881:
1229:
121:
715:). The younger son, Frederick the Restless, was awarded the rights of use over Calenberg and Göttingen, and his brother William the Younger was awarded the rule over Wolfenbüttel. Nevertheless, in 1484/85 William deposed his brother Frederick and declared him insane. The reasons for his removal are debated; perhaps by his participation in many armed conflicts, Frederick was seen to pose a threat to Welf rule in Calenberg and Göttingen. So William succeeded - albeit only briefly - in re-uniting the entire territory of the principalities of Calenberg, Brunswick-Göttingen and
401:
1640:
1294:
33:
614:
732:
494:
880:
813:
she had appointed. Eric II, however, converted to Roman
Catholicism in 1547 even though he was raised as an Evangelical by his mother. He was not able to reverse the Reformation in the principality however. His power in the principality was already very weak. He spent most of his time as a mercenary
994:
The
Principality of Calenberg was initially a rather insignificant territory and Welf lordship developed here quite late. By the reign of George of Calenberg in 1636, the principality had experienced 140 years of almost continuously poor government that cared little about the state. In the
1093:"the electors themselves placed great value on the title "Brunswick-Lüneburg", a description which is almost always used in the official titles and documents of the electorate, Niemeyer / Ortenburg 1976: 7. Unofficially, it was also referred to as the Electorate of Hanover or
692:. Although unification with Calenberg initially came about purely by chance, it lasted nonetheless. In order to distinguish the two areas which were physically separated by the foothills of the uplands in the Leine valley, Calenberg in the north was usually referred to as
680:, their dominions were named after the main castle or town. William spent most of his time at Calenberg Castle from where he administered the territory. As a result, it is probable that the name of the Principality of Calenberg emerged during this time.
900:
became its ruler. He was successful as a general on the
Swedish side and he also succeeded in 1637 in recovering the country and especially the towns for the Welfs. He initially ruled out of occupied Hildesheim, but then moved his residence to
1585:
916:, which from then on served as a residence for the sovereigns of the principality. After his death in 1641 a separate peace was hastily concluded with the emperor, which had to be paid for by the return of the land acquired during the
661:. While Henry retained the Wolfenbüttel lands, William was compensated with the newly created Principality of Calenberg. At that time, the lordship given to William had no name. It consisted of the rights formerly owned by the
802:
736:
1578:
1554:
1571:
1195:
1030:
Only after the reign of George of
Calenberg and its subsequent elevation to the electorate did the former Principality of Calenberg become the nucleus of what later became the German state of
120:
755:, however, the name "Principality of Calenberg-Göttingen" was also used a lot. The principality had separate parliamentary Estates and separate councils for each part. The chancellery for
1684:
576:
of the Welfs subjugated the region. Earlier, he had yielded to the Bishop of
Hildesheim and accepted the city of Hanover as his fief. However, he shook off his allegiance and founded
1674:
700:("Upper Forest"). When in 1473 William also inherited the Principality of Wolfenbüttel from his brother Henry who had left no heirs, he ceded sovereignty over Calenberg to his sons
650:
213:
809:. After Eric's death in 1540 she took over the government for their underage son, Eric II, and implemented the Reformation in the principality with the state superintendent
933:
893:
654:
814:
leader abroad, and was financially dependent on the towns. In 1553 he had to secure the financial aid of his towns by approving evangelical preaching. From 1574 he had
1669:
1293:
970:, contrary to the direction of his father. In 1692 for his services to the emperor, Ernest Augustus was rewarded after a long struggle with the title of the ninth
850:
763:
in Münden. There were also separate residences, lordly castles or manor houses and palaces in each town as well as separate repositories for their records.
1217:
705:
711:
After the death of
William the Victorious in 1482 both sons shared the regency. In an agreement dated 1 August 1483, however, they split the rights of use (
752:
1175:
744:
719:. After Frederick's death in 1495, however, William again divided his territories and left the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel to his elder son
549:. In the region west of Hanover, the Welfs had but few allodial possessions and so that area was disputed between the House of Welf and the bishops of
842:
716:
701:
658:
634:
424:". This geographical description, however, was never totally correct. In fact, the principality extended west of the Leine from Schulenburg as far as
331:
253:
1689:
1283:
921:
1664:
929:
925:
751:. In the new territory so formed, the name Calenberg was increasingly used for both parts of the state. For the period under Eric I and his son,
1679:
854:
982:, whereby all the estates of the Welfs, apart from the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, became united under the line also known as the
413:
1519:
1694:
649:
of
Calenberg. In a further Welf inheritance in 1432 - the ninth according to Gudrun Pischke - the area was divided again by the Welf dukes
54:
975:
959:
279:
978:
and his government was called the "Electoral
Brunswick-Lüneburg Government". In 1705 it was enhanced further by the inheritance of the
892:
When Duke
Frederick Ulrich died childless in 1634 the Wolfenbüttel line of the Middle House of Brunswick ended with him. In 1635 Duke
858:
1190:
1165:
1150:
1118:
76:
597:
on the outskirts of
Hanover, from where, the Welfs ruled the territory. With the extinction of the Lüneburg line of the Welfs, the
805:, however, whom he married in 1525, switched over to the new doctrine in 1535 and promoted it at the court, which then resided at
1210:
141:
962:, who ruled from 1679, carried on the successful policies of his father and his brothers. In 1689 the Calenbergs also inherited
896:
from the Middle House of Lüneburg received the Principality of Calenberg-Göttingen. After his death in 1636 his younger brother
428:
in the north and thus much further north than the foothills of the Deister. To the south-west the territory stretched as far as
897:
147:
326:
1699:
1263:
1253:
1174:
7 volumes. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hanover (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen, 36) (
791:
720:
550:
1315:
1043:
870:
748:
677:
546:
357:
416:
chose the Principality of Calenberg as his part of the inheritance in 1495, he described it as "the land between the River
1389:
1384:
1278:
1268:
787:
598:
452:
400:
1629:
1124:
689:
473:
227:
1624:
1335:
1203:
951:
1614:
1330:
979:
662:
573:
365:
292:
47:
41:
1158:
Geschichte des südniedersächsischen Fürstentums Göttingen und des Landes Calenberg im Fürstentum Calenberg 1285–1584
1396:
1273:
554:
1609:
1345:
877:, Tilly occupied the whole principality in 1626. Only the cities of Brunswick and Hanover could not be captured.
815:
425:
58:
1544:
1362:
1258:
954:, whose line had died out in 1596 and over which the lines of Lüneburg and Wolfenbüttel had long fought in the
917:
866:
779:
385:
1639:
676:
As the Welf princes all carried the ducal title and the territories they ruled were principalities within the
601:, broke out (1371–88) during which Lauenrode Castle was stormed by the citizens of Hanover and destroyed. The
1439:
1379:
1357:
955:
822:
within its walls as a Renaissance chateau, integrated into a bastion fortress based on the Italian model.
798:
569:
584:, in a countermove in order to further reduce the power of the Bishop of Hildesheim in the Hanover area.
1449:
1340:
1320:
945:
638:
526:
377:
1598:
642:
594:
1515:
1434:
1401:
1374:
846:
129:
1563:
810:
1424:
770:
was expanded into a strong fortress. Another heavily fortified castle, which he had built, was the
522:
1540:
1416:
1367:
1233:
862:
830:
819:
448:
240:
1079:
666:
562:
558:
829:
died out, the larger part of the county went to Calenberg. In 1584 Calenberg also acquired the
1536:
1523:
1352:
1237:
1228:
1186:
1161:
1146:
1114:
373:
151:
525:, was promoted to the rank of prince as a result of the reconciliation between the Houses of
1027:
was not governed by the Calenberg princes until 1636. The other towns remained unimportant.
983:
874:
783:
767:
577:
472:
Because of the link that had existed since 1463 between the principalities of Calenberg and
466:
456:
389:
361:
266:
1532:
1507:
506:
178:
104:
1016:
806:
1511:
1406:
971:
963:
826:
518:
477:
381:
369:
1658:
1444:
1310:
1245:
1047:
967:
622:
530:
521:, he lost his ducal lands in Saxony and Bavaria. However, in 1235, Henry's grandson,
514:
498:
444:
417:
354:
1065:
1594:
1031:
1004:
913:
885:
688:
Between 1442 and 1463 William succeeded in taking over the rule over the Brunswick
542:
510:
17:
629:
in numerous Welf estates and a great fragmentation of Welf territory. In 1400 the
613:
1012:
1000:
996:
626:
538:
1153:(Original edition: Verlag der Dietrich'schen Buchhandlung, Göttingen 1853-1857)
465:
in 1636 could Hanover also be viewed as part of the Principality of Calenberg.
1008:
906:
771:
731:
581:
182:
1111:
Die Fürstenthümer Grubenhagen, Calenberg, Wolfenbüttel und Blankenburg 1786.
747:
received Calenberg and Göttingen and thus founded the Calenberg line of the
163:
958:, was also finally added to the Calenberg dynasty. George's youngest son,
1302:
645:
after the extinction of their reigning families. These were added to the
476:, the latter was also sometimes referred to as Calenberg. Today the term
461:
786:. Diplomatically, however, he was able to win a ruling from the Emperor
637:
of the Welfs. In 1408 and 1409 they were able to purchase the county of
493:
1024:
902:
670:
440:
429:
421:
167:
841:
After Eric's death in 1584 Calenberg-Göttingen was again ruled by the
565:
in the southwest and the counts of Rhoden in the west and in Hanover.
1429:
966:. Ernest Augustus switched to the side of the emperor and introduced
909:
775:
665:
between the Deister range and the Leine river, as well as the former
480:
is usually only used for the region between Hanover and the Deister.
557:. It was largely ruled by comital dynasties, such as the counts of
1020:
936:
then ruled the Principality of Calenberg-Göttingen in succession.
879:
730:
612:
534:
492:
433:
399:
589:
1567:
1199:
857:, brought the war to the state. After Danish troops under King
26:
696:("Lower Forest"), whilst the Göttingen region was called the
1003:
the cultural centres lay outside Calenberg in the towns of
905:, which he also had built as a fortress. He had the former
587:
Administratively, this area was initially still called the
388:
from 1714 onwards. The principality received its name from
1136:
Calenberg – Geschichte und Gesellschaft einer Landschaft
447:
territorial lordship, even though it was not formally a
759:
was established in Neustadt on Rübenberge and that for
1113:
Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza, Reprint 1786/2002,
782:
in 1519 he was initially defeated militarily in the
368:) from 1635 onwards; the princes received the ninth
1415:
1301:
1244:
986:from which the British royal throne are descended.
469:was demolished and slighted between 1692 and 1694.
376:in 1692. Their territory became the nucleus of the
289:
276:
263:
250:
237:
224:
210:
196:
188:
174:
159:
137:
91:
1145:3 volumes. Reprint. Hirschheydt, Hanover 1974/75,
537:of the family claimed by them in the area between
1048:House of Welf § Rulers of the House of Welf
1015:. New centres were created at the residences of
360:established in 1432. Calenberg was ruled by the
1685:1705 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1143:Geschichte der Lande Braunschweig und Lüneburg.
1183:Die Landesteilungen der Welfen im Mittelalter.
1160:, Verlag Otto Zander, Herzberg (Harz)-Pöhlde,
1675:1490s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1579:
1211:
621:The Welf dukes did not inherit their land by
8:
1109:Güßfeld, Ludwig; Erben, Homann (1786/2002).
778:on which construction began in 1527. In the
708:, known as "the Restless" or "Turbulentus".
96:
497:The remains of Calenberg Castle. Here, the
455:, who had been a successful general in the
1586:
1572:
1564:
1218:
1204:
1196:
489:Origins and foundation of Calenberg Castle
119:
88:
1084:at Leibnitiana. Retrieved on 25 Jun 2010.
1070:at Leibnitiana. Retrieved on 25 Jun 2010.
673:and the Homburg and Everstein dominions.
505:Originally the territory belonged to the
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
912:, built around 1300, converted into the
818:developed as a fortified town and built
40:This article includes a list of general
1670:Principalities of the Holy Roman Empire
1129:Calenberg – Von der Burg zum Fürstentum
1058:
888:(former Minorite monastery) in Hanover
659:Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
657:who had hitherto ruled jointly in the
392:, a residence of the Brunswick dukes.
332:Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
254:Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
865:, was defeated by the general of the
288:
275:
262:
249:
236:
223:
209:
205:
7:
605:was then moved to Calenberg Castle.
406:Calenberg-Grubenhagensche Landschaft
797:Eric I was hostile to the emerging
727:Under Eric I, Elisabeth and Eric II
669:, the lordship of Hallermund near
414:Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
252:• Line extinct, fell back to
46:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1638:
1292:
1227:
861:, who was then commander of the
561:in the northwest, the counts of
324:
280:Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg
31:
1690:Early modern history of Germany
353:was a dynastic division of the
792:Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim
625:and this resulted in the late
1:
1680:1494 establishments in Europe
1141:Havemann, Wilhelm (1974/75).
1134:Hauptmeyer, Carl-Hans (1983)
976:Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg
790:that saw a large part of the
735:Eric I with his second wife,
1170:Patze, Hans (Begr.) (1977).
1125:Historisches Museum Hannover
974:. Officially he was now the
1695:Former monarchies of Europe
1665:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1599:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1081:Georg (George) of Calenberg
1044:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
990:Economic and social history
952:Principality of Grubenhagen
749:House of Brunswick-Lüneburg
678:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
547:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
545:as the new and independent
443:was largely independent of
436:, well beyond the Deister.
358:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1716:
1176:Overview by the publishers
1041:
943:
940:Elevation to an electorate
684:Unification with Göttingen
609:Welf inheritance divisions
599:Lüneburg War of Succession
580:, just 13 km west of
408:on a building in Göttingen
216:first Prince of Calenberg
126:Schloss und Ampt Calenberg
1636:
1605:
1520:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
1458:
1290:
1172:Geschichte Niedersachsen.
690:Principality of Göttingen
633:of Calenberg went to the
351:Principality of Calenberg
306:
302:
228:Principality of Göttingen
206:
118:
113:
93:Principality of Calenberg
1181:Pischke, Gudrun (1987).
980:Principality of Lüneburg
918:Hildesheim Diocesan Feud
803:Elisabeth of Brandenburg
780:Hildesheim Diocesan Feud
663:Principality of Lüneburg
617:Calenberg Castle in 1654
513:had been imposed on the
459:, chose the city as his
386:Kingdom of Great Britain
366:Principality of Lüneburg
1555:Unencircled territories
1316:Brunswick and Lunenburg
1156:Kalthof, Edgar (1982).
509:but in 1180, after the
61:more precise citations.
1610:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1346:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1067:The House of Brunswick
956:Imperial Chamber Court
889:
816:Neustadt am Rübenberge
799:Protestant Reformation
740:
717:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
651:William the Victorious
618:
502:
426:Neustadt am Rübenberge
409:
214:William the Victorious
128:, engraving by Caspar
97:
1700:Former principalities
946:Electorate of Hanover
883:
845:of the Welfs. In the
794:added to his domain.
734:
616:
496:
403:
378:Electorate of Hanover
175:Common languages
1038:Princes of Calenberg
849:the brother of Duke
641:and the lordship of
593:of Lauenrode, after
501:at the main entrance
404:Coat of arms of the
226:• Incorporated
98:Fürstentum Calenberg
1531:Circles est. 1512:
1506:Circles est. 1500:
1236:(1500–1806) of the
1023:. Even the city of
801:. His second wife,
702:William the Younger
453:George of Calenberg
18:Prince of Calenberg
1552:
1548:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1234:Lower Saxon Circle
894:Augustus the Elder
890:
863:Lower Saxon Circle
836:
820:Landestrost Castle
741:
655:Henry the Peaceful
619:
533:and was given the
503:
449:free imperial city
410:
241:Lower Saxon Circle
1647:
1646:
1561:
1560:
1545:Electoral Rhenish
1238:Holy Roman Empire
1185:Lax, Hildesheim,
920:. George's sons,
847:Thirty Years' War
843:Wolfenbüttel line
837:Thirty Years' War
825:In 1582 when the
811:Antonius Corvinus
743:The younger son,
635:Wolfenbüttel line
374:Holy Roman Empire
370:electoral dignity
347:
346:
343:
342:
337:
336:
278:• Raised to
155:
152:Holy Roman Empire
87:
86:
79:
16:(Redirected from
1707:
1642:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1553:
1549:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1296:
1232:
1231:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1063:
984:House of Hanover
875:Battle of Lutter
851:Frederick Ulrich
784:Battle of Soltau
768:Calenberg Castle
595:Lauenrode Castle
578:Calenberg Castle
535:allodial estates
467:Calenberg Castle
457:Thirty Years War
390:Calenberg Castle
362:House of Hanover
328:
327:
321:
320:
308:
307:
291:• Acquired
267:House of Hanover
202:Early modern era
145:
123:
108:
100:
89:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
57:this article by
48:inline citations
35:
34:
27:
21:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1634:
1601:
1592:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1411:
1297:
1288:
1240:
1226:
1224:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1042:Main articles:
1040:
992:
960:Ernest Augustus
948:
942:
934:Ernest Augustus
922:Christian Louis
867:Catholic League
855:"mad" Christian
839:
729:
686:
667:County of Wölpe
611:
570:Otto the Strict
507:Duchy of Saxony
491:
486:
398:
325:
295:
282:
269:
265:• Fell to
256:
243:
230:
217:
201:
181:
166:
144:
133:
109:
102:
94:
83:
72:
66:
63:
53:Please help to
52:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1595:Principalities
1593:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1407:Saxe-Lauenburg
1404:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1246:Ecclesiastical
1242:
1241:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1179:
1168:
1154:
1139:
1132:
1122:
1121:(Historic map)
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1086:
1072:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1039:
1036:
991:
988:
964:Saxe-Lauenburg
944:Main article:
941:
938:
930:John Frederick
926:George William
838:
835:
827:counts of Hoya
766:Under Eric I,
728:
725:
685:
682:
610:
607:
523:Otto the Child
519:Henry the Lion
490:
487:
485:
482:
478:Calenberg Land
397:
394:
382:personal union
345:
344:
341:
340:
338:
335:
334:
329:
317:
316:
314:
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
290:
287:
286:
283:
277:
274:
273:
270:
264:
261:
260:
257:
251:
248:
247:
244:
239:• Joined
238:
235:
234:
231:
225:
222:
221:
218:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
198:
197:Historical era
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
176:
172:
171:
161:
157:
156:
139:
135:
134:
124:
116:
115:
111:
110:
95:
92:
85:
84:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1712:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1641:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1556:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1528:(Lower) Saxon
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:Upper Rhenish
1513:
1509:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1191:3-7848-3654-2
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1166:3-923336-03-9
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1151:3-7777-0843-7
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:3-936030-51-0
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
989:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:primogeniture
965:
961:
957:
953:
947:
939:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
908:
904:
899:
895:
887:
882:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
834:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
738:
733:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
706:Frederick III
703:
699:
695:
691:
683:
681:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:primogeniture
615:
608:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:
585:
583:
579:
575:
574:Lüneburg line
571:
568:In 1292 Duke
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
500:
499:battery tower
495:
488:
483:
481:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
402:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
339:
333:
330:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
284:
281:
271:
268:
258:
255:
245:
242:
232:
229:
219:
215:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
158:
153:
149:
143:
140:
136:
131:
127:
122:
117:
112:
106:
99:
90:
81:
78:
70:
60:
56:
50:
49:
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
1651:
1649:
1619:
1527:
1505:
1504:until 1734.
1325:
1182:
1171:
1157:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1110:
1094:
1089:
1080:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1032:Lower Saxony
1029:
1017:Wolfenbüttel
993:
950:In 1665 the
949:
914:Leineschloss
891:
886:Leineschloss
859:Christian IV
840:
824:
796:
765:
760:
756:
742:
713:Mutschierung
712:
710:
697:
693:
687:
675:
646:
630:
620:
602:
588:
586:
567:
527:Hohenstaufen
511:imperial ban
504:
471:
460:
451:. Not until
439:The city of
438:
411:
405:
350:
348:
311:
192:Principality
142:Principality
125:
73:
64:
45:
1625:Grubenhagen
1541:Upper Saxon
1496:until 1695.
1492:until 1640.
1488:until 1773.
1480:until 1596.
1476:until 1705.
1472:until 1731.
1464:until 1701.
1460:until 1648.
1375:Mecklenburg
1336:Grubenhagen
1321:Blankenburg
1259:Halberstadt
1095:Kurhannover
1001:Renaissance
997:Middle Ages
627:Middle Ages
380:, ruled in
312:Preceded by
200:Middle Ages
170:(from 1636)
59:introducing
1659:Categories
1537:Burgundian
1524:Franconian
1500:from 1701.
1484:from 1708.
1468:from 1648.
1450:Nordhausen
1445:Mühlhausen
1402:Regenstein
1358:Glückstadt
1264:Hildesheim
1053:References
1009:Hildesheim
972:electorate
907:Franciscan
772:Erichsburg
582:Hildesheim
563:Hallermund
551:Hildesheim
364:(from the
189:Government
67:March 2024
42:references
1630:Göttingen
1620:Calenberg
1368:Pinneberg
1326:Calenberg
1279:Ratzeburg
1274:Magdeburg
1138:. Hanover
1131:. Hanover
1005:Brunswick
788:Charles V
757:Unterwald
737:Elisabeth
694:Unterwald
639:Everstein
572:from the
543:Brunswick
474:Göttingen
396:Territory
384:with the
183:Low Saxon
164:Calenberg
114:1432–1692
1615:Lüneburg
1533:Austrian
1508:Bavarian
1390:Strelitz
1385:Schwerin
1353:Holstein
1284:Schwerin
1127:(1979).
1013:Lüneburg
999:and the
831:Diepholz
761:Oberwald
739:ca. 1530
698:Oberwald
539:Lüneburg
517:prince,
462:Residenz
420:and the
293:Lüneburg
1597:in the
1512:Swabian
1435:Hamburg
1397:Rantzau
1380:Güstrow
1363:Gottorp
1341:Hanover
1303:Secular
1104:Sources
1025:Hanover
903:Hanover
873:in the
753:Eric II
721:Henry V
671:Springe
643:Homburg
484:History
441:Hanover
432:on the
430:Hamelin
422:Deister
372:of the
212:•
168:Hanover
160:Capital
150:of the
55:improve
1440:Lübeck
1430:Goslar
1425:Bremen
1417:Cities
1311:Bremen
1269:Lübeck
1254:Bremen
1189:
1164:
1149:
1117:
910:friary
898:George
807:Münden
776:Dassel
745:Eric I
647:Vogtei
631:Vogtei
603:Vogtei
590:Vogtei
555:Minden
179:German
138:Status
132:(1654)
130:Merian
105:German
101:
44:, but
1331:Celle
1021:Celle
871:Tilly
774:near
559:Wölpe
434:Weser
418:Leine
412:When
148:state
1187:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1115:ISBN
1046:and
1019:and
1011:and
932:and
884:The
704:and
653:and
553:and
541:and
531:Welf
529:and
515:Welf
445:Welf
355:Welf
349:The
298:1705
285:1692
272:1635
259:1584
246:1500
233:1495
220:1432
1661::
1550:·
1543:,
1539:,
1535:,
1526:,
1522:,
1518:,
1514:,
1510:,
1034:.
1007:,
928:,
924:,
869:,
853:,
833:.
723:.
1587:e
1580:t
1573:v
1219:e
1212:t
1205:v
1178:)
154:)
146:(
107:)
103:(
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
51:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
