Brandenburg–Prussia - Knowledge (XXG)

100: 3218:, who due to high maintenance costs abandoned it and demolished the fort soon after. On 27 July 1685, an expedition was mounted by Frederick William and Raule, who took possession of the vacated colony on 1 October. Subsequently, the fort was rebuilt and contacts to the indigenous population established. France was alarmed and sent a vessel to re-conquer the fort in late 1687, but the attack of a French frigate and a smaller vessel was beaten back by the Brandenburg-Prussian garrison. The victory improved the relations to the indigenous people, many of whom were carried off as slaves by the French before. While Arguin did not reach the economic importance of Großfriedrichsburg, it temporarily advanced to the world's primary staple port for slaves. 487: 434: 1747: 336: 71: 1561: 350: 2179: 1678: 378: 1541:

real estate tax to an excise tax. Since 1657, the towns had to contribute not soldiers, but monetary payments to the army, and since 1665, the estates were able to free themselves from contributing soldiers by additional payments. The initial army size of 8,000 men had risen to 25,000 to 30,000 men by 1688. By then, Frederick William had also accomplished his second goal, to finance the army independently of the estates. By 1688, these military costs amounted to considerable 1,500,000

1918:. Frederick III, present at the negotiations as crown prince, assured the Habsburgs of the continuation of the alliance once he was in power, and secretly concluded an amendment to return Schwiebus to the Habsburgs, which he eventually did in 1694. Throughout his reign, Brandenburg-Prussia remained a Habsburg ally and repeatedly deployed troops to fight against France. In 1693, Frederick III began to sound out the possibility of an elevation of his status at the Habsburg court in 64: 448: 1062: 1127: 420: 322: 406: 539: 534: 364: 3060: 3183: 2197: 1497: 392: 2638: 746:(1618–1648) was especially devastating. The Elector changed sides three times, and as a result Protestant and Catholic armies swept the land back and forth, killing, burning, seizing men and taking the food supplies. Upwards of half the population was killed or dislocated. Berlin and the other major cities were in ruins, and recovery took decades. By the 1010:. In 1563, the Brandenburgian branch of the Hohenzollern was granted the right of succession by the Polish crown. Albert Frederick became duke of Prussia after Albert's death in 1568. His mother died in the same year, and thereafter he showed signs of mental disorder. Because of the duke's illness, Prussia was governed by Albert's nephew 2663:. Thus, on 5 February 1615, he granted the Lutherans religious freedom, while the Elector's court remained largely Calvinist. When Frederick William I rebuilt Brandenburg-Prussia's war-torn economy, he attracted settlers from all Europe, especially by offering religious asylum, most prominently by the 3023:

fleet that was ordered to capture Spanish vessels carrying silver; it was not successful in this mission. In the following years, the navy was expanded, and the policy of leasing ships was replaced by the policy of building or purchasing them. On 1 October 1684 Frederick William bought all ships that

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Initially, the estates' contributions were limited to six years, yet Frederick William obliged the estates to continue the payments thereafter and created a dedicated office to collect the contributions. The contributions were confirmed by the estates in 1662, but transformed in 1666 by decree from a

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further west. In 1688, 300 Europeans and several hundred slaves lived on the Brandenburgian estates. In November 1695, French forces looted the Brandenburgian (not the Danish) colony. In 1731, the Brandenburg-Prussian company on Saint Thomas (BAAC) became insolvent, and abandoned the island in 1735.

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took over Brandenburg-Prussia in times of a political, economical and demographic crisis caused by the war. Upon his succession, the new elector retired the Brandenburgian army, but had an army raised again in 1643/44. Whether or not Frederick William concluded a truce and neutrality agreement with

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was among the most devastated at the end of the Thirty Years' War. Already before the war, the population density and wealth in the electorate had been low compared to other territories of the empire, and the war had destroyed 60 towns, 48 castles and about 5,000 villages. An average of 50% of the

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as his advisor, who after a first personal meeting with Frederick William in 1675 settled in Brandenburg in 1676 and became the major figure of Brandenburg-Prussia's emerging naval and colonial enterprise. The Brandenburg-Prussian navy was established from ten ships which Frederick William leased

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Frederick decided to raise the Duchy of Prussia to a kingdom. Within the Holy Roman Empire, no one could call himself king except the emperor and the king of Bohemia. However, Prussia was outside the empire, and the Hohenzollerns were fully sovereign over it. The practicability of this plan was

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had strengthened the elector politically, enabling him to reform the constitution of Cleves and Mark in 1660 and 1661 to introduce officials loyal to him and independent of the local estates. In the Duchy of Prussia, he confirmed the traditional privileges of the estates in 1663, but the latter

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was raised with the estates' consent, the elector by force collected taxes not approved by the Prussian estates for the first time in 1674. Since 1704, the Prussian estates had de facto relinquished their right to approve the elector's taxes while formally still entitled to do so. In 1682, the

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managed to have three Guinean chieftains sign a contract on 16 May, before the Dutch expelled the vessel from the coastal waters. This treaty, officially declared as trade agreement, included a clause of subjection of the chiefs to Frederick William's overlordship and an agreement allowing

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negotiated by Imperial mediators in October 1651. The underlying religious dispute was only solved in 1672. While military confrontations were avoided and the Brandenburg-Prussian army was primarily occupied with stealing cattle (hence the name), it considerably lowered Frederick William's

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Since Brandenburg was still legally part of the Holy Roman Empire, the personal union between Brandenburg and Prussia technically continued until the empire's dissolution in 1806. However, the emperor's power was only nominal by this time, and Brandenburg soon came to be treated as a

3299:, but since Courland later abandoned the territory and thus was no longer present on the island, the agreement was nullified, and negotiations with the English government which had interests in Tobago did not result in an agreement. In 1695, Brandenburg-Prussia attempted to acquire 2281:

accepted the caveat that these privileges were not to be used to interfere with the exertion of the elector's sovereignty. As in Brandenburg, Frederick William ignored the privilege of the Prussian estates to confirm or veto taxes raised by the elector: while in 1656, an

1462:, disregarded a 1647 agreement with Frederick William which had favored the Protestants in the duchies, while Frederick William insisted that the agreement be upheld. Besides these religious motives, Frederick William's invasion also aimed at territorial expansion. 2159:

went bankrupt between 1618 and 1625. The margraves further had to yield the veto of the estates in all issues concerning the "better or worse of the country", in all legal commitments, and in all issues concerning pawn or sale of the elector's real property.

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until 1656/7. Since John Sigismund had suffered a stroke in 1616 and as a consequence was severely handicapped physically as well as mentally, his wife Anna ruled the Duchy of Prussia in his name until John Sigismund died of a second stroke in 1619, aged 47.

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or half of the state budget. Ensuring a solid financial basis for the army, undisturbed by the estates, was the foremost objective of Frederick William's administrative reforms. He regarded military success as the only way to gain international reputation.

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chambers to administer and coordinate the elector's domains, tax income and privileges. Such chambers were introduced in Brandenburg in 1652, in Cleves and Mark in 1653, in Pomerania in 1654, in Prussia in 1661 and in Magdeburg in 1680. Also in 1680, the

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regents to not accept Frederick's royal status. Until 1787, papal documents continued to speak of the Prussian kings as "Margraves of Brandenburg". Neither did the Polish–Lithuanian nobility accept Frederick's royal status, seeing the Polish province of

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as the main Brandenburg-Prussian naval base. From Pillau, part of the shipyard, the admiral's house and the wooden church of the employees was transferred to Emden. While Emden was not part of Brandenburg-Prussia, the elector owned a nearby castle,

2349: 943: 2217:("Privy Council for the Electorate"), which instead of the estates was to function as the supreme advisory council for the elector. While the council was permanently established in 1613, it failed to gain any influence until 1651 due to the 3085:, and the elector approved. In July 1680, Frederick William issued respective orders, and two ships were selected to establish trade contacts with African tribes and explore places where colonies could be established. On 17 September, 925:

treated as part of the Prussian kingdom. Frederick and his successors continued to centralize and expand the state, transforming the personal union of politically diverse principalities typical for the Brandenburg-Prussian era into a

1739:(1675). Though a minor skirmish from a military perspective, Frederick William's victory turned out to be of huge symbolic significance. The "Great Elector" started a counter-offensive, pursuing the retreating Swedish forces through 6382: 1411: 6784: 99: 2276:), which since 1667 replaced the property tax raised in Brandenburg for Brandenburg-Prussia's standing army with the estates' consent, was raised by the elector without consultation of the estates. The conclusion of the 2126:

province of the Prussian kingdom. Although Frederick was still only an elector within the portions of his domain that were part of the empire, he only acknowledged the emperor's overlordship over them in a formal way.

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Sweden is disputed: while a relevant 1641 document exists, it was never ratified and has repeatedly been described as a falsification. However, it is not disputed that he established the growth of Brandenburg-Prussia.

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in 1687, but the island was also claimed by other European powers beforehand, and when a second expedition in 1692 found the island under Danish control, the plan was abandoned. In 1689, Brandenburg-Prussia claimed

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was a privilege of the estates, yet Frederick William envisioned a standing army financed independently of the estates. He succeeded in getting the consent and necessary financial contributions of the estates in a

3128:. Throughout its existence, the company was underfunded, and expeditions were financed also by private capital, including payments by Raule and Frederick William. In July 1682, an expedition under East Prussian 2348: 1359:

population was dead, in some regions only 10% survived. The rural population, due to deaths and flight to the towns, had dropped from 300,000 before the war to 75,000 thereafter. In the important towns of

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and princes of the empire to participate. The emperor, however, declined the request as he considered it dangerous to disturb the interest of the other European powers. In 1651, Frederick William bought

2715:, Frederick William tried to acquire finances to rebuild the country by participating in oversea trade, and attempted to found a Brandenburg-Prussian East Indies Company. He engaged former Dutch admiral 2294:

was introduced only between 1716 and 1720. Due to Frederick William's reforms, the state income increased threefold during his reign, and the tax burden per subject reached a level twice as high as in

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in 1692. Thus, the formerly exclusive club of the prince-electors now had nine members, six of whom were secular princes, and further changes seemed possible. Within the circle of prince-electors,

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over the Duchy of Prussia, and for this purpose concluded an alliance with France on 11 June 1675. France promised assistance and subsidies, while Sobieski in turn allowed French recruitment in

2309:. Frederick William's testament would have divided Brandenburg-Prussia among his sons, yet firstborn Frederick III with the emperor's backing succeeded in becoming the sole ruler based on the 1925:

The envisioned status elevation did not merely serve a decorative purpose, but was regarded a necessity to prevail in political competition. Though Frederick III held the elevated status of a

2703:(1635–1638). When Frederick William became elector in 1640, he invited Dutch engineers to Brandenburg, sent Brandenburgian engineers to study in the Netherlands, and in 1646 married educated 1969:. From Frederick III's perspective, stagnation in status meant loss of power, and this perspective seemed to be confirmed when the European royals ignored Brandenburg-Prussia's claims in the 2260:

in Mark and Cleves), which were the highest government agencies regarding jurisdiction, finances and administration. The elector attempted to balance the estates' governments by creating

7414: 6519: 6377: 1346:, and while Frederick William valued these territories lower than Western Pomerania, they became step-stones for the creation of a closed, dominant realm in Germany in the long run. 7409: 7404: 7272: 917:

between Brandenburg and Prussia continued until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. However, by this time the emperor's overlordship over the empire had become a

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in 1657. The duchy would legally revert to Poland if the Hohenzollern dynastic line became extinct. Hohenzollern sovereignty in the Prussian duchy was confirmed in the

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decree of 26 July 1653. In turn, he confirmed several privileges of the knights, including tax exemption, assertion of jurisdiction and police powers on their estates (

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Until after the Thirty Years' War, the territories of Brandenburg-Prussia were politically independent from each other, connected only by the common feudal superior.

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to the Brandenburgian claim. The Peace of Westphalia settled for a partition of the duchy between Brandenburg and Sweden, who determined the exact border in the

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compelled George William to join Sweden as an ally by occupying substantial territory in Brandenburg-Prussia and concentrating an army before the town walls of

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Gabel, Helmut (1998). "Altes Reich und europäische Friedensordnung. Aspekte der Friedenssicherung zwischen 1648 und dem Beginn des Holländischen Krieges". In

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agencies initially concerned with the administration of the army, but until 1712 transformed into an agency also concerned with general tax and police tasks.

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Jähnig, Bernhart (2006). "Die politischen und rechtlichen Außenbeziehungen des Herzogtums Preußen (1525–1660)". In Willoweit, Dietmar; Lemberg, Hans (eds.).

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The Electors of Brandenburg inherited the Duchy of Prussia upon Albert Frederick's death in 1618, but the duchy continued to be held as a fief under the

1701:. In June 1673, Frederick William abandoned the Dutch alliance and concluded a subsidy treaty with France, who in return withdrew from Cleves. When the 719:, and secured succession upon the latter's extinction in the male line in 1618. Another consequence of intermarriage was the incorporation of the lower 4885:

Reformatio vitae Johann Jakob Fabricius (1618/20-1673). Ein Beitrag zu Konfessionalisierung und Sozialdisziplinierung im Luthertum des 17. Jahrhunderts

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Brandenburg-Prussia established a navy and colonies during the reign of Frederick William. The "Great Elector" had spent part of his childhood at the

2210: 1198: 1192: 1139: 1026: 850: 219: 1858:. Though the Scanian War resulted only in minor territorial gains, attaching a small strip of the Swedish Pomeranian right bank of the lower Oder to 7384: 2313:, which forbade a division of Hohenzollern territories. In 1689, a new central chamber for all Brandenburg-Prussian territories was created, called 2240:

as a central authority for all territories in 1651, but this project proved to be unfeasible. Instead, the elector continued to appoint a governor (

1189: 5620: 7394: 6357: 2363: 1794: 1469:, which continued to operate in the region despite the Peace of Westphalia, to intervene on his side, and Frederick William sought support of the 1388: 1030: 951: 6413: 6193: 6166: 6010: 1447: 1423: 1402:

Despite efforts to resettle the devastated territories, it took some of them until the mid-18th century to reach the pre-war population density.

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to invest in the project, but since none of these were able or willing to give sufficient money, the treaty with Denmark was nullified in 1653.

7429: 7140: 6512: 5590: 2996: 2648: 2550: 1892: 1855: 1672: 1072: 1065: 891: 795: 246: 207: 195: 6233: 6213: 6034: 6022: 5894: 5882: 5752: 5376: 5152: 2526: 1859: 1091:. While George William had claimed neutrality before, the presence of Wallenstein's army forced him to join the Catholic-Imperial camp in the 799: 763: 5605: 5600: 5595: 4968: 4911: 4717: 2102: 1372: 425: 6238: 6228: 6223: 6051: 6046: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5804: 5779: 5615: 5610: 1367:, the population drop was one third and two-thirds, respectively. Some of the territories gained after the war were likewise devastated: in 6829: 6403: 6362: 5998: 5993: 5870: 5855: 5690: 5680: 3330: 1473:. The latter however followed a policy of neutrality and refused to aid Frederick William's campaign, which was furthermore opposed by the 6347: 1465:

The conflict had the potential to spark another international war since Wolfgang William wanted to have the still not demobilized army of

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doubted by some of his advisors, and in any case the crown was only valuable if recognized by the European nobility, most important the

1003: 2469: 1994: 1962: 1778: 1585: 6433: 2704: 2152: 7232: 1813:. Inner-Polish Catholic opposition to an intervention on the Protestant Hungarian rebels' side added to the resentments. Thus, while 987: 7197: 6423: 5211: 5063: 5044: 5025: 5006: 4987: 4949: 4930: 4892: 4873: 4868:. Völker, Staaten und Kulturen in Ostmitteleuropa (in German). Vol. 2. Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 51–72. 4854: 4835: 4816: 4797: 4774: 4755: 4736: 4691: 4672: 4599: 4562: 4536: 3638: 3243: 1007: 6135: 5533: 5058:. Schriften des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa (in German). Vol. 21. Oldenbourg. 3307:

via diplomacy, but the negotiations went nowhere, and were eventually called off. Likewise, England declined an offer to purchase

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ended the Polish-Ottoman war in 1676, Sobieski sided with the emperor instead, and the plan for a Prussian campaign was dropped.

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in June, enhancing the elector's international reputation. Continued pressure on Charles X Gustav resulted in him conceding full

7284: 6280: 4621: 1439: 1268: 1252: 1103: 1114:. George William did not conclude an alliance, but granted Sweden transit rights, two fortresses and subsidies. Consequently, 462: 5529: 5425: 3254:

to rent part of Saint Thomas as a base for 30 years, while the sovereignty remained with Denmark and administration with the

3136:. On 24 February 1684, another treaty with indigenous chiefs was signed that allowed the erection of a second fort in nearby 3129: 873:. Frederick William also started to centralize Brandenburg-Prussia's administration and reduce the influence of the estates. 838: 7026: 6529: 3255: 2565: 2477: 1735:

to northern Brandenburg, and encountered the rear of the Swedish army, which was in the process of crossing a swamp, in the

1613: 6481: 6331: 6208: 3320: 1986: 1982: 1037:. Upon George Frederick's death in 1603, the regency of the Prussian duchy passed to Joachim Frederick. Also in 1603, the 902: 7369: 7290: 7037: 6536: 6497: 4790:

Krieg und Kultur. Die Rezeption von Krieg und Frieden in der Niederländischen Republik und im Deutschen Reich 1568-1648

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On 28 January, Augustus the Strong congratulated Frederick, yet not as Polish king, but as Saxon elector. In February,

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Brandenburg-Prussia to establish a fort, and is thus regarded the beginning of the Brandenburg-Prussian colonial era.

2511: 2049: 1906:, with whom he concluded an alliance on 22 December 1686. For this alliance, Frederick William relinquished rights on 1581: 1163: 1107: 1083:. The Brandenburg-Saxon antagonism rendered the defense of the circle ineffective, and it was subsequently overrun by 759: 572: 79: 6027: 6017: 5962: 5172: 2585: 787: 453: 1891:

in 1657. Already in the last years of the reign of his father, the friendly relations with France established after

1560: 7424: 6975: 6970: 6824: 5865: 5585: 5316: 5127: 2557: 2396: 1609: 1600:, but had to yield Swedish military supremacy and withdraw to his Prussian duchy. Pursued by Swedish forces to the 1508:

Due to his wartime experiences, Frederick William was convinced that Brandenburg-Prussia would only prevail with a

1315: 963: 594: 566: 439: 369: 341: 121: 1848:, he marched his armies east to relieve his Swedish ally, and forced Frederick William to basically return to the 7100: 7015: 6997: 5466: 5462: 5332: 5304: 3101: 3071: 2973: 2660: 2577: 2485: 2359: 2143:

in 1538). The margraviate's liabilities and tax income as well as the margrave's finances were controlled by the

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When the anti-Swedish coalition however gained the upper hand, Frederick William changed sides when Polish king

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Olesen, Jens E. (2003). "Christian IV og dansk Pommernpolitik". In Asmus, Ivo; Droste, Jens E.; Olesen (eds.).

3054: 2716: 2546: 2326: 2136: 1307: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1248: 1183: 1179: 1167: 1115: 1099: 1084: 1015: 842: 767: 5665: 3096:(poetic for "Mohr", "Negro") left for Guinea. The ships reached Guinea in January 1681. Since the crew of the 2700: 1922:, and while the first attempt was unsuccessful, elevation to a king remained the central goal on his agenda. 1327: 7255: 7250: 7167: 7032: 6986: 6964: 6947: 6839: 6834: 6806: 6352: 5737: 5732: 5363: 4765:

Duchhardt, Heinz (2006). "Friedrich Wilhelm, der Große Kurfürst (1640–1688)". In Kroll, Frank-Lothar (ed.).

3168:. Overall, the colony comprised roughly 50 kilometers of coastline, and did not extend into the hinterland. 1617: 1022: 991: 955: 822: 86: 6958: 1797:, which French diplomacy despite great efforts failed to achieve. Furthermore, Sobieski was opposed by the 1319: 1075:

was elector of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia. He strove, but proved unable to break the dominance of the

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in European politics. The emerging Brandenburg-Prussian military potential, based on the introduction of a

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Kurfürstin Luise Henriette. Eine Oranierin als Mittlerin zwischen den Niederlanden und Brandenburg-Preußen

3156:), some 30 kilometers east of Großfriedrichsburg. A fourth fort was built at a spring near the village of 2708: 2355: 2302: 2140: 2029: 1884: 1880: 1850: 1513: 877: 231: 172: 7021: 7009: 4866:

Reiche und Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa. Historische Beziehungen und politische Herrschaftslegitimation

1697:. This alliance was based on a treaty of 1669, and resulted in French occupation of Brandenburg-Prussian 6991: 6856: 6789: 6249: 6218: 5794: 5502: 5498: 5451: 5287: 2178: 2166: 2110: 2076: 1677: 1364: 1343: 1042: 999: 708: 653: 616: 6273: 6243: 6056: 5936: 4807:

Gotthard, Axel (2006). "Zwischen Luthertum und Calvinismus (1598–1640)". In Kroll, Frank-Lothar (ed.).

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Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste. Die brandenburgisch-preussische Kolonie Grossfriedrichsburg in Westafrika

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On 17 January 1701, Frederick dedicated the royal coat of arms, the Prussian black eagle, and motto, "

1478: 7278: 7208: 7173: 6819: 6620: 6605: 6595: 6254: 5887: 5722: 5685: 5574: 5471: 5381: 5345: 5176: 5140: 4579: 4571: 3291:, but the small rock proved unsuitable for trade or settlement. In 1691, Brandenburg-Prussia and the 3283: 2956: 2712: 2696: 2445: 2218: 2169: 2139:

had become highly dependent on the estates (counts, lords, knights and towns, no prelates due to the

2053: 1958: 1934: 1814: 1736: 1720: 1664: 1640: 1573: 1455: 1323: 1135: 1088: 1076: 983: 931: 927: 826: 751: 743: 732: 411: 6383:

Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl)

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after Frederick William's second wife. On 4 February 1685, a treaty was signed with the chiefs of

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as well as the local ones. Politically isolated, Frederick William aborted the campaign after the

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was about to break out. On 16 November 1700, the emperor approved Frederick's coronation in the

947: 639: 1061: 7296: 7238: 7214: 7083: 6952: 6929: 6864: 6625: 6610: 5969: 5835: 5774: 5747: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5646: 5521: 5280: 5275: 5259: 5251: 5244: 5239: 5059: 5040: 5021: 5002: 4983: 4964: 4945: 4926: 4907: 4888: 4869: 4850: 4831: 4812: 4793: 4770: 4751: 4732: 4713: 4687: 4668: 4595: 4575: 4558: 4532: 3634: 3292: 3157: 2960: 2405: 2072: 2068: 2021:, for similar reasons as the emperor, accepted Frederick's elevation prior to the coronation. 1900: 1786: 1770: 1740: 1731:(Brandenburg-Swedish War). Frederick William reacted promptly by marching his armies from the 1702: 1652: 1380: 1339: 1303: 1292: 1288: 1188: 1126: 971: 895: 165: 105: 2236:, started to centralize the Brandenburg-Prussian government with an attempt to establish the 17: 7266: 7260: 7122: 7048: 6980: 6935: 6772: 6650: 6630: 5899: 5789: 5757: 5697: 5323: 5145: 5122: 4940:

Neugebauer, Wolfgang (2006). "Friedrich III./I. (1688–1713)". In Kroll, Frank-Lothar (ed.).

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Einführung in die deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Vom alten Reich bis Weimar (1495 bis 1933)

4785: 4648: 3227: 3145: 3137: 3065: 2752: 2740: 2664: 2641: 2573: 2481: 2460: 2453: 2438: 2423: 2248:. The most powerful institution in the territories remained the governments of the estates ( 2098: 2095: 1950: 1896: 1833: 1790: 1690: 1629: 1625: 1565: 1474: 1466: 1435: 1384: 1151: 979: 975: 887: 870: 834: 783: 736: 716: 584: 525: 327: 272: 125: 1275:

however, Bogislaw XIV had also effectively handed over control of the duchy to Sweden, who

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Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution

7226: 7134: 7089: 7003: 6869: 6846: 6645: 6635: 6585: 6315: 6197: 5875: 5742: 5717: 5494: 5132: 4625: 2415: 2033: 2006: 1871: 1762: 1698: 1597: 1427: 882: 724: 684: 355: 176: 45: 6098: 4605:

Leathes, Stanley Mordaunt; Ward, Adolphus William; Prothero, George Walter, eds. (1964).

2967:, Frederick William decided to establish a navy. He engaged Dutch merchant and shipowner 4982:. Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte (in German). Vol. 42 (2 ed.). Oldenbourg. 1295:). Frederick William was dissatisfied by this outcome, and the acquisition of the whole 853:, known as "The Great Elector", opened Brandenburg-Prussia to large-scale immigration (" 7185: 6701: 6093: 5799: 5660: 5401: 5136: 4830:. Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur Nordwesteuropas (in German). Vol. 4. Waxmann. 3308: 3211: 3020: 2692: 2569: 2489: 2473: 2430: 2408: 2229: 2091: 2018: 1926: 1802: 1716: 1694: 1648: 1633: 1604:, Frederick William made peace and allied with Sweden, taking the Duchy of Prussia and 1470: 1443: 1206: 1155: 1096: 967: 914: 728: 700: 548: 397: 259: 117: 1832:. This was followed by another success against Sweden, when Frederick William cleared 7363: 7145: 6751: 6452: 6160: 6005: 5655: 5311: 4583: 3231: 2756: 2728: 2115: 2037: 2014: 1998: 1966: 1911: 1888: 1758: 1601: 1593: 1509: 1501: 1491: 1318:. With Halberstadt, Brandenburg-Prussia also gained several smaller territories: the 918: 858: 818: 598: 560: 467: 139: 4618: 3059: 538: 6716: 6655: 6567: 6183: 5433: 5299: 3288: 3182: 2989: 1990: 1049: 1033:. The marriage ensured the right of succession in the Prussian duchy as well as in 995: 533: 2972:

from Raule, and achieved first successes in the war against Sweden supporting the

1496: 1450:

among the belligerents, and Jülich-Berg was since ruled by the Catholic counts of

633: 2739:. As Frederick William was unable to raise this sum, he asked several people and 2305:, the Brandenburg Prussian territories were de facto reduced to provinces of the 1045:, ruling that their territories were not to be internally divided in the future. 6778: 6756: 5817: 5327: 3202:). In contrast to the Guinean colony, Arguin had been a colony before: In 1520, 3029: 2964: 2736: 2652: 2196: 2185: 2045: 1728: 1707: 1621: 814: 669: 521: 3045:, and negotiated an agreement with the town to maintain a garrison and a port. 6814: 6746: 6123: 3199: 3000: 2732: 2233: 1774: 1221: 1159: 942: 715:, the main branch of the Hohenzollern intermarried with the branch ruling the 7345: 7332: 3234:. In 1684, Brandenburg-Prussia was denied the purchase of the French islands 6736: 6696: 6113: 6108: 6077: 5974: 4963:. Handbuch der Preußischen Geschichte (in German). Vol. 1. de Gruyter. 3042: 2668: 2656: 1724: 1376: 1241: 1147: 866: 155: 3206:

had built a fort on the main island, which with all of Portugal came under

3104:, the latter confiscated the ship in March. The crew of the remaining ship 3078:

In 1679, Raule presented Frederick William a plan to establish colonies in

5056:

Preussen in Ostmitteleuropa. Geschehensgeschichte und Verstehensgeschichte

3015:

to pressure Spain to pay promised subsidies. The Spanish ship was renamed

2637: 1711:, Brandenburg-Prussia again changed sides and joined the imperial forces. 6711: 6088: 6083: 4999:

Macht oder Recht: frühneuzeitliche Politik im Obersächsischen Reichskreis

4748:

Preußen und Lateinamerika. Im Spannungsfeld von Kommerz, Macht und Kultur

4557:. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History. Cambridge University Press. 4555:

After the Deluge. Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655-1660

3203: 3153: 2981: 1825: 1723:, dependent on French subsidies, reluctantly occupied the Brandenburgian 950:

visualizing the emergence of Brandenburg-Prussia through the marriage of

150: 2151:("Great Committee") of the estates. This was due to concessions made by 1793:. For this plan to work out, Poland-Lithuania had to first conclude her 1002:. On behalf of her mother Elisabeth of the Brandenburgian Hohenzollern, 6686: 5543: 5271: 5105: 3300: 3258:. The first Brandenburgian vessel arrived in 1686 with 450 slaves from 3226:

The African colonies enabled Brandenburg-Prussia to participate in the

3086: 2977: 2688: 2684: 2600: 2002: 1915: 1907: 1806: 1782: 1682: 1605: 1526: 1237: 810: 791: 649: 505: 909:. From 1701 onward, the Hohenzollern domains were referred to as the 6731: 6726: 6721: 6676: 5206: 3296: 3215: 3195: 3187: 3177: 3141: 3121: 3117: 3082: 3079: 3037: 3025: 3012: 2992:

coast, Raule established shipyards and enlarged the port facilities.

2985: 2659:, but failed to achieve the conversion of the estates by the rule of 2295: 2080: 1919: 1810: 1798: 1712: 1542: 1396: 1360: 1213: 1111: 901:

and other European royals in the course of forming alliances for the

846: 665: 645: 554: 509: 135: 4961:

Das 17. und 18. Jahrhundert und Große Themen der Geschichte Preußens

4529:

The German way of war. From the Thirty Years' War to the Third Reich

2488:

with Poland-Lithuania), confirmed in 1660 by the signatories of the

2321:). This chamber functioned as a superior agency of the territories' 1410: 1118:

armies repeatedly ravaged Brandenburg and other Hohenzollern lands.

966:

had been the seat of the main branch of the Hohenzollerns, who were

5018:

Gemeinsame Bekannte: Schweden und Deutschland in der Frühen Neuzeit

4887:. Historia profana et ecclesiastica (in German). Vol. 9. LIT. 2290:

to Pomerania and in 1688 to Magdeburg, while in Cleves and Mark an

1232:") thwarted Frederick William's ambitions to gain control over the 6691: 6681: 3207: 3125: 3100:

sold a barrel of brandy to Africans in a territory claimed by the

3058: 3033: 3004: 2636: 2084: 1745: 1732: 1676: 1632:, concluded in December by Sweden and her allies, further awarded 1495: 1431: 1302:

In the Peace of Westphalia, Frederick William was compensated for

1267:, and would have come into effect by the death of Pomeranian duke 1187: 1125: 720: 3262:. Brandenburg-Prussia was allotted an area near the capital city 2118:

endangered, and only in 1764 was the Prussian kingship accepted.

1651:, which ended the war in 1660. Brandenburg-Prussian campaigns in 1643:

confirmed his sovereignty in Prussia, but not in Ermland, in the

7302: 3116:

was founded on 7 March 1682, initially with its headquarters in

2106: 1965:

in 1697, and the House of Hanover had secured succession of the

1719:

to relieve her by attacking Brandenburg-Prussia from the north.

1284: 1233: 1006:

became Albert's second wife in 1550, and bore him his successor

803: 6911: 6561: 6303: 5633: 5547: 5077: 2155:

in 1541 in turn for financial aid by the estates, however, the

1862:, the war resulted in a huge gain of prestige for the elector. 1693:

broke out, with Brandenburg-Prussia involved as an ally of the

1162:, and the events of the war, of which a meeting with his uncle 4942:

Preußens Herrscher. Von den ersten Hohenzollern bis Wilhelm II

4809:

Preußens Herrscher. Von den ersten Hohenzollern bis Wilhelm II

4767:

Preußens Herrscher. Von den ersten Hohenzollern bis Wilhelm II

3250:, a Brandenburg-Danish agreement was reached that allowed the 1146:). The character of the young elector had been stamped by his 4657:

Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 2: 1630–1800

4653:

Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 1: 1450–1630

3003:, and in 1680, six Brandenburg-Prussian vessels captured the 1910:

in favor of the Habsburgs, and in turn received the Silesian

2333:) emerged as a second central agency, superior to the local 2244:) for each territory, who in most cases was a member of the 1418:

In June 1651, Frederick William broke the provisions of the

1255:, connecting land-locked Brandenburg to the Baltic Sea. The 27:

Constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1618 to 1701

1628:

in November to ensure the maintenance of the alliance. The

1299:

was to become one of the main goals of his foreign policy.

3629:

Barnavi, Eli, ed. (1992). "The Return to Western Europe".

3019:("Margrave of Brandenburg") and became the flagship of an 6363:

Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania

4547:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947

3160:, between Großfriedrichsburg and Dorotheenschanze, named 2063:

accepted Frederick's elevation in hope of an ally in the

1624:

in Ducal Prussia and Ermland to Frederick William by the

1193:

Frederick William, "Great Elector" of Brandenburg-Prussia

821:

in 1653, was symbolized by the widely noted victories in

2147:, an institution not controlled by the elector, and the 1395:. In 1670, the Great Elector invited Jews expelled from 1314:

and the right of succession to the likewise secularized

6520:

Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland

3242:. In November 1685, after a failed attempt to purchase 1616:

in January 1656. The alliance proved victorious in the

1283:. Sweden retained the western part including the lower 809:

The second half of the 17th century laid the basis for

2079:

accepted Frederick as Prussian king in 1703. In 1713,

1379:, once among the wealthiest cities of the empire, was 1142:, born 1620, who became known as "The Great Elector" ( 1021:

In 1594, Albert Frederick's then 14-year-old daughter

3198:

archipelago off the West African coast (now part of

7154: 7058: 6922: 6855: 6805: 6798: 6765: 6669: 6578: 6490: 6460: 6451: 6396: 6368:

Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig

6323: 6314: 6076: 5961: 5833: 5644: 5449: 5343: 5222: 5113: 5001:(in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 214ff. 2999:, the navy was used to hijack Swedish ships in the 1981:. In 1699, negotiations were renewed with emperor 1259:(1529) guaranteed Brandenburgian succession in the 1130:

Brandenburg-Prussia (red 1640, red and green 1688).

1012:

George Frederick of Hohenzollern-Ansbach-Jägersdorf

501: 282: 269: 256: 242: 225: 213: 201: 189: 171: 161: 145: 131: 113: 32: 4531:. Modern war studies. University Press of Kansas. 2048:". On 18 January, he crowned himself and his wife 2005:, it was agreed that Frederick would call himself 982:was created through partial secularization of the 4750:. Europa-Übersee (in German). Vol. 12. LIT. 3945: 3943: 3279:Their last remains were sold by auction in 1738. 3210:control in 1580. In 1638 it was conquered by the 1822:cleared Swedish Pomerania and occupied most of it 1122:"The Great Elector", Frederick William, 1640–1688 4084: 4082: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 7415:1701 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire 6503:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3520: 3518: 2071:likewise approved in 1701. Most princes of the 1899:. In 1686, Frederick William turned toward the 1106:, George William again claimed neutrality, yet 1014:(1577–1603). In 1573, Albert Frederick married 4925:(in German). Akademie Verlag. pp. 317ff. 3891: 3889: 3769: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3451: 3449: 2942:Total number of European ships in 1669: 25,000 1985:, who in turn was in need of allies since the 1836:of Swedish forces in what became known as the 1592:. Frederick William offered protection to the 1291:), while Brandenburg gained the eastern part ( 104:Brandenburg-Prussia within and outside of the 7410:1610s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire 7405:States and territories disestablished in 1701 6507:Lutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania 5559: 5089: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4479: 4477: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4114: 4112: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3472: 3470: 2623:Succession based on an entitlement under the 1636:to Brandenburg-Prussia in case of a victory. 1381:burned down with most of the population slain 1354:Of all Brandenburg-Prussian territories, the 1027:Joachim Frederick of Hohenzollern-Brandenburg 8: 7267:Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement 6790:Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians 6525:Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland 3427: 3425: 3230:, yet it lacked its own trading post in the 3112:To facilitate the colonial expeditions, the 3049:West African Gold Coast (Großfriedrichsburg) 1727:in 1674, starting the German theater of the 1220:in 1648. The Swedish aim of controlling the 37: 5020:(in Danish). LIT Verlag. pp. 383–396. 4746:Carreras, Sandra; Maihold, Günther (2004). 4412: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4324: 4322: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4072: 4070: 3957: 3955: 3924: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3879: 3877: 3833: 3831: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3439: 3437: 3397: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 2944:Total number of Dutch ships in 1669: 16,000 2691:(1633–1635), and afterwards studied at the 2228:, who envisioned the transformation of the 1460:Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg 1338:efforts to counterbalance the power of the 1209:dominated Northern Germany, and along with 7400:States and territories established in 1618 6919: 6908: 6802: 6575: 6558: 6457: 6320: 6311: 6300: 5641: 5630: 5566: 5552: 5544: 5096: 5082: 5074: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 2947:Source: van der Heyden (2001), p. 21. 2939:Source: van der Heyden (2001), p. 17. 2549:(incorporation); slightly enlarged by the 2378: 2105:protested at the emperor's court, and the 516: 98: 29: 3631:The Historical Atlas of the Jewish People 3132:was sent to Guinea to erect the fortress 1757:pursues Swedish troops across the frozen 1373:only one third of the population survived 938:Establishment under John Sigismund (1618) 4792:(in German). Waxmann. pp. 463–480. 4492:Carreras & Maihold (2004), pp. 21–22 3181: 2959:and the Brandenburg-Prussian advance in 2760: 2209:To reduce the influence of the estates, 2094:, who despite the secularization of the 2087:also accepted Frederick's royal status. 2023: 1559: 1409: 1060: 941: 6358:Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany 4906:(in German). Springer. pp. 261ff. 4615:Germany under the Old Regime, 1600–1790 3346: 3194:A second colony was established at the 2390: 2090:The coronation was not accepted by the 1512:. Traditionally, raising and financing 1216:, Sweden became guarantee power of the 952:John Sigismund, Margrave of Brandenburg 880:, succeeded in elevating his status to 625: 519: 6513:Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany 6194:Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939 4959:von Neugebauer, Wolfgang, ed. (2009). 3256:Danish West Indies and Guinean Company 2997:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) 2551:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) 1856:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) 1785:rebel forces who were to distract the 1673:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) 1066:George William, Elector of Brandenburg 1018:, with whom he had several daughters. 921:. Hence, after 1701, Brandenburg was 892:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 796:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) 247:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 7375:17th century in the Holy Roman Empire 5895:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945 5753:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945 4944:(in German). Beck. pp. 113–133. 2719:as advisor and tried to persuade the 2269:came under the aegis of the elector. 1895:had cooled, not least because of the 1805:as the greater threat, and by Polish 878:Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg 281: 268: 255: 251: 224: 212: 200: 188: 184: 170: 7: 6785:WWII flight and expulsion of Germans 5039:(in German) (7 ed.). C.H.Beck. 4849:(in German) (2 ed.). Selignow. 4769:(in German). Beck. pp. 95–112. 4508:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 22 4483:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 23 4471:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 21 4462:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 17 4453:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 16 4437:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 15 3331:German colonial projects before 1871 1705:declared war on France, a so-called 1448:united Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg 1041:was concluded by the members of the 1016:Marie Eleonore of Jülich-Cleves-Berg 786:for the Duchy of Prussia and gained 711:between 1618 and 1701. Based in the 6477:Evangelical State Church in Prussia 6204:Free City of Danzig 1920–1939 4921:Materna, Ingo; Adamy, Kurt (1995). 4811:(in German). Beck. pp. 74–94. 3282:Brandenburg-Prussia tried to claim 1655:did not result in permanent gains. 1306:with the secularized bishoprics of 1174:Conclusion of the Thirty Years' War 913:, or simply Prussia. Legally, the 601:(Poland 1454/1466 – 1772) 7390:Former subdivisions of Brandenburg 3949:Gieysztor et al. (1979), pp. 220ff 1588:in the following year started the 1446:in 1614, had partitioned the once 1138:, George William was succeeded by 861:refugees from all across Europe (" 25: 7198:North German Confederation Treaty 2667:which attracted more than 15,000 2213:in 1604 created a council called 2101:upheld claims to the region. The 1929:, this status was also gained by 1608:(Ermeland, Warmia) as fiefs from 1263:upon the extinction of the local 833:(1678). Brandenburg-Prussia also 774:(incorporated in 1680). With the 6373:Apostolic Administration of Tütz 5785:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952 3633:. Hutchinson. pp. 138–139. 2347: 2272:Frederick William's excise tax ( 2202:…according to the design of 1702 2195: 2177: 1414:Map of the Lower Rhenish duchies 1389:peripherally involved in the war 1253:long sought to expand northwards 1004:Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg 890:'s sovereign status outside the 886:. This was made possible by the 537: 532: 485: 460: 446: 432: 418: 404: 390: 376: 362: 348: 334: 320: 69: 62: 7385:Early modern history of Germany 6281:Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship 6250:Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998 6219:Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975 6035:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945 4980:Das Reich in der frühen Neuzeit 4845:van der Heyden, Ulrich (2001). 4686:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 59. 4665:The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia 4643:Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806 4527:Citino, Robert Michael (2005). 1844:concluded the Dutch War by the 1820:By 1678, Frederick William had 1801:, by Polish gentry who saw the 1426:, bordering his possessions in 1205:At the time, the forces of the 1170:was among the most impressive. 1095:and accept garrisons. When the 7395:Former subdivisions of Germany 6429:Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień 6239:Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998 6229:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 6224:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 6136:Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo 6052:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 6047:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 5932:Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998 5927:Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998 5922:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 5917:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 5805:Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998 5780:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 4727:Buchholz, Werner, ed. (1999). 3904:Frost (2000), pp. 210, 213–214 3270:, and other territories named 3130:Otto Friedrich von der Groeben 1860:Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania 1795:war against the Ottoman Empire 1586:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 974:, since 1415. In 1525, by the 563:(pre – 13th century) 557:(983 – 12th century) 1: 7430:1618 establishments in Europe 6482:Pomeranian Evangelical Church 6419:Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg 6332:Christianization of Pomerania 6209:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia 6179:Free City of Danzig 1807–1814 5104:Territories and provinces of 4182:(Kotulla (2008), p. 261) 3961:Leathes et al. (1964), p. 356 3937:Leathes et al. (1964), p. 355 3928:Leathes et al. (1964), p. 354 3585:Duchhardt (2006), pp. 98, 104 3321:List of rulers of Brandenburg 2572:fief), sovereign since 1656 ( 2358:Brandenburg-Prussia. Orange: 2135:In the mid-16th century, the 1987:War of the Spanish Succession 1342:emperor by strengthening the 903:War of the Spanish Succession 782:, the electors were freed of 778:(1657), concluded during the 18:Prince-elector of Brandenburg 7291:Treaty of Good Neighbourship 7141:Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) 6830:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 6537:Pentecostal Church in Poland 6498:Protestant Church in Germany 6234:Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998 6214:Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975 4632:A History of Modern Germany. 4607:The Cambridge Modern History 4425:van der Heyden (2001), p. 42 4416:van der Heyden (2001), p. 41 4404:van der Heyden (2001), p. 40 4392:van der Heyden (2001), p. 39 4378:van der Heyden (2001), p. 34 4369:van der Heyden (2001), p. 32 4355:van der Heyden (2001), p. 31 4346:van der Heyden (2001), p. 23 4337:van der Heyden (2001), p. 20 4328:van der Heyden (2001), p. 21 4316:van der Heyden (2001), p. 15 4307:van der Heyden (2001), p. 14 4285:van der Heyden (2001), p. 35 4271:van der Heyden (2001), p. 17 4259:van der Heyden (2001), p. 12 4243:van der Heyden (2001), p. 11 4227:van der Heyden (2001), p. 10 3092:("Seal of Brandenburg") and 3024:had been leased for 110,000 2215:Geheimer Rat für die Kurmark 1997:, who held the provinces of 1881:Frederick III of Brandenburg 1866:Frederick III (I), 1688–1713 1442:between Brandenburg and the 1440:War of the Jülich succession 1334:. This was primarily due to 754:in 1648, Brandenburg gained 707:realm of the Brandenburgian 7285:German–Polish Border Treaty 7279:German Reunification Treaty 6530:Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław 6269:West Pomeranian Voivodeship 6156:State of the Teutonic Order 5946:West Pomeranian Voivodeship 5823:West Pomeranian Voivodeship 4923:Brandenburgische Geschichte 4788:; Groenveld, Simon (eds.). 4684:Fractured Europe, 1600-1721 4609:. Vol. 1. CUP Archive. 4218:van der Heyden (2001), p. 9 4204:van der Heyden (2001), p. 8 3326:List of monarchs of Prussia 3252:Brandenburg African Company 3114:Brandenburg African Company 2512:Principality of Halberstadt 1568:paying homage to sovereign 1164:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 1108:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 1093:Treaty of Königsberg (1627) 984:State of the Teutonic Order 7446: 7174:Polish Partitions Treaties 5128:Margraviate of Brandenburg 4712:(in German). wissenmedia. 4663:Shennan, Margaret (1995). 3895:Frost (2000), pp. 210, 213 3855:Buchholz (1999), pp. 273ff 3175: 3052: 2764:Brandenburg-Prussian navy 2750: 2558:Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia) 2397:Margraviate of Brandenburg 1869: 1773:planned to restore Polish 1662: 1610:Charles X Gustav of Sweden 1553: 1523:Patrimonialgerichtsbarkeit 1489: 1399:to settle in Brandenburg. 1316:Archbishopric of Magdeburg 1177: 964:Margraviate of Brandenburg 869:immigration following the 595:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia 567:Margraviate of Brandenburg 440:Archbishopric of Magdeburg 370:Prince-Bishopric of Minden 342:Margraviate of Brandenburg 122:Margraviate of Brandenburg 6918: 6907: 6574: 6557: 6378:Prelature of Schneidemühl 6310: 6299: 6189:Posen-West Prussia Region 5640: 5629: 5581: 5518: 5369:Principality of Neuchâtel 5037:Der Dreissigjährige Krieg 4902:Kotulla, Michael (2008). 4710:Die Chronik der Deutschen 4682:Sturdy, David J. (2002). 4088:Neugebauer (2006), p. 128 4032:Neugebauer (2006), p. 127 4001:Neugebauer (2006), p. 126 3455:Nicklas (2002), pp. 214ff 3295:agreed on a partition of 3102:Dutch West Indies Company 3072:Lieve Pietersz Verschuier 2936: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2717:Aernoult Gijsels van Lier 2683:court and port cities of 2661:cuius regio, eius religio 2578:Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg 2486:Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg 2480:), sovereign since 1656 ( 2384: 2360:Electorate of Brandenburg 2331:Generalkriegskommissariat 2052:in a baroque ceremony in 1939:Elector of the Palatinate 1645:Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg 1502:Brandenburg-Prussian army 1356:Electorate of Brandenburg 1104:advanced into Brandenburg 1057:George William, 1619–1640 990:and was governed by Duke 986:. It was a vassal of the 762:, also the succession in 713:Electorate of Brandenburg 299: 295: 252: 238: 185: 97: 59: 54: 7309:Treaty of Accession 2003 6766:Major demographic events 6338:Diocese of Wollin/Cammin 6028:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 6023:Brandenburgian Pomerania 5883:Brandenburgian Pomerania 5586:10,000 BC – 600 AD 5054:Weber, Matthias (2003). 4997:Nicklas, Thomas (2002). 4978:Neuhaus, Helmut (2003). 4708:Beier, Brigitte (2007). 4553:Frost, Robert I (2004). 4149:Duchhardt (2006), p. 108 3871:Duchhardt (2006), p. 105 3789:Duchhardt (2006), p. 101 3699:Duchhardt (2006), p. 103 3524:Duchhardt (2006), p. 102 3055:Brandenburger Gold Coast 3017:Markgraf von Brandenburg 2633:Religion and immigration 2586:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 2387: 2327:General War Commissariat 2319:Generalfinanzdirektorium 2250:Landständische Regierung 2137:margraves of Brandenburg 2032:after his coronation as 1824:, with the exception of 1281:Treaty of Stettin (1653) 1273:Treaty of Stettin (1630) 1249:Brandenburgian margraves 1184:Treaty of Stettin (1653) 1180:Treaty of Stettin (1630) 1085:Albrecht von Wallenstein 843:Brandenburger Gold Coast 800:Brandenburgian Pomerania 454:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 7380:17th century in Prussia 7176:(1772/1773, 1793, 1795) 6579:Archaeological cultures 5738:Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp 5035:Schmidt, Georg (2006). 4883:Klueting, Harm (2003). 4826:Hammer, Ulrike (2001). 3798:Frost (2000), pp. 168ff 3512:Duchhardt (2006), p. 98 3490:Duchhardt (2006), p. 97 3371:Jähnig (2006), pp. 54ff 2484:with Sweden) and 1657 ( 2258:Geheime Landesregierung 2109:sent a circular to all 1931:Maximilian I of Bavaria 1525:) and the upholding of 1328:Lordship of Klettenberg 956:Duchess Anna of Prussia 696: 619:(1918 – 1947) 613:(1701 – 1918) 607:(1618 – 1701) 587:(1525 – 1618) 581:(1356 – 1806) 575:(1224 – 1525) 7204:Peace of Prague (1866) 6799:Languages and dialects 6469:Protestant Reformation 6264:Pomeranian Voivodeship 6167:Pomeranian Voivodeship 6066:Pomeranian Voivodeship 6011:Pomeranian Voivodeship 5951:Pomeranian Voivodeship 5813:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 4731:(in German). Siedler. 4192:Kotulla (2008), p. 264 4172:Kotulla (2008), p. 270 4158:Kotulla (2008), p. 269 4140:Kotulla (2008), p. 263 4118:Kotulla (2008), p. 262 3773:Kotulla (2008), p. 267 3743:Kotulla (2008), p. 266 3717:Kotulla (2008), p. 265 3690:Klueting (2003), p. 57 3667:Klueting (2003), p. 56 3610:Buchholz (1999), p.263 3476:Gotthard (2006), p. 90 3464:Gotthard (2006), p. 88 3431:Gotthard (2006), p. 86 3191: 3098:Wappen von Brandenburg 3090:Wappen von Brandenburg 3075: 2988:(now Baltiysk) on the 2709:House of Orange-Nassau 2644: 2366:; green/yellow: under 2286:elector introduced an 2141:Protestant Reformation 2041: 1885:Frederick I of Prussia 1851:status quo ante bellum 1766: 1686: 1659:Dutch and Scanian Wars 1577: 1505: 1438:, which had ended the 1415: 1230:dominium maris baltici 1195: 1131: 1068: 959: 894:, and approval by the 688: 672:(1947–1952, from 1990) 642:(1920–1939, from 1945) 599:Royal (Polish) Prussia 579:Elector of Brandenburg 426:Diocese of Halberstadt 38: 7045:(1448/1468/1472/1479) 6414:Archdiocese of Gdańsk 6404:Archdiocese of Berlin 5795:Bezirk Neubrandenburg 5666:Principality of Rügen 4594:. PWN. Warsaw, 1979. 4572:Gieysztor, Aleksander 4010:Neuhaus (2003), p. 22 3979:Hammer (2001), p. 104 3825:Hammer (2001), p. 135 3816:Shennan (1995), p. 20 3533:Olesen (2003), p. 395 3443:Hammer (2001), p. 136 3185: 3176:Further information: 3166:Sophie-Louise-Schanze 3120:and its shipyards in 3062: 3053:Further information: 2957:victory at Fehrbellin 2640: 2077:Charles XII of Sweden 2027: 1870:Further information: 1809:bribed by Berlin and 1749: 1680: 1663:Further information: 1563: 1554:Further information: 1499: 1490:Further information: 1413: 1383:. Least hit were the 1365:Frankfurt an der Oder 1320:Lordship of Derenburg 1191: 1178:Further information: 1154:, a long stay in the 1129: 1064: 1043:House of Hohenzollern 1000:House of Hohenzollern 945: 813:to become one of the 703:denomination for the 654:Recovered Territories 617:Free State of Prussia 551:(965 – 983) 273:Prussian independence 7038:Thorn, Second (1466) 6439:Diocese of Włocławek 6409:Diocese of Bydgoszcz 6018:Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn 5888:Starostwo of Draheim 5733:Pomerania-Rügenwalde 5723:Pomerania-Neustettin 5575:History of Pomerania 5382:Grand Duchy of Posen 4580:Emanuel Rostworowski 4545:Clark, Christopher. 4076:Beier (2007), p. 162 3970:Citino (2005), p. 22 3916:Frost (2000), p. 212 3883:Frost (2000), p. 210 3846:Jähnig (2006), p. 68 3681:Gabel (1998), p. 469 3658:Gabel (1998), p. 468 3601:Hammer (2001), p. 20 3576:Hammer (2001), p. 25 3551:Hammer (2001), p. 19 3419:Hammer (2001), p. 24 3401:Jähnig (2006), p. 66 3389:Jähnig (2006), p. 65 3362:Hammer (2001), p. 33 3028:. Also in 1684, the 2980:and the invasion of 2566:Treaty of Königsberg 2478:Treaty of Königsberg 2446:County of Ravensberg 2388:Year of acquisition 2380:List of territories 1933:in 1623, during the 1893:Saint Germain (1679) 1781:and promised to aid 1737:Battle of Fehrbellin 1721:Charles XI of Sweden 1665:Battle of Fehrbellin 1641:John II Casimir Vasa 1614:Treaty of Königsberg 1324:County of Regenstein 1077:Electorate of Saxony 768:incorporated in 1653 412:County of Ravensberg 286:Elevation to kingdom 7370:Brandenburg-Prussia 7342: / 7129:Wehlau and Bromberg 6387:Gorzów Wielkopolski 6353:Diocese of Roskilde 6172:Chełmno Voivodeship 6141:Duchy of Białogarda 5452:Territorial reforms 5410:Province of Prussia 4613:Gagliardo, John G. 4106:Weber (2003), p. 15 4097:Weber (2003), p. 14 4064:Weber (2003), p. 12 4048:Weber (2003), p. 13 3837:Frost (2000), p.178 3807:Frost (2000), p.171 3619:Schmidt (2006), p.5 3560:Sturdy (2002), p.59 2955:In 1675, after the 2625:Peace of Westphalia 2543:Peace of Westphalia 2520:Peace of Westphalia 2505:Peace of Westphalia 2497:Bishopric of Minden 2381: 2375:List of territories 2368:Frederick William I 2278:Second Northern War 2170:residence in Berlin 1943:Peace of Westphalia 1914:which bordered the 1912:County of Schwiebus 1842:Louis XIV of France 1715:pressured her ally 1590:Second Northern War 1570:Frederick William I 1550:Second Northern War 1420:Peace of Westphalia 1228:on the coastline (" 1218:Peace of Westphalia 1071:From 1619 to 1640, 1025:married the son of 928:system of provinces 780:Second Northern War 748:Peace of Westphalia 697:Brannenborg-Preußen 689:Brandenburg-Preußen 681:Brandenburg-Prussia 605:Brandenburg-Prussia 591:Malbork Voivodeship 555:Lutician federation 39:Brandenburg-Preußen 34:Brandenburg–Prussia 7233:Molotov–Ribbentrop 7221:Prussian Concordat 7155:1700–present 7016:Eberswalde, Second 6825:Central Pomeranian 6742:German Pomeranians 6707:Slavic Pomeranians 6596:Ertebølle-Ellerbek 6424:Diocese of Pelplin 6348:Diocese of Chełmno 6343:Diocese of Kolberg 6244:Słupsk Voivodeship 6146:Duchy of Lubiszewo 6119:Duchy of Pomerelia 6057:Słupsk Voivodeship 5989:House of Pomerania 5984:Duchy of Pomerania 5937:Słupsk Voivodeship 5910:List of placenames 5851:House of Pomerania 5846:Duchy of Pomerania 5768:List of placenames 5728:Pomerania-Stargard 5676:House of Pomerania 5671:Duchy of Pomerania 5621:1945–present 5534:Jülich-Cleves-Berg 5526: 5487:Posen-West Prussia 5426:Schleswig-Holstein 4624:2007-11-27 at the 3260:Großfriedrichsburg 3192: 3134:Großfriedrichsburg 3076: 2974:siege of Stralsund 2721:Holy Roman Emperor 2645: 2616:Duchy of Magdeburg 2609:Treaty of Bromberg 2594:Treaty of Bromberg 2539:Treaty of Grimnitz 2379: 2335:Kriegskommissariat 2301:Under the rule of 2242:Kurfürstlicher Rat 2065:Great Northern War 2042: 2009:, instead of King 1993:. With respect to 1979:Holy Roman Emperor 1971:Treaty of Rijswijk 1961:, had secured the 1883:, since 1701 also 1876:Kingdom of Prussia 1838:Great Sleigh Drive 1828:which was held by 1791:war against France 1767: 1751:Great Sleigh Drive 1687: 1669:Great Sleigh Drive 1578: 1556:Treaty of Bromberg 1506: 1452:Palatinate-Neuburg 1416: 1297:Duchy of Pomerania 1277:refused to give in 1265:House of Pomerania 1261:Duchy of Pomerania 1257:Treaty of Grimnitz 1196: 1173: 1144:Der Große Kurfürst 1132: 1081:Upper Saxon Circle 1069: 960: 911:Kingdom of Prussia 907:Great Northern War 835:established a navy 831:Great Sleigh Drive 776:Treaty of Bromberg 772:Duchy of Magdeburg 750:, which ended the 723:principalities of 660:Kaliningrad Oblast 611:Kingdom of Prussia 481:Kingdom of Prussia 384:Duchy of Pomerania 278:September 19, 1657 7425:Former monarchies 7346:52.517°N 13.400°E 7325: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7316: 6998:Eberswalde, First 6903: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6626:Nordic Bronze Age 6553: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6447: 6446: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6255:Toruń Voivodeship 5970:Farther Pomerania 5836:Farther Pomerania 5775:Enclave of Police 5748:Swedish Pomerania 5713:Pomerania-Wolgast 5708:Pomerania-Schlawe 5703:Pomerania-Stettin 5647:Western Pomerania 5541: 5540: 5522:Province of Posen 5372:(1814–1848) 5260:Western Pomerania 5252:Minden-Ravensberg 5153:Farther Pomerania 4970:978-3-11-014091-0 4913:978-3-540-48705-0 4786:Lademacher, Horst 4719:978-3-577-14374-5 4649:Ogilvie, Sheilagh 4641:Hughes, Michael. 4592:History of Poland 4588:Henryk Wereszycki 4576:Stefan Kieniewicz 3293:Duchy of Courland 3214:, and in 1678 by 2961:Swedish Pomerania 2953: 2952: 2949: 2713:Thirty Years' War 2675:Navy and colonies 2630: 2629: 2576:), lost in 1657 ( 2547:Treaty of Stettin 2527:Farther Pomerania 2315:Geheime Hofkammer 2303:Frederick III (I) 2226:Frederick William 2219:Thirty Years' War 2211:Joachim Frederick 2073:Holy Roman Empire 2069:Tsardom of Russia 2054:Königsberg Castle 2030:Frederick III (I) 1959:Elector of Saxony 1955:August the Strong 1935:Thirty Years' War 1897:Huguenot question 1846:Nijmegen treaties 1815:Treaty of Żurawno 1771:John III Sobieski 1755:Frederick William 1741:Swedish Pomerania 1703:Holy Roman Empire 1653:Swedish Pomerania 1574:Königsberg Castle 1456:Thirty Years' War 1387:, which was only 1332:Lordship of Lohra 1304:Western Pomerania 1293:Farther Pomerania 1289:Swedish Pomerania 1199:Frederick William 1140:Frederick William 1136:Thirty Years' War 1089:Thirty Years' War 992:Albert of Prussia 988:Kingdom of Poland 972:Holy Roman Empire 865:"), most notably 851:Frederick William 827:Fehrbellin (1675) 764:Farther Pomerania 752:Thirty Years' War 744:Thirty Years' War 678: 677: 515: 514: 497: 496: 493: 492: 473: 472: 227:• 1688–1701 220:Frederick William 215:• 1640–1688 203:• 1619–1640 191:• 1618–1619 166:Feudal monarchies 106:Holy Roman Empire 16:(Redirected from 7437: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7335: 7297:Polish Concordat 7261:Helsinki Accords 7215:Polish Concordat 6976:Stralsund (1370) 6971:Stralsund (1354) 6920: 6909: 6803: 6773:Migration Period 6661:Dębczyn (Denzin) 6576: 6559: 6458: 6434:Diocese of Toruń 6321: 6312: 6301: 6151:Duchy of Świecie 6114:Danish Pomerelia 6109:Polish Pomerelia 6102: 5977: 5790:Bezirk Frankfurt 5763:Stralsund Region 5698:Pomerania-Demmin 5642: 5631: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5545: 5527: 5511: 5491: 5483: 5475: 5442: 5422: 5414: 5406: 5373: 5356: 5355: 5346:Post-Congress of 5336: 5324:New East Prussia 5320: 5308: 5292: 5284: 5268: 5256: 5248: 5236: 5193: 5185: 5169: 5149: 5123:Duchy of Prussia 5098: 5091: 5084: 5075: 5069: 5050: 5031: 5012: 4993: 4974: 4955: 4936: 4917: 4898: 4879: 4860: 4841: 4822: 4803: 4780: 4761: 4742: 4723: 4697: 4678: 4610: 4568: 4542: 4509: 4506: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4472: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4438: 4435: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4405: 4402: 4393: 4390: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4356: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4317: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4286: 4283: 4272: 4269: 4260: 4257: 4244: 4241: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4205: 4202: 4193: 4190: 4184: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4119: 4116: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4077: 4074: 4065: 4062: 4049: 4046: 4033: 4030: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3950: 3947: 3938: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3917: 3914: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3884: 3881: 3872: 3869: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3774: 3771: 3744: 3741: 3718: 3715: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3645: 3644: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3513: 3510: 3491: 3488: 3477: 3474: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3444: 3441: 3432: 3429: 3420: 3417: 3402: 3399: 3390: 3387: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3276:Bordeaux Estates 3264:Charlotte Amalie 3228:Triangular trade 3146:Dorotheenschanze 3124:, since 1683 in 3066:Brandenburg Navy 3009:Carolus Secundus 2937: 2761: 2753:Brandenburg Navy 2695:universities of 2687:(1631–1633) and 2665:Edict of Potsdam 2642:Edict of Potsdam 2574:Treaty of Labiau 2482:Treaty of Labiau 2476:vassal in 1656 ( 2461:Duchy of Prussia 2454:Treaty of Xanten 2439:Treaty of Xanten 2424:Treaty of Xanten 2404:Core territory, 2382: 2351: 2199: 2181: 2096:Duchy of Prussia 2050:Sophie Charlotte 1995:Poland-Lithuania 1951:House of Hanover 1840:. However, when 1779:Poland-Lithuania 1691:Franco-Dutch War 1630:Treaty of Radnot 1626:Treaty of Labiau 1618:Battle of Warsaw 1602:Prussian capital 1566:Prussian estates 1500:Uniforms of the 1479:Treaty of Cleves 1475:Imperial estates 1436:Treaty of Xanten 1385:Duchy of Prussia 1271:in 1637. By the 1224:by establishing 1008:Albert Frederick 994:, a member of a 980:Duchy of Prussia 976:Treaty of Krakow 888:Duchy of Prussia 871:Edict of Potsdam 784:Polish vassalage 737:Treaty of Xanten 717:Duchy of Prussia 636:area (from 1918) 585:Duchy of Prussia 541: 536: 517: 489: 488: 477: 476: 464: 463: 450: 449: 436: 435: 422: 421: 408: 407: 394: 393: 380: 379: 366: 365: 352: 351: 338: 337: 328:Duchy of Prussia 324: 323: 317: 316: 301: 300: 291:January 18, 1701 126:Duchy of Prussia 102: 73: 66: 49: 41: 30: 21: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7420:Personal unions 7360: 7359: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7313: 7227:Reichskonkordat 7150: 7059:1500–1700 7054: 7027:Brześć Kujawski 6987:Raciążek (1404) 6923:1200–1500 6914: 6891: 6851: 6847:Standard German 6840:West Pomeranian 6835:East Pomeranian 6794: 6761: 6665: 6570: 6541: 6486: 6443: 6392: 6306: 6287: 6274:Gmina Biały Bór 6198:Polish Corridor 6131:Duchy of Gdańsk 6097: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6072: 5972: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5963:Lauenburg-Bütow 5957: 5876:Pomerania-Stolp 5839: 5838: 5829: 5743:Pomerania-Barth 5718:Pomerania-Stolp 5649: 5636: 5625: 5616:1933–1945 5611:1806–1933 5606:1500–1806 5601:1300–1500 5596:1100–1300 5577: 5572: 5542: 5537: 5525: 5514: 5509: 5495:Halle-Merseburg 5489: 5481: 5469: 5456: 5453: 5445: 5436: 5420: 5412: 5404: 5371: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5339: 5330: 5314: 5302: 5290: 5278: 5262: 5254: 5242: 5234: 5218: 5191: 5179: 5173:Lauenburg–Bütow 5163: 5143: 5109: 5102: 5072: 5066: 5053: 5047: 5034: 5028: 5015: 5009: 4996: 4990: 4977: 4971: 4958: 4952: 4939: 4933: 4920: 4914: 4901: 4895: 4882: 4876: 4863: 4857: 4844: 4838: 4825: 4819: 4806: 4800: 4783: 4777: 4764: 4758: 4745: 4739: 4726: 4720: 4707: 4704: 4694: 4681: 4675: 4662: 4630:Holborn, Hajo. 4626:Wayback Machine 4604: 4565: 4552: 4539: 4526: 4523: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4289: 4284: 4275: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4247: 4242: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4208: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4122: 4117: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4052: 4047: 4036: 4031: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3777: 3772: 3747: 3742: 3721: 3716: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3648: 3641: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3511: 3494: 3489: 3480: 3475: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3405: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3317: 3224: 3180: 3174: 3068:on the Open Sea 3057: 3051: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2770: 2759: 2749: 2741:Hanseatic towns 2705:Luise Henriette 2677: 2651:converted from 2635: 2545:(entitlement); 2541:(entitlement); 2416:Duchy of Cleves 2377: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2357: 2352: 2343: 2256:in Prussia and 2207: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2182: 2173: 2172: 2149:Großer Ausschuß 2133: 2034:King in Prussia 2007:King in Prussia 1947:Ernest Augustus 1945:(1648), and by 1878: 1872:King in Prussia 1868: 1763:Wilhelm Simmler 1759:Curonian Lagoon 1675: 1661: 1598:Treaty of Rinsk 1558: 1552: 1531:Leibeigenschaft 1494: 1488: 1444:count palatines 1408: 1352: 1186: 1176: 1124: 1100:entered the war 1059: 968:prince-electors 946:A 19th century 940: 930:subordinate to 883:King in Prussia 839:German colonies 788:Lauenburg–Bütow 701:historiographic 640:Klaipėda Region 508: 486: 461: 447: 433: 419: 405: 391: 377: 363: 356:Duchy of Cleves 349: 335: 321: 288: 275: 265:August 27, 1618 262: 228: 216: 204: 192: 153: 109: 93: 92: 91: 88: 87:Coat of arms of 84: 81: 80:Coat of arms of 75: 74: 67: 50: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7443: 7441: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7362: 7361: 7351:52.517; 13.400 7323: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7118:Stettin (1653) 7115: 7109: 7107:Stettin (1630) 7104: 7098: 7096:Stettin (1570) 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7022:Łęczyca (1433) 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6984: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6926: 6924: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6872: 6867: 6861: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6811: 6809: 6800: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6702:Vistula Veneti 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6601:Linear Pottery 6598: 6593: 6588: 6582: 6580: 6572: 6571: 6562: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6464: 6462: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6327: 6325: 6318: 6316:Roman Catholic 6308: 6307: 6305:Ecclesiastical 6304: 6297: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6266: 6258: 6252: 6247: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6094:Tuchola Forest 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6060: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6020: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5980: 5978: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5940: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5900:Stettin Region 5892: 5891: 5890: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5842: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5807: 5802: 5800:Bezirk Rostock 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5758:Stettin Region 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5668: 5663: 5661:Northern March 5658: 5652: 5650: 5645: 5638: 5637: 5635:Administrative 5634: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5591:600–1100 5588: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5548: 5539: 5538: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5492: 5484: 5479:Greater Berlin 5476: 5459: 5457: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5423: 5415: 5407: 5402:Rhine Province 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5321: 5309: 5293: 5285: 5269: 5257: 5249: 5237: 5228: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5194: 5186: 5170: 5150: 5130: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5071: 5070: 5064: 5051: 5045: 5032: 5026: 5013: 5007: 4994: 4988: 4975: 4969: 4956: 4950: 4937: 4931: 4918: 4912: 4899: 4893: 4880: 4874: 4861: 4855: 4842: 4836: 4823: 4817: 4804: 4798: 4781: 4775: 4762: 4756: 4743: 4737: 4724: 4718: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4692: 4679: 4673: 4660: 4655:(1995) 416pp; 4646: 4639: 4628: 4619:online edition 4611: 4602: 4569: 4563: 4550: 4543: 4537: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4494: 4485: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4439: 4427: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4380: 4371: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4330: 4318: 4309: 4287: 4273: 4261: 4245: 4229: 4220: 4206: 4194: 4185: 4174: 4160: 4151: 4142: 4120: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4078: 4066: 4050: 4034: 4012: 4003: 3981: 3972: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3775: 3745: 3719: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3669: 3660: 3646: 3639: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3587: 3578: 3562: 3553: 3535: 3526: 3514: 3492: 3478: 3466: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3403: 3391: 3373: 3364: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3309:Sint Eustatius 3268:Brandenburgery 3248:Denmark–Norway 3223: 3220: 3212:Dutch Republic 3173: 3170: 3050: 3047: 2969:Benjamin Raule 2951: 2950: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2748: 2745: 2676: 2673: 2649:John Sigismund 2634: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2536: 2533: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490:Peace of Oliva 2468:Succession as 2466: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2431:County of Mark 2427: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2376: 2373: 2364:John Sigismund 2354: 2353: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2325:chambers. The 2311:Treaty of Gera 2230:personal union 2201: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2183: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2132: 2131:Administration 2129: 2092:Teutonic Order 2061:Denmark–Norway 2028:Anointment of 2019:Dutch Republic 1967:British throne 1937:, also by the 1927:prince elector 1887:, was born in 1867: 1864: 1830:Denmark–Norway 1695:Dutch Republic 1660: 1657: 1649:Peace of Oliva 1634:Greater Poland 1594:Royal Prussian 1551: 1548: 1487: 1484: 1471:Dutch Republic 1407: 1404: 1351: 1348: 1240:(Szczecin) in 1207:Swedish Empire 1175: 1172: 1156:Dutch Republic 1123: 1120: 1116:Roman Catholic 1097:Swedish Empire 1073:George William 1058: 1055: 1039:Treaty of Gera 1031:John Sigismund 939: 936: 915:personal union 676: 675: 674: 673: 663: 657: 643: 637: 628: 627: 623: 622: 621: 620: 614: 608: 602: 588: 582: 576: 573:Teutonic Order 570: 564: 558: 552: 549:Northern March 543: 542: 529: 528: 513: 512: 503: 499: 498: 495: 494: 491: 490: 483: 474: 471: 470: 465: 457: 456: 451: 443: 442: 437: 429: 428: 423: 415: 414: 409: 401: 400: 398:County of Mark 395: 387: 386: 381: 373: 372: 367: 359: 358: 353: 345: 344: 339: 331: 330: 325: 313: 312: 307: 297: 296: 293: 292: 289: 283: 280: 279: 276: 270: 267: 266: 263: 260:Personal union 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 244: 243:Historical era 240: 239: 236: 235: 229: 226: 223: 222: 217: 214: 211: 210: 208:George William 205: 202: 199: 198: 196:John Sigismund 193: 190: 187: 186: 183: 182: 179: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 154:Elector-Duke: 147: 143: 142: 133: 129: 128: 118:Personal union 115: 111: 110: 103: 95: 94: 85: 78: 77: 76: 68: 61: 60: 57: 56: 52: 51: 36: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7442: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7358: 7355: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7273:Two Plus Four 7271: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7256:Warsaw (1970) 7254: 7252: 7251:Moscow (1970) 7249: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7184: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7169: 7168:Frederiksborg 7166: 7164:(1719 / 1720) 7163: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7033:Soldin (1466) 7031: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6948:Soldin (1309) 6946: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6906: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6807:West Germanic 6804: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6302: 6298: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6260:Contemporary 6259: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161:Royal Prussia 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6062:Contemporary 6061: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6040:Köslin Region 6038: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6006:Royal Prussia 6004: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5994:List of Dukes 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5971: 5967:classified as 5964: 5960: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5942:Contemporary 5941: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5905:Köslin Region 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5866:Schlawe-Stolp 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5856:List of Dukes 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5809:Contemporary 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5681:List of Dukes 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5656:Billung March 5654: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5557: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5517: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5488: 5485: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5467:Upper Silesia 5464: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5448: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5419: 5416: 5411: 5408: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5312:South Prussia 5310: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5258: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5099: 5094: 5092: 5087: 5085: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5067: 5065:3-486-56718-7 5061: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5046:3-406-49034-4 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5027:3-8258-7150-9 5023: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5008:3-515-07939-4 5004: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4989:3-486-56729-2 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4951:3-406-54129-1 4947: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4932:3-05-002508-5 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4894:3-8258-7051-0 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4875:3-486-57839-1 4871: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4856:3-933889-04-9 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4837:3-8309-1105-X 4833: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4818:3-406-54129-1 4814: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4799:3-89325-575-3 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4776:3-406-54129-1 4772: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4757:3-8258-6306-9 4753: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4738:3-88680-780-0 4734: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4693:0-631-20513-6 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4674:0-415-12938-9 4670: 4667:. Routledge. 4666: 4661: 4659:(1996), 448pp 4658: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4600:83-01-00392-8 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4584:Janusz Tazbir 4581: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4564:0-521-54402-5 4560: 4556: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4538:0-7006-1410-9 4534: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3640:0-09-177593-0 3636: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240:Saint Vincent 3237: 3233: 3232:Caribbean Sea 3229: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3067: 3061: 3056: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2990:East Prussian 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2757:Prussian Navy 2754: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2729:Fort Dansborg 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2707:of the Dutch 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2391:How obtained 2383: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2362:; red: under 2361: 2356: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2317:(since 1713: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2254:Oberratsstube 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2198: 2187: 2180: 2171: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2117: 2116:Royal Prussia 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2015:Great Britain 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999:Royal Prussia 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689:In 1672, the 1684: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596:towns in the 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1514:army reserves 1511: 1510:standing army 1503: 1498: 1493: 1492:Prussian Army 1486:Standing Army 1485: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1430:at the lower 1429: 1425: 1421: 1412: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1236:estuary with 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1128: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1067: 1063: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 957: 953: 949: 944: 937: 935: 933: 929: 924: 920: 919:legal fiction 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 897: 893: 889: 885: 884: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 857:") of mostly 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 823:Warsaw (1656) 820: 819:standing army 816: 815:great players 812: 807: 805: 802:to the lower 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 709:Hohenzollerns 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 671: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 651: 647: 644: 641: 638: 635: 632: 631: 630: 629: 624: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 596: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 561:Old Prussians 559: 556: 553: 550: 547: 546: 545: 544: 540: 535: 531: 530: 527: 523: 518: 511: 507: 504: 502:Today part of 500: 484: 482: 479: 478: 475: 469: 466: 459: 458: 455: 452: 445: 444: 441: 438: 431: 430: 427: 424: 417: 416: 413: 410: 403: 402: 399: 396: 389: 388: 385: 382: 375: 374: 371: 368: 361: 360: 357: 354: 347: 346: 343: 340: 333: 332: 329: 326: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 298: 294: 290: 287: 277: 274: 264: 261: 248: 245: 241: 237: 234:(Frederick I) 233: 232:Frederick III 230: 221: 218: 209: 206: 197: 194: 180: 178: 174: 167: 164: 160: 157: 152: 148: 144: 141: 137: 134: 130: 127: 123: 119: 116: 112: 107: 101: 96: 90: 89:Ducal Prussia 83: 72: 65: 58: 53: 47: 40: 31: 19: 7327: 6992:Thorn, First 6820:Low Prussian 6777: 6621:Comb Ceramic 6606:Funnelbeaker 6568:anthropology 6467: 6385:with see in 6330: 6184:West Prussia 6099:Chełmno Land 5434:Hesse-Nassau 5418:Hohenzollern 5300:West Prussia 5114: 5055: 5036: 5017: 4998: 4979: 4960: 4941: 4922: 4903: 4884: 4865: 4846: 4827: 4808: 4789: 4766: 4747: 4728: 4709: 4683: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4642: 4635: 4631: 4614: 4606: 4591: 4554: 4546: 4528: 4515:Bibliography 4488: 4467: 4458: 4421: 4374: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4312: 4223: 4188: 4181: 4177: 4154: 4145: 4102: 4093: 4006: 3975: 3966: 3933: 3900: 3851: 3842: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3695: 3686: 3663: 3630: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3581: 3556: 3529: 3460: 3367: 3289:Peter Island 3281: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3244:Saint Thomas 3236:Sainte Croix 3225: 3193: 3165: 3161: 3111: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3077: 3063: 3030:East Frisian 3016: 3008: 2994: 2954: 2946: 2938: 2737:reichstalers 2735:for 120,000 2711:. After the 2678: 2646: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2273: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2246:Geheimer Rat 2245: 2241: 2238:Geheimer Rat 2237: 2223: 2214: 2208: 2184:…during the 2167:Hohenzollern 2156: 2148: 2144: 2134: 2123: 2120: 2103:Grand Master 2089: 2058: 2043: 2010: 1991:Crown Treaty 1975: 1963:Polish crown 1924: 1879: 1849: 1819: 1769:Polish king 1768: 1761:; fresco by 1706: 1688: 1638: 1580:The Swedish 1579: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1507: 1482:reputation. 1464: 1454:. After the 1422:by invading 1417: 1401: 1361:Berlin-Cölln 1353: 1344:Hohenzollern 1301: 1269:Bogislaw XIV 1246: 1229: 1204: 1197: 1143: 1133: 1070: 1050:Polish Crown 1047: 1020: 996:cadet branch 961: 922: 881: 875: 862: 854: 808: 741: 705:early modern 680: 679: 310:Succeeded by 309: 304: 149:Population: 120:between the 7349: / 7146:Lund (1679) 6959:Ueckermünde 6857:West Slavic 6779:Ostsiedlung 6757:Slovincians 6616:Corded Ware 6591:Maglemosian 5818:Brandenburg 5530:Lower Rhine 5413:(1824–1878) 5364:Brandenburg 5328:New Silesia 5288:East Frisia 5161:Halberstadt 5115:Before 1701 5108:(1525–1947) 3284:Crab Island 2965:Scanian War 2963:during the 2653:Lutheranism 2186:Renaissance 2046:suum cuique 1789:from their 1729:Scanian War 1708:Reichskrieg 1622:sovereignty 1535:Bauernlegen 1434:river. The 1428:Cleves-Mark 1424:Jülich-Berg 1350:Devastation 1308:Halberstadt 1158:during his 1134:During the 1087:during the 855:Peuplierung 829:and by the 760:Halberstadt 670:Brandenburg 662:(from 1945) 656:(from 1945) 569:(1157–1618) 522:Brandenburg 520:History of 305:Preceded by 82:Brandenburg 7364:Categories 7209:Versailles 7112:Westphalia 6885:Slovincian 6875:Pomeranian 6815:Low German 6747:Kashubians 6641:Pomeranian 6564:Demography 6461:Historical 6453:Protestant 6324:Historical 6163:1466–1793 6124:Samborides 5999:Partitions 5871:Partitions 5691:Partitions 5454:after 1918 5397:Westphalia 5224:After 1701 5212:St. Thomas 5202:Gold Coast 5141:Ravensberg 4521:In English 3342:References 3200:Mauritania 3150:Taccararay 3001:Baltic Sea 2995:After the 2751:See also: 2733:Tranquebar 2681:Pomeranian 2409:electorate 2406:Holy Roman 2323:Amtskammer 2267:Kreditwerk 2262:Amtskammer 2234:real union 2157:Kreditwerk 2153:Joachim II 2145:Kreditwerk 2075:followed. 2067:, and the 2038:Königsberg 1889:Königsberg 1775:suzerainty 1765:, ca. 1891 1222:Baltic Sea 1160:grand tour 859:Protestant 770:) and the 735:after the 733:Ravensberg 693:Low German 162:Government 140:Königsberg 7245:Zgorzelec 7162:Stockholm 7101:Franzburg 7010:Perleberg 6880:Kashubian 6737:Velunzani 6697:Vidivarii 6611:Havelland 6389:1945–1972 6257:1975–1998 6246:1975–1998 6078:Pomerelia 6059:1975–1998 5975:Pomerelia 5939:1975–1998 5528:From the 5503:Kurhessen 5499:Magdeburg 5377:Pomerania 5353:(1814–15) 5232:Neuchâtel 5189:Magdeburg 4702:In German 4636:1648–1840 3311:in 1697. 3266:, called 3222:Caribbean 3144:), named 3043:Greetsiel 3036:replaced 2701:The Hague 2669:Huguenots 2657:Calvinism 2647:In 1613, 2013:Prussia. 1983:Leopold I 1787:Habsburgs 1783:Hungarian 1725:Uckermark 1681:Siege of 1377:Magdeburg 1369:Pomerania 1242:Pomerania 1226:dominions 1168:Pomerania 1150:nurturer 1148:Calvinist 876:In 1701, 863:Exulanten 798:expanded 739:in 1614. 699:) is the 634:Działdowo 156:Calvinist 146:Religion 55:1618–1701 7084:Augsburg 7078:Grimnitz 7043:Prenzlau 6913:Treaties 6865:Polabian 6712:Prissani 6651:Wielbark 6631:Lusatian 6089:Kociewie 6084:Kashubia 5524:in 1848. 5240:Guelders 5197:Colonies 4622:Archived 3315:See also 3272:Krum Bay 3204:Portugal 3158:Taccrama 3154:Takoradi 3032:port of 3021:Atlantic 2868:galiote 2799:frigate 2472:vassal, 2307:monarchy 2252:, named 2124:de facto 2111:Catholic 2017:and the 1973:(1697). 1901:Habsburg 1807:magnates 1803:Ottomans 1582:invasion 1467:Lorraine 1340:Habsburg 1330:and the 1211:her ally 948:allegory 923:de facto 905:and the 896:Habsburg 867:Huguenot 151:Lutheran 7337:13°24′E 7334:52°31′N 7239:Potsdam 6953:Templin 6930:Kremmen 6687:Lemovii 6670:Peoples 6646:Oksywie 6636:Jastorf 6586:Hamburg 5686:Gützkow 5520:Became 5439:1866–68 5430:Hanover 5392:Silesia 5305:1772–73 5272:Silesia 5267:/ 1815) 5177:Draheim 5106:Prussia 4729:Pommern 4634:Vol 2: 4617:(1991) 3337:Sources 3305:England 3301:Tortola 3208:Spanish 3087:frigate 3080:African 3074:, 1684. 3007:vessel 3005:Spanish 2978:Stettin 2689:Stettin 2685:Wolgast 2601:Draheim 2570:Swedish 2474:Swedish 2232:into a 2099:in 1525 2040:, 1701. 2003:Ermland 1949:of the 1941:in the 1916:Neumark 1908:Silesia 1904:emperor 1854:by the 1834:Prussia 1753:(1678): 1685:in 1677 1683:Stettin 1612:in the 1606:Ermland 1584:of the 1576:, 1663. 1527:serfdom 1519:landtag 1504:in 1698 1406:Cow War 1238:Stettin 1079:in the 998:of the 970:in the 899:emperor 841:in the 811:Prussia 792:Draheim 721:Rhenish 652:within 650:Masuria 626:Present 597:within 526:Prussia 506:Germany 468:Draheim 284:• 271:• 258:• 173:Elector 132:Capital 7305:(1996) 7299:(1993) 7293:(1991) 7287:(1991) 7281:(1990) 7275:(1990) 7269:(1989) 7263:(1975) 7247:(1951) 7241:(1945) 7235:(1939) 7229:(1933) 7223:(1929) 7217:(1925) 7211:(1919) 7200:(1866) 7194:(1815) 7192:Vienna 7188:(1814) 7182:(1807) 7180:Tilsit 7170:(1720) 7137:(1660) 7131:(1657) 7125:(1656) 7123:Labiau 7114:(1648) 7103:(1627) 7092:(1569) 7090:Lublin 7086:(1555) 7080:(1529) 7074:(1525) 7072:Kraków 7068:(1521) 7051:(1493) 7049:Pyritz 7029:(1435) 7018:(1427) 7012:(1427) 7006:(1422) 7000:(1415) 6994:(1411) 6983:(1390) 6981:Pyzdry 6967:(1343) 6965:Kalisz 6961:(1327) 6955:(1317) 6944:(1282) 6938:(1250) 6936:Landin 6932:(1236) 6870:Polish 6732:Lutici 6727:Veleti 6722:Ukrani 6677:Gepids 6656:Gustow 6491:Extant 6397:Extant 5861:Cammin 5510:(1944) 5507:Nassau 5490:(1922) 5482:(1920) 5421:(1850) 5405:(1822) 5387:Saxony 5348:Vienna 5291:(1744) 5255:(1719) 5235:(1707) 5207:Arguin 5192:(1680) 5157:Minden 5133:Cleves 5062: 5043: 5024: 5005: 4986: 4967: 4948: 4929: 4910: 4891: 4872: 4853: 4834: 4815: 4796: 4773: 4754: 4735: 4716: 4690: 4671: 4645:(1992) 4638:(1962) 4598: 4586:, and 4561: 4549:(2008) 4535: 3637: 3297:Tobago 3216:France 3196:Arguin 3190:(1721) 3188:Arguin 3178:Arguin 3172:Arguin 3142:Akwida 3138:Accada 3122:Pillau 3118:Berlin 3106:Morian 3094:Morian 3083:Guinea 3038:Pillau 3026:talers 3013:Ostend 2986:Pillau 2914:other 2891:yacht 2822:fluyt 2774:Count 2769:Vessel 2726:Danish 2697:Leyden 2531:Cammin 2470:Polish 2296:France 2292:Akzise 2288:Akzise 2283:Akzise 2274:Akzise 2188:period 2081:France 1920:Vienna 1811:Vienna 1799:Papacy 1717:Sweden 1713:France 1699:Cleves 1671:, and 1543:talers 1397:Vienna 1393:Minden 1391:, and 1375:, and 1336:French 1326:, the 1322:, the 1312:Minden 1214:France 1152:Calcum 1112:Berlin 1035:Cleves 978:, the 932:Berlin 847:Arguin 794:. The 756:Minden 725:Cleves 685:German 666:Berlin 646:Warmia 510:Poland 181: 136:Berlin 114:Status 108:(1618) 46:German 42: 7135:Oliva 7066:Thorn 7004:Melno 6942:Kępno 6752:Poles 6692:Rugii 6682:Goths 5463:Lower 5276:Glatz 3303:from 3246:from 3186:Fort 3152:(now 3140:(now 3126:Emden 3034:Emden 3011:near 2984:. 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