
1264:(3): 422–432.
1244:
1209:
1152:
1108:
1101:
1089:Gray's Anatomy
1079:
1072:
1050:
1029:
1004:
989:
944:
890:
861:(8): 892–902.
838:
782:
761:
740:
719:
698:
677:
656:
630:
628:
625:
624:
623:
616:
609:
607:
604:
597:
593:
590:
589:
588:
581:
578:
569:
566:
556:
553:
540:
537:
511:
508:
481:
478:
433:
430:
374:model organism
357:Cell signaling
352:
349:
270:primitive node
212:
209:
170:embryonic disc
140:
139:
130:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
81:
79:Carnegie stage
75:
74:
70:
69:
63:Embryonic disk
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2320:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:Lateral plate
2264:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Neuroectoderm
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Primitive pit
2130:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:Fertilization
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:(3): 507–19.
1920:
1916:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1800:(1): 311–20.
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1689:(1): 181–92.
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:10.1038/11932
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1445:(5): 735–44.
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:9780878932504
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1364:(5): 745–56.
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:(1): 206–14.
1313:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:9780702077050
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1073:9780323611541
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1032:
1030:9781455706846
1026:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
945:
940:
936:
931:
926:
922:
918:
915:(1): 137–49.
914:
910:
906:
899:
897:
895:
891:
886:
882:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
843:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
812:
809:(3): 422–32.
808:
804:
800:
793:
791:
789:
787:
783:
778:
772:
764:
762:9780702052309
758:
754:
747:
745:
741:
736:
730:
722:
720:9781455706846
716:
712:
705:
703:
699:
694:
688:
680:
678:9780199678143
674:
670:
663:
661:
657:
645:
641:
635:
632:
626:
620:
613:
608:
601:
596:
591:
587:
584:
583:
579:
577:
575:
567:
565:
562:
555:BMP signaling
554:
552:
550:
546:
539:FGF signaling
538:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
509:
507:
505:
500:
496:
492:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
438:
431:
429:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
407:
402:
400:
396:
395:intercalation
392:
391:cell division
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:
362:
358:
350:
345:
341:
336:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:primitive pit
289:
287:
283:
279:
278:Hensen's node
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
229:
225:
221:
217:
210:
208:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
135:
129:
125:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
107:
105:
101:
96:
92:
88:
85:
82:
80:
76:
71:
64:
58:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2261:Intermediate
2203:Neural crest
2158:Gastrulation
2126:
1957:
1951:. July 2002.
1943:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1883:(1): 44–65.
1880:
1876:
1866:
1831:
1827:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1762:
1758:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1642:(4): 361–5.
1639:
1635:
1629:
1602:
1598:
1560:
1556:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1442:
1438:
1394:
1388:
1361:
1357:
1311:
1307:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1131:(1): 37–47.
1128:
1124:
1088:
1082:
1059:
1053:
1020:
972:
968:
912:
908:
858:
854:
806:
802:
752:
710:
668:
647:. Retrieved
643:
634:
571:
558:
542:
519:
483:
443:
415:
403:
393:, cell-cell
364:
324:
320:
313:
296:
292:
290:
274:gastrulation
267:
232:
228:implantation
224:gastrulation
198:
183:
175:human embryo
145:
143:
108:
2198:Neurulation
2123:Archenteron
2115:Germ layers
2065:Trophoblast
1915:Development
1828:Development
1759:Development
1721:Development
1557:Development
1511:Development
1476:Development
1219:Development
399:chemotactic
319:termed the
237:, a single
98:Identifiers
2254:Somitomere
2141:Blastopore
2105:Trilaminar
2055:Blastocyst
2050:Blastocoel
2045:Cavitation
2035:Blastomere
1636:Nat. Genet
975:: 135–56.
627:References
619:blastodisc
586:Gastruloid
282:amphibians
255:blastopore
251:amphibians
226:following
190:germ layer
162:blastopore
158:amphibians
2087:Hypoblast
2078:Bilaminar
1877:Dev. Biol
1599:Mech. Dev
1308:Dev. Biol
1125:Dev. Biol
1039:cite book
909:Dev. Biol
855:BioEssays
771:cite book
729:cite book
687:cite book
574:bioethics
559:Finally,
491:B-catenin
474:Goosecoid
470:Brachyury
418:hypoblast
351:Formation
342:shown on
340:notochord
329:notochord
211:Structure
2302:Category
2244:Paraxial
2231:Mesoderm
2213:Endoderm
2175:Ectoderm
2153:Gastrula
2092:Epiblast
2030:Cleavage
1899:11900458
1850:15226255
1806:11291861
1664:22195563
1656:10431240
1621:12175495
1577:11532915
1461:12431379
1439:Dev Cell
1380:12431380
1358:Dev Cell
1280:14991697
1204:92787648
1196:31974255
1147:15950214
1093:Elsevier
1064:Saunders
999:18023726
939:16725136
885:19609969
825:14991697
580:See also
529:Cerberus
378:blastula
321:tail bud
247:amniotes
235:epiblast
201:mesoderm
154:amniotes
2101:Week 3
2074:Week 2
1935:9425145
1779:7924997
1741:9247341
1705:9230313
1531:9693154
1496:9362470
1328:2731648
1239:7607078
1174:Bibcode
1166:Science
930:2556955
876:2949267
803:Dev Dyn
462:Chordin
426:ectopic
411:induced
241:of the
205:tissues
179:stage 6
121:D054240
73:Details
2249:Somite
2040:Morula
2025:Zygote
2008:Week 1
1933:
1897:
1858:942758
1856:
1848:
1804:
1777:
1739:
1703:
1662:
1654:
1619:
1575:
1529:
1494:
1459:
1401:
1378:
1326:
1288:758473
1286:
1278:
1237:
1202:
1194:
1145:
1099:
1070:
1027:
997:
987:
937:
927:
883:
873:
833:758473
831:
823:
759:
717:
675:
649:11 May
533:Lefty1
464:) and
370:embryo
346:embryo
168:, the
150:embryo
57:rabbit
53:embryo
1854:S2CID
1660:S2CID
1284:S2CID
1200:S2CID
829:S2CID
521:Nodal
504:Dkk-1
454:Wnt8C
450:Nodal
406:cells
372:as a
367:chick
301:Latin
280:. In
156:. In
132:[
104:Latin
61:arg.
55:of a
1931:PMID
1895:PMID
1846:PMID
1802:PMID
1775:PMID
1737:PMID
1701:PMID
1683:Cell
1652:PMID
1617:PMID
1573:PMID
1527:PMID
1492:PMID
1457:PMID
1399:ISBN
1376:PMID
1324:PMID
1276:PMID
1235:PMID
1192:PMID
1143:PMID
1097:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1045:link
1025:ISBN
995:PMID
985:ISBN
935:PMID
881:PMID
821:PMID
777:link
757:ISBN
735:link
715:ISBN
693:link
673:ISBN
651:2022
499:Lef1
495:Axin
472:and
460:and
458:FGF8
397:and
365:The
359:and
233:The
144:The
116:MeSH
90:Days
1923:doi
1919:125
1885:doi
1881:244
1836:doi
1832:131
1767:doi
1763:120
1729:doi
1725:124
1691:doi
1644:doi
1607:doi
1603:114
1565:doi
1561:128
1519:doi
1515:125
1484:doi
1480:124
1447:doi
1366:doi
1316:doi
1312:134
1266:doi
1262:229
1227:doi
1223:120
1182:doi
1170:367
1133:doi
1129:284
977:doi
925:PMC
917:doi
913:296
871:PMC
863:doi
811:doi
807:229
561:BMP
545:FGF
323:or
152:in
2304::
1929:.
1917:.
1893:.
1879:.
1875:.
1852:.
1844:.
1830:.
1826:.
1814:^
1798:45
1796:.
1773:.
1761:.
1749:^
1735:.
1723:.
1699:.
1687:90
1685:.
1681:.
1658:.
1650:.
1640:22
1638:.
1615:.
1601:.
1597:.
1585:^
1571:.
1559:.
1539:^
1525:.
1513:.
1490:.
1478:.
1455:.
1441:.
1437:.
1413:^
1374:.
1360:.
1356:.
1336:^
1322:.
1310:.
1296:^
1282:.
1274:.
1260:.
1256:.
1233:.
1221:.
1198:.
1190:.
1180:.
1168:.
1164:.
1141:.
1127:.
1123:.
1111:^
1041:}}
1037:{{
1007:^
993:.
983:.
973:81
947:^
933:.
923:.
911:.
907:.
893:^
879:.
869:.
859:31
857:.
853:.
841:^
827:.
819:.
805:.
801:.
785:^
773:}}
769:{{
743:^
731:}}
727:{{
701:^
689:}}
685:{{
659:^
642:.
456:,
452:,
311:.
303::
288:.
93:15
84:6b
65:.
59:.
2139:/
2125:/
2107:)
2103:(
2080:)
2076:(
1992:e
1985:t
1978:v
1937:.
1925::
1901:.
1887::
1860:.
1838::
1808:.
1781:.
1769::
1743:.
1731::
1707:.
1693::
1666:.
1646::
1623:.
1609::
1579:.
1567::
1533:.
1521::
1498:.
1486::
1463:.
1449::
1443:3
1407:.
1382:.
1368::
1362:3
1330:.
1318::
1290:.
1268::
1241:.
1229::
1206:.
1184::
1176::
1149:.
1135::
1105:.
1076:.
1047:)
1033:.
1001:.
979::
941:.
919::
887:.
865::
835:.
813::
779:)
765:.
737:)
723:.
695:)
681:.
653:.
621:.
468:(
299:(
136:]
34:.
20:)
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