Princes in the Tower - Knowledge (XXG)

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blame for the princes' murder on Buckingham after Buckingham was disgraced and executed, especially as Richard could potentially have cleared his own name by doing so. Secondly, it is likely he would have required Richard's help to gain access to the princes, under close guard in the Tower of London, although Kendall argued as Constable of England, he might have been exempt from this ruling. As a result, although it is extremely possible that he was implicated in the decision to murder them, the hypothesis that he acted without Richard's knowledge is not widely accepted by historians. While Jeremy Potter suggested that Richard would have kept silent had Buckingham been guilty because nobody would have believed Richard was not party to the crime, he further notes that "Historians are agreed that Buckingham would never have dared to act without Richard's complicity, or at least, connivance". However, Potter also hypothesised that perhaps Buckingham was fantasising about seizing the crown himself at this point and saw the murder of the princes as a first step to achieving this goal. This theory formed the basis of

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southern noblemen, loyal to Edward IV, suggests a degree of revulsion against Richard's usurpation of the throne: their willingness to fight on under an implausible alternative candidate suggests that they regarded anyone as preferable to Richard as King due to his usurpation and the murder of his nephews. Bennett suggested that perhaps those who had initially supported Richard in his seizure of power may have felt complicit in the crime, which he thought "might explain the bitterness of the subsequent recriminations against him." Hicks speculated that these men may have been "appalled by the character of the regime...shocked by Richard's crimes." Their defection severely weakened Richard, who had to impose his supporters among the northern lords as officeholders in the southern counties to maintain order, in itself a very unpopular act that further damaged his reputation. In Pollard's words, "the belief that he had murdered his nephews seriously handicapped Richard's efforts to secure himself on the throne he had usurped."

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the writing of Thomas More, who wrote that, during his examination, Tyrrell made his confession as to the murders, saying that Richard III ordered their deaths. He also implicated two other men; despite further questioning, however, he was unable to say where the bodies were, claiming that Brackenbury had moved them. William Shakespeare portrays him as the culprit, sought out by Richard after Buckingham demurs. This version of events is accepted by Alison Weir and Hicks notes that his successful career and rapid promotion after 1483 "is consistent with his alleged murder of the princes". However, the only record of Tyrrell's confession is through More, and "no actual confession has ever been found". Pollard casts doubts on the accuracy of More's accounts, suggesting it was "an elaboration of one of several circulating accounts"; however, he does not discount the possibility of it being "just his own invention", pointing to the "clear similarities to the stories of the

693:, the princes' uncle, is the likeliest culprit in the case of the disappearance of the princes for a number of reasons. Although the princes had been eliminated from the succession, Richard's hold on the monarchy was very insecure due to the way in which he had attained the crown, leading to a backlash against him by the Yorkist establishment. An attempt had already been made to rescue them and restore Edward to the throne, clear evidence that the existence of the princes would remain a threat as long as they were alive. The boys could have been used by Richard's enemies as figureheads for rebellion. Rumours of their death were in circulation by late 1483, but Richard never attempted to prove that they were alive by having them seen in public, which strongly suggests that they were dead by then. However, he did not remain silent on the matter. 566:. The remains were not the first children's skeletons found within the tower; the bones of two children had previously been found "in an old chamber that had been walled up", which Pollard suggests could equally well have been those of the princes. The reason the bones were attributed to the princes was because the location partially matched the account given by More. However, More further stated that they were later moved to a "better place", which disagrees with where the bones were discovered. The staircase that the bones were found underneath had not yet been built, at the time of Richard III. One anonymous report was that they were found with "pieces of rag and velvet about them"; the velvet could indicate that the bodies were those of aristocrats. Four years after their discovery, the bones were placed in an urn and, on the orders of 765:, regard Buckingham as the likeliest suspect: his execution, after he had rebelled against Richard in October 1483, might signify that he and the king had fallen out; Weir takes this as a sign that Richard had murdered the princes without Buckingham's knowledge and Buckingham had been shocked by it. A contemporary Portuguese document suggests Buckingham as the guilty party, stating "...and after the passing away of king Edward in the year of 83, another one of his brothers, the Duke of Gloucester, had in his power the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York, the young sons of the said king and his brother, and turned them to the Duke of Buckingham, under whose custody the said Princes were starved to death." A document dated some decades after the disappearance was found within the archives of the 291:, an Italian friar who visited England in the 1480s and who was in London in the spring and summer of 1483, recorded that after Richard III seized the throne, Edward and his younger brother Richard were taken into the "inner apartments of the Tower" and then were seen less and less, until they disappeared altogether. Mancini records that, during this period, Edward was regularly visited by a doctor, who reported that Edward, "like a victim prepared for sacrifice, sought remission of his sins by daily confession and penance, because he believed that death was facing him." The Latin reference to "Argentinus medicus", was originally translated as "a Strasbourg doctor"; however, D.E. Rhodes suggests it may actually refer to "Doctor Argentine", whom Rhodes identifies as 589:. By measuring certain bones and teeth, they concluded the bones belonged to two children around the correct ages for the princes. The bones were found to have been interred carelessly along with chicken and other animal bones. There were also three very rusty nails. One skeleton was larger than the other, but many of the bones were missing, including part of the smaller jawbone and all of the teeth from the larger one. Many of the bones had been broken by the original workmen. The examination has been criticised, on the grounds that it was conducted on the presumption that the bones were those of the princes and concentrated only on whether the bones showed evidence of suffocation; no attempt was even made to determine whether the bones were male or female. 899:. Walpole, however, later retracted his views and stated that he now believed the princes to have been murdered by Richard III to secure his hold on the crown. In more recent times the theory that Warbeck was Richard has been endorsed by Annette Carson, a freelance writer with a "lifelong interest" in Richard III. She suggested that Richard smuggled the princes abroad to the custody of their aunt, the Duchess of Burgundy, and they were raised there under false identities. Baldwin suggested that by having removed them from sight to prevent them being a focus for opposition, he was then unable to bring them back to court to scotch rumours of their murder without once again having them become a threat. This theory has also been endorsed by 610:, rediscovered and accidentally broke into the vault of Edward IV and Queen Elizabeth Woodville, discovering in the process what appeared to be a small adjoining vault. This vault was found to contain the coffins of two unidentified children. However, no inspection or examination was carried out and the tomb was resealed. The tomb was inscribed with the names of two of Edward IV's children: George, 1st Duke of Bedford who had died at the age of 2, and Mary of York who had died at the age of 14; both had predeceased the king. However, two lead coffins clearly labelled as George Plantagenet and Mary Plantagenet were subsequently discovered elsewhere in the chapel (during the excavation for the royal tomb house for 942:

guard made him responsible for their welfare in the eyes of contemporaries, and the belief that they had been murdered made him guilty. As Baldwin noted in support of his conclusion that Richard would not have murdered the princes, "It seems incredible Richard ever supposed killing his nephews would help secure his position or make him more acceptable to his subjects." An initial uprising in September 1483, aimed at deposing Richard and restoring Edward V to the throne, was not stopped by rumours of Edward's murder. Instead, the rebels rallied around Henry Tudor as a potential alternative candidate; Horrox says Tudor was "an inconceivable choice if Edward V and his brother were thought to be still available."

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rumours naming Richard as the murderer. Guillaume de Rochefort, Chancellor of France, named Richard as the murderer to the Estates General at Tours in January 1484. It also appears to have been the belief of Elizabeth Woodville, who would go on to support Henry Tudor in his campaign against Richard III. One possible motive for Elizabeth Woodville subsequently making her peace with Richard and bringing her daughters out of sanctuary could be that Richard had to swear a solemn oath, before witnesses, to protect and provide for her surviving children, which made it much less likely they could be quietly murdered as it was believed their brothers had been.

820:, noted, "With Henry, as with Richard, there is no real evidence and one must suspect that if he had killed the princes himself he would quickly have produced the corpses and some ingeniously appropriate story implicating Richard." Further, Raphael Holinshed reported in 1577 that Richard "purged and declared his innocence" regarding "the murther of his nephews towards the world", indicating that the boys did indeed meet their end during Richard's days. It is also unlikely that the princes would have been kept alive in secret by Richard for two years after their last sighting while rumours of his responsibility for their murder circulated. 65: 667: 903:, known for the discovery of Richard III's body in 2012, who claims that contemporary documents show the two princes were alive and in contact with royals on the European continent as late as 1493, and suggests that the youths known to history as Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck were genuinely the Earl of Warwick and Richard, Duke of York. One of the sources is a statement (dated 1493) purported to have been written by Richard, describing his escape and flight to Europe, which has been independently authenticated as a late 15th-century document; another is a document claiming that 701:, written in 1577, reports that Richard, "what with purging and declaring his innocence concerning the murder of his nephews towards the world, and what with cost to obtain the love and favour of the communal tie (which outwardlie glosed, and openly dissembled with him) ... gave prodigally so many and so great rewards, that now both he lacked, and scarce with honesty how to borrow." Richard also failed to open any investigation into the matter, which would have been in his interest if he was not responsible for the deaths of his nephews. 816:'s claim to be her son Richard. Pollard calls Markham's theory "highly speculative", and states that Henry's silence over the princes was more likely "political calculation than personal guilt". Henry was also never accused of the murder by any contemporary, not even by his enemies, which he likely would have been had contemporaries thought there was any possibility of his guilt. Jeremy Potter, at the time he wrote Chairman of the 922:(The History Press). New archival discoveries had been made for both sons of Edward IV: Edward V in an accounting receipt for King Maximilian I dated 16 December 1487 in the archive in Lille, France, discovered by project member, Albert Jan de Rooij. The accounting receipt confirmed that weapons (400 pikes) purchased by Maximilian for the Yorkist invasion of June 1487 was on behalf of the elder son of Edward IV. 386: 848:, However, it has been sustained only by speculation about a possible motive, rather than evidence. Pollard has commented regarding such theories: "None deserve serious consideration. The problem with all these accusations is that they beg the question of access to the Tower without Richard's knowledge and overlook the fact that Richard was responsible for the safekeeping of his nephews". 514:(Miles Forrest and John Dighton) and were then buried "at the stayre foote, metely depe in the grounde vnder a great heape of stones", but were later disinterred and buried in a secret place. Historian Tim Thornton claimed that the sons of Miles Forrest were at court in Henry VIII's England, and Thomas More's contacts with them could have given him the detail of the murder. 251:, then the traditional residence of monarchs prior to the coronation. On 16 June, he was joined by his younger brother Richard, Duke of York, who was previously in sanctuary. At this point, the date of Edward's coronation was indefinitely postponed by their uncle, Gloucester. On Sunday 22 June, a sermon was preached by Dr. Ralph Shaa, brother of the Lord Mayor of London, at 914:. They have linked the 13-year-old prince with a man named John Evans, who arrived in the village around 1484, and was immediately given an official position and the title of Lord of the Manor. Researcher John Dike noted Yorkist symbols and stained glass windows depicting Edward V in a Coldridge chapel commissioned by Evans and built around 1511, unusual for the location. 796:, illegitimate son of Richard III, is said by some sources to have been one of those executed. Henry was out of the country between the princes' disappearance and August 1485, thus his only opportunity to murder them would have been after his accession in 1485. Pollard suggests Henry (or those acting on his orders) is "the only plausible alternative to Richard III." 861:

they entered the Tower; he believes Richard III and Henry VII, leading courtiers and their mother would all have known the boys' whereabouts and welfare. Baldwin argues that had this been the case, Henry VII would have had the choice of keeping quiet about the survival of Richard, or having him executed, and concluded, "He would have been happy to let people

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strictly limited by his instructions. He could therefore have dispatched one of his retainers to murder the princes on his behalf, but it is unlikely they could have been murdered without his knowledge. This is the version put forward by More and Polydore Vergil, who both name Sir James Tyrrell as the murderer. Tyrrell was an English knight who fought for the

582:, states "Here lie interred the remains of Edward V, King of England, and Richard, Duke of York, whose long desired and much sought after bones, after over a hundred and ninety years, were found interred deep beneath the rubble of the stairs that led up to the Chapel of the White Tower, on the 17 of July in the Year of Our Lord 1674." 737:

brought by Henry VII made no definitive mention of the Princes in the Tower, but it did accuse Richard of "the unnatural, mischievous and great perjuries, treasons, homicides and murders, in shedding of infant's blood, with many other wrongs, odious offences and abominations against God and man". The

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The absence of hard evidence of what happened to the princes has led to a number of theories being put forward. The most common theory is that they were murdered close to the time that they disappeared, and among historians and authors who accept the murder theory, the most common explanation is that

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College of Arms Collection, Queen Victoria Street, London, manuscript MS 2M6. The entire document containing the reference consists of 126 folios. It appears to have belonged to Christopher Barker whilst he was Suffolk Herald (1514–22), since his name, title, and a sketch of his maternal arms appear

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Other than their disappearance, there is no direct evidence that the princes were murdered, and "no reliable, well-informed, independent or impartial sources" for the associated events. Nevertheless, following their disappearance, rumours spread in France that they had been murdered. Before November

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It is unclear what happened to the two princes after the last recorded sighting of them in the tower. It is generally assumed that they were murdered; a common hypothesis is that the murder was commissioned by Richard III in an attempt to secure his hold on the throne. Their deaths may have occurred

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The political reality of the disappearance of the princes, whatever happened to them, is that they were believed to have been murdered and Richard was blamed for their murders. Even if he had not been directly responsible for their deaths, the fact that he had deposed them and kept them under tight

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on many occasions. Tyrrell was arrested by Henry VII's forces in 1502 for supporting another Yorkist claimant to the throne. Shortly before his execution, Tyrrell is said by More to have admitted, under torture, to having murdered the princes at the behest of Richard III. The only record of this is

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requesting that the bones be DNA tested, but was closed months before its expected close date. If it had received 100,000 signatories a parliamentary debate would have been triggered. Pollard points out that even if modern DNA and carbon dating proved the bones belonged to the princes, it would not

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argues that the rebellion against Richard in 1483 initially "aimed to rescue Edward V and his brother from the Tower before it was too late", but that, when the Duke of Buckingham became involved, it shifted to support of Henry Tudor because "Buckingham almost certainly knew that the princes in the

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suggests that Henry VII's reticence on the subject may have been because at least one of the princes was still alive; he considers that Richard is more likely to have survived, with Edward dying of a malady. Baldwin argues that it is "impossible" that no one knew what happened to the Princes after

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princes; this claim has been disproven. Markham also suggested that the princes' mother, Elizabeth Woodville, knew that this story was false, and that this was the motivation behind Henry's decision, in February 1487, to confiscate all of Elizabeth's lands and possessions, and have her confined to

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in London in 1980; this stated that the murder "be the vise of the Duke of Buckingham". This led Michael Bennett to suggest that possibly some of Richard's prominent supporters, Buckingham and James Tyrrell, murdered the princes on their own initiative without waiting for Richard's orders. Bennett

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Anthony Cheetham, who considered Richard likely to have had the princes murdered, commented that it was "a colossal blunder. Nothing else could have prompted the deflated Woodvilles to hitch themselves to Henry Tudor's bandwagon." The fact that the majority of the rebels were wealthy and powerful

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Buckingham is the only person to be named as responsible in a contemporary chronicle other than Richard himself. However, for two reasons he is unlikely to have acted alone. First of all, if he were guilty of acting without Richard's orders, it is extremely surprising that Richard did not lay the

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which had previously declared the princes (and Elizabeth) illegitimate. Markham (1906) suggested that the princes were executed under Henry's orders between 16 June and 16 July 1486, claiming that it was only after this date that orders went out to circulate the story that Richard had killed the

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as the murderer, acting on Richard's orders. Tyrrell was the loyal servant of Richard III who is said to have confessed to the murder of the princes before his execution for treason in 1502. In his history, More said that the princes were smothered to death in their beds by two agents of Tyrrell

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Richard's guilt was widely accepted by contemporaries. George Cely, Dominic Mancini, John Rous, Fabyan's Chronicle, the Crowland Chronicler and the London Chronicle all noted the disappearance of the Princes, and all bar Mancini (who noted that he had no knowledge of what had happened) repeated

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Windsor to consider a possible examination of the two vaults either by fibre-optic camera or, if possible, a reexamination of the two unidentified lead coffins in the tomb also housing the lead coffins of two of Edward IV's children that were discovered during the building of the Royal Tomb for

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Only Mancini's account, written in London before November 1483, is contemporary. The Croyland Chronicle and de Commines' account were written three and seventeen years later, respectively (and thus after Richard III's death and the accession of Henry VII). Markham, writing long before Mancini's

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However, there is no actual proof Tyrell ever confessed to being a part of killing the princes and Dighton is accused by Thomas More of confessed to have taken part in the murders, but when More was writing Dighton was a free man. Simply, there is no evidence that they confessed to killing the

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In the late 1990s, work was being carried out near and around Edward IV's tomb in St George's Chapel; the floor area was excavated to replace an old boiler and also to add a new repository for the remains of future Deans and Canons of Windsor. A request was forwarded to the Dean and Canons of

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Richard was away from court on a progression through the Yorkist heartlands at the time the princes disappeared; if they died at this time, he would have been unable to murder them in person. They were under guard in the Tower of London, which was controlled by his men, and access to them was

654:, but authorities have refused to allow either set of remains to be subjected to DNA analysis to positively identify them as the remains of the princes. It is now possible to determine whether or not any remains are the two princes, since Richard III's DNA is on record, following his body's 543:

More wrote his account with the intention of writing about a moral point rather than a closely mirrored history. While More's account does rely on some firsthand sources, the account is generally taken from other sources. Additionally, More's account is one of the bases for Shakespeare's

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There are reports of the two princes being seen playing in the tower grounds shortly after Richard joined his brother, but there are no recorded sightings of either of them after the summer of 1483. An attempt to rescue them in late July failed. Their fate remains an enduring mystery.

524:(c.1513), also specifies that Tyrrell was the murderer, stating that he "rode sorrowfully to London" and committed the deed with reluctance, upon Richard III's orders, and that Richard himself spread the rumours of the princes' death in the belief that it would discourage rebellion. 738:"shedding of infant's blood" may be an accusation of the Princes' murder. Hicks speculated that it was a reference to speeches made in Parliament condemning the murder of the princes, which suggested that Richard's guilt had become common knowledge, or at least common wisdom. 255:

claiming Gloucester to be the only legitimate heir of the House of York. On 25 June, "a group of lords, knights and gentlemen" petitioned Richard to take the throne. Both princes were subsequently declared illegitimate by Parliament; this was confirmed in 1484 by an

758:, on his father's side, as well as through John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, through John Beaufort, on his mother's side, Buckingham may have hoped to accede to the throne himself in due course; alternatively, he may have been acting on behalf of a third party. 917:

Other findings of the five-year investigation by The Missing Princes Project research initiative, suggesting the Princes' survival following the reign of Richard III (i.e. after 22 August 1485), was published on 19 November 2023 in Philippa Langley's book

714:". Clements Markham suggested that More's account was actually written by Archbishop Morton and that Tyrrell was induced to do the deed by Henry VII between 16 June and 16 July 1486, the dates of two general pardons that he received from the king. 162:

In 1674, workmen at the Tower of London excavated, from under a staircase, a wooden box containing two small human skeletons. The bones were widely accepted at the time as those of the princes, but this has not been proven and is far from certain.

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Lysons & Lysons, Magna Britannia, 1812 supplement p. 471. Also in Britton's Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain, 1812 page 45. The move to Edward IV's crypt mentioned in Samuel Lewis, "A Topographical Dictionary of Great Britain"

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sometime in 1483, but apart from their disappearance, the only evidence is circumstantial. As a result, several other theories about their fates have been proposed, including the suggestion that they were murdered by their kinsman the

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Alvaro Lopes de Chaves (ref: Alvaro Lopes de Chaves, Livro de Apontamentos (1438–1489), (Codice 443 da Coleccao Pombalina da B.N.L.), Imprensa Nacional – Casa da Moeda, Lisboa, 1983), private secretary to the Portuguese King Alfonso

888:. After a failed attempt to invade England he was captured. He retracted his claims, was imprisoned and later executed. Many modern historians believe he was an imposter, whose supporters accepted his claim for political reasons. 750:, Richard's right-hand man, as a suspect depends on the princes having already been dead by the time Stafford was executed in November 1483. It has been suggested that Buckingham had several potential motives. As a descendant of 323:

proposes 3 September 1483 as a potential date; however, Weir's work has been criticised for "arriving at a conclusion that depends more on her own imagination than on the uncertain evidence she has so misleadingly presented."

812:, "where she died six years afterwards". However, Arlene Okerlund suggests that her retirement to the abbey was her own decision, while Michael Bennett and Timothy Elston suggest the move was precautionary, precipitated by 622:(1810–13) and placed in the adjoining vault at that time. Royal consent would be necessary to open any royal tomb, so it was felt best to leave the medieval mystery unsolved for at least the next few generations. The 2012 378:(French politician), Caspar Weinreich (contemporary German chronicler) and Jan Allertz (Recorder of Rotterdam), all state that Richard killed the princes before he seized the throne (thus before June 1483). De Commines' 884:, Duchess of Burgundy, formally recognised Warbeck as Richard. Margaret, Richard III's sister, an unrelenting opponent of Henry VII, had previously recognised Simnel as Warwick. Warbeck was also accepted as Richard by 561:

On 17 July 1674, workmen remodelling the Tower of London dug up a wooden box containing two small human skeletons. The bones were found buried 10 feet (3.0 m) under the staircase leading to the chapel of the

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noted in support of this theory: "After the King's departure Buckingham was in effective command in the capital, and it is known that when the two men met a month later there was an unholy row between them."

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No further scientific examination has since been conducted on the bones, which remain in Westminster Abbey, and DNA analysis (if DNA could be obtained) has not been attempted. A petition was started on the

929:(18 November 2023, Brinkworth Productions, Dir: Janice Sutherland). The documentary was also broadcast by SBS in Australia (19 November 2023) and PBS in America (22 November 2023) as part of their 614:

under the Wolsey tomb-house in 1810–13), and were moved into the adjoining vault of Edward IV's, but at the time no effort was made to identify the two lead coffins already in Edward IV's vault.

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Edward V and Gloucester arrived in London together. Plans continued for Edward's official coronation, but the date was postponed from 4 May to 25 June. On 19 May 1483, Edward was lodged in the

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The bones were removed and examined in 1933 by the archivist of Westminster Abbey, Lawrence Tanner; a leading anatomist, Professor William Wright; and the president of the Dental Association,

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believes that the chronicle's account reflected the contemporary "standard and accepted account", but that by the time it was written, "propaganda had been transformed into historical fact".

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suggests the princes may have been alive as late as July 1484, pointing to the regulations issued by Richard III's household which stated: "the children should be together at one breakfast".

532:, written in the second half of the 16th century, claims that the princes were murdered by Richard III. The chronicles were one of the main sources used by William Shakespeare for his play 413:

2023, only one contemporary narrative account of the boys' time in the tower existed: that of Dominic Mancini. Mancini's account was not discovered until 1934, in the Municipal Library in

3311: 1524: 2217: 803:, to reinforce his claim to the throne. Not wanting the legitimacy of his wife or her claim as heir of Edward IV called into question, prior to the marriage he had repealed the 3047:"The history of England, from the invasion of Julius Cæsar to the revolution in 1688. 5 vols. [in 9. The plates are dated 1797 to 1806] or Richard, Duke of York" 1446: 833: 655: 623: 362:

Several sources suggest there were rumours of the princes' deaths in the time following their disappearance. Rumours of murder appeared in France. In January 1484,

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On 9 April 1483, Edward IV of England died unexpectedly after an illness lasting around three weeks. At the time, Edward's son, the new King Edward V, was at

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Thornton, Tim. "More on a Murder: The Deaths of the 'Princes in the Tower', and Historiographical Implications for the Regimes of Henry VII and Henry VIII."

755: 334:, however, argues that it is unclear to whom the phrase "the children" alludes, and that it may not have been a reference to the princes. It may refer to 187:

in Yorkshire. The news reached Gloucester around 15 April, although he may have been forewarned of Edward's illness. It is reported that he then went to

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In 2021, researchers from the "Missing Princes Project" claimed to have found evidence that Edward had lived out his days in the rural Devon village of

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Four unidentified bodies have been found which are considered possibly connected with the events of this period: two at the Tower of London and two in

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claimed to be the Duke of York, having supposedly escaped to Flanders. Warbeck's claim was supported by some contemporaries, including York's aunt the

274:. Gloucester was crowned King Richard III of England on 6 July. The declaration of the boys' illegitimacy has been described by Rosemary Horrox as an 873: 647: 339: 148: 1049: 237: 2338: 747: 132: 3294: 123:. Before the young king's coronation, however, he and his brother were declared illegitimate by Parliament. Gloucester ascended the throne as 3511: 3266: 3192: 2660: 2640: 2530: 1570:"More on a Murder: The Deaths of the ‘Princes in the Tower’, and Historiographical Implications for the Regimes of Henry VII and Henry VIII." 3218: 733:

and A. J. Pollard regard Richard himself as the most likely culprit. There was no formal accusation against Richard III on the matter; the

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Many historians believe that the princes were murdered; some have suggested that the act may have happened towards the end of summer 1483.

2945: 1430:. The jury was composed of ordinary citizens. The burden of proof was left to the prosecution. The jury found in favour of the defendant. 895:

to argue that Richard had in fact escaped death, and that Warbeck genuinely was Richard, a view also supported by the Scottish historian

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Wood, Charles T (April 1995). "Review: Richard III: A Medieval Kingship. by John Gillingham; The Princes in the Tower. by Alison Weir".

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account was discovered, argued that some accounts, including the Croyland Chronicle, might have been authored or heavily influenced by

2897:, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1987, pp.42; 51; Elston, Timothy, "Widowed Princess or Neglected Queen" in Levin & Bucholz (eds), 2214: 1399: 221: 3465:

Hatchard's Crime Companion: The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time Selected by the Crime Writers' Association; foreword by Len Deighton

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series. The programme followed criminal barrister Rob Rinder as he investigated new evidence from Langley's research initiative.

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In 1984, Channel 4 broadcast a four-hour "trial" of Richard III on the charge of murdering the princes. The presiding judge was

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never granted the approval required for any such testing of an interred royal. In 2022, Tracy Borman, joint chief curator of

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assumed power after the finale and erased Richard IV's reign from history, along with ruining the reputation of Richard III.

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This new evidence was presented in the UK on Channel 4 in an original 1 hour 45-minute "Factual Special" documentary,

1445:, in which Warbeck almost convinces Henry VII that he really is Richard, Duke of York. The real Princes are shown by 1084: 232:

in Yorkshire where, on 25 June, they were beheaded. Gloucester then took possession of the prince himself, prompting

111:, living at the time of their father's death in 1483. Aged 12 and 9 years old, respectively, they were lodged in the 3161:

The Princes in the Tower: Solving History's Greatest Cold Case: Amazon.co.uk: Philippa Langley: 9781803995410: Books

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and the barristers were recruited from the Queen's Counsel, but had to remain anonymous. Expert witnesses included

417:. Later accounts written after the accession of Henry Tudor are usually biased or influenced by Tudor propaganda. 3356: 2364: 857: 792:

Henry VII (Henry Tudor), following his seizure of the crown, executed some of the rival claimants to the throne.

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where the Princes in the Tower survived and grew to adulthood. Prince Richard, the father of main protagonist

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is an adaptation of Philippa Gregory's novel of the same name which speculates on the fate of Prince Richard.

143:, among others. It has also been suggested that one or both princes may have escaped assassination. In 1487, 2503: 1529: 1068: 335: 300: 1139: 1124: 1034: 780: 690: 631: 502: 371: 363: 140: 124: 116: 1230:(1998), where the bodies of two young boys, thought to be princes, are found hanged and burned. Martin's 3597: 868:

During the reign of Henry VII, two individuals claimed to be the princes who had somehow escaped death.

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Raphael Holinshed, "Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland ", 1577, p. 746, commencing on line 48.

2311: 1698:

Nicholas Pronay and John Cox (eds.), (Richard III and Yorkist History Trust, Gloucester: 1986), p. 153.

396:. The theme of innocent children awaiting an uncertain fate was popular amongst 19th-century painters. 2259:

Chapter Records XXIII to XXVI, The Chapter Library, St. George's Chapel, Windsor (Permission required)

147:

initially was crowned in Dublin as "King Edward," but later claimed by others to be York's cousin the

1407: 1214: 960: 885: 422: 375: 304: 136: 104: 72: 3176: 1391: 1221: 1197: 817: 762: 474: 401: 271: 266:. The act stated that Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville's marriage was invalid because of Edward's 233: 108: 96: 84: 3295:"Exclusive: Richard III may not have killed young princes in the Tower of London, researchers say" 1546: 1882: 1202: 1092: 793: 627: 479: 202: 193: 1814:

Dominicus Mancinus ad Angelum Catonem de occupatione regni Anglie per Riccardum Tercium libellus

252: 370:, urged the Estates General to "take warning" from the fate of the princes, as their own king, 3607: 3537: 3507: 3468: 3303: 2656: 2636: 2526: 2173: 2149: 1783: 1762: 1676: 1569: 1395: 1343: 1326: 1237: 1232: 1156: 1134: 982: 800: 734: 711: 694: 651: 586: 343: 257: 229: 168: 3489: 2167: 3499: 1960: 1924: 1874: 1740: 1576: 1507: 1423: 1360: 1271: 1226: 1146: 1062: 1056: 992: 900: 881: 841: 809: 674: 638:

held "a very different view" on the subject and could potentially support an investigation.

635: 575: 382:(c.1500), however, identifies the Duke of Buckingham as the person "who put them to death". 327: 212:

Edward V and Gloucester set out for London from the west and north respectively, meeting at

184: 156: 3219:"New twist in Princes in the Tower mystery as evidence points to escape rather than murder" 2513: 2221: 2084: 1415: 1378: 1007: 766: 619: 611: 594: 517: 347: 288: 248: 241: 213: 112: 2268:

William St. John Hope: "Windsor Castle: An Architectural History", pages 418–419. (1913).

2007: 1606: 1461:

episode "His Butler, in an Isolated Castle" features the ghosts of the two young princes.

495:, compiled around 30 years after the princes' disappearance, names Richard as murderer. 3493: 2339:"Mystery of Princes in the Tower could finally be solved — with help from King Charles" 2041:"Did Richard III Order the Deaths of His Nephews as They Slept in the Tower of London?" 1442: 1260: 1002: 892: 880:

later claimed to be Richard, appearing in Ireland and calling himself king Richard IV.

877: 869: 813: 626:

has prompted renewed interest in re-excavating the skeletons of the "two princes", but

579: 393: 351: 331: 292: 262: 198: 152: 144: 76: 3571: 1503: 1427: 1298: 1209: 1187: 1107: 1014: 955: 896: 775: 722: 706: 537: 510: 488: 276: 180: 3332:

The Princes in the Tower: Solving History's Greatest Cold Case, pp.173-181, 309-310.

1744: 907:, had identified a man as Prince Richard by examining three birthmarks on his body. 17: 3100: 2369: 1454: 1115: 1044: 730: 385: 315: 225: 188: 2238: 2099: 2391: 1318: 1308: 1243: 954:

The mystery of the Princes in the Tower has spawned best-selling novels such as

498: 320: 267: 3245: 3159: 2491:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 27 August 2013 1964: 2488: 1928: 1449:

to be still alive, but insane after many years imprisoned in chains in a cell.

1386: 837: 201:. Edward's request may not have mattered, however, since "as the precedent of 197:

states that, before his death, Edward IV designated his brother Gloucester as

3554:"Watch The Princes in the Tower: The New Evidence | Stream free on Channel 4" 3503: 3307: 1406:. There is no explanation of what became of Edward V. According to the show, 1402:

following the accidental death of Richard III after a Yorkist victory at the

578:

marks the resting place of the putative princes. The inscription, written in

1580: 1434: 968:

series, and continues to attract the attention of historians and novelists.

911: 891:

The fact that two persons claimed to be Richard led the 18th-century writer

3002: 2077: 872:

was crowned as "King Edward" in Dublin, with his supporters naming him as

721:

In line with this contemporary opinion many current historians, including

865:

the boys had been murdered, but not to speculate when or by whose hand."

397: 80: 1731:

Rhodes, D.E. (April 1962). "The Princes in the Tower and Their Doctor".

1275: 799:

The year after becoming king, Henry married the princes' eldest sister,

3536:

by Richard Drewett and Mark Redhead, published by Alan Sutton in 1984,

1886: 1873:(2). Cambridge University Press: Medieval Academy of America: 371–372. 1465: 217: 2312:"Richard III, the great villain of English history, is due a makeover" 151:. And again several years later, from 1491 until his capture in 1497, 3267:"Did Richard III actually save the boy king he's accused of killing?" 1382: 405: 3193:"Princes in the Tower 'survived to become pretenders to the throne'" 2934:

Holinshed, Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, 1577 p. 746.

2776: 2774: 1948: 1912: 1878: 548:, which similarly indicts Richard for murdering the young princes. 390:

King Edward V and the Duke of York (Richard) in the Tower of London

183:, and the dead king's brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was at 1490: 1458: 665: 414: 384: 63: 1825:

R. F. Walker, "Princes in the Tower", in S. H. Steinberg et al.,

216:

on 29 April. The following morning, Gloucester arrested Edward's

2059:"Richard III's links to 'Princes in the Tower' mystery deepened" 3130:(second ed.). Stroud: The History Press. pp. 172–174. 2922:

Good King Richard? An Account of Richard III and his reputation

2840:

Good King Richard? An Account of Richard III and his Reputation

2822:

Good King Richard? An Account of Richard III and his Reputation

1355:

Henry VII and the Tudor Pretenders; Simnel, Warbeck and Warwick

374:, was only 13. The early reports, including that of Rochefort, 3007: 3003:"The White Queen – What happened to the Princes in the Tower?" 2946:"Philippa Gregory tells the true story behind The White Queen" 1993:

The Princes in the Tower: Solving History’s Greatest Cold Case

1365:

The Princes in the Tower: Solving History's Greatest Cold Case

920:

The Princes in the Tower: Solving History's Greatest Cold Case

840:(Edward IV's mistress). The Beaufort theory was supported by 2417:(Revised ed.). Stroud: History Press. pp. 209–210. 2006:

Fabyan, Robert (1902) . Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (ed.).

107:. The brothers were the only sons of the king by his queen, 2450: 2448: 1816:; Translated to English by C.A.J. Armstrong (London, 1936) 3357:"Preview - the Princes in the Tower Series 21, episode 3" 2365:"Why the princes in the tower are staying six feet under" 1419:

is dedicated to the unsolved case of the missing princes.

1413:

An episode of the Canadian children's documentary series

2653:

She-Wolves: the Women who Ruled England before Elizabeth

2382: 2380: 2432:(Revised ed.). Stroud: History Press. p. 210. 1323:

Royal Blood: Richard III and the mystery of the princes

501:(a Tudor loyalist who had grown up in the household of 95:

refers to the mystery of the fate of the deposed King

42: 2194:

Following in the Footsteps of the Princes in the Tower

295:, an English physician who later served as provost of 191:

to publicly "pledge his loyalty to his new king". The

2899:

Queens and Power in Medieval and Early Modern England

1840:

England in the Later Middle Ages: A Political History

69:

The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower, 1483

2487:

Rosemary Horrox, 'Tyrell, Sir James (c.1455–1502)’,

1981:, Translated by Michael Jones (1972), pp.354, 396–7. 1265:

Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of Richard III

570:, interred in Westminster Abbey, in the wall of the 209:

was not bound to follow the wishes of a dead king".

1801:

The Coronation of Richard III: the Extant Documents

350:), all of whom were living under Richard's care at 3293: 2390:. Richardiii.net. 30 November 2006. Archived from 2224:, Wordpress: Richard III Society – American Branch 2215:'Examination on the alleged murder of the Princes' 3401:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 151. 2785:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 148. 2601:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 151. 681:they were murdered at the behest of Richard III. 3434:(2nd ed.). Stroud: Alan Sutton. p. 45. 2767:(2nd ed.). Stroud: Alan Sutton. p. 46. 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2169:The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy 2106:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 1696:The Crowland Chronicle Continuations, 1459–1486, 2525:The Princes in the Tower by Alison Weir (1992) 2120:, R.S. Sylvester (ed.), (Newhaven: 1976), p. 88 463:Foes to my rest and my sweet sleep's disturbers 433: 2708: 2706: 2611:Richard III by Michael Hicks (2003) pp 223–224 1564: 1562: 1474:is an adaptation of Philippa Gregory's novels 115:by their paternal uncle and England's regent, 3139: 3137: 2978: 2976: 2277:Vetusta Monumenta, Volume III, page 4 (1789). 1829:, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1963, p. 286. 441:Darest thou resolve to kill a friend of mine? 59:15th-century English siblings who disappeared 8: 3049:. pp. 323–324 – via Google Books. 3032:Government and Community: England, 1450-1509 2901:, University of Nebraska Press, 2009, p. 19. 2833: 2831: 400:is again depicted wearing the emblem of the 119:, in preparation for Edward V's forthcoming 3492:. In Kamm, Jürgen; Neumann, Birgit (eds.). 2235:"Richard III and the princes – e-petitions" 2131:A Pictorial and Descriptive Guide to London 2023:princes, or even questioned on the princes. 1942: 1940: 1938: 1348:The Mythology of the "Princes in the Tower" 756:Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester 699:Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland 469:Tyrrel, I mean those bastards in the Tower. 26: 2871:New York: Metro Books, 2010. Print. p. 89. 2625:. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 112–114. 1913:"Richard III: A Doubtful Verdict Reviewed" 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1512:The Princes in the Tower: The New Evidence 650:. Those found in the tower were buried in 505:, an avowed foe of Richard III) wrote The 466:Are they that I would have thee deal upon: 460:Why, there thou hast it: two deep enemies, 342:) and Edward IV's two youngest daughters ( 3181:. Season 21. Episode 3. 22 November 2023. 3105:University of Leicester: Richard III team 2542:Richard III by Michael Hicks (2003) p 189 2454:Richard III by Michael Hicks (2003) p 210 2133:. Ward, Lock & Co. 1928. p. 234. 1739:(303). Oxford University Press: 304–306. 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 606:In 1789, workmen carrying out repairs in 595:British government's "e-petition" website 3034:. Harvard University Press. p. 339. 2623:Elizabeth of York: The First Tudor Queen 2584:Elizabeth of York: The First Tudor Queen 2475:Elizabeth of York: The First Tudor Queen 1995:. The History Press. pp. 77–78, 84. 1959:(23). Oxford University Press: 444–464. 1923:(22). Oxford University Press: 250–283. 1726: 1724: 1722: 1673:Richard III and the princes in the tower 1437:and RDF Media produced a drama entitled 1303:Richard III and the Princes in the Tower 874:Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick 32:This is an accepted version of this page 2996: 2994: 2700:, J. Strachey (ed.), VI, (1777), p. 276 2551: 2489:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2104:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1979:Memoirs: the Reign of Louis XI, 1461–83 1812:"The Usurpation of Richard the Third", 1611:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1558: 1050:The Dragon Waiting: A Masque of History 624:discovery of the remains of Richard III 425:, in order to incriminate Richard III. 280:justification for Richard's accession. 28: 3060: 3058: 3056: 2895:Lambert Simnel and the Battle of Stoke 2857:. London: Macmillan. pp. 884–885. 1911:Markham, Clement Robert (April 1891). 1709:"Chalmers' Biography, vol. 32, p. 351" 964:and four novels in Philippa Gregory's 748:Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham 742:Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham 3079:Horace Walpole: The Critical Heritage 3066:Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses 2717:. New York: Norton. pp. 487–489. 2586:. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 105. 2506:The History of King Richard the Third 2477:. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 104. 2026:The History of King Richard the Third 648:Saint George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 423:John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury 7: 3488:Sedlmayr, Gerold (26 January 2016). 3314:from the original on 12 January 2022 2882:Elizabeth: England's Slandered Queen 2732:. London: Vintage. pp. 151–152. 2635:Richard III by Michael Hicks (2003) 1842:, Routledge: New York, 2003, p. 388. 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 3490:"The Uses of History in Blackadder" 2310:Robert McCrum (15 September 2012). 2296:Art Ramirez, "A Medieval Mystery", 1949:"Did Henry VII Murder the Princes?" 1827:A New Dictionary of British History 1277:Richard III: His Life and Character 1059:– "I, Richard" (short story) (2002) 846:The Real White Queen and her Rivals 828:Some scholars have instead accused 101:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York 3292:Gardner, Bill (28 December 2021). 2337:Ward, Victoria (14 October 2022). 452:But I had rather kill two enemies. 222:Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers 57: 3399:The Life and Times of Richard III 2924:. London: Constable. p. 128. 2842:. London: Constable. p. 135. 2824:. London: Constable. p. 134. 2783:The Life and Times of Richard III 2682:James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps 2599:The Life and Times of Richard III 2039:Solly, Meilan (4 February 2021). 1510:presented a Channel 4 programme, 844:in a 2013 BBC documentary series 656:discovery in a Leicester car park 83:at right wears the garter of the 3148:. Stroud: Amberley. p. 118. 2987:. Stroud: Amberley. p. 116. 2800:. New York: Norton. p. 488. 2686:Letters of the Kings of England, 2363:Travis, Alan (5 February 2013). 905:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 830:John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk 671:The sons of Edward IV of England 2118:The History of King Richard III 1799:Peter Hammond and Anne Sutton, 987:The Little Princes in the Tower 598:prove who or what killed them. 99:and his younger brother Prince 3128:Richard III: The Maligned King 1525:List of people who disappeared 689:Many historians conclude that 509:, c.1513. This identified Sir 135:, their future brother-in-law 103:, heirs to the throne of King 1: 3246:"The Missing Princes Project" 2796:Kendall, Paul Murray (1955). 2713:Kendall, Paul Murray (1955). 2196:(Pen & Sword Books, 2019) 2098:Baker-Smith, Dominic (2014). 1953:The English Historical Review 1947:Gairdner, James (July 1891). 1917:The English Historical Review 1745:10.1093/ehr/lxxvii.ccciii.304 1733:The English Historical Review 1293:The Year of Three Kings, 1483 3045:Hume, David (4 March 1812). 2884:. Stroud: Tempus, 2006, 245. 2869:Kings and Queens of England. 2516:. Accessed 20 September 2013 608:St. George's Chapel, Windsor 3030:Jack Robert Lander (1980). 1761:. 2017, St. Martins Press, 1441:about the interrogation of 1236:is inspired in part by the 507:History of King Richard III 220:including the boys' uncle, 117:Richard, Duke of Gloucester 3644: 3623:Unsolved deaths in England 3588:1480s missing person cases 3463:Moody, Susan, ed. (1990). 3397:Cheetham, Anthony (1972). 3081:, Routledge, 1987, p. 124. 2753:on folio. io6r. of the MS. 2063:University of Huddersfield 2012:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1803:(Palgrave Macmillan, 1984) 1675:. Alan Sutton Publishing. 1286:The Mystery of the Princes 1151:The Murders of Richard III 3430:Bennett, Michael (1993). 3107:. University of Leicester 3068:, ABC-CLIO, 2001, p. 289. 2781:Cheetham, Antony (1972). 2763:Bennett, Michael (1993). 2597:Cheetham, Antony (1972). 2172:. Routledge. p. 65. 1991:Philippa Langley (2023). 1613:. Oxford University Press 1605:Horrox, Rosemary (2004). 1367:(The History Press, 2023) 836:(Henry VII's mother), or 574:. A monument designed by 368:Lord Chancellor of France 297:King's College, Cambridge 240:, and her daughters into 224:, and their half-brother 3613:Missing English children 3534:The Trial of Richard III 3504:10.1057/9781137552952_10 3175:"Princes in the Tower". 3126:Carson, Annette (2013). 2730:The Princes in the Tower 2220:21 February 2019 at the 2146:The Princes in the Tower 2083:26 February 2009 at the 1965:10.1093/ehr/vi.xxiii.444 1853:The Princes of the Tower 1780:The Princes in the Tower 1484:The Kingmaker's Daughter 1404:Battle of Bosworth Field 1398:, assumed the throne as 1338:The Princes in the Tower 1313:The Princes in the Tower 1102:Margaret Peterson Haddix 1085:The Kingmaker's Daughter 1025:Margaret Campbell Barnes 927:The Princes in the Tower 268:pre-contract of marriage 167:had the bones buried in 39:latest accepted revision 3144:Baldwin, David (2013). 2983:Baldwin, David (2013). 2952:. The Radio Times (BBC) 2920:Potter, Jeremy (1983). 2853:Penman, Sharon (1983). 2838:Potter, Jeremy (1983). 2820:Potter, Jeremy (1983). 2493:(subscription required) 2428:Hicks, Michael (2003). 2413:Hicks, Michael (2003). 2388:"The Society – History" 2088:1846 edition, pp. 188–9 1929:10.1093/ehr/vi.xxii.250 1581:10.1111/1468-229X.13100 1530:List of unsolved deaths 1325:(HarperCollins, 1998) ( 336:Edward, Earl of Warwick 301:Arthur, Prince of Wales 236:to take her other son, 3618:Richard III of England 3593:15th century in London 3432:The Battle of Bosworth 2855:The Sunne in Splendour 2765:The Battle of Bosworth 2688:Vol. 1 (1846), p. 161. 2148:. 1992, Random House, 1977:Philippe de Commines, 1782:. 1992, Random House, 1671:Pollard, A.J. (1991). 1607:"Edward IV of England" 1575:106.369 (2021): 4-25. 1545:106.369 (2021): 4-25. 1336:Josephine Wilkinson – 1140:The Sunne in Splendour 1125:Rosemary Hawley Jarman 781:The Sunne in Splendour 677: 632:Historic Royal Palaces 601: 529:Holinshed's Chronicles 485: 409: 364:Guillaume de Rochefort 244:at Westminster Abbey. 141:Lady Margaret Beaufort 88: 87:beneath his left knee. 2728:Weir, Alison (2008). 2698:Rotuli Parliamentorum 2621:Weir, Alison (2013). 2582:Weir, Alison (2013). 2512:16 March 2016 at the 2473:Weir, Alison (2013). 2166:Steane, John (1993). 2029:, by Sir Thomas More. 1129:"We Speak No Treason" 778:'s historical novel, 669: 572:Henry VII Lady Chapel 388: 303:, eldest son of King 238:Richard, Duke of York 171:, where they remain. 67: 3578:Princes in the Tower 3498:. pp. 153–166. 3467:. London: Hatchard. 2135:Guidebook to London. 2045:Smithsonian Magazine 2009:Chronicles of London 1439:Princes in the Tower 1284:Audrey Williamson – 1215:The Daughter of Time 1168:The Daughter of York 1162:A Rose for the Crown 961:The Daughter of Time 886:James IV of Scotland 746:The plausibility of 493:Chronicles of London 376:Philippe de Commines 305:Henry VII of England 228:. They were sent to 105:Edward IV of England 93:Princes in the Tower 79:picture collection. 75:, 1878, part of the 73:John Everett Millais 18:Princes in the tower 3603:Disappeared princes 3495:British TV Comedies 3369:Pollard pp. 137–139 3244:Langley, Philippa. 3223:The Daily Telegraph 3178:Secrets of the Dead 3077:Sabor, Peter (ed), 2944:Gregory, Philippa. 1392:alternative history 1222:George R. R. Martin 1198:William Shakespeare 931:Secrets of the Dead 818:Richard III Society 763:Paul Murray Kendall 642:Unidentified bodies 483:(Act IV, scene II) 475:William Shakespeare 402:Order of the Garter 299:, and as doctor to 272:Lady Eleanor Butler 234:Elizabeth Woodville 157:Duchess of Burgundy 109:Elizabeth Woodville 97:Edward V of England 85:Order of the Garter 29:Page version status 3343:"The New Evidence" 3273:. 29 December 2021 3225:. 16 November 2023 3199:. 16 November 2023 2893:Bennett, Michael, 2867:Cawthorne, Nigel. 2394:on 12 October 2018 2298:Ricardian Bulletin 2241:on 14 October 2013 1496:The White Princess 1468:10-part TV series 1396:Edmund Plantagenet 1390:is set in a comic 1291:Giles St. Aubyn – 1248:Plan for the Worst 1093:The White Princess 997:Tournament of Time 950:In popular culture 794:John of Gloucester 678: 628:Queen Elizabeth II 602:St George's Chapel 410: 319:Tower were dead." 253:Saint Paul's Cross 194:Croyland Chronicle 133:Duke of Buckingham 89: 35: 3513:978-1-349-55518-5 3387:Hicks pp. 211–212 2880:Arlene Okerlund, 2661:978-0-571-23706-7 2641:978-0-7524-2589-4 2531:978-0-345-39178-0 2300:, September 2001. 2116:Sir Thomas More, 2075:Polydore Vergil, 1757:Skidmore, Chris. 1447:Margaret Beaufort 1344:John Ashdown-Hill 1272:Markham, Clements 1238:Wars of the Roses 1233:A Game of Thrones 1192:The Claws of Time 1157:Anne Easter Smith 1135:Sharon Kay Penman 852:Survival theories 834:Margaret Beaufort 801:Elizabeth of York 735:Bill of Attainder 712:Babes in the Wood 695:Raphael Holinshed 652:Westminster Abbey 587:George Northcroft 258:Act of Parliament 230:Pontefract Castle 169:Westminster Abbey 47:18 September 2024 16:(Redirected from 3635: 3562: 3561: 3558:www.channel4.com 3550: 3544: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3297: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3101:"Annette Carson" 3097: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3075: 3069: 3062: 3051: 3050: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3001:Baldwin, David. 2998: 2989: 2988: 2980: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2891: 2885: 2878: 2872: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2835: 2826: 2825: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2649: 2643: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2534: 2523: 2517: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2470: 2455: 2452: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2384: 2375: 2374: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2307: 2301: 2294: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2237:. Archived from 2231: 2225: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2192:Andrew Beattie, 2190: 2184: 2183: 2163: 2157: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2127: 2121: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2095: 2089: 2078:Anglica Historia 2073: 2067: 2066: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2036: 2030: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1988: 1982: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1944: 1933: 1932: 1908: 1891: 1890: 1862: 1856: 1849: 1843: 1836: 1830: 1823: 1817: 1810: 1804: 1797: 1791: 1776: 1770: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1728: 1717: 1716: 1713:FromOldBooks.org 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1668: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1602: 1583: 1566: 1508:Philippa Langley 1424:Lord Elwyn-Jones 1361:Philippa Langley 1295:(Atheneum, 1983) 1281: 1227:A Clash of Kings 1174:The King's Grace 1147:Elizabeth Peters 1063:Philippa Gregory 1057:Elizabeth George 1039:A Secret Alchemy 993:Elaine M. Alphin 901:Philippa Langley 882:Margaret of York 842:Philippa Gregory 810:Bermondsey Abbey 636:King Charles III 576:Christopher Wren 522:Anglica Historia 480:King Richard III 456:KING RICHARD III 437:KING RICHARD III 340:Duke of Clarence 328:Clements Markham 226:Sir Richard Grey 185:Middleham Castle 139:, or his mother 21: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3628:Tower of London 3583:1483 in England 3568: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3090:Pollard 214–216 3089: 3085: 3076: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3000: 2999: 2992: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2892: 2888: 2879: 2875: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2836: 2829: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2810:Pollard 123–124 2809: 2805: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2779: 2772: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2655:(Faber, 2010), 2650: 2646: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2563:Pollard 121–122 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2524: 2520: 2514:Wayback Machine 2502: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2471: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2386: 2385: 2378: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2222:Wayback Machine 2213: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2115: 2111: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2085:Wayback Machine 2074: 2070: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2021: 2017: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1972: 1946: 1945: 1936: 1910: 1909: 1894: 1879:10.2307/2864918 1864: 1863: 1859: 1850: 1846: 1837: 1833: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1798: 1794: 1777: 1773: 1756: 1752: 1730: 1729: 1720: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1670: 1669: 1626: 1616: 1614: 1604: 1603: 1586: 1567: 1560: 1555: 1538: 1536:Further reading 1521: 1476:The White Queen 1471:The White Queen 1416:Mystery Hunters 1381:of the British 1374: 1270: 1257: 1069:The White Queen 979: 974: 952: 939: 854: 826: 790: 767:College of Arms 744: 687: 664: 644: 620:King George III 612:King George III 604: 568:King Charles II 559: 557:Tower of London 554: 518:Polydore Vergil 486: 431: 360: 307:(Henry Tudor). 289:Dominic Mancini 286: 249:Tower of London 214:Stony Stratford 177: 165:King Charles II 149:Earl of Warwick 113:Tower of London 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3641: 3639: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3563: 3545: 3526: 3512: 3480: 3473: 3455: 3453:Pollard p. 139 3446: 3437: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3348: 3334: 3325: 3284: 3258: 3236: 3210: 3184: 3167: 3151: 3133: 3118: 3092: 3083: 3070: 3064:Wagner, John, 3052: 3037: 3022: 2990: 2972: 2963: 2936: 2927: 2912: 2903: 2886: 2873: 2860: 2845: 2827: 2812: 2803: 2788: 2770: 2755: 2745: 2735: 2720: 2702: 2690: 2674: 2665: 2651:Helen Castor, 2644: 2628: 2613: 2604: 2589: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2544: 2535: 2518: 2496: 2480: 2456: 2444: 2435: 2420: 2405: 2376: 2355: 2329: 2302: 2289: 2279: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2226: 2207: 2198: 2185: 2178: 2158: 2144:Weir, Alison. 2137: 2122: 2109: 2090: 2068: 2050: 2031: 2015: 1998: 1983: 1970: 1934: 1892: 1857: 1844: 1831: 1818: 1805: 1792: 1778:Weir, Alison. 1771: 1750: 1718: 1700: 1688: 1681: 1624: 1584: 1568:Tim Thornton, 1557: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1500: 1487: 1462: 1450: 1443:Perkin Warbeck 1431: 1420: 1411: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1358: 1353:Nathen Amin - 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J. Pollard 1297: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1210:Josephine Tey 1208: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1188:Jason Charles 1186: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1077:The Red Queen 1074: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015:Valerie Anand 1013: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1001: 998: 994: 991: 988: 984: 981: 980: 976: 971: 969: 967: 963: 962: 957: 956:Josephine Tey 949: 947: 943: 936: 934: 932: 928: 923: 921: 915: 913: 908: 906: 902: 898: 897:Malcolm Laing 894: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 859: 858:David Baldwin 851: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 823: 821: 819: 815: 811: 806: 802: 797: 795: 787: 785: 783: 782: 777: 776:Sharon Penman 771: 768: 764: 759: 757: 753: 749: 741: 739: 736: 732: 728: 727:Michael Hicks 724: 723:David Starkey 719: 715: 713: 708: 707:House of York 702: 700: 696: 692: 684: 682: 676: 675:Pedro Américo 672: 668: 661: 659: 657: 653: 649: 641: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 615: 613: 609: 599: 596: 590: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 556: 551: 549: 547: 541: 539: 538:A. J. Pollard 535: 531: 530: 525: 523: 519: 515: 512: 511:James Tyrrell 508: 504: 500: 496: 494: 490: 489:Robert Fabyan 484: 482: 481: 476: 468: 465: 462: 459: 457: 454: 451: 448: 446: 443: 440: 438: 435: 434: 429:Early writers 428: 426: 424: 418: 416: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 357: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 322: 317: 312: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 284:Disappearance 283: 281: 279: 278: 277:ex post facto 273: 269: 265: 264: 259: 254: 250: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 210: 208: 207:Privy Council 204: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 182: 181:Ludlow Castle 174: 172: 170: 166: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 3598:Brother duos 3557: 3548: 3533: 3529: 3517:. Retrieved 3494: 3483: 3464: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3425: 3420:Hicks p. 212 3416: 3407: 3398: 3392: 3383: 3374: 3365: 3351: 3337: 3328: 3316:. Retrieved 3299: 3287: 3275:. Retrieved 3270: 3261: 3249:. Retrieved 3239: 3227:. Retrieved 3222: 3213: 3201:. Retrieved 3196: 3187: 3177: 3170: 3160: 3154: 3145: 3127: 3121: 3109:. Retrieved 3104: 3095: 3086: 3078: 3073: 3065: 3040: 3031: 3025: 3013:. Retrieved 3006: 2984: 2966: 2954:. Retrieved 2949: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2915: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2881: 2876: 2868: 2863: 2854: 2848: 2839: 2821: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2791: 2782: 2764: 2758: 2748: 2738: 2729: 2723: 2714: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2677: 2668: 2652: 2647: 2631: 2622: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2592: 2583: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2552:Markham 1906 2547: 2538: 2521: 2505: 2499: 2483: 2474: 2438: 2429: 2423: 2414: 2408: 2396:. Retrieved 2392:the original 2370:The Guardian 2368: 2358: 2346:. Retrieved 2342: 2332: 2320:. Retrieved 2316:The Guardian 2315: 2305: 2297: 2292: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2255: 2243:. Retrieved 2239:the original 2229: 2210: 2205:Weir, p. 257 2201: 2193: 2188: 2168: 2161: 2156:, pp. 252–3. 2145: 2140: 2130: 2125: 2117: 2112: 2103: 2093: 2076: 2071: 2062: 2053: 2044: 2034: 2025: 2018: 2008: 2001: 1992: 1986: 1978: 1973: 1956: 1952: 1920: 1916: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1852: 1847: 1839: 1838:M. H. Keen, 1834: 1826: 1821: 1813: 1808: 1800: 1795: 1779: 1774: 1758: 1753: 1736: 1732: 1712: 1703: 1695: 1691: 1672: 1615:. Retrieved 1610: 1572: 1542: 1511: 1494: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1455:Black Butler 1453: 1438: 1414: 1385: 1379:first series 1364: 1354: 1347: 1337: 1322: 1312: 1302: 1292: 1285: 1276: 1264: 1247: 1231: 1225: 1213: 1206:(circa 1595) 1201: 1191: 1179: 1173: 1167: 1161: 1150: 1138: 1128: 1114: 1106: 1091: 1083: 1075: 1067: 1048: 1045:John M. 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