858:
389:
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49:
1103:, regarding Russia's role in the world. He wrote that, "Having extended her sway south and west, and being by the nature of things unreachable from the east and north, Russia becomes a source of constant threat to Europe." He argued that it would have been in Russia's greater interest to have surrounded herself with "friend slave." Czartoryski also identified a future threat from Prussia and urged the incorporation of
2005:
1085:, it is indispensable to an understanding of the Prince's many activities conducted in Paris following the ill-fated Polish November 1830 Uprising. Czartoryski wanted to find a place for Poland in the Europe of the time. He sought to interest Western Europeans in the adversities facing his stateless nation, which he still considered to be an indispensable part of the European political structure.
1803:
634:, left St. Petersburg, and on 11 August a note, dictated by Czartoryski to Alexander, was sent to the Russian minister in London to urge the formation of an anti-French coalition. It was also Czartoryski who framed the Convention of 6 November 1804 whereby Russia agreed to put 115,000 and Austria 235,000, men in the field against Napoleon.
547:
as well. Born
Princess Louise of Baden, she was married to the Grand Duke Alexander at the age of fourteen, and though she and Alexander shared a friendly bond, Alexander sought romantic comfort elsewhere. Elizabeth Alexeievna soon fell in love with Czartoryski, who reciprocated her feelings. After
1145:
Czartoryski's plan seemed achievable during the period of national revolutions in 1848–49, but foundered through the lack of western support, on
Hungarian intransigence toward the Czechs, Slovaks and Romanians, and on the rise of German nationalism." "Nevertheless", Dziewanowski, concludes "the
872:
was approaching Warsaw from the West and the commander-in-chief, General
Skrzynecki was dismissed (9 August). On 15 and 16 August, there were riots in Warsaw, and many imprisoned supposed traitors, notably two generals, were hanged. Czartoryski decided to resign from the government after he had
571:, summoned his friend back to Saint Petersburg. Czartoryski found the tsar still suffering from remorse at his father's assassination and could do nothing but talk about religion and politics to a small circle of friends. Against all remonstrances, he replied only, "There's plenty of time".
1000:
His tireless efforts on behalf of Poland continued well into his seventies: in 1842 he conceived a project to found a Polish settlement in rural Turkey. Czartoryski wanted to create a second emigration centre there, after the first one in Paris. He sent his representative,
692:, was to form a separate state. The United Kingdom and Russia together were to maintain the equilibrium of the world. In return for their acquisitions in Germany, Austria and Prussia were to consent to the creation of an autonomous Polish state extending from Danzig (
1025:, about 30 kilometres from the historic city centre. At its inception, the village was inhabited by just 12 people, while at its peak, there were no more than 220 people. Over time, Adampol developed and became populated by emigrants from the unsuccessful
724:
Though no longer a minister, Czartoryski continued still to enjoy
Alexander's confidence in private, and in 1810, the Tsar candidly admitted to Czartoryski that in 1805 he had been in error and that had not made proper use of Czartoryski's opportunities.
1958:
614:
Czartoryski paid most attention to foreign affairs; as the tsar's key advisor, he exercised practical control of
Russian diplomacy. His first act had been to protest energetically against Napoleon's murder of a Bourbon royal prince, the
700:
under the protection of Russia. That plan presented the best guarantee at the time for the independent existence of Poland. However, in the meantime, Austria had come to an understanding with
Britain about subsidies, and war had begun.
956:
and arguably the most considerable Polish-émigré figure of the time – Czartoryski was
Chairman of the Polish National Uprising Government, and leader of a political emigre party (thousands of Poles had emigrated to France in the
2036:
1951:
964:
Czartoryski was an active leader of the mushrooming committees that were formed to maintain political momentum and salvage Polish cultural heritage in the exile community. He was the founding chairman, in April 1832, of a
717:), as chief minister. He regarded the Berlin visit as a blunder, chiefly due to his distrust of Prussia, but Alexander ignored his representations, and in February 1807 Czartoryski lost favour and was superseded by
1944:
1142:. Poland, according to his vision, could have mediated the conflicts between Hungary and the Slavs, and between Hungary and Romania. At the same time, the Belgian people were also seeking independence.
556:. The baby died soon after. On reaching Italy, Czartoryski found that that monarch was a king without a kingdom and so the outcome of his first diplomatic mission was a pleasant tour through Italy to
2029:
552:, the Tsar Paul I didn't hide his suspicions, with both Elizabeth and Alexander having fair hair, and the baby having dark hair. Czartoryski was then sent on a diplomatic mission to the court of
1096:. Thanks to his private initiative and generosity, the émigrés of his subjugated nation conducted a foreign policy often on a broader scale than had the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
2511:
2476:
2022:
1818:
2461:
2521:
1835:
Brykczynski, Paul. "Prince Adam
Czartoryski as a liminal figure in the development of modern nationalism in Eastern Europe at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries."
736:) shortly before the signing of the Russo-Prussian alliance on 20 February 1813, and Czartoryski was in the tsar's suite at Paris in 1814 and rendered him material services at the
928:
On 25 February 1832, while in the United
Kingdom, he kept advancing the Polish cause and with the help of influential friends, many of them Scottish, inspired the creation of the
412:. However, Repnin left the country two years before Adam Czartoryski was born. After careful education at home by eminent specialists, mostly French, he went abroad in 1786. At
515:
740:. At the Congress of Vienna, Alexander had also been asked to agree to a divorce for the Empress Elizabeth so that she could marry Czartoryski. This request was refused.
644:
Czartoryski's most striking ministerial act, however, was a memorial written in 1805, otherwise undated, which aimed at transforming the whole map of Europe. Austria and
510:'s, and the two young men at once evinced a strong "intellectual friendship" for each other. Czartoryski was already connected with the imperial family. His elder sister
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2531:
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The same year, Czartoryski left Saint
Petersburg forever, but the personal relations between him and Alexander were never better. They met again as friends at
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2306:
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Later in 1795, the two brothers were commanded to enter Russian military service. Adam became an officer in the horse and Konstanty one in the foot guards.
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1827:
973:, the first repository of polonica, books, and archives outside the territory of Poland, which had secured, with French public support, a building on the
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2049:
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as dictator. After Chlopicki's resignation (18 January) and Nicolas I's destitution as king of Poland (25 January), Czartoryski was elected chief of the
2541:
2501:
1092:", Czartoryski connected Polish efforts for independence with similar movements in other subjugated nations of Europe and in the East as far as the
873:
sacrificed half of his fortune to the national cause. He was replaced by General Krukowiecki as both head of the government and commander in chief.
1234:, edited by A. Gielguch, with documents relating to his negotiations with Pitt, and conversations with Palmerston in 1832 (2 vols., London, 1888).
2506:
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2441:
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Tsar Alexander appointed Czartoryski administrator of the educational district of Vilna (Polish: Wilno, Lithuanian: Vilnius) and curator of the
544:
1496:
774:
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2045:
1077:
undertaking reforms failed to materialise. His subsequent thoughts were distilled in a book, completed in 1827 but published only in 1830,
900:. At the war's end, when the uprising was crushed by the Russians (Warsaw was taken on 8 September), he fled under false identity to the
499:
was so favourably impressed by the youths that she restored them part of their estates and in early 1796 made them gentlemen-in-waiting.
2551:
2360:
778:
1050:
1556:
2556:
1593:
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67:
953:
822:
638:
287:
543:, possessed great influence on the tsar. Czartoryski was not only close with Alexander, but Alexander's wife, the Grand Duchess
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1205:
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by Russia, Prussia and Austria. He later became a leader of the Polish government in exile during and after the failed 1830-31
857:
453:
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1900:
616:
438:
231:
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2436:
2208:
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1908:
519:
422:
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603:(3 April 1803) so that he might give full play to his advanced ideas. He greatly improved the Polish education system.
2451:
2105:
1583:
1289:
1170:
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283:
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it was referred to as "Adampol". Polonezköy or Adampol survives to this day as a small village on the Asian side of
388:
2120:
1529:
592:
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After the November Uprising in 1830-31 until his death, Czartoryski supported the idea of resurrecting an updated
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1089:
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He became president of the provisional government established on 3 December and summoned (18 December 1830) the
2090:
1014:
431:
1936:
2158:
1989:
1866:
Zawadzki, W. H. "Prince Adam Czartoryski and Napoleonic France, 1801–1805: A Study in Political Attitudes."
1299:
1218:
970:
427:
2188:
351:. In exile, he advocated for the reestablishment of a sovereign Polish state, which also stimulated early
1711:
Wielka Brytania w "dyplomacji" księcia Adama Jerzego Czartoryskiego wobec kryzysu wschodniego (1832–1841)
769:
It was considered that Czartoryski, who more than any other man had prepared the way for the creation of
408:. It was rumoured that Adam was the fruit of a liaison between Izabela and Russian ambassador to Poland,
1457:
1074:
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336:
141:
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445:. On a second visit in 1793, he made many acquaintances among the British aristocracy and studied the
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The son of a wealthy prince, he began his political career as a foreign minister to the Russian Tsar
251:
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2198:
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2014:
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540:
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At this time, the tone of the Russian court was relatively liberal. Political reformers, including
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Czartoryski was disappointed when the hopes that had he held as late as the Congress of Vienna of
2335:
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2213:
1814:
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511:
363:
279:
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1994:
985:
792:. Czartoryski was content with the title of senator-palatine and a role in the administration.
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2253:
2183:
2153:
2057:
1770:
1766:
1745:
1722:
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1660:, the outstanding Polish statesman of the period between the November and January Uprisings."
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17:
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acted as the "uncrowned king and unacknowledged foreign minister" of a non-existent Poland.
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statesman continued to display great energy. On 23 August 1831, he joined Italian General
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474:, the Czartoryski estates were confiscated, and in May 1795, Adam and his younger brother
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That same year, Czartoryski left England for France, taking up residence in Paris. As a
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and his political faction came to be identified by his private address, simply as the
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decoration for valour there. He was arrested on his way to Poland at Brussels by the
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619:(20 March 1804), and to insist on an immediate rupture with the government of the
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In 1789, Czartoryski visited Great Britain with his mother and was present at the
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2004:
1304:
1254:
1162:
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In 1805 Czartoryski accompanied Alexander to Berlin and to Olmütz, Austria (now
649:
247:
1230:, with preface by C. de Mazade, 2 vols. (Paris, 1887); an English translation,
1861:
Statesmen who changed the world: a bio-bibliographical dictionary of diplomacy
1139:
1041:. The Polish villagers engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry.
937:
893:
818:
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On his father's death in 1823, Czartoryski retired to his ancestral castle at
681:
969:. In 1838 he became the legal owner and founding president (for life) of the
1831:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 721–722.
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1131:
1038:
1010:
847:
677:
673:
528:
507:
366:. In 1798, he purchased one of Poland's most important national treasures –
1441:
1264:
897:
807:
693:
1449:
362:
Czartoryski was a dedicated patron of arts and greatly contributed to the
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329:
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1854:
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714:
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Finally, in April 1805, he signed an offensive-defensive alliance with
356:
1005:, to Turkey and purchased a forest area which encompasses present-day
548:
Elizabeth gave birth to a baby girl on 29 May 1799, the Grand Duchess
452:
In the interval between these visits, he fought for Poland during the
324:(14 January 1770 – 15 July 1861), in English known as
2382:
1224:
Alexander I. et Czartoryski: correspondence ... et conversations
1119:
1115:
1111:
889:
729:
685:
557:
397:
352:
227:
36:
1013:. The settlement was named Adam-koj (Adamköy) after its founder, in
532:, and was permitted to revisit his Polish estates for three months.
1808:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1166:
922:
856:
747:
665:
578:
54:
784:, or viceroy, but the tsar chose a general who had fought in the
1064:
2018:
1940:
648:
were to divide Germany between them. Russia was to acquire the
526:, Czartoryski was appointed adjutant to Alexander, who was now
1118:
support – a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth federated with the
1099:
Of particular interest are Czartoryski's observations, in his
1161:
Czartoryski died at his country residence east of Paris, at
359:
nationalism, and intensified their desire for independence.
120:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire
1146:
Prince's endeavour constitutes a link the 16th century
1056:
The visionary statesman and former friend, confidant and
868:
In August 1831, the military situation was bad. General
1173:(1828–94), and a daughter Izabela, who in 1857 married
1169:, on 15 July 1861. He left two sons, Witold (1824–65),
904:, then in Austria, and from there could reach England.
884:'s army corps as a volunteer and subsequently formed a
1849:
Morley, Charles. "Czartoryski as a Polish Statesman."
1263:, at an Allied Council conference that takes place at
564:
and a careful exploration of the antiquities of Rome.
347:
and a bitter opponent of Alexander's successor, Tsar
2381:
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2282:
2134:
2056:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
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34:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1081:(Essay on Diplomacy). According to the historian
2512:Members of Polish government (November Uprising)
2477:People from the Russian Empire of Polish descent
1859:Thackeray, Frank W., and John E. Findling, eds.
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1045:Diplomatic efforts for a new Polish Commonwealth
1204:Czartoryski's principal works, as cited in the
1969:Polish National Government (November Uprising)
1610:"Савельев : Польский мятеж против России"
2462:Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
2030:
1952:
1515:Galerie des contemporains illustres, Volume 6
1110:Above all, he aspired to reconstitute – with
930:Literary Association of the Friends of Poland
813:In 1824 he lost the charge of curator of the
8:
799:. The wedding led to a duel with his rival,
1641:" ("A Polish Pioneer of a United Europe"),
921:, though the sentence was soon commuted to
854:by 121 out of 138 votes (30 January 1831).
426:and made the acquaintance of the dignified
396:Czartoryski was born on 14 January 1770 in
174:President of the Polish National Government
2037:
2023:
2015:
1959:
1945:
1937:
1889:
606:He was to keep those function until 1824.
460:He was one of the early recipients of the
47:
31:
1647:(Pole Star), 17 September 2005, p. 10-11.
1585:Encyclopedia of Russian History, Volume 1
1558:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945
186:3 December 1830 – 15 August 1831
2527:Military personnel of the Russian Empire
2522:People of the Polish–Russian War of 1792
1374:The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire
1228:Memoires et correspondence avec Alex. I.
932:, based in London, but with branches in
632:Gabriel Marie Joseph, comte d'Hédouville
387:
2457:Foreign ministers of the Russian Empire
1365:
1331:
1271:) on 18 November 1805, just before the
627:, whom the tsar considered a regicide.
1909:Chairman of the Committee of Ministers
1466:
1455:
514:was married to the then-Grand Duchess
68:Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire
27:Polish noble and statesman (1770–1861)
2532:People sentenced to death in absentia
2492:Polish book and manuscript collectors
1763:which had seemed close to realisation
1491:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1341:
775:Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland
744:Career in Congress Poland (1815–1831)
630:On 7 June 1804, the French minister,
567:In the spring of 1801, the new tsar,
376:, which he brought as a gift for his
7:
1482:
1480:
1440:Kukiel, Marian (December 31, 1955).
1435:
1433:
1424:
1017:, the "Village of Adam", whereas in
2497:Politicians from the Russian Empire
1530:"History of The Czartoryski Museum"
1242:The 1975–1976 academic year at the
888:of the three southern provinces of
756:and sons. Standing to his right is
491:Friendship with Tsarevich Alexander
2537:Recipients of the Virtuti Militari
1791:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1775:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1750:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1727:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1698:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1682:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1666:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1656:"The Prince thus shows himself a
1639:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1343:[ˈadamˈjɛʐɨt͡ʂartɔˈrɨskʲi]
332:, statesman, diplomat and author.
25:
2517:Activists of the Great Emigration
1512:Louis Léonard de Loménie (1843).
1376:, Oxford University Press, 2003,
837:brought him back to public life.
829:Insurrectional period (1830–1831)
765:Constitutional period (1815–1830)
2003:
1881:"Czartoryski, Prince Adam Georg"
1819:Czartoryski, Adam George, Prince
1801:
1761:"Adam Czartoryski's great plan,
1487:Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2016).
1442:"Czartoryski and European Unity"
2542:Polish people of German descent
2502:Diplomats of the Russian Empire
1232:Memoirs of Czartoryski, &c.
1088:Adhering to the Polish motto, "
967:Historical and Literary Society
554:Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia
2507:November Uprising participants
2467:Senators of the Russian Empire
2442:19th-century Polish landowners
1901:Alexander Romanovich Vorontsov
1844:Czartoryski and European Unity
1051:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1033:in 1853, and by escapers from
232:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
2071:Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov
1009:from the missionary order of
846:of 1831, which chose General
795:In 1817, he married Princess
288:Izabella Elżbieta Czartoryska
18:Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
2209:Andreas Eberhard von Budberg
1863:(Greenwood, 1993). pp 149–57
1612:. Savelev.ru. Archived from
311:Politician, diplomat, author
53:Czartoryski photographed by
2472:Senators of Congress Poland
2046:Foreign ministers of Russia
1709:Żurawski vel Grajewski, R.
1588:. Macmillan Reference USA.
1226:(1801–1823) (Paris, 1865);
1107:into a resurrected Poland.
575:Curator of Vilna University
522:. On the accession of Tsar
400:. He was the son of Prince
2573:
2552:Polish patrons of the arts
1924:Andrei Yakovlevich Budberg
1713:, Warszawa: "Semper" 1999.
852:Polish National Government
821:trial. He was replaced by
458:Second Partition of Poland
454:Polish–Russian War of 1792
418:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
402:Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski
298:Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski
2239:Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky
2001:
1975:
1920:
1906:
1897:
1892:
1635:Marian Kamil Dziewanowski
1555:Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996).
1352:Аdomas Jurgis Čartoriskis
1246:was named in his honour.
1188:Order of Virtuti Militari
1090:for our freedom and yours
1083:Marian Kamil Dziewanowski
835:29 November 1830 uprising
591:, was key in forming the
560:, the acquisition of the
520:Duke Louis of Württemberg
472:Third Partition of Poland
315:
212:
179:
126:
73:
62:
46:
2557:Polish political writers
2091:Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin
1582:James R. Millar (2003).
1193:Order of the White Eagle
861:Czartoryski's casket in
696:) to the sources of the
432:Christoph Martin Wieland
384:Early life and education
2159:Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin
1990:Bonawentura Niemojowski
1828:Encyclopædia Britannica
1769:in 1848–49, failed..."
1561:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1489:The Romanovs, 1613-1918
1300:Union of National Unity
1213:Essai sur la diplomatie
1208:Encyclopædia Britannica
1079:Essai sur la diplomatie
1053:on federal principles.
977:in the heart of Paris.
971:Polish Library in Paris
817:, in relation with the
428:Johann Gottfried Herder
326:Adam George Czartoryski
2547:Conservatism in Poland
2447:Polish philanthropists
2361:Aleksandr Bessmertnykh
2284:Provisional Government
2224:Karl Robert Nesselrode
2204:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
2189:Nikita Petrovich Panin
2169:Nikita Ivanovich Panin
1980:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
1853:30.3 (1971): 606–614.
1465:Cite journal requires
1351:
1186:Knight's Cross of the
1037:and from captivity in
980:In 1843 he bought the
865:
761:
668:. Austria was to have
596:
506:at a ball at Princess
393:
364:Czartoryski Collection
322:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
41:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
1870:18.2 (1975): 245–277.
1839:38.5 (2010): 647–669.
1450:10.1515/9781400877102
1372:See John P. Ledonne.
1339:Polish pronunciation:
1290:Władysław Czartoryski
860:
773:and had designed the
758:Władysław Czartoryski
751:
582:
502:Adam had already met
456:, which preceded the
391:
284:Władysław Czartoryski
142:Alexander I of Russia
89:Alexander I of Russia
2297:Mikhail Tereshchenko
2219:Ioannis Kapodistrias
2179:Alexander Bezborodko
1837:Nationalities Papers
1273:Battle of Austerlitz
1249:Czartoryski makes a
1215:(Marseilles, 1830);
1175:Jan Kanty Działyński
545:Elizabeth Alexeievna
504:Grand Duke Alexander
447:British constitution
430:and the "fat little
416:, Czartoryski heard
2487:Polish bibliophiles
2482:Polish male writers
2437:Writers from Warsaw
2373:Eduard Shevardnadze
2356:Eduard Shevardnadze
2229:Alexander Gorchakov
2199:Alexander Vorontsov
2154:Aleksey Tcherkassky
2111:Yemelyan Ukraintsev
1885:Jewish Encyclopedia
1815:Bain, Robert Nisbet
1616:on October 26, 2007
917:Afterwards, he was
823:Nikolay Novosiltsev
641:'s United Kingdom.
623:, which was under
541:Nikolay Novosiltsev
497:Catherine the Great
468:Austrian government
423:Iphigenia in Tauris
392:Czartoryski in 1798
373:Lady with an Ermine
154:Alexander Vorontsov
101:Alexander Vorontsov
2452:Czartoryski family
2383:Russian Federation
2336:Vyacheslav Molotov
2259:Alexander Izvolsky
2214:Nikolay Rumyantsev
2164:Mikhailo Vorontsov
1893:Political offices
1868:Historical Journal
1101:Essay on Diplomacy
919:sentenced to death
913:London (1831–1832)
866:
797:Anna Zofia Sapieha
762:
738:Congress of Vienna
625:Napoléon Bonaparte
597:
550:Maria Alexandrovna
394:
280:Witold Czartoryski
270:Anna Zofia Sapieha
2414:
2413:
2274:Nikolai Pokrovsky
2254:Vladimir Lamsdorf
2184:Fyodor Rostopchin
2058:Tsardom of Russia
2012:
2011:
1935:
1934:
1921:Succeeded by
1767:Spring of Nations
1498:978-0-297-85266-7
1285:Scipione Piattoli
1244:College of Europe
1003:Michał Czajkowski
948:Paris (from 1832)
882:Girolamo Ramorino
621:French Revolution
478:were summoned to
368:Leonardo da Vinci
345:November Uprising
339:after Poland was
319:
318:
16:(Redirected from
2564:
2396:Yevgeny Primakov
2341:Andrey Vyshinsky
2326:Georgy Chicherin
2249:Mikhail Muravyov
2244:Nikolay Shishkin
2144:Gavrila Golovkin
2096:Artamon Matveyev
2039:
2032:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1898:Preceded by
1890:
1842:Kukiel, Marian.
1832:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1778:
1759:
1753:
1743:
1730:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1701:
1691:
1685:
1675:
1669:
1654:
1648:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1536:on April 7, 2007
1532:. Archived from
1526:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1387:
1370:
1354:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1251:cameo appearance
1219:J. U. Niemcewicz
1061:foreign minister
996:Turkish projects
959:Great Emigration
815:Wilno University
610:Foreign minister
589:foreign minister
583:Czartoryski, as
562:Italian language
516:Maria Feodorovna
486:Career in Russia
480:Saint Petersburg
463:Virtuti Militari
406:Izabela Flemming
302:Izabela Flemming
244:
217:Personal details
203:
193:
184:
162:
150:
131:
109:
97:
78:
51:
32:
21:
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2561:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2377:
2346:Dmitri Shepilov
2310:
2301:
2278:
2194:Viktor Kochubey
2149:Andrey Osterman
2130:
2106:Vasily Golitsyn
2081:Pyotr Tretyakov
2066:Ivan Viskovatyi
2052:
2043:
2013:
2008:
1999:
1995:Maciej Rybiński
1985:Jan Krukowiecki
1971:
1965:
1931:
1917:
1904:
1877:
1813:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1785:
1781:
1760:
1756:
1744:
1733:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1704:
1692:
1688:
1676:
1672:
1655:
1651:
1644:Gwiazda Polarna
1633:
1629:
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1617:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1581:
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1576:
1569:
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1371:
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1358:
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1338:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1320:Polish nobility
1281:
1253:in volume 3 of
1240:
1238:Popular culture
1222:(Paris, 1860);
1202:
1183:
1152:Józef Piłsudski
1047:
1027:1848 Revolution
998:
986:Île Saint-Louis
975:Ile Saint-Louis
950:
915:
910:
902:Cracow Republic
831:
771:Congress Poland
767:
746:
707:
617:Duke of Enghien
612:
595:against France.
593:Third Coalition
577:
537:Pyotr Volkonsky
493:
488:
443:Warren Hastings
386:
328:, was a Polish
300:
286:
282:
246:
242:
226:
225:14 January 1770
207:Jan Krukowiecki
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58:
42:
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2391:Andrei Kozyrev
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2351:Andrei Gromyko
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2331:Maxim Litvinov
2328:
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2299:
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2292:Pavel Milyukov
2288:
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2269:Boris Shturmer
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2264:Sergey Sazonov
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2136:Russian Empire
2132:
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2126:Peter Shafirov
2123:
2121:Fyodor Golovin
2118:
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2019:
2010:
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2002:
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1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1919:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1876:
1875:External links
1873:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1823:Chisholm, Hugh
1796:
1795:
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1154:'s federative-
1138:of the future
1114:, British and
1046:
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994:
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914:
911:
909:
906:
870:Ivan Paskevich
830:
827:
790:Józef Zajączek
766:
763:
745:
742:
734:Greater Poland
719:Andrei Budberg
706:
705:Chief minister
703:
690:Ionian Islands
684:, enlarged by
662:Constantinople
654:Sea of Marmora
611:
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585:Tsar Alexander
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2406:Sergey Lavrov
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2307:Soviet Russia
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2174:Ivan Osterman
2172:
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2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:Lev Naryshkin
2114:
2112:
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2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Larion Ivanov
2099:
2097:
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2084:
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2079:
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2076:Ivan Gramotin
2074:
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2020:
2017:
2006:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
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1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:Heads of the
1962:
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1851:Slavic Review
1848:
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1811:
1810:public domain
1799:
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1729:", pp. 10–11.
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1620:September 16,
1615:
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1595:9780028656939
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1568:9780313260070
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1316:
1315:List of Poles
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1298:
1296:
1295:Hôtel Lambert
1293:
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1260:War and Peace
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1158:programme ."
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990:Hôtel Lambert
987:
983:
982:Hôtel Lambert
978:
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899:
895:
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886:confederation
883:
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871:
864:
859:
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849:
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836:
833:However, the
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601:Vilna Academy
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50:
45:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2367:Boris Pankin
2365:
2321:Leon Trotsky
2313:Soviet Union
2234:Nikolay Girs
2203:
2086:Almaz Ivanov
2050:Soviet Union
1979:
1927:
1912:
1907:
1867:
1860:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1826:
1790:
1787:Dziewanowski
1782:
1774:
1771:Dziewanowski
1762:
1757:
1749:
1746:Dziewanowski
1726:
1723:Dziewanowski
1718:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1694:Dziewanowski
1689:
1681:
1678:Dziewanowski
1673:
1665:
1662:Dziewanowski
1657:
1652:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:the original
1604:
1584:
1577:
1557:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:the original
1524:
1514:
1507:
1488:
1458:cite journal
1373:
1368:
1334:
1308:
1258:
1248:
1241:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1160:
1148:Jagiellonian
1144:
1134:and all the
1109:
1105:East Prussia
1100:
1098:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1063:of Russia's
1057:
1055:
1048:
999:
989:
979:
963:
951:
927:
916:
878:sexagenarian
875:
867:
842:
839:
832:
812:
805:
794:
786:Grande Armée
780:
768:
753:
752:Czartoryski
727:
723:
708:
643:
636:
629:
613:
605:
598:
566:
534:
527:
518:'s brother,
501:
494:
470:. After the
461:
451:
436:
421:
395:
380:from Italy.
371:
361:
334:
325:
321:
320:
243:(1861-07-15)
241:15 July 1861
202:Succeeded by
181:
161:Succeeded by
128:
108:Succeeded by
75:
29:
2432:1861 deaths
2427:1770 births
2401:Igor Ivanov
1765:during the
1309:Międzymorze
1305:Intermarium
1255:Leo Tolstoy
1163:Montfermeil
1156:Prometheist
1136:South Slavs
1068:Alexander I
1031:Crimean War
777:, would be
650:Dardanelles
569:Alexander I
341:partitioned
337:Alexander I
258:Nationality
248:Montfermeil
192:Preceded by
149:Preceded by
96:Preceded by
2421:Categories
1918:1804–1806
1384:, p. 210.
1361:References
1348:Lithuanian
1267:(Olomouc,
1257:'s novel,
1140:Yugoslavia
1128:Hungarians
938:Birmingham
894:Sandomierz
819:Philomaths
801:Ludwik Pac
781:namiestnik
779:its first
682:Montenegro
639:George III
349:Nicholas I
308:Profession
122:(de facto)
1817:(1911). "
1793:", p. 10.
1777:", p. 11.
1752:", p. 11.
1684:", p. 10.
1668:", p. 11.
1658:visionary
1425:Bain 1911
1171:Władysław
1132:Romanians
1075:Alexander
1039:Circassia
1011:Lazarists
848:Chlopicki
674:Wallachia
529:Tsarevich
508:Golitsyna
476:Konstanty
420:read his
294:Parent(s)
182:In office
133:1804–1806
129:In office
80:1804–1806
76:In office
2048:and the
1928:de facto
1913:de facto
1903:(acting)
1700:", p. 10
1540:June 14,
1279:See also
1217:Life of
1094:Caucasus
1058:de facto
1023:Istanbul
876:Yet the
863:Sieniawa
754:(seated)
688:and the
658:Bosporus
330:nobleman
276:Children
1883:at the
1846:(1955).
1825:(ed.).
1812::
1269:Moravia
1195:, 1815.
1165:, near
1124:Slovaks
1116:Turkish
1035:Siberia
1015:Turkish
1007:Adampol
984:on the
954:magnate
934:Glasgow
715:Moravia
711:Olomouc
698:Vistula
646:Prussia
357:Belgian
138:Monarch
85:Monarch
1855:Online
1821:". In
1806:
1592:
1565:
1495:
1380:
1265:Olmütz
1211:, are
1181:Awards
1120:Czechs
1112:French
1029:, the
1019:Polish
898:Kraków
890:Kalisz
808:Puławy
730:Kalisz
694:Gdańsk
686:Mostar
678:Ragusa
670:Bosnia
656:, the
652:, the
558:Naples
524:Paul I
398:Warsaw
378:mother
353:Balkan
266:Spouse
261:Polish
252:France
228:Warsaw
57:, 1861
37:Prince
1326:Notes
1206:1911
1200:Works
1167:Meaux
923:exile
908:Exile
666:Corfu
660:with
512:Maria
439:trial
414:Gotha
55:Nadar
2311:the
1622:2008
1590:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1542:2007
1493:ISBN
1471:help
1378:ISBN
1150:and
1065:Tsar
942:Hull
940:and
896:and
843:Sejm
676:and
664:and
539:and
404:and
355:and
238:Died
222:Born
196:None
172:1st
2309:and
1789:, "
1773:, "
1748:, "
1725:, "
1696:, "
1680:, "
1664:, "
1637:, "
1446:doi
961:).
587:'s
441:of
434:".
370:'s
2423::
1915:)
1734:^
1479:^
1462::
1460:}}
1456:{{
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1432:^
1391:^
1386:)]
1350::
1346:;
1275:.
1177:.
1130:,
1126:,
1122:,
992:.
944:.
936:,
925:.
892:,
825:.
810:.
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788:,
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713:,
672:,
482:.
449:.
250:,
230:,
2038:e
2031:t
2024:v
1960:e
1953:t
1946:v
1930:)
1926:(
1911:(
1624:.
1598:.
1571:.
1544:.
1518:.
1501:.
1473:)
1469:(
1452:.
1448::
1427:.
1311:)
1307:(
760:.
732:(
680:.
20:)
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