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Primon gas

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1974: 1748: 813: 548: 1129: 1606: 1416: 942: 342: 1969:{\displaystyle Z(T):=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\exp \left({\frac {-E_{n}}{k_{\text{B}}T}}\right)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\exp \left({\frac {-E\log n}{k_{\text{B}}T}}\right)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n^{s}}}=\zeta (s)} 1426:
Let's suppose we would like to know the average time, suitably-normalised, that the Riemann gas spends in a particular subspace. How might this frequency be related to the dimension of this subspace?
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What is even more remarkable is that although the Erdős-Kac theorem has the form of a statistical observation, it could not have been discovered using statistical methods. Indeed, for
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Bernard L. Julia, Statistical theory of numbers, in Number Theory and Physics, eds. J. M. Luck, P. Moussa, and M. Waldschmidt, Springer Proceedings in
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because the particles are non-interacting. The idea of the primon gas was independently discovered by Donald Spector. Later works by Ioannis Bakas and
1308: 868: 235: 2069:, field states with an even number of particles are bosons, while those with an odd number of particles are fermions. The fermion operator 630:
In short, the Fock space for primons has an orthonormal basis given by the positive natural numbers, but we think of each such number
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if we think of them as analogous to particles in quantum field theory. This Fock space has an orthonormal basis given by finite
1732: 2105:, in that the Möbius function is positive for bosons, negative for fermions, and zero on exclusion-principle-prohibited states. 2266: 2182:
D. Spector, Supersymmetry and the Möbius Inversion Function, Communications in Mathematical Physics 127 (1990) pp. 239–252.
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we may actually demonstrate that this frequency depends upon nothing more than the dimension of the subspace. In fact, if
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The connections between number theory and quantum field theory can be somewhat further extended into connections between
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D. J. G. Dueñas and N. F. Svaiter. Thermodynamics of the Bosonic Randomized Riemann Gas. arXiv preprint arXiv:1401.8190.
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If we characterize distinct linear subspaces as Erdős-Kac data which have the form of sparse binary vectors, using the
808:{\displaystyle \Phi \circ {\textbf {log}}\circ x_{n}={\textbf {log}}\circ F\circ x_{n}={\textbf {log}}\circ x_{n+1}} 2062: 1179: 2200:
D. Spector, Duality, Partial Supersymmetry, and Arithmetic Number Theory, J. Math. Phys. 39 (1998) pp. 1919–1927
543:{\displaystyle n=2^{k_{2}}\cdot 3^{k_{3}}\cdot 5^{k_{5}}\cdot 7^{k_{7}}\cdot 11^{k_{11}}\cdots p^{k_{p}}\cdots } 2114: 1124:{\displaystyle \forall n\in \mathbb {N} ,F(n)=n+1\implies \forall x,y\in \mathbb {N} ^{*},F(x+y)\neq F(x)+F(y)} 2256: 2222:), Theorems that are essentially impossible to guess by empirical observation, URL (version: 2021-12-29): 1739: 161: 48: 1465: 2130: 2024: 1430: 821: 584: 44: 20: 1693: 350: 2138: 1240: 1163: 135: 2122: 2005: 2074: 1664: 1436: 556: 102: 1617: 52: 2079: 661: 56: 2191:
I. Bakas and M.J. Bowick, Curiosities of Arithmetic Gases, J. Math. Phys. 32 (1991) p. 1881
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of primes. In other words, to specify one of these basis elements we can list the number
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Steven L. Brunton. Notes on Koopman Operator Theory. Cambridge University Press. 2019.
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is an algorithm for integer factorisation, analogous to the discrete logarithm, and
128: 2219: 2126: 2013: 72: 143: 2241: 1411:{\displaystyle E_{n}=\sum _{p}k_{p}E_{p}=E\cdot \sum _{p}k_{p}\log p=E\log n} 937:{\displaystyle {\textbf {log}}\circ x_{n}=\bigoplus _{k}a_{k}\cdot \ln p_{k}} 337:{\displaystyle |k_{2},k_{3},k_{5},k_{7},k_{11},\ldots ,k_{p},\ldots \rangle } 2237: 2023: = 1 corresponds to the divergence of the partition function at a 155: 650:
as a collection of primons: its prime factors, counted with multiplicity.
59:. It is a quantum field theory of a set of non-interacting particles, the 2118: 2065:
prohibits multi-particle states which include squares of primes. By the
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to lift dynamics from the space of states to the space of observables:
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we can also denote the basis elements of the Fock space as simply
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The above second-quantized model takes the particles to be
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takes the role of the spectrum of energy eigenvalues, the
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A precise motivation for defining the Koopman operator
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has a very concrete realization in this model as the
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Identifying the Hamiltonian via the Koopman operator
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This Week's Finds in Mathematical Physics, Week 199
2097: 1968: 1715: 1682: 1653: 1600: 1502: 1482: 1454: 1410: 1294: 1271: 1223: 1169:to have eigenvalues proportional to log  1146: 1123: 979: 959: 936: 854: 834: 807: 703: 683: 642: 620: 573: 542: 396: 376: 336: 221: 201: 119: 2121:, where, corresponding to the example above, the 967:is that it represents a global linearisation of 1490:then the ErdĹ‘s-Kac law tells us that for large 1462:counts the number of unique prime divisors of 384:is finite. Since any positive natural number 2220:https://mathoverflow.net/users/470546/bubblez 2173:, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990, pp. 276–293. 8: 1218: 1194: 568: 331: 114: 1224:{\displaystyle H|p\rangle =E_{p}|p\rangle } 862:is the successor function. Thus, we have: 1042: 1038: 2081: 1943: 1934: 1928: 1917: 1894: 1870: 1854: 1843: 1820: 1808: 1798: 1782: 1771: 1750: 1707: 1695: 1666: 1619: 1577: 1576: 1520: 1518: 1495: 1476: 1475: 1467: 1438: 1378: 1368: 1349: 1339: 1329: 1316: 1310: 1287: 1248: 1242: 1210: 1204: 1186: 1181: 1139: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1007: 1006: 995: 972: 952: 928: 909: 899: 886: 873: 872: 870: 847: 826: 825: 823: 793: 780: 779: 770: 751: 750: 741: 728: 727: 719: 696: 669: 663: 635: 586: 560: 558: 529: 524: 509: 504: 489: 484: 469: 464: 449: 444: 429: 424: 412: 389: 368: 358: 352: 319: 300: 287: 274: 261: 248: 239: 237: 214: 169: 163: 106: 104: 2129:take the role of the prime numbers, the 404:has a unique factorization into primes: 2149: 2019:The divergence of the zeta function at 1611:has the standard normal distribution. 1422:Statistics of the phase-space dimension 39:illustrating correspondences between 7: 99:with an orthonormal basis of states 2057:. If the particles are taken to be 874: 827: 781: 752: 729: 1929: 1855: 1783: 1738:of the primon gas is given by the 1141: 1043: 997: 954: 721: 698: 691:, we may use the Koopman operator 202:{\displaystyle k_{p}=0,1,2,\dots } 14: 2224:https://mathoverflow.net/q/412762 1483:{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} } 835:{\displaystyle {\textbf {log}}} 621:{\displaystyle n=1,2,3,\dots .} 16:Model from mathematical physics 2092: 2086: 1963: 1957: 1761: 1755: 1716:{\displaystyle N\geq 10^{100}} 1677: 1671: 1648: 1645: 1633: 1630: 1595: 1583: 1532: 1526: 1449: 1443: 1211: 1187: 1118: 1112: 1103: 1097: 1088: 1076: 1039: 1023: 1017: 561: 377:{\displaystyle \sum _{p}k_{p}} 240: 107: 1: 1272:{\displaystyle E_{p}=E\log p} 2133:take the role of integers, 1690:only begins to emerge for 1282:for some positive constant 2283: 1683:{\displaystyle \omega (X)} 1455:{\displaystyle \omega (n)} 1302:, we are naturally led to 574:{\displaystyle |n\rangle } 209:of primons for each prime 138:gives a new Hilbert space 120:{\displaystyle |p\rangle } 2063:Pauli exclusion principle 1654:{\displaystyle X\sim U()} 2115:topological field theory 2098:{\displaystyle \mu (n)} 2067:spin–statistics theorem 684:{\displaystyle x_{n}=n} 2099: 1970: 1933: 1859: 1787: 1717: 1684: 1655: 1602: 1504: 1484: 1456: 1412: 1296: 1273: 1225: 1148: 1125: 981: 961: 938: 856: 836: 809: 705: 685: 644: 622: 575: 544: 398: 378: 338: 223: 203: 121: 2267:Statistical mechanics 2137:taking the place the 2131:group representations 2100: 1971: 1913: 1839: 1767: 1740:Riemann zeta function 1727:Statistical mechanics 1718: 1685: 1656: 1603: 1505: 1485: 1457: 1413: 1297: 1274: 1226: 1149: 1147:{\displaystyle \Phi } 1126: 982: 962: 960:{\displaystyle \Phi } 939: 857: 837: 810: 706: 704:{\displaystyle \Phi } 686: 645: 623: 576: 545: 399: 379: 339: 224: 204: 122: 49:statistical mechanics 2262:Quantum field theory 2139:Dirichlet characters 2080: 2049:Supersymmetric model 2025:Hagedorn temperature 1749: 1694: 1665: 1661:the normal order of 1618: 1517: 1494: 1466: 1437: 1309: 1286: 1241: 1180: 1162:If we take a simple 1138: 994: 971: 951: 869: 846: 822: 718: 695: 662: 634: 585: 557: 411: 388: 351: 236: 213: 162: 103: 45:quantum field theory 21:mathematical physics 2109:More complex models 1164:quantum Hamiltonian 136:Second quantization 2123:spectrum of a ring 2095: 2006:Boltzmann constant 1966: 1733:partition function 1713: 1680: 1651: 1598: 1500: 1480: 1452: 1408: 1373: 1334: 1292: 1269: 1221: 1144: 1121: 977: 957: 934: 904: 852: 832: 805: 701: 681: 640: 618: 571: 540: 394: 374: 363: 334: 219: 199: 144:bosonic Fock space 117: 1949: 1904: 1897: 1830: 1823: 1571: 1570: 1503:{\displaystyle n} 1431:ErdĹ‘s-Kac theorem 1364: 1325: 1295:{\displaystyle E} 980:{\displaystyle F} 895: 876: 855:{\displaystyle F} 829: 783: 754: 731: 643:{\displaystyle n} 397:{\displaystyle n} 354: 222:{\displaystyle p} 63:; it is called a 53:dynamical systems 2274: 2226: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2174: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2135:group characters 2104: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2012:is the absolute 1975: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1935: 1932: 1927: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1888: 1871: 1858: 1853: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1799: 1786: 1781: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1689: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1607: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1582: 1581: 1572: 1554: 1553: 1521: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1489: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1383: 1382: 1372: 1354: 1353: 1344: 1343: 1333: 1321: 1320: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1278: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1253: 1252: 1230: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1190: 1153: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1010: 986: 984: 983: 978: 966: 964: 963: 958: 943: 941: 940: 935: 933: 932: 914: 913: 903: 891: 890: 878: 877: 861: 859: 858: 853: 841: 839: 838: 833: 831: 830: 814: 812: 811: 806: 804: 803: 785: 784: 775: 774: 756: 755: 746: 745: 733: 732: 710: 708: 707: 702: 690: 688: 687: 682: 674: 673: 658:Given the state 649: 647: 646: 641: 627: 625: 624: 619: 580: 578: 577: 572: 564: 549: 547: 546: 541: 536: 535: 534: 533: 516: 515: 514: 513: 496: 495: 494: 493: 476: 475: 474: 473: 456: 455: 454: 453: 436: 435: 434: 433: 403: 401: 400: 395: 383: 381: 380: 375: 373: 372: 362: 347:where the total 343: 341: 340: 335: 324: 323: 305: 304: 292: 291: 279: 278: 266: 265: 253: 252: 243: 228: 226: 225: 220: 208: 206: 205: 200: 174: 173: 127:labelled by the 126: 124: 123: 118: 110: 57:Lee-Yang theorem 2282: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2247: 2246: 2234: 2229: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2111: 2078: 2077: 2075:Möbius function 2051: 2044: 2033: 2003: 1993: 1939: 1890: 1889: 1872: 1866: 1816: 1815: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1747: 1746: 1729: 1703: 1692: 1691: 1663: 1662: 1616: 1615: 1522: 1515: 1514: 1492: 1491: 1464: 1463: 1435: 1434: 1424: 1374: 1345: 1335: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1284: 1283: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1200: 1178: 1177: 1160: 1154:is canonical. 1136: 1135: 1058: 992: 991: 969: 968: 949: 948: 924: 905: 882: 867: 866: 844: 843: 820: 819: 789: 766: 737: 716: 715: 693: 692: 665: 660: 659: 656: 632: 631: 583: 582: 555: 554: 525: 520: 505: 500: 485: 480: 465: 460: 445: 440: 425: 420: 409: 408: 386: 385: 364: 349: 348: 315: 296: 283: 270: 257: 244: 234: 233: 211: 210: 165: 160: 159: 101: 100: 90: 85: 43:and methods in 17: 12: 11: 5: 2280: 2278: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2249: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2233: 2232:External links 2230: 2228: 2227: 2211: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2175: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2110: 2107: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2050: 2047: 2042: 2031: 2001: 1991: 1977: 1976: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1728: 1725: 1710: 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759: 749: 744: 740: 736: 726: 723: 700: 680: 677: 672: 668: 655: 652: 639: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 570: 567: 563: 551: 550: 539: 532: 528: 523: 519: 512: 508: 503: 499: 492: 488: 483: 479: 472: 468: 463: 459: 452: 448: 443: 439: 432: 428: 423: 419: 416: 393: 371: 367: 361: 357: 345: 344: 333: 330: 327: 322: 318: 314: 311: 308: 303: 299: 295: 290: 286: 282: 277: 273: 269: 264: 260: 256: 251: 247: 242: 218: 198: 195: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 177: 172: 168: 116: 113: 109: 89: 86: 84: 81: 31:discovered by 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2279: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2257:Number theory 2255: 2254: 2252: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2142: 2141:, and so on. 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2106: 2089: 2083: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2034: =  2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1986: 1983: =  1982: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1726: 1724: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1674: 1668: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1612: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1497: 1472: 1469: 1446: 1440: 1432: 1427: 1421: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1289: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1215: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1183: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1157: 1155: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1011: 1003: 1000: 990: 989: 988: 974: 929: 925: 921: 918: 915: 910: 906: 900: 896: 892: 887: 883: 879: 865: 864: 863: 849: 800: 797: 794: 790: 786: 776: 771: 767: 763: 760: 757: 747: 742: 738: 734: 724: 714: 713: 712: 678: 675: 670: 666: 653: 651: 637: 628: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 565: 537: 530: 526: 521: 517: 510: 506: 501: 497: 490: 486: 481: 477: 470: 466: 461: 457: 450: 446: 441: 437: 430: 426: 421: 417: 414: 407: 406: 405: 391: 369: 365: 359: 355: 328: 325: 320: 316: 312: 309: 306: 301: 297: 293: 288: 284: 280: 275: 271: 267: 262: 258: 254: 249: 245: 232: 231: 230: 216: 196: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 178: 175: 170: 166: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 130: 129:prime numbers 111: 98: 95: 94:Hilbert space 87: 82: 80: 78: 77:string theory 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 41:number theory 38: 34: 33:Bernard Julia 30: 26: 22: 2214: 2205: 2196: 2187: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2152: 2127:prime ideals 2112: 2052: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2020: 2018: 2009: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1735: 1730: 1613: 1610: 1428: 1425: 1281: 1233: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1133: 946: 817: 657: 629: 552: 346: 151: 147: 139: 131: 96: 91: 68: 60: 55:such as the 28: 24: 18: 2061:, then the 2014:temperature 1173:, that is, 92:Consider a 88:State space 73:Mark Bowick 29:Riemann gas 2251:Categories 2145:References 2071:(−1) 69:free model 25:primon gas 2238:John Baez 2218:BubbleZ ( 2084:μ 1955:ζ 1930:∞ 1915:∑ 1883:⁡ 1874:− 1864:⁡ 1856:∞ 1841:∑ 1802:− 1792:⁡ 1784:∞ 1769:∑ 1701:≥ 1669:ω 1625:∼ 1574:∼ 1565:⁡ 1559:⁡ 1548:⁡ 1542:⁡ 1536:− 1524:ω 1473:∈ 1441:ω 1403:⁡ 1388:⁡ 1366:∑ 1362:⋅ 1327:∑ 1264:⁡ 1219:⟩ 1195:⟩ 1142:Φ 1092:≠ 1066:∗ 1056:∈ 1044:∀ 1040:⟹ 1004:∈ 998:∀ 955:Φ 922:⁡ 916:⋅ 897:⨁ 880:∘ 787:∘ 764:∘ 758:∘ 735:∘ 725:∘ 722:Φ 699:Φ 613:… 569:⟩ 538:⋯ 518:⋯ 498:⋅ 478:⋅ 458:⋅ 438:⋅ 356:∑ 332:⟩ 329:… 310:… 197:… 156:multisets 115:⟩ 83:The model 2119:K-theory 2059:fermions 2027:of  1158:Energies 2169:, Vol. 2167:Physics 2004:is the 1134:Hence, 152:primons 61:primons 2055:bosons 1997:where 818:where 581:where 142:, the 23:, the 1979:with 1234:with 67:or a 37:model 35:is a 2117:and 2008:and 1731:The 51:and 2016:. 1880:log 1861:exp 1789:exp 1723:. 1709:100 1510:: 1400:log 1385:log 1261:log 875:log 828:log 782:log 753:log 730:log 146:on 65:gas 27:or 19:In 2253:: 2240:, 2171:47 2045:. 1765::= 1742:: 1705:10 1562:ln 1556:ln 1545:ln 1539:ln 919:ln 511:11 502:11 302:11 229:: 134:. 79:. 47:, 2093:) 2090:n 2087:( 2043:B 2040:k 2038:/ 2036:E 2032:H 2029:T 2021:s 2010:T 2002:B 1999:k 1995:T 1992:B 1989:k 1987:/ 1985:E 1981:s 1964:) 1961:s 1958:( 1952:= 1945:s 1941:n 1937:1 1925:1 1922:= 1919:n 1911:= 1907:) 1901:T 1896:B 1892:k 1886:n 1877:E 1868:( 1851:1 1848:= 1845:n 1837:= 1833:) 1827:T 1822:B 1818:k 1810:n 1806:E 1796:( 1779:1 1776:= 1773:n 1762:) 1759:T 1756:( 1753:Z 1736:Z 1698:N 1678:) 1675:X 1672:( 1649:) 1646:] 1643:N 1640:, 1637:1 1634:[ 1631:( 1628:U 1622:X 1596:) 1593:1 1590:, 1587:0 1584:( 1579:N 1568:n 1551:n 1533:) 1530:n 1527:( 1498:n 1477:N 1470:n 1450:) 1447:n 1444:( 1406:n 1397:E 1394:= 1391:p 1380:p 1376:k 1370:p 1359:E 1356:= 1351:p 1347:E 1341:p 1337:k 1331:p 1323:= 1318:n 1314:E 1290:E 1267:p 1258:E 1255:= 1250:p 1246:E 1216:p 1212:| 1206:p 1202:E 1198:= 1192:p 1188:| 1184:H 1171:p 1167:H 1119:) 1116:y 1113:( 1110:F 1107:+ 1104:) 1101:x 1098:( 1095:F 1089:) 1086:y 1083:+ 1080:x 1077:( 1074:F 1071:, 1061:N 1053:y 1050:, 1047:x 1036:1 1033:+ 1030:n 1027:= 1024:) 1021:n 1018:( 1015:F 1012:, 1008:N 1001:n 975:F 930:k 926:p 911:k 907:a 901:k 893:= 888:n 884:x 850:F 801:1 798:+ 795:n 791:x 777:= 772:n 768:x 761:F 748:= 743:n 739:x 679:n 676:= 671:n 667:x 638:n 616:. 610:, 607:3 604:, 601:2 598:, 595:1 592:= 589:n 566:n 562:| 531:p 527:k 522:p 507:k 491:7 487:k 482:7 471:5 467:k 462:5 451:3 447:k 442:3 431:2 427:k 422:2 418:= 415:n 392:n 370:p 366:k 360:p 326:, 321:p 317:k 313:, 307:, 298:k 294:, 289:7 285:k 281:, 276:5 272:k 268:, 263:3 259:k 255:, 250:2 246:k 241:| 217:p 194:, 191:2 188:, 185:1 182:, 179:0 176:= 171:p 167:k 148:H 140:K 132:p 112:p 108:| 97:H

Index

mathematical physics
Bernard Julia
model
number theory
quantum field theory
statistical mechanics
dynamical systems
Lee-Yang theorem
gas
Mark Bowick
string theory
Hilbert space
prime numbers
Second quantization
bosonic Fock space
multisets
quantum Hamiltonian
Erdős-Kac theorem
partition function
Riemann zeta function
Boltzmann constant
temperature
Hagedorn temperature
bosons
fermions
Pauli exclusion principle
spin–statistics theorem
(−1)
Möbius function
topological field theory

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