538:, but this is unlikely, especially since Mazarin himself urged the Queen to follow Thomas' advice, and it is more probable that Mazarin backed the Prince as someone who would keep other rivals from gaining control in his absence but who would never have the status within France to set himself up as a permanent replacement for the Cardinal. By the time Mazarin returned from his second and last exile in February 1653, Thomas, who accompanied the court to
440:, noted a few years later that French marshals would only serve under someone who was superior to them in social rank, and Thomas, with his blood relationship to the French and Spanish royal families, was the only candidate.) By late summer, both Thomas Francis and Turenne were seriously ill and du Plessis Praslin was in temporary command. Thomas Francis led the joint armies again in 1644, taking Santya and
31:
638:
336:, withdrew from the duchy to join the forces of Spain, prompting Victor Amadeus to confiscate his uncles' Italian revenues. Though his kinship to both the French and Spanish royal families suggested that he could be useful to Spanish interests, Thomas Francis was not entirely trusted, and was obliged to send his wife and children to Madrid as hostages.
520:, was like him an Italian outsider at the French court. In the early 1650s, Thomas Francis was seen as an important member of Mazarin's party, closely linked to the Cardinal, regularly seen in conference with him, and active in his support. In 1651 when Mazarin had been forced into exile, the Prince was for a time brought onto the
382:, Thomas Francis acted as intermediary between Soissons and the Spanish in negotiations which led to a formal alliance between the count and Philip IV of Spain concluded 28 June 1637 - although within a month Soissons had reconciled with France. In 1638, Thomas served in Spanish Flanders, helping to defend the fortress-city of
564:(later King James II), but he too was unacceptable to Turin, so Thomas Francis was appointed as joint commander - though his wife was held in France almost as a hostage for his good behaviour. On 16 December 1654 he arrived in Turin, to a ceremonial welcome by the French troops and an unexpectedly friendly reception by Duke
355:. Savoy was reluctantly dragged into the fighting alongside the French, consequently Thomas Francis was, strictly, fighting against his own homeland. He was completely defeated and his army entirely killed, captured or scattered - the first in an unbroken career of military defeats. He managed to rally the remnants at
366:
army for a major invasion of France from the
Spanish Netherlands. The invasion was initially very successful, and seemed capable of reaching Paris, where there was a great panic; if Ferdinand and Thomas had pushed on, they might have ended the war at this point, but they both felt that continuing to
299:
de
Soissons (1640–1703), a son of Marie's late brother. This prevented the substitution of Savoyard for French influence in that region, but left Thomas with little more than the empty title of "prince de Carignan". Marie did eventually inherit her brother's main holding in France, the county of
559:
The Franco-Spanish war had been continuing in north Italy, and late in 1654, increasing
Savoyard hostility to the current French commander Grancey led to a search for a new allied commander-in-chief; the French would have preferred to send the
505:, positions which sweetened the blow but were entirely under ducal control, not guaranteed by treaty. When he returned to Piedmont, Thomas had no choice but to accept the fait accompli, and soon after this he went to live in Paris.
455:, and repulsed a Spanish attempt to block his withdrawal at the River Mora, the nearest he ever came to a success in the field. In 1646, Thomas Francis was put in command of the French expedition sent south to take the Tuscan
179:. Not only did Thomas Francis have older brothers, but he was just one of the twenty-one acknowledged children of Charles Emmanuel. While only nine of these were legitimate, the others, being the widowed duke's offspring by
420:. After repeated bouts of negotiations with the Regent and the French, Thomas Francis made peace with both in the first half of 1642, unblushingly changed sides, and started fighting with the French against the Spaniards.
415:
early in 1639, and alongside
Spanish forces invaded Piedmont, where many towns welcomed him. He took Turin by knavery, but the French continued to control its citadel. In 1640, he held the city in the multi-layered
206:, only twenty kilometers south of Turin, meant that it could be a "princedom" for Thomas in name only, being endowed neither with independence nor revenues of substance. Instead of receiving a significant
534:
described him as a 'prime minister without being aware of it'; there were suggestions that
Mazarin's opponents within the court had raised him up as a rival to the cardinal with the Queen Regent
796:
750:
433:
328:
induced him to become, in effect, a French agent at the
Savoyard court between 1630 and 1632. When the new Duke Victor Amadeus I was forced to accept French occupation of
1096:
768:
470:
In the 1647 campaign, Thomas
Francis is mentioned as commanding alongside the French general in the forces sent across north Italy to work with the Duke of Modena
1034:
1005:
957:
928:
580:
429:
898:
467:, the supporting French fleet was defeated by the Spanish and he was forced to raise the siege and conduct a difficult retreat, which he performed poorly.
644:
437:
432:
against the
Spanish, generally along the Piedmont/Milan border; when Longueville was recalled home, he succeeded him as allied commander-in-chief, with
732:
1122:
702:
590:
547:
274:
1140:
737:
238:
In anticipation of this inheritance, Thomas
Francis and Marie did not establish themselves at his brother's ducal capital, Turin, but dwelt in
211:
1184:
1146:
1128:
1089:
746:
723:
711:
656:
497:
did in 1648, though his mother remained in control of the government; Christine, accompanied by her son and part of the ducal army, entered
359:, then retreated before the numerically superior French and Dutch forces; and he probably served the rest of the campaign with Ferdinand.
1116:
584:
375:
67:
565:
542:
to welcome the
Cardinal home, was insignificant again - an analysis of Mazarin's close colleagues at this time by the later historian
494:
371:, who refused to accept orders from the Prince as a Spanish commander, arguing that his Imperialist troops were an independent force.
1174:
1134:
728:
125:
71:
741:
448:, but gave up the attempt, apparently because he feared this valuable port would end up under French control rather than Savoyard.
340:
428:
For the rest of 1642 and part of the 1643 campaigns, Thomas Francis commanded Savoyard forces fighting alongside the French under
1082:
706:
478:, though Mazarin confessed that he had appointed Thomas only because he feared that, if left behind in Piedmont, the Prince's
96:
from 1861 until the dynasty's deposition in 1946. The Savoy-Carignano family also, briefly, supplied a king each to Spain and
831:
539:
88:, where some held prominent positions. Upon the extinction of the main Savoy line they eventually came to reign as kings of
436:
as his second-in-command. (Thomas Francis was given the supreme command only because of his birth; another French general,
719:
367:
Paris was too risky, so they stopped the advance. Later in the campaign, Thomas had problems with the Imperialist general
321:
974:. Collection des mémoires relatifs à l'histoire de la France, vols. 56-7 (in French). Paris. July 1826. vol. 2, p.233–4.
972:
Mémoires du maréchal de Gramont Mémoires des divers emplois et des principales actions du Maréchal du Plessis (2 vols.)
546:
made no mention of him. In January 1654, when the last of the ceremonial offices formerly belonging to the rebel leader
97:
332:
in the Peace of Cherasco in 1631, there was widespread dissatisfaction in Savoy, and Thomas Francis, with his brother,
459:, after which he was to advance further south to Naples, drive out the Spanish and put himself on the throne of the
1152:
756:
606:
344:
133:
1179:
543:
486:
405:
760:
517:
279:
219:
203:
715:
333:
252:. It was arranged that Thomas Francis, as son of a reigning monarch, would hold the rank of first among the
678:
626:
552:
286:
268:
144:, a French princess). While still a young man, he bore arms in Italy in the service of the King of Spain.
698:
The subsequent Princes of Carignano, with their respective dates of tenure in brackets, were as follows:
801:
791:
490:
417:
399:
471:
501:
and dismissed Thomas' personal garrison; she appointed Thomas Francis instead as governor or Asti and
317:
561:
464:
387:
368:
352:
199:
184:
152:
141:
109:
105:
89:
1064:
845:
1028:
999:
951:
922:
764:
686:
568:. After the 1655 campaign, Thomas Francis returned to Turin where he died the following January.
379:
362:
In 1636, Thomas Francis served with the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand who organised a joint Spanish-
348:
227:
137:
681:, spurned by France due to his mother's disgrace when he sought to take up his place there as a
489:
had gained control of the fortresses granted to Thomas Francis as part of the settlement of the
304:
for the French branch of the family. After Thomas Francis, the senior branch of his descendants
806:
648:
493:(legally, these reverted to ducal control when the Duke came of age, which under Savoyard law
460:
363:
171:), the Savoy dukes found that this inhibited their own aggrandizement while encouraging intra-
85:
774:
673:
and exiled in succession from both France and Spain. He also the progenitor of the House of
610:
527:
513:
325:
263:
93:
43:
652:
618:
535:
531:
479:
51:
892:
1058:
835:
474:
who had just allied with France and opened up a 'second front' against the Spaniards in
674:
522:
502:
475:
259:
254:
244:
76:
63:
989:
621:, injured the inheritance prospects of his French nephews and nieces, and so offended
1168:
887:
669:
456:
445:
129:
101:
81:
660:
305:
290:
59:
17:
576:
Among the children of Prince Thomas Francis and Marie de Bourbon-Soissons were:
633:
from his realm the bride's kinsman, who had acted as the couple's intermediary.
316:
The first recorded military service of Thomas Francis is as a commander in the
258:
at the French court —- taking precedence even before the formerly all-powerful
863:
383:
249:
223:
30:
637:
622:
614:
602:
176:
124:, Thomas Francis of Savoy was the youngest of the five legitimate sons of
452:
404:
After seeking Spanish support late in 1638 for action against the Regent
329:
301:
285:
The prospect of Marie's eventual succession to the Swiss principality of
207:
180:
148:
147:
Although in previous reigns, younger sons of Savoy had been granted rich
202:
had belonged to the Savoys since 1418, and the fact that it was part of
1074:
902:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 336.
278:. He engaged the services of the distinguished grammarian and courtier
172:
164:
308:
to Savoy, alternately marrying French, Italian and German princesses.
630:
509:
295:
168:
1063:. le Temps retrouvé (in French). Paris: Mercure de France. pp.
70:(1596–1656), an Italian military commander who was the fifth son of
841:
594:
498:
412:
356:
239:
188:
160:
121:
891:
617:, the marriage shocked his mother, infuriated his sister-in-law
598:
441:
215:
195:
156:
1078:
1021:
Histoire de la France sous le ministère de Mazarin (1651-1661)
641:
Arms of the Soissons branch of the House of Savoy-Carignano
289:, near Savoy, was foiled in 1643 by the king's decision to
272:
of the king's household, briefly replacing the traitorous
451:
In 1645, now commanding with du Plessis Praslin, he took
991:
Histoire de la France pendant la minorité de Louis XIV
689:, where his generalship afflicted France for decades.
685:
and military captain, defected to the service of the
378:
fled from France after his failed conspiracy against
797:
Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe
1057:Spanheim, Ézéchiel (1973). Emile Bourgeois (ed.).
550:were disposed of, Prince Thomas Francis was made
1023:(in French). Paris. vol. 1, p.74–7, vol.2, 7–11.
526:, and an (admittedly very hostile) contemporary
27:Noble family; cadet branch of the House of Savoy
463:; but the expedition set off late, and when he
434:Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne
1090:
826:
824:
822:
512:, Thomas Francis linked himself closely with
300:Soissons, but this would be established as a
8:
242:, where Marie enjoyed the exalted rank of a
983:
981:
591:Emmanuel Philibert, 2nd Prince of Carignano
320:under his father against France during the
183:mistresses, appear to have been generously
1097:
1083:
1075:
1033:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1004:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
956:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
946:(in French). Paris. vol. 5, p.319–21, 327.
927:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
857:
855:
994:(in French). Paris. vol. 2, p.430–1, 459.
733:Landgravine Christine of Hesse-Rotenburg
636:
34:Coat of arms of the Princes of Carignano
29:
818:
703:Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano
593:, lived in Italy, becoming governor of
1026:
997:
949:
920:
738:Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano
430:Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville
374:In this year, when his brother-in-law
747:Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano
712:Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano
7:
864:"Rulers of Italy and Savoy: Savoy 3"
548:Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé
222:, who would be killed in 1641 while
988:Chéruel, Pierre Adolphe (1879–80).
585:Ferdinand Maximilian of Baden-Baden
376:Louis de Bourbon, comte de Soissons
92:from 1831 to 1861, and as kings of
74:. His descendants were accepted as
68:Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano
751:Princess Maria Christina of Saxony
724:Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes
343:, Thomas Francis served under the
266:was more remote. He was appointed
25:
944:Histoire du cardinal de Richelieu
840:. le Temps retrouvé (in French).
729:Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano
262:, whose kinship to the sovereign
72:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
1019:Chéruel, Pierre Adolphe (1882).
917:(in French). Paris. p. 182.
601:in 1663. In 1684, he married in
583:(1627–1689), married in 1654 to
248:, being a second cousin of King
191:during their father's lifetime.
942:Hanotaux, Gabriel (1933–1947).
834:(1973). Emile Bourgeois (ed.).
611:Cesare I d'Este, Duke of Modena
609:(1656–1722), granddaughter of
1047:Theatrum Europaeum, vii, 605-6
844:: Mercure de France. pp.
645:Prince Eugène Maurice of Savoy
1:
1060:Relation de la Cour de France
837:Relation de la Cour de France
720:Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia
322:War of the Mantuan Succession
1185:1620 establishments in Italy
516:, who, although effectively
341:Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)
210:, Thomas was wed in 1625 to
718:, illegitimate daughter of
485:During his absence, Regent
282:as tutor for his children.
1201:
767:of Sardinia and Italy and
707:Angélique Catherine d'Este
627:Francis II, Duke of Modena
397:
345:Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
134:Catherine Micaela of Spain
1112:
581:Princess Louise Christine
482:would make more trouble.
411:, Thomas went to Spanish
339:When France launched the
1175:House of Savoy-Carignano
769:Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa
761:Maria Theresa of Tuscany
659:, most notorious of the
518:Chief minister of France
444:; he also tried to take
293:Louis Henri de Bourbon,
280:Claude Favre de Vaugelas
220:Louis, Count of Soissons
40:House of Savoy-Carignano
899:Encyclopædia Britannica
716:Maria Vittoria of Savoy
607:Angela Catherina d'Este
763:and was the father of
694:Subsequent generations
679:Prince Eugene of Savoy
647:(1633–1673), Count of
642:
55:
47:
35:
802:Princess of Carignano
792:Counts of Villafranca
742:Joséphine of Lorraine
640:
491:Piedmontese Civil War
400:Piedmontese Civil War
394:Piedmontese Civil War
33:
1106:Princes of Carignano
759:(1800–1831) married
749:(1780–1800) married
740:(1778–1780) married
731:(1741–1778) married
714:(1709–1741) married
705:(1656–1709) married
406:Christine of Savoy,
175:strife and regional
66:. It was founded by
913:Guth, Paul (1972).
677:This couple's son,
670:affaire des poisons
424:Service with France
369:Ottavio Piccolomini
353:Spanish Netherlands
142:Elizabeth of Valois
1123:Emmanuel Philibert
832:Spanheim, Ézéchiel
807:Counts of Soissons
765:Victor Emmanuel II
687:Holy Roman Emperor
643:
532:Duchess de Nemours
472:Francesco I d'Este
465:besieged Orbetello
438:du Plessis Praslin
380:Cardinal Richelieu
312:Service with Spain
228:Cardinal Richelieu
226:rebellion against
138:Philip II of Spain
136:(daughter of King
126:Charles Emmanuel I
58:) originated as a
36:
18:Prince of Carignan
1162:
1161:
1141:Victor Amadeus ΙΙ
893:"Carignano"
862:Miroslav, Marek.
722:and his mistress
613:. Because he was
572:Second generation
255:princes Ă©trangers
245:princesse du sang
140:and his consort,
77:princes Ă©trangers
16:(Redirected from
1192:
1180:Princes of Savoy
1147:Charles Emmanuel
1129:Victor Amadeus Ι
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849:
828:
775:King of Sardinia
629:felt obliged to
597:in 1644, and of
566:Charles Emmanuel
528:Marie de Nemours
514:Cardinal Mazarin
495:Charles Emmanuel
326:Cardinal Mazarin
264:Duke of Lorraine
212:Marie de Bourbon
151:in Switzerland (
48:Savoia-Carignano
21:
1200:
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829:
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815:
788:
696:
683:prince Ă©tranger
675:Savoy-Soissons.
657:Olympia Mancini
619:Olympia Mancini
574:
536:Anne of Austria
480:restless spirit
426:
402:
396:
314:
302:secundogeniture
236:
132:, by his wife,
118:
56:Savoie-Carignan
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1187:
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1153:Charles Albert
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1117:Thomas Francis
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934:
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890:, ed. (1911).
888:Chisholm, Hugh
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523:conseil du roi
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418:Siege of Turin
398:Main article:
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334:Prince Maurice
313:
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260:House of Guise
235:
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163:), or France (
117:
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102:queens consort
64:House of Savoy
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773:succeeded as
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446:Finale Ligure
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318:Savoyard army
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130:Duke of Savoy
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100:, as well as
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966:
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882:
871:. Retrieved
868:Genealogy.eu
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661:Mazarinettes
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562:Duke of York
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267:
253:
243:
237:
193:
146:
128:, sovereign
119:
75:
60:cadet branch
39:
37:
1155:(1800–1831)
1149:(1780–1800)
1143:(1778–1780)
1137:(1741–1778)
1131:(1709–1741)
1125:(1656–1709)
1119:(1620–1656)
605:, Princess
587:(1625–1669)
508:During the
364:Imperialist
306:repatriated
275:Grand Condé
1169:Categories
873:2008-03-27
813:References
665:intrigante
655:, married
386:against a
384:Saint-Omer
291:legitimate
250:Louis XIII
216:co-heiress
159:), Italy (
1029:cite book
1000:cite book
952:cite book
923:cite book
623:Louis XIV
615:deaf-mute
603:Racconigi
487:Christine
349:Philip IV
324:in 1630.
296:chevalier
287:Neuchâtel
224:fomenting
208:patrimony
200:Carignano
177:secession
149:appanages
786:See also
649:Soissons
540:St Denis
453:Vigevano
330:Pinerolo
204:Piedmont
173:dynastic
153:Genevois
120:Born in
110:Portugal
106:Bulgaria
90:Sardinia
915:Mazarin
777:in 1831
755:Prince
667:of the
544:Chéruel
461:kingdom
351:in the
189:dowered
185:endowed
165:Nemours
98:Croatia
80:at the
62:of the
44:Italian
631:banish
510:Fronde
234:France
169:Bresse
116:Origin
86:France
52:French
842:Paris
653:Dreux
625:that
595:Ivrea
499:Ivrea
476:Milan
457:forts
413:Milan
357:Namur
240:Paris
181:noble
161:Aosta
122:Turin
94:Italy
82:court
1035:link
1006:link
958:link
929:link
651:and
599:Asti
503:Alba
442:Asti
196:fief
194:The
157:Vaud
108:and
38:The
1065:329
846:107
218:of
198:of
187:or
104:to
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