1304:
655:
712:
369:
1715:
1369:
64:
398:
720:
416:
78:
827:, built in 1733 instead of a garden house, a work by the master builder, Hermann Korb, who was so important to Wolfenbüttel. Wolfenbüttel became a town of schools. In 1753 the teachers' training college was founded, which began in the orphanage and later moved to the building of the present-day Harztorwall School.
877:
During
Charles I's era, there were great achievements in the cultural and scientific fields: the theatre was promoted and education encouraged. In 1753 the ducal art and natural history collection—forerunner of the Natural History Museum—was founded. These substantial collections had been amassed by
542:
The area of
Brunswick(-Wolfenbüttel) was further subdivided in the succeeding decades. For example, the lines of Grubenhagen and Göttingen were split for a while. In a similar way, in 1432 the estates between the Deister hills and the Leine river, that had been gained in the meantime from the Middle
783:
which was still not finished. The effect on
Wolfenbüttel was catastrophic, as can be seen from the timber-framed houses built later on. 4,000 townsfolk followed the ducal family and Wolfenbüttel's population sank from 12,000 to 7,000. Only the archives, the ecclesiastical office and the
755:, from the collateral line of Lüneburg-Dannenberg, took over the reins of power in the principality and founded the New House of Brunswick. Under his rule, Wolfenbüttel reached its cultural zenith. One of his greatest achievements was the building of the
620:
buildings were built for the court, for its citizens and for ducal facilities, initially randomly, later designed to ducal requirements and for fire protection. In the heyday of the town's development its districts were named after various dukes: the
1660:
991:— were princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern. In 1735 Ferdinand Albert II took over the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, the subordinate principality returning to the overarching Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
759:, the largest in Europe in its day. In 1671 an old pipe dream of the House of Welf dukes came true when the joint armies of the different dynastic lines were able to capture the town of Brunswick and add it to their domain.
897:. At a time when the political situation between Austria and Prussia had heated up once again, the small and medium-sized German states planned the creation of a larger princely state as a counterbalancing force.
1653:
772:
The town thus lost the independence it had enjoyed since the 15th century. In the process, the duke followed the trend and did not interfere with anything, including work on the new castle, begun in 1718 by
1629:
834:'s closest allies. Whilst shortly beforehand the Habsburg emperor had been the most important focal point through political marriages, the Wolfenbüttel line of the Welfs became closely linked to the
1646:
1270:
898:
1044:
family did not move out when the contract expired or when the farmer died; i.e. that the family were not prematurely evicted as would have been the case before. In 1563 it was decreed by
584:, the courts and the archives—became the nerve centre of a giant region, from which the Wolfenbüttel-Brunswick part of the overall duchy was ruled. For a long time, it also governed the
1756:
1751:
988:
851:
894:
854:. They also founded the "brotherhood in arms" between the little state and the great Prussian kingdom. Numerous Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel officers served in high positions in the
448:, whose history was characterised by numerous divisions and reunifications. It had an area of 3,828 square kilometres in the mid 17th century. Various dynastic lines of the
1736:
976:
1741:
1096:
1368:
636:
Following the twelfth division of the duchy in 1495, whereby the
Principality of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen was re-divided into its component territories, Duke
1292:
945:
1220:
551:
1766:
1063:
671:
240:
870:. An outstanding representative of the military alliance between Brunswick and Prussia was the Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg, the hereditary Prince
1358:
752:
580:
about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of
Brunswick. The castle built here for the Brunswick-Lüneburg dukes—together with the ducal chancery, the
843:
63:
531:. He thus founded the Old House of Brunswick and laid the basis for what became, later, the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. His brother
1761:
871:
1045:
883:
663:
1594:
1077:, the dependence of the farmers was abolished. Farmers could now purchase the land freehold and the money required could be loaned from the
637:
667:
912:
The secret mission was disguised as a family visit at the time of the Autumn Fair. court life determined the timing of the stay in the
879:
562:
In the meanwhile the dukes became weary of the constant disputes with the citizens of the town of
Brunswick and, in 1432, moved their
1235:
1194:
811:. As a consequence jam factories were established which were characteristic of Wolfenbüttel until the 20th century. In front of the
788:
remained as a link to earlier times. From
Brunswick there were jibes that Wolfenbüttel had deteriorated into a "widows' residence" (
654:
1285:
498:
1215:
7 vols. Hahnsche
Buchhandlung, Hannover 1977- (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen, 36)
151:
96:
1771:
1338:
1328:
1130:
847:
597:
1390:
506:
445:
374:
185:
1464:
1459:
1353:
1343:
1704:
555:
528:
198:
1699:
1410:
1278:
711:
589:
524:
202:
1689:
1405:
697:
762:
In 1735 when the dynastic line died out another collateral line emerged: the
Brunswick-Bevern line founded in 1666.
1471:
1348:
1005:
890:
693:
1078:
1694:
1684:
1420:
1400:
585:
544:
226:
1619:
1437:
1333:
949:
701:
593:
581:
1746:
1714:
616:
on the Lower Weser. The importance of this court was signified by the number of craftsmen needed. Hundreds of
839:
723:
1260:
1514:
1454:
1432:
952:. After a short interregnum Brunswick was occupied from 1807 to 1813 by the French and became part of the
1524:
1415:
1395:
953:
867:
785:
756:
512:
387:
312:
1673:
941:
532:
737:
in North
Germany but survived the war heavily damaged. The Wolfenbüttel line died out during the war.
646:
at Wolfenbüttel was added. From then on the name of the principality became "Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel".
1590:
1509:
1476:
1449:
929:
605:
1638:
550:
1499:
980:
893:
stayed in Brunswick on a political mission, when he accompanied the Weimarsch minister, his duke,
859:
745:
601:
478:
127:
1255:
765:
In 1753–1754 the residence of the dukes of Wolfenbüttel returned to Brunswick, to the newly built
535:(1242–1277) inherited the land around Lüneburg and founded the Old House of Lüneburg. The town of
1615:
1491:
1442:
1308:
1074:
1009:
960:
682:
461:
457:
405:
332:
1056:
had to negotiate the extension of the estate lease; later this was increased to 9 years. In his
779:
17:
866:
of the principality screened the allied army in western Prussia and, in particular, the allied
719:
1611:
1598:
1427:
1312:
1303:
1231:
1190:
1153:
1126:
1013:
937:
902:
686:
453:
100:
77:
1012:. According to Bornstedt, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was therefore the first principality in the
1149:, Braunschweigische Museumsvorträge 1, Braunschweig: Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, 1986
766:
730:
705:
289:
169:
1607:
1582:
1083:
437:
317:
131:
45:
573:
520:
116:
1586:
1481:
933:
613:
609:
482:
141:
1730:
1519:
1385:
1320:
1101:
855:
708:, eventually resulted in large territorial gains accruing to Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
617:
494:
449:
959:
After the end of Napoleonic rule the state was re-established under the name of the
1669:
835:
774:
569:
536:
516:
490:
253:
111:
1147:
Im Schatten des großen Bruders: Braunschweig und Preußen in friderizianischer Zeit
932:
of 25 February 1803 the principality was given the territories of the secularised
678:
of Wolfenbüttel was expanded and the principality gained a Germany-wide standing.
1198:
820:
808:
741:
502:
164:
658:
Coat of arms of the principality in early modern times (at Wolfenbüttel Palace)
984:
815:, the number of gardens grew, until they eventually reached the Lechlum Wood (
1197:(Original ed: Verlag der Dietrich'schen Buchhandlung, Göttingen 1853–1857,
1157:
1377:
863:
734:
642:
564:
486:
1016:
to do away with feudalism. The recess laid down that all arbitrariness (
886:. Whilst Wolfenbüttel waned, Brunswick now experienced a cultural boom.
1058:
831:
515:(also called Albert the Tall) (1236–1279) was given the regions around
979:
and his brothers. In 1667 Ferdinand Albert was awarded the castle of
1504:
1025:
1004:
According to Bornstedt serfdom in the state was abolished with the "
718:
710:
653:
549:
577:
1642:
1274:
489:
seat of his family (located in the area of present-day eastern
640:
was given the land of Brunswick, to which the name of the new
288:• Wolfenbüttel line extinct; Calenberg and Göttingen to
1261:
Zur Rolle der Bauern im Duchy of BS-WF auf der Cremlingen.de
795:
The extensive gardens in front of the three town gates (the
1265:
1073:) of 20 December 1834 by the state's legal successor, the
452:
ruled Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel until the dissolution of the
1032:
or 'lord of the manor' continued to be the owner of the
692:
From 1519 to 1523 the principality went to war with the
86: The Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in 1789
1250:
878:
the Brunswick dukes. This enterprise was supported by
1024:, of feudal manors, particularly on the death of the
924:
Napoleonic era and transfer to the Duchy of Brunswick
1256:
Karte von Niedersachsen am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts
1040:
could also quit. This change usually meant that the
1490:
1376:
1319:
547:. There were further reunifications and divisions.
329:
309:
299:
286:
276:
266:
250:
237:
223:
213:
195:
182:
157:
147:
137:
123:
107:
92:
32:
948:was mortally wounded as a Prussian general in the
838:through the marriage of the Prussian Crown Prince
681:In 1500 Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel became part of the
509:, the duchy was divided in 1267–1269 by his sons.
1123:German Armies: War and German Society, 1648–1806
576:, which lay in a marshy depression of the river
1187:Geschichte der Lande Braunschweig und Lüneburg.
744:became part of the principality thanks to Duke
301:• Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern split off
1228:Die Landesteilungen der Welfen im Mittelalter.
830:Politically Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was one of
819:). Its southern edge was graced by the little
1757:1260s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1752:Former states and territories of Lower Saxony
1654:
1286:
1189:3 vols. Repr. Hirschheydt, Hannover 1974–75,
973:Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern
8:
1097:List of the rulers of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
975:emerged from an inheritance dispute between
807:) were leased to the former gardeners as an
37:
1266:Castle of the House of Welf at Wolfenbüttel
1170:Aus der Geschichte von Rautheim an der Wabe
899:Duke Charles William Ferdinand of Brunswick
543:House of Brunswick, split away to form the
1661:
1647:
1639:
1293:
1279:
1271:
704:which, despite a resounding defeat in the
76:
29:
268:• Regained Calenberg and Göttingen
1742:Principalities of the Holy Roman Empire
1113:
1737:Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
434:Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
331:• Formally re-established as the
34:Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
586:principalities of Calenberg-Göttingen
328:
308:
298:
285:
275:
265:
249:
236:
222:
215:• Re-partitioned from Göttingen
212:
194:
181:
177:
7:
442:Fürstentum Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
39:Fürstentum Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
1102:List of rulers of the House of Welf
1069:With the Brunswick redemption law (
872:Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
674:followed, under whose lordship the
1087:or land consolidation took place.
740:In 1571 the castle and village of
608:, the baronies of Klettenberg and
241:Union with Calenberg and Göttingen
25:
1081:. At the end of the 19th century
501:on 21 August 1235 as an imperial
1767:1815 disestablishments in Europe
1713:
1367:
1302:
1020:) in the levies on stewards, or
414:
396:
367:
62:
18:Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
846:. The marriage was arranged by
733:Wolfenbüttel was the strongest
848:Frederick William I of Prussia
598:Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim
257:(Lower Saxon Circle from 1512)
1:
1762:1269 establishments in Europe
909:) which he did on 30 August.
901:was to be asked to join this
554:Coat of arms of the Duchy in
27:1269–1815 German principality
1066:made the farms inheritable.
694:principalities of Hildesheim
485:, had been given the former
456:in 1806. As a result of the
278:• Occupied Grubenhagen
1674:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
995:Economic and social history
715:Ducatus Brunsvicensis, 1645
539:remained under joint rule.
507:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
460:, its successor state, the
446:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
444:) was a subdivision of the
375:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1788:
1213:Geschichte Niedersachsens.
891:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
858:, most notably during the
1711:
1680:
1595:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
1533:
1365:
1168:Bornstedt, Wilhelm (ed),
1062:farewell in 1597, "Duke"
987:. He — and later his son
967:Collateral line in Bevern
946:Charles William Ferdinand
556:Schedel's World Chronicle
545:Principality of Calenberg
346:
342:
178:
75:
59:
54:
702:Hildesheim Diocesan Feud
594:Bishopric of Halberstadt
184:• Partitioned from
1630:Unencircled territories
1391:Brunswick and Lunenburg
464:, was created in 1815.
1685:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1421:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1230:Lax, Hildesheim 1987,
1199:online at Google Books
1121:Wilson, Peter (2002).
1028:, were cancelled. the
726:
716:
659:
559:
505:under the name of the
441:
311:• Annexed to the
38:
1772:Former principalities
954:Kingdom of Westphalia
882:, the founder of the
868:Electorate of Hanover
722:
714:
657:
596:, large parts of the
553:
392:Kingdom of Westphalia
313:Kingdom of Westphalia
124:Common languages
1079:ducal lending office
1036:estate, but now the
930:German Mediatisation
757:Wolfenbüttel Library
753:Augustus the Younger
724:Schloss Wolfenbüttel
662:The reigns of dukes
629:in the east and the
114:1235–1432, 1753–1815
1606:Circles est. 1512:
1581:Circles est. 1500:
1311:(1500–1806) of the
1221:Publisher's summary
1048:that every 6 years
1008:of 17 May 1433" by
1000:The role of farmers
989:Ferdinand Albert II
950:Battle of Auerstedt
928:As a result of the
884:Collegium Carolinum
844:Elisabeth Christine
746:Julius of Brunswick
525:Einbeck-Grubenhagen
197:• Acquired by
1627:
1623:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1309:Lower Saxon Circle
1185:Wilhelm Havemann:
1075:Duchy of Brunswick
1010:Henry the Peaceful
977:Ferdinand Albert I
961:Duchy of Brunswick
727:
717:
683:Lower Saxon Circle
660:
650:Early modern times
600:, the counties of
560:
529:Göttingen-Oberwald
462:Duchy of Brunswick
458:Congress of Vienna
410:Duchy of Brunswick
333:Duchy of Brunswick
186:Brunswick-Lüneburg
1722:
1721:
1636:
1635:
1620:Electoral Rhenish
1313:Holy Roman Empire
1251:The House of Welf
1046:Henry the Younger
1014:Holy Roman Empire
903:league of princes
687:Holy Roman Empire
664:Henry the Younger
625:in the west, the
454:Holy Roman Empire
430:
429:
426:
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379:
101:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
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1166:
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1152:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1118:
1071:Ablösungsordnung
895:Charles Augustus
860:Seven Years' War
852:Ferdinand Albert
767:Brunswick Palace
731:Thirty Years War
706:Battle of Soltau
481:, grandchild of
418:
417:
400:
399:
384:
383:
371:
370:
364:
363:
348:
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290:House of Hanover
258:
170:Early modern era
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30:
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1093:
1084:Flurbereinigung
1002:
997:
969:
944:. In 1806 Duke
934:imperial abbeys
926:
889:In August 1784
880:Abbot Jerusalem
652:
638:Henry the Elder
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1670:Principalities
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1245:External links
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1145:Werner Knopp,
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1125:. p. 21.
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825:Antoinettenruh
817:Lechlumer Holz
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497:) by Emperor
483:Henry the Lion
479:Otto the Child
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1603:(Lower) Saxon
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1473:
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1379:
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1305:
1296:
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1273:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
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1248:
1244:
1237:
1236:3-7848-3654-2
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1195:3-7777-0843-7
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1117:
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1098:
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1088:
1086:
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1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
994:
992:
990:
986:
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978:
974:
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962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
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931:
923:
921:
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908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:Prussian Army
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Hohenzollerns
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
782:
781:
776:
770:
768:
763:
760:
758:
754:
751:In 1635 Duke
749:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
725:
721:
713:
709:
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703:
699:
695:
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673:
669:
665:
656:
649:
647:
645:
644:
639:
634:
632:
631:Heinrichstadt
628:
624:
619:
618:timber-framed
615:
612:and parts of
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:, the Prince-
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:
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552:
548:
546:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
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495:Saxony-Anhalt
493:and northern
492:
488:
484:
480:
472:
467:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:House of Welf
447:
443:
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255:
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110:
106:
102:
98:
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91:
79:
74:
65:
58:
53:
47:
40:
31:
19:
1747:Wolfenbüttel
1724:
1602:
1580:
1579:until 1734.
1227:
1212:
1208:
1207:Hans Patze (
1186:
1172:, pp. 28 ff.
1169:
1164:
1146:
1141:
1122:
1116:
1082:
1070:
1068:
1064:Henry Julius
1057:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1003:
972:
970:
958:
927:
917:
913:
911:
906:
888:
876:
829:
824:
816:
812:
804:
800:
796:
794:
789:
778:
775:Hermann Korb
771:
764:
761:
750:
739:
728:
691:
680:
675:
672:Henry Julius
661:
641:
635:
630:
626:
622:
574:Wolfenbüttel
570:water castle
563:
561:
541:
521:Wolfenbüttel
511:
499:Frederick II
491:Lower Saxony
476:
433:
431:
406:
388:
357:Succeeded by
356:
351:
254:Saxon Circle
152:Principality
117:Wolfenbüttel
103:(until 1806)
69:Coat of arms
1700:Grubenhagen
1616:Upper Saxon
1571:until 1695.
1567:until 1640.
1563:until 1773.
1555:until 1596.
1551:until 1705.
1547:until 1731.
1539:until 1701.
1535:until 1648.
1450:Mecklenburg
1411:Grubenhagen
1396:Blankenburg
1334:Halberstadt
1239:(in German)
1217:(in German)
1203:(in German)
1151:(in German)
938:Gandersheim
907:Fürstenbund
821:Lustschloss
809:emphyteusis
685:within the
627:Juliusstadt
623:Auguststadt
590:Grubenhagen
503:enfeoffment
473:Middle Ages
352:Preceded by
203:Grubenhagen
165:Middle Ages
1731:Categories
1612:Burgundian
1599:Franconian
1575:from 1701.
1559:from 1708.
1543:from 1648.
1525:Nordhausen
1520:Mühlhausen
1477:Regenstein
1433:Glückstadt
1339:Hildesheim
1132:1135370532
1108:References
985:Holzminden
916:castle on
790:Witwensitz
780:Grauer Hof
606:Regenstein
582:consistory
229:split off
205:split off
148:Government
128:Low German
1705:Göttingen
1695:Calenberg
1443:Pinneberg
1401:Calenberg
1354:Ratzeburg
1349:Magdeburg
1158:180492556
1054:Grundherr
1030:Grundherr
942:Helmstedt
864:regiments
840:Frederick
813:Herzogtor
805:Augusttor
797:Herzogtor
602:Hohnstein
537:Brunswick
517:Brunswick
325:1807–1813
305:1667–1735
282:1596–1617
227:Calenberg
199:Göttingen
138:Religion
119:1432–1753
112:Brunswick
55:1269–1815
1690:Lüneburg
1608:Austrian
1583:Bavarian
1465:Strelitz
1460:Schwerin
1428:Holstein
1359:Schwerin
1091:See also
914:Residenz
742:Calvörde
735:fortress
698:Lüneburg
676:Residenz
643:Residenz
565:Residenz
513:Albert I
487:allodial
1672:in the
1587:Swabian
1510:Hamburg
1472:Rantzau
1455:Güstrow
1438:Gottorp
1416:Hanover
1378:Secular
1180:Sources
1059:Landtag
1018:Willkür
918:Bohlweg
832:Prussia
801:Harztor
786:library
777:on the
729:In the
700:in the
568:to the
558:of 1493
468:History
246:1484–95
239:•
225:•
108:Capital
99:of the
1515:Lübeck
1505:Goslar
1500:Bremen
1492:Cities
1386:Bremen
1344:Lübeck
1329:Bremen
1234:
1209:et al.
1193:
1156:
1129:
1026:farmer
1006:Recess
981:Bevern
862:. The
668:Julius
477:After
438:German
132:German
93:Status
84:
46:German
42:
1406:Celle
1050:Meier
1042:Meier
1038:Meier
1034:Meier
1022:Meier
983:near
610:Lohra
407:1815:
389:1807:
97:State
1232:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1154:OCLC
1127:ISBN
1052:and
971:The
940:and
850:and
803:and
696:and
670:and
614:Hoya
604:and
588:and
578:Oker
533:John
527:and
432:The
338:1815
295:1635
272:1584
262:1500
233:1432
219:1344
209:1292
191:1269
1211:):
936:of
920:.
842:to
823:of
792:).
572:of
1733::
1625:·
1618:,
1614:,
1610:,
1601:,
1597:,
1593:,
1589:,
1585:,
1201:)
963:.
956:.
874:.
799:,
769:.
748:.
689:.
666:,
633:.
523:,
440::
201:;
130:,
1662:e
1655:t
1648:v
1294:e
1287:t
1280:v
1223:)
1219:(
1135:.
905:(
519:-
436:(
320:)
316:(
48:)
44:(
20:)
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