115:
4413:
2377:
2520:
2323:
3961:
4329:
797:
1656:
783:
4026:
1979:
101:
744:
2708:
2420:
2609:
2774:
716:
901:
114:
2194:, and further installed a subdelegate, Peter Christian Dodt, replacing Bremen-Verden's deputation (decision-taking body), however, allowing Bremen-Verden's government (executive body) to work on. Napoleon I especially confiscated the Hanoverian electoral demesnes in order to enfeoff veterans with them. He retained exclusive access to the domains and their earnings, when on 1 March 1810 he allowed his brother King
1134:. Tilly then invaded Bremen and captured its southern parts. The city of Bremen shut its city gates and entrenched behind its improved fortifications. In 1628, Tilly besieged Stade with its remaining garrison of 3,500 Danish and English soldiers. On 5 May 1628 Tilly granted them safe-conduct to England and Denmark-Norway and the whole of ecclesiastical Bremen was in his hands. Now Tilly turned to the city of
1534:
2652:
758:
730:
1483:, ruling from 1644 to 1654, from 1648 on simultaneously Duchess of Bremen and Verden, sought after annexing the Free Imperial City of Bremen for it would be an important taxpayer. Earlier the city of Bremen had de facto participated in the Diets of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. The latter's successor state, the Swedish Duchy of Bremen, tried to regain the city, arguing the
2467:
1899:
2244:, Hanover had become a state of very conservative and backward rule, with a local government recruited from local aristocrats adding much to the preservation of outdated structures. The administrative union with Hanover only followed in 1823, when a local government reform united Bremen-Verden and Hadeln to form the
1122:
In 1626, Tilly and his
Catholic League troops occupied Verden, causing the Lutheran clergy to flee. He demanded that the Chapter of Bremen allow him to enter the Prince-Archbishopric and while the Chapter declared its loyalty to the Emperor, it delayed an answer to the request, arguing that it had to
3845:, Brage Bei der Wieden and Jan Lokers (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 2002, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 16)
1803:
proper, the constitutional and administrative bodies in the
Swedish dominions gradually lost de facto importance due to ever growing centralisation. Bremen-Verden's Estates lost more and more influence, they less and less often convened. After 1692, the estates' say had almost vanished. This led to
3808:: 3vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995–2008, vol. 3: 'Neuzeit (2008)', (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 9), pp. 301–332, here p. 306,
1408:
The Holy Roman Empire's taxes were collected and armies recruited and financed along the lines of the imperial circles. Bremen and Verden sent their representatives to the circle diet (Kreistag) of their respective imperial circle. The circle diet decided how to share the burden of the taxes to be
1731:
The rise of
Swedish centralisation and absolutism found its way partially into Bremen-Verden's practise. Bremen-Verden wasn't streamlined as to its jurisdiction and its military system, but the latter strictly subjected to Stockholms generalty. Especially in jurisdiction, Bremen-Verden's Estates
1471:
The
Swedish takeover in 1648 became a milestone for Bremen-Verden's interior constitution. Bremen-Verden turned from two elective monarchies into a hereditary double monarchy, with a personal rule of the prince-(arch)bishop or administrator exchanged for a viceregent government bound by Swedish
2127:
alone levied in Bremen-Verden. In 1803, the Duchy of Bremen had 180,000 inhabitants and an area of 5,325.4 square kilometres, the
Principality of Verden 1,359.7 square kilometres and 20,000 inhabitants in 1806, while Hadeln comprised 311.6 square kilometres and had about 14,000 inhabitants.
1200:
The reconquest of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, helped by forces from Sweden and from the city of Bremen, was completed by 10 May 1632. John
Frederick was back in his office, only to realise what Swedish supremacy meant. The Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen continuously suffered from
1188:
Lutheran prince-bishoprics. John
Frederick speculated to regain the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and therefore in June/July 1631 officially allied himself with Sweden. For the war being John Frederick accepted Swedish overlordship, while Gustavus Adolphus promised to restitute the
1640:, Brunswick and Lunenburg (Celle), Denmark-Norway, Leopold I and the United Netherlands to the scene, all in favour of the city, with Brandenburgian, Brunswickian, Danish and Dutch troops at Bremen-Verden's borders ready to invade. So Sweden had to sign on 15 November 1666 the
1192:
In
October, an army newly recruited by John Frederick started to reconquer the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and — supported by Swedish troops — to capture the neighboured Prince-Bishopric of Verden, de facto dismissing Verden's intermittent Catholic Prince-Bishop
1568:, who was his vassal as Duchess, to compensate the city for the damages caused and to restitute Lehe. When in March 1654, the city started to recruit soldiers in the area of Bederkesa, in order to prepare for further arbitrary acts by Swedish Bremen-Verden, the latter's
1472:
instructions. The lax administrative structures were replaced with strictly hierarchic authorities with fixed competences. The co-rule of the
Estates was curtailed. Bremen and Verden declined from independent territories of imperial immediacy to a collectively governed
1249:
on 13 August 1645, and a number of Danish territories, including the two
Swedish occupied prince-bishoprics, were ceded into Swedish hands. So Frederick II had to resign as Administrator in both prince-bishoprics. He succeeded his late father on the Danish throne as
3825:
1225:
illegitimate. But the Swedish occupants had to be persuaded first, to accept Prince Frederick's succession. So Chapter and Estates ruled the Prince-Archbishopric until the conclusion of the negotiations with Sweden. In 1635, he succeeded as Lutheran Administrator
3518:(established in 1397), now providing the local fire insurance in the shown area and supporting with its surplusses cultural efforts in and scientific works on the area. The ambit covers almost exactly the former Duchies of Bremen and Verden except of some of
1930:
At both feoffments George II of Great Britain swore that he would respect the existing privileges and constitutions of the Estates in Bremen-Verden and in Hadeln, thus confirming 400-year-old traditions of Estate participation in their governments. Being a
1926:
at the Northern tip of Bremen-Verden, since 1180 an exclave, first of the younger Duchy of Saxony and from 1296 on of the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg. It took George II until 1733 to get the emperor to also enfeoff him with the Duchies of Bremen and Verden.
1597:
in November 1654. This treaty left the main issue, accepting the city of Bremen's imperial immediacy, unresolved. But the city agreed to pay tribute and levy taxes in favour of and cede its possessions around Bederkesa and Lehe to Swedish Bremen-Verden.
1205:
and alimenting soldiers. The relation between the Estates, who had to maintain administration under Catholic occupation, and the returned Administrator were difficult. The Estates preferred to directly negotiate with the occupants, this time the Swedes.
1126:
Meanwhile, Christian IV arranged for Dutch, English and French troops to land in Bremen. The Chapter's pleas for a reduction of the contributions, Christian IV commented by arguing once the Leaguists would take over, his extortions will seem little.
3561:, Heinz-Joachim Schulze (ed.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1989, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 3), pp. 97–123, here pp. 97seqq.
1423:. Bremen-Verden provided Sweden a strategic advantage, because it would participate with them in recruiting and financing armies in two imperial circles already covering all of the northern and north-western parts of the Holy Roman Empire, with
1409:
levied among the member territories. Thus Bremen and Verden even conflicted on the border between each other — i.e. on who may levy taxes where — which were not solved, even though the two fiefs were ruled in personal union by Sweden.
3574:, Heinz-Joachim Schulze (ed.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1989, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 3), pp. 84–96, here p. 92.
3548:, Heinz-Joachim Schulze (ed.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1989, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 3), pp. 84-96, here p. 92.
2122:
holding up the Hanoverian stake, had fled to the trans-Elbian Hanoverian territory of Saxe-Lauenburg on 30 May, taking seat in Lauenburg upon Elbe. In the summer of 1803, the French occupants raised their first war contribution with 21,165
119:
Former Bremen-Verden as of 1730 (in light pink) pasted over today's state borders (grey) and former region borders (white, as of 1977) with broken lines, indicating their changes between 1731 and 1977. At the northern tip the
1690:
So the Danes ruled territories clung around Bremen-Verden at its northern and western border. Both powers entered into a dangerous competition for the exclusive opportunity to levy the lucrative tolls from ships heading for
1557:. Early in 1653 Bremen-Verden's Swedish troops captured Lehe. In February 1654 the city of Bremen achieved that the Emperor granted it a seat and the vote in the Holy Roman Empire's Diet, thus accepting the city's status as
1796:. In the 1690s, the usual practise, that tax laws had a certain maturity, was abolished, so that the Swedish and Bremen-Verden's Estates had no chance any more to demand any concessions in return for a renewal of tax laws.
1732:
maintained their stake. But Bremen-Verden's tax-levying department, almost entirely manned with Swedes and using Swedish as administrative language, was directly subordinated to the finance ministry in Stockholm.
5022:
4286:
4317:
2118:
from 5 July 1803, confirming the military defeat of Hanover, the Hanoverian army was disarmed and its horses and ammunitions were handed over to the French. The Privy Council of Hanover, with minister
2071:
which Brandenburg-Prussia and France had stipulated, Brandenburg-Prussia would ensure the neutrality of the Holy Roman Empire in all the latter's territories north the demarcation line of the river
3698:, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), pp. 90seq. No ISBN.
3927:
2236:
in 1814. Even though Bremen-Verden's status as a territory of imperial immediacy had become void with the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Duchies were not right away incorporated in a
3711:, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 25. No ISBN.
3685:, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 58. No ISBN.
3672:, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 36. No ISBN.
3656:, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 34. No ISBN.
3613:, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 33. No ISBN.
3072:
Bremisch- und Verdischer Ritter-Sahl Oder Denckmahl Der Uhralten Berühmten Hoch-adelichen Geschlechter Insonderheit der Hochlöblichen Ritterschafft In Denen Hertzogthümern Bremen und Verden
3585:
2975:
2942:
2172:
1876:
1445:
1394:
1377:
1333:
831:
3709:
Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld
3696:
Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld
3683:
Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld
3670:
Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld
3654:
Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld
3611:
Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld
3598:
Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld
3600:, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 28
2255:(1823–1977), which emerged by the establishment of the High-Bailiwick of Stade in 1823, comprising the territories of the former Duchies of Bremen and Verden and the Land of Hadeln.
888:
With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Bremen-Verden's status as fiefs of imperial immediacy became void; as they had been in personal union with the neighbouring
5131:
3535:, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 2004, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der Ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 22).
1197:
who ruled 1630–1631, and causing the flight of the Catholic clergy wherever they arrived. The Prince-Bishopric of Verden was then subjected to Swedish military administration.
5081:
4295:
1935:
of the Holy Roman Empire and represented in its Diet by virtue of his Electorate of Hanover, George II Augustus didn't bother about Bremen-Verden's status of imperial estate.
1902:
Sketch map of Brunswick and Lunenburg Electorate (seat Hanover), c. 1720, and its neighbouring territories such as Brunswick and Lunenburg Duchy (seat Wolfenbüttel), and the
4310:
3594:
Königlich Großbritannischer und Churfürstlich-Braunschweigisch-Lüneburgischer zur Regierung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden verordneter Geheimer Rath und Regierungs-Räthe
1728:, in order to reorganise her revenues, in 1668 Christina of Sweden (after her Catholic conversion in 1655 Christina Alexandra), stopped by in Stade on her way home to Rome.
1108:
3433:(*1763–†1845), administrator, jurist, historian, especially of North Western German history including the time when Bremen-Verden was annexed as the French départements
2048:
was fighting on several fronts, even on its own territory. But also in Bremen-Verden men were drafted in order to recruit the 16,000 Hanoverian soldiers fighting in the
1168:
In February 1631 John Frederick, the exiled Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Archbishoprics of Bremen and Lübeck conferred with Gustavus II Adolphus and a number of
869:, meaning that they were transformed into hereditary monarchies by constitution, and from then on both the Duchy of Bremen and the Duchy of Verden were always ruled in
3570:
Beate Christine Fiedler, "Die Entwicklung der schwedischen Staatsform im 17. Jahrhundert und ihre Auswirkung auf die deutschen Provinzen Bremen und Verden", In:
3544:
Beate Christine Fiedler, "Die Entwicklung der schwedischen Staatsform im 17. Jahrhundert und ihre Auswirkung auf die deutschen Provinzen Bremen und Verden", In:
1388:), a fiscal and military substructure of the Empire. The Prince-Bishopric of Verden and thus its successor, the Duchy of Verden, on the other hand, belonged to the
4025:
5101:
5096:
4303:
3023:(*1766–†1845), Bremen-Verden's Estates elected him president of the provisional government after the French retreat. In 1823 he became the first High-Bailiff of
2147:, since 1804 France's new form of government, ceded Hanover, which it didn't hold anymore, to Brandenburg-Prussia, which captured it early in 1806. But when the
1687:, Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and the Prince-Bishopric of Verden from 1635 until he had been expelled by the Swedish occupants in 1645.
1527:
1237:
In 1635–1636 the Estates and Frederick II agreed with Sweden upon the prince-bishoprics' neutrality. But this didn't last long, because in the Danish-Swedish
3949:
2013:, son of George II and leading the Anglo-Hanoverian army. The French troops drove him and his army into remote Bremen-Verden, where in the former convent of
1537:
Bederkesa Castle, since 1381 stronghold of the City of Bremen's possessions within Swedish Bremen-Verden, in 1654 ceded to the latter by the Recess of Stade.
2376:
2083:
1149:, with Lutheran services suppressed and Lutheran pastors expelled. In July 1630, Tilly and most of the Catholic occupants were withdrawn, since on 26 June
2322:
2166:
In 1807 France replaced the Privy Council and the Hanoverian estates of the realm, as announced on 20 September, by its own occupational government, the
1680:
2519:
1804:
considerable unease among the Estates, so that in May 1694 representatives of the General Government of Bremen-Verden and the Estates met at the former
1644:, obliging it to destroy the fortresses built close to Bremen while banning the Free City of Bremen from sending its representative to the Diet of the
5126:
5086:
2030:
1045:, which was troubled by confrontation between Calvinist, Catholic and Lutheran rulers and their territories, Verden soon became involved in the war.
5136:
4015:
3159:
1888:
1843:
511:
2248:, administered according to unitarian modern standards, thereby doing away with various traditional government forms of Bremen, Verden and Hadeln.
2044:(1793–1797) with Britain and the Hanover Electorate and other war allies forming the coalition, didn't affect Bremen-Verden's territory, since the
1523:
2189:
2052:
under British command against Revolutionary France. In 1795, the Holy Roman Empire declared its neutrality, which of course included the British
1273:
feared falling under Swedish rule as well. Therefore, the city beseeched an imperial confirmation of its status of imperial immediacy from 1186 (
1775:
5106:
1762:
3533:
Herrschaft und Landesgrenze: die langwährenden Bemühungen um die Grenzziehung zwischen den Stiften und späteren Herzogtümern Bremen und Verden
4353:
3906:
3887:
3868:
3813:
4333:
4251:
5141:
2114:
on 26 May and installed — among others — two occupation companies in Bremen-Verden's capital Stade on 18 June. According to the
1246:
2082:
In April 1801, Brandenburg-Prussian troops arrived in Bremen-Verden's capital of Stade and stayed there until October the same year. The
1367:
without finding support by the emperor and a majority among the imperial estates, which never happened. They were parts of two different
3196:
1871:
1614:
4869:
4452:
2757:
2362:
2010:
1242:
1069:
878:
100:
1580:(March to July 1654), arguing to act in self-defence. The Free Imperial City of Bremen had meanwhile urged Ferdinand III for support.
1507:, since 1649 declared and 1650 recognised heir to the Swedish throne and thereby simultaneously to Bremen-Verden's dukedoms, came to
4966:
2264:
2033:
expelled again the occupants. Bremen-Verden remained unaffected for the rest of the war and after its end peace prevailed until the
1412:
1285:
3173:
3103:
1664:
1573:
460:
2184:
4879:
4381:
3942:
3382:
2714:
2526:
2021:. But King George II denied his recognition of the convention. In the following year, the British army, supported by troops from
1903:
1389:
1218:
1100:
1065:
1042:
307:
3350:(also Schnitker; *1648–†1719), organ constructor, built, among others, the organs in the Lutheran churches of St. Pancratius in
5037:
3311:
2780:
319:
137:
3572:
Landschaft und regionale Identität: Beiträge zur Geschichte der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden und des Landes Hadeln
3559:
Landschaft und regionale Identität: Beiträge zur Geschichte der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden und des Landes Hadeln
3546:
Landschaft und regionale Identität: Beiträge zur Geschichte der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden und des Landes Hadeln
908:
The territory belonging to the Duchies of Bremen and Verden covered a rough triangle of land between the mouths of the rivers
3995:
3985:
3457:
1911:
1323:, however, colloquially the Duchies of Bremen and Verden, without changing the territories' status of imperial immediacy and
1104:
1026:
721:
420:
4376:
4047:
3179:
2079:
maintaining the armed neutrality. But in 1801, 24,000 Prussian soldiers invaded Hanover, which surrendered without a fight.
1870:. In return for George I's aid, Denmark-Norway sold to him Bremen-Verden, which it kept under occupation since 1712. So the
1793:
1748:
790:
743:
4918:
4778:
4386:
4121:
4116:
4010:
4000:
3780:
3756:
3729:
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3359:
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2626:
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2119:
1606:
1602:
1328:
1112:
402:
347:
5091:
4913:
4366:
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2143:, 1803–1805). British, Swedish and Russian coalition forces captured Hanover, including Bremen-Verden. In December, the
2026:
1922:. By a redeployment of Hanoverian territories in 1731, Bremen-Verden was conveyed the administration of the neighboured
1648:. From Bremen-Verden, no further Swedish attempts to violently capture the city sprang out. Asked in 1700 what to do by
1601:
Sweden and Swedish Bremen-Verden protested sharply, when in December 1660 the city council of Bremen rendered homage to
1311:
The political entities of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and the Prince-Bishopric of Verden were transformed by the
1130:
In 1627, Christian IV withdrew from the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, in order to fight Wallenstein's invasion of his
4391:
4067:
3935:
3394:
2099:
2060:
1761:. The allied forces occupied Bremen-Verden, until they withdrew — under French influence — according to the
1150:
715:
4062:
3020:
2923:
1982:
Contemporary map of Bremen-Verden (ca. 1750), including Hadeln, but also the city of Bremen and Hamburg's exclave of
3388:
2990:
4399:
4128:
4005:
3462:
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2018:
1995:
1915:
1583:
1512:
1504:
1038:
992:
859:
735:
424:
295:
253:
2110:
After Britain — without any ally — had declared war on France on 18 May 1803, French troops invaded the
1667:
failed. But the Danish threat to Bremen-Verden turned more virulent in 1667. In that year the local branch of the
1609:, strongly opposed by the representatives of the Swedish Duchies of Bremen and Verden therein. In March 1664, the
1526:, competent for Verden and Bremen since 1669 and 1670, respectively, until 1721, and again between 1780 and 1824,
1145:
The populations in both prince-bishoprics were subjected to measures of "re-Catholicisation" within the scope the
4077:
4057:
3768:
3636:
2826:
2615:
2232:
In 1813, the Duchies of Bremen and Verden were restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which transformed into the
2034:
1863:
1770:
1718:
1569:
283:
4808:
2997:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5015:
4432:
4361:
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3990:
3381:, where he erected the second biggest telescope in the world at that time (1793), from 1799 on co-sponsored by
3378:
3200:
3041:
3007:
2156:
2152:
2115:
1953:
1942:
Royal British and Electoral Brunswick-Lunenburgian Privy Council for Governing the Duchies of Bremen and Verden
1723:
1684:
1676:
1625:
being paralysed by succession quarrels and France being not opposed, Sweden started from its Bremen-Verden the
1251:
1227:
1210:
1096:
1053:
825:
578:
4705:
3430:
3334:
1655:
2809:
son of the preceding, Regent 1811–1820, represented in Bremen-Verden by his younger brother Viceroy Adolphus
2090:'s hostility, but when Brandenburg-Prussia joined the pro-French coalition of armed 'neutral' powers such as
1707:
4447:
2801:
title had turned void and the duchies were deleted as administrative entities in 1823, when merged into the
1999:
1855:
1587:
4886:
4745:
3296:
3176:, military entrepreneur, general and strategist, governor-general of Bremen-Verden, grandfather of the next
3151:
1978:
5076:
4813:
4798:
4687:
4641:
4171:
4111:
4089:
3467:
3317:
3098:
1835:
1815:
In 1700, Bremen-Verden introduced — like all Protestant territories of imperial immediacy — the
1542:
1274:
4823:
4793:
4788:
3643:
was dissolved on 6 August 1806, thereby abolishing the function of prince-electors electing its emperors.
3119:
2195:
1371:. From 1500 on the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and thus its successor Duchy of Bremen belonged to the
4864:
4859:
4833:
4818:
4749:
4730:
4636:
4602:
4594:
4494:
4181:
4072:
4052:
3139:
3113:
2840:
2503:
2473:
2199:
2111:
2053:
2045:
1991:
1649:
1641:
1613:
came out in favour of waging war on the Free Imperial City of Bremen. Right after, Leopold I, busy with
1194:
996:
855:
596:
569:
502:
271:
153:
83:
3125:
2786:
2064:
1712:
1622:
1592:
729:
3234:
3060:
2892:
1699:, with the former at that time being a ducal Bremian and the latter a comital Oldenburgian privilege.
1490:
As Duchess of Bremen and Verden Christina of Sweden installed her residence in the former Benedictine
4983:
4828:
4725:
4700:
4247:
4166:
4133:
4106:
3804:
Axel Behne, 'Verfassung und Verwaltung der Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden und des Landes Hadeln', In:
3515:
3434:
3416:
2664:
2426:
2213:
2136:
1652:, Bremen-Verden's General Government recommended to concede Bremen's status as a Free Imperial City.
1618:
1610:
1484:
1465:
1420:
1357:
1293:
1266:
1222:
1181:
1161:. He had been won by French diplomacy to join a new anti-imperial coalition, soon also joined by the
1158:
1116:
1019:
945:
379:
267:
3272:
3255:
3084:
A list of interesting people whose birth, death, residence or activity took place in Bremen-Verden.
2739:
de facto temporarily deposed 1803–1805, 1806–1813 by various occupations and annexations during the
2707:
4938:
4891:
4838:
4803:
4773:
4735:
4682:
4524:
4371:
4156:
3301:
3191:
3109:
3088:
2970:
2871:
2851:
2432:
2329:
2144:
2003:
1736:
1637:
1633:
1565:
1519:
1491:
1480:
1473:
1416:
1312:
1231:
1146:
937:
929:
601:
559:
532:
436:
241:
89:
77:
2608:
1937:
Since Bremen-Verden had turned Hanoverian, it never again sent its own representatives to a Diet.
5011:
4995:
4905:
4715:
4710:
4662:
4568:
4516:
4272:
4148:
4099:
3965:
3784:
3760:
3733:
3402:
3322:
2885:
2802:
2695:
2233:
2206:, only to annexe Bremen-Verden to the French Empire with effect from 1 January 1811, forming the
2148:
2087:
2022:
1971:
1867:
1859:
1831:
1816:
1672:
1668:
1645:
1626:
1586:, who had succeeded Christina after her abdication, to cease the conflict, which resulted in the
1558:
1428:
1372:
1349:
1289:
1169:
1088:
1084:
1030:
889:
847:
776:
661:
584:
496:
465:
174:
4499:
3075:
2389:
3522:'s northern quarters, incorporated in 1939, which prior belonged to the Landschaft's ambit too.
3314:
of the Lutheran consistory of Bremen-Verden proper (without Land of Hadeln) in Stade, historian
1279:
757:
5007:
4991:
4754:
4695:
4672:
4586:
4534:
4337:
4268:
4255:
4084:
3969:
3960:
3902:
3883:
3864:
3809:
3482:
3275:(since 1664, ennobled as von Greiffencrantz; *1613–†1670), chancellor of Swedish Bremen-Verden
3224:
3213:, near Cuxhaven; *1654–†1740), organist, composer, organ and music pedagogue, organist at the
3206:
3187:
2682:
2454:
2419:
1820:
1740:
1577:
1424:
1345:
1177:
1049:
1034:
953:
843:
633:
523:
455:
213:
4874:
4657:
4412:
3438:
3112:; *1742–†1826), Hanoverian administrator, active in the restitution of Bremen-Verden to the
2773:
2570:
2532:
2479:
2220:
1214:
1185:
1092:
949:
882:
851:
590:
563:
61:
3880:
Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser vol. 2 Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)
5003:
4975:
4649:
4631:
4618:
4529:
4485:
4416:
The Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle (red) within the Holy Roman Empire (white) after 1548
4264:
4239:
3788:
3764:
3737:
3589:
3278:
2979:
2946:
2937:
2751:
2740:
2176:
2041:
1957:
1880:
1766:
1753:
1449:
1398:
1381:
1368:
1337:
1324:
835:
391:
178:
45:
3239:
3210:
3065:
2897:
2159:
returned from Lauenburg to Hanover City for a month, only to have to flee again from the
3391:(*1637–†1718), Lutheran consistorial secretary, archivist, Germanist, father of the next
3337:(*1678–†1761), polyhistor, professor of history and Greek language, poet, rector at the
2876:
4979:
4740:
4667:
4626:
4489:
4243:
4138:
3477:
3024:
2958:
2934:
2861:
2734:
2252:
2245:
2095:
2091:
2068:
1967:
1961:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1839:
1744:
1461:
1419:
and her legal heirs with the duchies, as Sweden's reward from its participation in the
1353:
1238:
1162:
1080:
977:
973:
925:
870:
866:
749:
669:
217:
147:
121:
2075:, including Hanover. To this end also Hanover had to provide troops for the so-called
1515:, the new leading body after there was no Prince-Archbishop or Prince-Bishop anymore.
1511:
for interlocutions of unknown content. In 1650 the Lutheran clergy was subjected to a
1115:, fled to Lübeck and left the Prince-Archbishopric to be ruled by the Chapter and the
900:
17:
5070:
4503:
4442:
4345:
4176:
3977:
3792:
3519:
3347:
3282:
3260:
2720:
2308:
2049:
1518:
As to pastoring the tiny Catholic diaspora in Bremen-Verden the Holy See established
1154:
874:
1230:
in the sees of Bremen and of Verden. But he had to render homage to the minor Queen
4462:
4424:
3286:
2651:
2072:
1789:
1498:
1327:. Every imperial estate, thus Bremen and Verden separately, was represented in the
1298:
1209:
After John Frederick's death in 1634 Chapter and Estates regarded the dismissal of
957:
3922:
3795:
until Thursday, 14 September (N.S.) came after Wednesday, 2 September 1752 (O.S.).
3027:, the merely administrative entity succeeding Bremen-Verden's dissolution in 1823.
2634:
2135:(1805–1806) the French occupational troops left Hanover in a campaign against the
1476:
of a European great power with all the pertaining restrictions and opportunities.
2748:
became sovereign duke through the end of the Holy Roman Empire on 6 August 1806,
1918:, who in 1727 had succeeded his father George I Louis, with the reverted fief of
4457:
4437:
3266:
3199:(born in Stade; *1665–†1694), brother of the former, military, lover of Duchess
3145:
3092:
2855:
2847:
2056:, and a peace treaty with France was under negotiation until it failed in 1799.
1758:
1554:
1533:
1258:
1007:
961:
763:
517:
470:
361:
4573:
3424:
3410:
3355:
3351:
2403:
2237:
1435:
Personal union with Sweden (1648–1712) and under Danish occupation (1712–1715)
1364:
1079:, and thus a vassal of the Emperor, joined the anti-imperial coalition of the
981:
653:
5052:
5039:
3744:
until Thursday, 1 March (N.S.) came after Wednesday, 17 February 1753 (O.S.).
3557:
Matthias Nistahl, "Die Reichsexekution gegen Schweden in Bremen-Verden", In:
2002:, combining the North American conflict with the Austro–Brandenburg-Prussian
3861:
Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser vol. 1 Vor- und Frühgeschichte
3307:
3167:
2536:
2483:
2335:
2124:
1892:
1824:
1781:
1546:
1139:
941:
917:
687:
195:
189:
3771:
until Monday 1 March 1700 (N.S.) came after Sunday 18 February 1700 (O.S.).
2466:
1780:, the Prince-Bishop of Münster, granted Sweden a loan amounting to 100,000
1545:. In 1381 the city of Bremen had captured de facto rule in an area around
4928:
4923:
4610:
4581:
4508:
4480:
4472:
4034:
3290:
2910:
Presidents of the government under Hanoverian rule (1715–1807, 1813–1823)
2098:, Britain started to capture Brandenburg-Prussian sea vessels. After the
1983:
1505:
Charles Gustav, Hereditary Duke of the Palatinate of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg
1131:
1076:
1068:
were often referred to as prince-bishops. Frederick II was a son of King
1057:
1023:
1000:
969:
203:
125:
3514:), which is a public-law corporation established in 1865 succeeding the
2102:, the coalition fell apart and Brandenburg-Prussia withdrew its troops.
1898:
1874:, or colloquially called after its capital, the Electorate of Hanover; (
1241:
of 1643–1645 the Swedes seized de facto rule in both prince-bishoprics.
1123:
consult in a diet with the Estates, which would be a lengthy procedure.
1029:
maintained neutrality, as did most of the Protestant territories in the
4946:
4933:
3373:
3228:
2761:
2668:
2621:
1949:
1819:, as it was called by Protestants, in order not to mention the name of
1805:
1785:
1703:
1692:
1173:
921:
3148:(*1618–†1693), politician, military, governor-general of Bremen-Verden
3142:(*1614–†1666), politician, military, governor-general of Bremen-Verden
2240:
into the Hanoverian state. Since the Hanoverian monarchs had moved to
1891:, settling the war with Sweden, to compensate the latter by 1 million
1543:
militarily defeat the Free Imperial City of Bremen, provoking two wars
1360:
by the Peace of Westphalia and incorporated into the Duchy of Verden.
1265:
with the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, as under negotiation for the
4161:
3901:. Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.
3882:. Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.
3863:. Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.
3741:
3487:
3186:; *1662–†1728), grandchild of the former, Lutheran provostess of the
2686:
2497:
2241:
1800:
1696:
1270:
1262:
1202:
1135:
1061:
965:
3624:
Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden
3035:
President of the government under Westphalian Rule (1810 March-Dec.)
1994:(1754–1763) in the North American colonies, Britain feared a French
1940:
In 1730, Bremen-Verden's government was reorganised and retitled as
1823:. So Sunday 18 February, Old Style, was followed by Monday 1 March,
1189:
Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen to its exiled elected Administrator.
1142:
in order to save itself from a siege. The city remained unoccupied.
932:). This area included most of the modern counties (German singular:
1906:. Elector George I Louis acquired Saxe-Lauenburg and Bremen-Verden.
4783:
3420:
3363:
3342:
3249:
3218:
3183:
3011:
3010:(*1745–†1818), ranked state minister, name giving for the species
2014:
1977:
1945:
1897:
1887:) took de facto possession of Bremen-Verden and stipulated in the
1809:
1654:
1550:
1532:
1508:
1457:
985:
913:
899:
164:
1487:
named the city of Bremen as part of the to-be-established Duchy.
4720:
4553:
4549:
3371:(*1745–†1816), lawyer, official astronomer, since 1781 bailiff (
2502:
de facto deposed by Danish occupants, who sold Bremen-Verden to
2348:
909:
141:
4299:
3931:
3843:
Lebensläufe zwischen Elbe und Weser: Ein biographisches Lexikon
3447:
Lebensläufe zwischen Elbe und Weser: Ein biographisches Lexikon
3265:(*1699–†1770), Lutheran pastor in Geestendorf (today a part of
3095:
sugar manufacturer, politician, anti-Napoléonic freedom fighter
1307:
Transformation of prince-bishoprics into Bremen-Verden in 1648
199:
3423:
into German, lyricist, editor, rector of the Latin School in
1056:
to be the ruler of the bishopric. Since he was Lutheran, the
1054:
Frederick II, Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden
972:(an exclave of Hamburg) did not belong to Bremen-Verden. The
3899:
Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser vol. 3 Neuzeit
2750:
mentally unfit since 1811 and represented by his eldest son
1784:, for which in return Swedish Bremen-Verden had to pawn its
1706:(1666–1668) with the administrators of her Swedish estates,
1675:, adjacent to Bremen-Verden's western border, died out with
1468:
being the former capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden.
1681:
Christian Albert, Duke of Schleswig and Holstein at Gottorp
3626:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1824, p. 184
2151:, after it had turned against France, was defeated in the
1041:
also tried to maintain neutrality, but, being part of the
3897:
Dannenberg, Hans-Eckhard; Schulze, Heinz-Joachim (2008).
3878:
Dannenberg, Hans-Eckhard; Schulze, Heinz-Joachim (1995).
3859:
Dannenberg, Hans-Eckhard; Schulze, Heinz-Joachim (1995).
1944:, which colloquially turned into the "Royal Government".
1850:
Personal union with Great Britain and Hanover (1715–1803)
1479:
For her new fief, the Duchy of Bremen, the Queen regnant
1683:
inherited the county, but ceded it to his father-in-law
1503:. She abolished witch-burning in Bremen-Verden. In 1650
27:
Territories and immediate fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire
2544:
13 January] 1688 – 24 November [
2163:(November 1806-January 1810), including Bremen-Verden.
1885:
Kurfürstentum Braunschweig und Lüneburg, or Kurhannover
1582:
In July 1654, the emperor ordered his vassal, as duke,
2397:
29 October] 1622 – 4 November [
2228:
From Restitution to incorporation into Hanover in 1823
2031:
Principality of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Wolfenbüttel)
1363:
The two neighbouring territories could not unite in a
991:
Bremen-Verden's coat of arms combined the arms of the
2821:
Governors-general under Swedish rule (1646/1648–1712)
2441:
24 November] 1655 – 15 April [
1663:
A Danish attempt to conquer Bremen-Verden during the
964:, now an exclave of the State of Bremen. The city of
2969:, ranked state minister, also appointed head of the
2642:
de facto ruling, but never enfeoffed by the Emperor
2067:
urged Brandenburg-Prussia to occupy Hanover. In the
2009:
In the summer of 1757, the French invaders defeated
1998:. Thus George II formed an alliance with his cousin
1052:, consisting mainly of Lutheran capitulars, elected
4904:
4850:
4766:
4561:
4548:
4471:
4423:
4344:
4147:
4033:
3976:
3664:
3662:
3419:(*1751–†1826), philologist, teacher, translator of
3231:; *1747–†1810), philosopher, historian, ethnologist
3162:'s armed forces with bread, donator of the library
2491:
7 June] 1682 – 30 November [
1862:, gained a new ally in the anti-Swedish coalition,
995:, a black cross on white ground, with those of the
842:), were two territories and immediate fiefs of the
683:
650:
630:
556:
488:
452:
413:
398:
371:
353:
341:
329:
313:
301:
289:
277:
259:
247:
235:
223:
209:
184:
170:
160:
133:
32:
2198:to incorporate Bremen-Verden into his short-lived
1827:, while Sweden proper only followed suit in 1753.
1109:John Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp
850:in 1180. By their original constitution they were
2850:(*1618–†1693), de facto interrupted 1676–1679 by
1677:Anton Günther, Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst
3401:government, secretary of the directorate of the
3269:), archeologist, prehistorian, son of the former
1986:, de facto and legally no part of Bremen-Verden.
1605:. In 1663, the city gained seat and vote in the
1107:and set up headquarters in Stade. Administrator
3397:(*1674–†1725), archivist, secretary of Swedish
3327:(*1628–†1689), diplomat, chancellor of Swedish
3154:(*1777–†1864), merchant and merchant banker of
3132:; *1598–†1656), diplomat, president of Swedish
2561:only by claim, never enfeoffed by the Emperor,
2131:In the autumn of 1805, at the beginning of the
873:, initially by the royal houses of Sweden, the
2017:he had to capitulate on 18 September with the
1621:with Bremen-Verden, and with the neighbouring
1180:'s growing influence wielded by virtue of the
4311:
3943:
3806:Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser
3516:estates of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
51:
8:
5132:1648 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
3508:Landschaft der Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden
3244:, teacher and historian, vice-rector at the
2185:Jean Jacques Bernardin Colaud de La Salcette
1872:Prince-Electorate of Brunswick and Lunenburg
1541:Bremen-Verden's Swedish government tried to
1386:Sächsischer or later Niedersächsischer Kreis
1075:In 1626, Christian IV, who was also Duke of
984:, was not part of Bremen-Verden until 1731.
37:
3512:Estates of the Duchies of Bremen and Verden
2854:and Danish occupation in the course of the
2553:de facto inhibited by Hanoverian takeover,
2084:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
5082:States and territories established in 1648
4558:
4318:
4304:
4296:
3950:
3936:
3928:
3752:
3750:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3016:1811-1813 vacancy due to French annexation
2827:Swedish Governors-General of Bremen-Verden
2061:War of the Second Coalition against France
1956:installed a new ministry in charge of the
1751:captured Bremen-Verden in the course of a
1632:The siege of the city by the Swedes under
1103:, he and his remaining troops fled to the
1095:, on 27 August 1626, by the troops of the
1033:, a fiscal and military subsection of the
892:, they were incorporated into that state.
113:
29:
2993:(*1719–†?), ranked state minister in 1769
2133:War of the Third Coalition against France
2042:War of the First Coalition against France
1685:Frederick III, King of Denmark and Norway
1454:Brem- und verdensches Generalgouvernement
1091:. After Christian IV was defeated at the
4411:
2677:10 November] 1683 –
2269:
1866:, King of Great Britain since 1714, and
1812:to confer on the status of the Duchies.
1659:Bremervörde under Danish attack in 1657.
1081:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
3499:
2886:Nils Carlsson Gyllenstierna af Fogelvik
1763:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 1679
1460:to be the new seat of government, with
3108:(born in Rittershausen, today part of
3091:(*1783–†1867), Bremian and Danish and
2275:Dukes of Bremen and Verden (1648–1823)
1549:and westwards thereof up to the lower
1464:being the former Bremian capital, and
1439:The Swedes installed a new authority,
920:, in today's German federal states of
5102:18th century in the Holy Roman Empire
5097:17th century in the Holy Roman Empire
3635:The usage of the name element of the
3215:Ss. Cosmae et Damiani Lutheran Church
2756:in Bremen-Verden his younger 6th son
1966:Department of Bremen-Verden, Hadeln,
1415:at first enfeoffed the Queen regnant
865:In 1648, both prince-bishoprics were
824:
649:
629:
555:
487:
451:
412:
408:
352:
340:
336:
328:
312:
300:
288:
276:
258:
246:
234:
230:
222:
7:
3506:This map shows the ambit of today's
2933:From 1739 on the presidents were in
2917:Cord Plato von Schloen, called Gehle
2120:Friedrich Franz Dieterich von Bremer
1792:and the pertaining adjacence to the
1623:Brunswick and Lunenburg (Celle line)
1530:, in charge between 1721 and 1780).
1431:, covering the Empire's North East.
1405:, colloquially Westphalian Circle).
1138:, which paid him a ransom of 10,000
1111:, who was also Administrator of the
2629:28 May] 1660 –
2161:Second French Occupation of Hanover
2000:Frederick II of Brandenburg-Prussia
1964:by the electors, it was called the
1528:Vicariate of Upper and Lower Saxony
1403:Niederrheinisch-Westfälischer Kreis
1153:had landed with 15,000 soldiers at
3385:, in personal union Duke of Bremen
3049:Johann Julius Conrad von Schlütter
2758:Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
2141:First French Occupation of Hanover
2100:Battle of Copenhagen in April 1801
2011:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
2004:Third Silesian or Seven Years' War
1441:Bremen-Verden's General Government
1243:Christian IV of Denmark and Norway
1070:Christian IV of Denmark and Norway
25:
3197:Philipp Christoph von Königsmarck
3170:, Bremen-Verden, where he grew up
2343:8 December] 1626 –
2265:List of consorts of Bremen-Verden
1101:Johan 't Serclaes, Count of Tilly
5127:1823 disestablishments in Europe
5087:Duchies of the Holy Roman Empire
4334:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle
4327:
4024:
3959:
3395:Dietrich von Stade (the Younger)
3383:George III of the United Kingdom
3174:Hans Christoffer von Königsmarck
2905:vacancy due to Danish occupation
2772:
2706:
2650:
2607:
2518:
2465:
2418:
2375:
2321:
1574:Hans Christoffer von Königsmarck
1390:Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle
1043:Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle
795:
781:
756:
742:
728:
714:
99:
5137:Early modern history of Germany
3156:Frederick Andrew Huth & Co.
3021:Engelbert Johann von Marschalck
2924:Johann Friedrich von Staffhorst
2816:Heads of government (1648–1823)
2363:House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
1735:From 1675 to 1676, troops from
1617:, had enfeoffed the minor King
1615:wars against the Ottoman Empire
1375:(later the Lower Saxon Circle;
1261:of the military great power of
879:House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
138:States of the Holy Roman Empire
3458:Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
3389:Dietrich von Stade (the Elder)
2991:Bodo Friedrich von Bodenhausen
1832:Great Northern War (1700–1721)
1830:In 1712, in the course of the
1105:Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
1093:Battle of Lutter am Barenberge
1027:Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
1010:, the patron saint of Bremen.
997:Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
722:Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
1:
5107:1648 in the Holy Roman Empire
3473:Gustav Gustavsson af Vasaborg
3152:Johann Friedrich Andreas Huth
2967:Philipp Adolf von Münchhausen
2729:24 May] 1738 –
2548:13 November] 1741*,
2495:19 November] 1718*,
1952:, the electoral capital, the
1904:Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück
1844:plague stricken Bremen-Verden
1603:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
1157:, opening a new front in the
1064:. Nevertheless, he and later
840:Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden
39:Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden
3180:Maria Aurora von Königsmarck
2834:Hans Christoffer Königsmarck
2771:
2768:
2705:
2702:
2649:
2646:
2606:
2603:
2517:
2514:
2464:
2461:
2417:
2414:
2401:25 October] 1660*,
2374:
2371:
2320:
2317:
2251:For the further history see
2181:Commission des Gouvernements
1665:Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658)
1564:Ferdinand III ordered Queen
1524:Vicariate of Nordic Missions
1292:the requested confirmation (
1290:Free Imperial City of Bremen
818:Duchies of Bremen and Verden
415:• Prince-bishoprics of
34:Duchies of Bremen and Verden
5142:Former monarchies of Europe
3923:Map of Lower Saxony in 1789
3639:became senseless, when the
3405:, comitial emissary at the
3369:Johann Hieronymus Schroeter
2555:waived claim to dukedom by
2217:and several cantons in the
2106:Napoleonic wars (1803–1813)
1990:In the course of the Anglo-
1889:Treaty of Stockholm of 1719
1794:Prince-Bishopric of Münster
1771:Ferdinand II of Fürstenberg
1749:Prince-Bishopric of Münster
1719:Isaac Chaim Senior Teixeira
1211:the Danish Prince Frederick
1151:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
846:, which emerged and gained
791:Prince-Bishopric of Münster
355:• 1668–1693, de facto
5158:
4779:Blankenheim and Gerolstein
3463:Prince-Bishopric of Verden
2998:Gotthelf Dietrich von Ende
2824:
2259:List of rulers (1648–1823)
2168:Commission du Gouvernement
2019:Convention of Klosterzeven
1584:Charles X Gustav of Sweden
1176:, all of them troubled by
1113:Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck
1039:Prince-Bishopric of Verden
993:Prince-Bishopric of Verden
736:Prince-Bishopric of Verden
4988:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
4955:
4409:
4252:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
4190:
4022:
3637:Electorate of Brandenburg
3511:
3510:(analogously in English:
3164:Friedrich-Huth-Bibliothek
3042:Christian Ludwig von Hake
3008:Christian Ludwig von Hake
2567:
2445:5 April] 1697*,
2359:
2305:
2272:
2183:) under Governor General
2035:French Revolutionary Wars
1948:remained the capital. In
1247:Second Peace of Brömsebro
693:
679:
409:
367:
337:
325:
231:
112:
96:
70:
3431:Anton Christian Wedekind
3310:; *1710–†1791), general
3201:Sophia Dorothea of Celle
2563:sister of the preceding
2157:Privy Council of Hanover
2155:(11 November 1806), the
2153:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
2116:Convention of Artlenburg
2063:(1799–1802) started and
1954:Privy Council of Hanover
1858:, still fighting in the
1708:Diego Texeira de Sampayo
1252:Frederick III of Denmark
1060:denied him the title of
1018:At the beginning of the
591:4th Coalition ag. France
564:2nd Coalition ag. France
490:• Danish occupation
5023:Unencircled territories
4287:Unencircled territories
4048:Brunswick and Lunenburg
3122:(*1611–†1668), military
2793:*12 August 1762 –
2673:*20 November [
2339:*18 December [
2246:High-Bailiwick of Stade
2069:Treaty of Basel of 1795
1856:Frederick IV of Denmark
1836:supremacy in the Baltic
670:High-Bailiwick of Stade
80:military administration
53:Hertigdömet Bremen och
4417:
4078:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
3593:
3531:Cf. Wolfgang Dörfler,
3468:Bremen-Verden Campaign
3146:Henrik Henriksson Horn
2983:
2950:
2540:*23 January [
2437:*4 December [
2393:*8 November [
2180:
1987:
1907:
1884:
1769:. By the latter Baron
1660:
1538:
1453:
1402:
1385:
1341:
1321:Principality of Verden
905:
896:Territory and insignia
839:
505:from Danes and Swedes
52:
38:
18:Principality of Verden
4415:
3596:, cf. Klaus Isensee,
3360:Ss. Cosmae et Damiani
3297:Johann Hinrich Pratje
3158:in London, supplying
3140:Gustav Evertsson Horn
3116:, Hanoverian minister
3114:Electorate of Hanover
3047:1810, April–December
2841:Gustav Evertsson Horn
2764:of Hanover from 1816
2754:George (later No. IV)
2263:For the consorts see
2200:Kingdom of Westphalia
2112:Electorate of Hanover
2054:Electorate of Hanover
2046:French First Republic
1992:French and Indian War
1981:
1901:
1658:
1650:Charles XII of Sweden
1642:Treaty of Habenhausen
1555:Lehe (aka Bremerlehe)
1536:
1413:Emperor Ferdinand III
1286:Emperor Ferdinand III
1195:Francis of Wartenberg
976:, then an exclave of
903:
856:Archdiocese of Bremen
822:German pronunciation:
589:• French occupation (
171:Common languages
88:1811-1813 annexed by
5053:53.60083°N 9.47639°E
3830:translate.google.com
3318:Esaias von Pufendorf
3252:, father of the next
3099:Claus von der Decken
2852:Brandenburg-Prussian
2208:Arrondissement Stade
2137:Archduchy of Austria
1834:against the Swedish
1619:Charles XI of Sweden
1520:apostolic vicariates
1485:Treaty of Westphalia
1466:Rotenburg upon Wümme
1275:Gelnhausen Privilege
1267:Treaty of Westphalia
1223:Edict of Restitution
1219:Emperor Ferdinand II
1182:Edict of Restitution
946:Rotenburg upon Wümme
904:Map of Bremen-Verden
632:• Restitution (
560:Branden-burg-Prussia
5092:Dominions of Sweden
5049: /
5002:Circles est. 1512:
4974:Circles est. 1500:
4336:(1500–1806) of the
4263:Circles est. 1512:
4238:Circles est. 1500:
3968:(1500–1806) of the
3791:remained in use in
3767:remained in use in
3740:remained in use in
3413:, son of the former
3339:Gymnasium Athenaeum
3246:Gymnasium Athenaeum
3192:Augustus the Strong
3130:Alexander von Esken
3120:Diedrich von Düring
2971:Hanoverian Chancery
2665:Herrenhausen Palace
2557:Treaty of Stockholm
2487:*17 June [
2145:First French Empire
2088:Brandenburg-Prussia
2023:Brandenburg-Prussia
1996:Invasion of Hanover
1765:and the favourable
1737:Brandenburg-Prussia
1673:County of Oldenburg
1638:Brandenburg-Prussia
1634:Carl Gustaf Wrangel
1566:Christina of Sweden
1481:Christina of Sweden
1417:Christina of Sweden
1313:Peace of Westphalia
1257:With the impending
1232:Christina of Sweden
1147:Counter-Reformation
1037:. The neighbouring
999:, two keys crossed
930:Elbe-Weser Triangle
881:, and later by the
860:Bishopric of Verden
579:Conv. of Artlenburg
558:• occupied by
431:secularised by the
357:interrupted 1676–9
214:Absolute monarchies
4970:
4963:
4959:
4716:Salm-Reifferscheid
4418:
4284:
4280:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
3966:Lower Saxon Circle
3826:"Google Translate"
3785:Gregorian Calendar
3761:Gregorian Calendar
3734:Gregorian Calendar
3417:Johann Hinrich Voß
3403:Lower Saxon Circle
3056:Nobility of Bremen
2803:Kingdom of Hanover
2732:29 January 1820*,
2725:*4 June [
2696:Emperor Charles VI
2680:25 October 1760*,
2659:George II Augustus
2625:*7 June [
2447:Tre Kronor Castle
2234:Kingdom of Hanover
2149:Kingdom of Prussia
2065:Napoléon Bonaparte
1988:
1916:George II Augustus
1908:
1868:Elector of Hanover
1860:Great Northern War
1669:House of Oldenburg
1661:
1646:Lower Saxon Circle
1627:Second Bremian War
1588:First Stade Recess
1559:Free Imperial City
1539:
1429:Upper Saxon Circle
1427:, a member in the
1350:Free Imperial City
1163:United Netherlands
1085:Kingdom of England
1031:Lower Saxon Circle
1022:the predominantly
960:; and the city of
906:
890:Kingdom of Hanover
848:imperial immediacy
826:[ˈfɛɐ̯dən]
777:Kingdom of Hanover
405:(European history)
296:George II Augustus
55:Hertigdömet Verden
5058:53.60083; 9.47639
5032:
5031:
5016:Electoral Rhenish
4972:status uncertain
4943:
4900:
4899:
4843:
4759:
4692:
4677:
4654:
4646:
4623:
4615:
4607:
4599:
4591:
4578:
4535:Nassau-Dillenburg
4521:
4513:
4404:
4396:
4358:
4338:Holy Roman Empire
4293:
4292:
4277:Electoral Rhenish
3970:Holy Roman Empire
3908:978-3-9801919-9-9
3889:978-3-9801919-8-2
3870:978-3-9801919-7-5
3814:978-3-9801919-9-9
3641:Holy Roman Empire
3622:Peter von Kobbe,
3483:Swedish Pomerania
3435:Bouches-de-l'Elbe
3293:in Danish service
3225:Christoph Meiners
3188:Quedlinburg Abbey
3126:Alexander Erskein
2813:
2812:
2795:
2792:
2787:St. James' Palace
2731:
2683:Kensington Palace
2679:
2631:
2504:Electoral Hanover
2455:Emperor Leopold I
2433:Tre Kronor Castle
2345:
2214:Bouches-de-l'Elbe
2059:By this time the
1910:In 1728, Emperor
1821:Pope Gregory XIII
1817:Improved Calendar
1578:First Bremian War
1425:Swedish Pomerania
1421:Thirty Years' War
1354:Verden upon Aller
1346:Holy Roman Empire
1315:in 1648 into the
1221:by virtue of the
1159:Thirty Years' War
1132:Duchy of Holstein
1050:cathedral chapter
1048:In 1623 Verden's
1035:Holy Roman Empire
1020:Thirty Years' War
1006:), the symbol of
988:was the capital.
852:prince-bishoprics
844:Holy Roman Empire
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
769:
768:
437:Westphalian Peace
348:H. C. Königsmarck
343:• 1646–1663
315:• 1820–1823
303:• 1760–1820
291:• 1727–1760
279:• 1715–1727
249:• 1654–1660
237:• 1648–1654
92:
16:(Redirected from
5149:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5042:
4971:
4965:without seat in
4964:
4960:
4941:
4841:
4809:Kerpen-Lommersum
4757:
4690:
4675:
4652:
4644:
4621:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4589:
4576:
4559:
4519:
4511:
4453:Stavelot–Malmedy
4402:
4394:
4356:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4297:
4285:
4281:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4028:
3964:
3963:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3929:
3912:
3893:
3874:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3822:
3816:
3802:
3796:
3787:. The Old Style
3778:
3772:
3763:. The Old Style
3754:
3745:
3736:. The Old Style
3727:
3712:
3705:
3699:
3692:
3686:
3679:
3673:
3666:
3657:
3650:
3644:
3633:
3627:
3620:
3614:
3607:
3601:
3588:
3581:
3575:
3568:
3562:
3555:
3549:
3542:
3536:
3529:
3523:
3513:
3504:
3439:Bouches-du-Weser
3326:
3305:
3264:
3243:
3235:Luneberg Mushard
3107:
3069:
3061:Luneberg Mushard
2984:Deutsche Kanzlei
2978:
2945:
2901:
2893:Mauritz Vellingk
2880:
2807:only pro forma,
2794:
2791:
2776:
2730:
2710:
2678:
2654:
2630:
2611:
2574:
2571:House of Hanover
2533:Stockholm Palace
2522:
2480:Stockholm Palace
2469:
2422:
2384:Charles X Gustav
2379:
2366:
2346:19 April 1689*,
2344:
2325:
2312:
2276:
2270:
2221:Bouches-du-Weser
2204:Département Nord
2196:Jérôme Bonaparte
2193:
2175:
2077:demarcation army
1958:Imperial Estates
1879:
1779:
1727:
1716:
1702:After a stay in
1596:
1570:governor general
1502:
1448:
1397:
1380:
1369:imperial circles
1336:
1302:
1283:
1245:had to sign the
1215:coadjutor bishop
883:House of Hanover
834:
828:
823:
799:
798:
785:
784:
773:
772:
760:
746:
732:
718:
711:
710:
695:
694:
668:
660:
638:
576:
530:
512:Stockholm Treaty
509:
497:Gr. Northern War
494:
469:• occupation in
435:
430:
419:
382:), convening at
330:Governor-general
261:• 1660–1697
254:Charles X Gustav
154:Hanoverian Crown
117:
103:
82:1810 annexed by
75:
65:
57:
49:
41:
30:
21:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5122:1813 in Germany
5117:1810 in Germany
5112:1807 in Germany
5067:
5066:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5028:
5027:
4969:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4896:
4852:
4846:
4762:
4544:
4467:
4419:
4407:
4340:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4143:
4029:
4020:
3972:
3958:
3956:
3919:
3909:
3896:
3890:
3877:
3871:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3841:
3837:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3803:
3799:
3789:Julian calendar
3779:
3775:
3765:Julian calendar
3755:
3748:
3738:Julian calendar
3728:
3715:
3707:Klaus Isensee,
3706:
3702:
3694:Klaus Isensee,
3693:
3689:
3681:Klaus Isensee,
3680:
3676:
3668:Klaus Isensee,
3667:
3660:
3652:Klaus Isensee,
3651:
3647:
3634:
3630:
3621:
3617:
3609:Klaus Isensee,
3608:
3604:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3569:
3565:
3556:
3552:
3543:
3539:
3530:
3526:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3454:
3399:Bremen-Verden's
3329:Bremen-Verden's
3320:
3299:
3281:(*1733–†1815),
3279:Carsten Niebuhr
3258:
3237:
3134:Bremen-Verden's
3101:
3082:
3063:
3058:
3037:
2974:
2941:
2912:
2895:
2874:
2829:
2823:
2818:
2808:
2798:Windsor Castle
2797:
2796:26 June 1830*,
2790:
2755:
2749:
2744:
2741:Napoleonic Wars
2733:
2724:
2681:
2672:
2633:
2632:22 June 1727*,
2624:
2595:
2590:
2589:Birth and death
2569:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2539:
2527:Ulrika Eleonora
2507:
2496:
2486:
2446:
2436:
2402:
2392:
2390:Nyköping Castle
2361:
2347:
2338:
2307:
2297:
2292:
2291:Birth and death
2274:
2261:
2230:
2187:
2171:
2108:
1936:
1875:
1852:
1788:of the town of
1773:
1767:Treaty of Celle
1754:Reichsexekution
1721:
1710:
1590:
1581:
1496:
1444:
1437:
1393:
1376:
1348:. The formerly
1332:
1325:imperial estate
1317:Duchy of Bremen
1309:
1296:
1294:Diploma of Linz
1277:
1186:Northern German
1184:in a number of
1097:Catholic League
1016:
1002:Bremen-Verden's
980:exclave around
898:
830:
821:
816:, formally the
796:
782:
672:
666:
665:
658:
657:
645:
642:
636:
635:
625:
624:
622:
621:
619:
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500:
492:
491:
483:
481:
479:
477:
473:
468:
466:2nd Bremian War
463:
461:Danish invasion
458:
456:1st Bremian War
447:
445:
443:
439:
433:
432:
428:
427:
417:
416:
358:
356:
344:
316:
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292:
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28:
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22:
15:
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11:
5:
5155:
5153:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5069:
5068:
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5026:
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5019:
4999:
4956:
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4921:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
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4884:
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4877:
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4776:
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4768:
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4728:
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4718:
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4708:
4703:
4698:
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4679:
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4647:
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4506:
4497:
4492:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4448:Kornelimünster
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4350:
4348:
4346:Prince-bishops
4342:
4341:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4139:Saxe-Lauenburg
4136:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4082:
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4023:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3978:Ecclesiastical
3974:
3973:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3917:External links
3915:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3894:
3888:
3875:
3869:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3835:
3817:
3797:
3783:refers to the
3773:
3759:refers to the
3746:
3732:refers to the
3713:
3700:
3687:
3674:
3658:
3645:
3628:
3615:
3602:
3576:
3563:
3550:
3537:
3524:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3443:
3442:
3428:
3414:
3392:
3386:
3366:
3345:
3335:Michael Richey
3332:
3315:
3312:superintendent
3294:
3276:
3273:Daniel Nicolai
3270:
3256:Martin Mushard
3253:
3232:
3222:
3207:Vincent Lübeck
3204:
3194:
3190:, mistress of
3177:
3171:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3123:
3117:
3096:
3081:
3080:Notable people
3078:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3017:
3014:
3004:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2959:Land of Hadeln
2935:personal union
2931:
2930:
2927:
2920:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2889:
2882:
2868:
2865:
2862:Erik Dahlbergh
2858:
2844:
2837:
2825:Main article:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2760:officiated as
2746:
2737:
2735:Windsor Castle
2718:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2619:
2616:George I Louis
2612:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2551:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2257:
2229:
2226:
2202:, forming its
2107:
2104:
2096:Russian Empire
2092:Denmark-Norway
2086:first ignored
1962:personal union
1933:Prince-Elector
1924:Land of Hadeln
1920:Saxe-Lauenburg
1851:
1848:
1840:Denmark-Norway
1745:Denmark-Norway
1741:Lüneburg-Celle
1671:ruling in the
1436:
1433:
1308:
1305:
1269:, the city of
1239:Torstenson War
1066:administrators
1015:
1012:
978:Saxe-Lauenburg
974:Land of Hadeln
897:
894:
871:personal union
809:
808:
805:
804:
801:
800:
793:
787:
786:
779:
770:
767:
766:
761:
753:
752:
750:Verden (Aller)
747:
739:
738:
733:
725:
724:
719:
707:
706:
701:
691:
690:
685:
681:
680:
677:
676:
673:
651:
648:
647:
643:
639:of the Nations
631:
628:
627:
605:
557:
554:
553:
537:
501:• purchase by
489:
486:
485:
474:
453:
450:
449:
440:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
400:
399:Historical era
396:
395:
373:
369:
368:
365:
364:
359:
354:
351:
350:
345:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
331:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
314:
311:
310:
305:
302:
299:
298:
293:
290:
287:
286:
284:George I Louis
281:
278:
275:
274:
265:
260:
257:
256:
251:
248:
245:
244:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
218:personal union
211:
207:
206:
186:
182:
181:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
135:
131:
130:
122:Land of Hadeln
118:
110:
109:
105:
98:
97:
94:
93:
68:
67:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5154:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5077:Bremen-Verden
5075:
5074:
5072:
5065:
5062:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4996:(Lower) Saxon
4993:
4989:
4985:
4984:Upper Rhenish
4981:
4977:
4968:
4967:Imperial Diet
4954:
4948:
4945:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4849:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4620:
4617:
4612:
4609:
4604:
4601:
4596:
4593:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4518:
4515:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4425:Prince-abbots
4422:
4414:
4401:
4398:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4288:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4260:(Lower) Saxon
4257:
4253:
4249:
4248:Upper Rhenish
4245:
4241:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3793:Great Britain
3790:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3348:Arp Schnitger
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3283:mathematician
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3089:Heinrich Böse
3087:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3051:(*1749–†1827)
3050:
3046:
3044:(*1745–†1818)
3043:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3000:(*1726–†1798)
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2928:
2926:(*1653–†1730)
2925:
2921:
2919:(*1661–†1723)
2918:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2902:(*1651–†1727)
2899:
2894:
2890:
2888:(*1648–†1720)
2887:
2883:
2881:(*1633–†1713)
2878:
2873:
2872:Jürgen Mellin
2869:
2866:
2864:(*1625–†1703)
2863:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2843:(*1614–†1666)
2842:
2838:
2836:(*1600–†1663)
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2820:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2722:
2721:Norfolk House
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2694:enfeoffed by
2693:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2596:end of reign
2593:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2453:enfeoffed by
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2309:House of Vasa
2304:
2300:
2298:end of reign
2295:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:Low Countries
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2006:(1756–1763).
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1679:. Therefore,
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1629:(1665–1666).
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:Imperial Diet
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:Zeven Convent
1488:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:), and chose
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:(southerly),
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
902:
895:
893:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
875:House of Vasa
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
827:
819:
815:
814:Bremen-Verden
794:
792:
789:
788:
780:
778:
775:
774:
771:
765:
762:
759:
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:
741:
740:
737:
734:
731:
727:
726:
723:
720:
717:
713:
712:
709:
708:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
692:
689:
686:
682:
678:
674:
671:
663:
662:Royal Hanover
655:
644:
640:
606:
603:
600:• annexed by
598:
595:• annexed by
592:
586:
580:
571:
565:
561:
538:
534:
525:
519:
513:
504:
498:
475:
472:
467:
462:
457:
441:
438:
426:
422:
404:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:
370:
366:
363:
360:
349:
346:
332:
324:
321:
318:
309:
306:
297:
294:
285:
282:
273:
269:
266:
255:
252:
243:
240:
226:
219:
215:
212:
208:
205:
201:
197:
191:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166:
163:
159:
155:
149:
148:Swedish Crown
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:are excluded.
127:
123:
116:
111:
102:
95:
91:
85:
79:
69:
63:
56:
47:
40:
31:
19:
5034:
4987:
4973:
4942:(until 1648)
4842:(until 1548)
4758:(until 1548)
4706:Reichenstein
4691:(until 1548)
4676:(until 1664)
4653:(until 1541)
4645:(until 1546)
4642:Manderscheid
4622:(until 1614)
4614:(until 1548)
4606:(until 1548)
4598:(until 1667)
4590:(until 1548)
4577:(until 1719)
4539:
4520:(until 1548)
4512:(until 1548)
4403:(until 1648)
4395:(until 1548)
4357:(until 1678)
4259:
4237:
4236:until 1734.
4042:
3898:
3879:
3860:
3842:
3838:
3829:
3820:
3805:
3800:
3776:
3708:
3703:
3695:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3669:
3653:
3648:
3640:
3631:
3623:
3618:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3579:
3571:
3566:
3558:
3553:
3545:
3540:
3532:
3527:
3507:
3502:
3478:Stade Region
3446:
3444:
3398:
3372:
3338:
3328:
3287:cartographer
3245:
3211:Padingbüttel
3163:
3155:
3133:
3129:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3030:
3025:Stade Region
2954:
2932:
2779:
2713:
2657:
2614:
2591:with places
2568:
2525:
2498:Fredrikshald
2472:
2425:
2382:
2360:
2328:
2306:
2293:with places
2273:
2262:
2253:Stade Region
2250:
2231:
2219:Département
2218:
2212:Département
2211:
2207:
2203:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2140:
2139:(End of the
2130:
2109:
2081:
2076:
2058:
2039:
2027:Hesse-Kassel
2008:
1989:
1965:
1941:
1939:
1929:
1909:
1853:
1829:
1814:
1798:
1790:Wildeshausen
1752:
1734:
1730:
1717:and his son
1701:
1689:
1662:
1631:
1611:Swedish Diet
1600:
1576:enacted the
1563:
1553:stream near
1540:
1517:
1492:
1489:
1478:
1470:
1440:
1438:
1411:
1407:
1373:Saxon Circle
1362:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1288:granted the
1256:
1236:
1228:Frederick II
1208:
1199:
1191:
1167:
1144:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1074:
1047:
1017:
1008:Simon Petrus
1001:
990:
958:Lower Saxony
933:
907:
887:
864:
817:
813:
812:
704:Succeeded by
703:
698:
533:7 Years' War
387:
383:
375:
106:Coat of arms
5056: /
5012:Upper Saxon
4961:until 1648
4887:Spiegelberg
4860:Delmenhorst
4731:Tecklenburg
4595:East Frisia
4495:East Frisia
4273:Upper Saxon
4228:until 1695.
4224:until 1640.
4220:until 1773.
4212:until 1596.
4208:until 1705.
4204:until 1731.
4196:until 1701.
4192:until 1648.
4107:Mecklenburg
4068:Grubenhagen
4053:Blankenburg
3991:Halberstadt
3427:(1778–1782)
3321: [
3300: [
3267:Bremerhaven
3259: [
3238: [
3221:(1675–1702)
3102: [
3093:West Indian
3064: [
2986:) in London
2896: [
2875: [
2856:Scanian War
2848:Henrik Horn
2573:(1719–1823)
2474:Charles XII
2365:(1654–1719)
2311:(1648–1654)
2188: [
1984:Ritzebüttel
1774: [
1759:Scanian War
1757:during the
1722: [
1711: [
1591: [
1497: [
1462:Bremervörde
1297: [
1284:). In 1646
1278: [
1259:enfeoffment
1172:princes in
1170:Lower Saxon
962:Bremerhaven
867:secularised
764:Land Hadeln
699:Preceded by
572:occupation
471:Scanian War
448:15 May 1648
388:Tohopesaten
380:Stiftstände
372:Legislature
362:Henrik Horn
272:Charles XII
263:•1697–1712
198:, very few
5071:Categories
5008:Burgundian
4992:Franconian
4957:from 1648
4870:Schaumburg
4814:Myllendonk
4799:Hallermund
4726:Schaumburg
4701:Ravensberg
4688:Overijssel
4673:Dillenburg
4574:Bronkhorst
4269:Burgundian
4256:Franconian
4232:from 1701.
4216:from 1708.
4200:from 1648.
4182:Nordhausen
4177:Mühlhausen
4134:Regenstein
4090:Glückstadt
3996:Hildesheim
3853:References
3425:Otterndorf
3411:Regensburg
3379:Lilienthal
3356:Altes Land
3352:Neuenfelde
3331:government
3160:Wellington
3136:government
3040:1800–1810
3019:1813–1823
3006:1800–1810
2996:1782–1798
2989:1759–1782
2965:1739–1759
2922:1716–1730
2915:1715–1716
2891:1711–1712
2884:1698–1710
2870:1696–1698
2860:1693–1693
2846:1668–1693
2839:1663–1666
2832:1646–1663
2769:1820–1823
2715:George III
2703:1760–1820
2647:1727–1760
2604:1715–1727
2594:Reason for
2550:Stockholm
2515:1718–1719
2462:1697–1718
2427:Charles XI
2415:1660–1697
2404:Gothenburg
2372:1654–1660
2353:abdicated
2318:1648–1654
2296:Reason for
2238:real union
2125:rixdollars
1914:enfeoffed
1912:Charles VI
1893:rixdollars
1782:rixdollars
1747:, and the
1513:consistory
1365:real union
1358:mediatised
1155:Peenemünde
1140:rixdollars
982:Otterndorf
654:Real union
597:Westphalia
587:occupation
403:Absolutism
376:Landschaft
308:George III
268:Charles XI
210:Government
196:Calvinists
84:Westphalia
76:1807-1810
5044:9°28′35″E
5041:53°36′3″N
4892:Steinfurt
4853:uncertain
4824:Schleiden
4804:Holzappel
4794:Gronsfeld
4767:From 1792
4750:Beilstein
4746:Winneburg
4736:Virneburg
4683:Oldenburg
4603:Groningen
4562:From 1500
4517:Luxemburg
4387:Paderborn
4382:Osnabrück
4100:Pinneberg
4058:Calenberg
4011:Ratzeburg
4006:Magdeburg
3781:New Style
3769:Calenberg
3757:New Style
3730:New Style
3586:‹See Tfd›
3407:Reichstag
3358:) and of
3308:Horneburg
3306:(born in
3227:(born in
3209:(born in
3182:(born in
3168:Harsefeld
2976:‹See Tfd›
2957:) of the
2943:‹See Tfd›
2781:George IV
2635:Osnabrück
2583:Portrait
2537:Stockholm
2506:in 1715,
2484:Stockholm
2336:Stockholm
2330:Christina
2285:Portrait
2173:‹See Tfd›
2037:started.
1968:Lauenburg
1960:ruled in
1877:‹See Tfd›
1854:In 1715,
1842:occupied
1825:New Style
1547:Bederkesa
1446:‹See Tfd›
1395:‹See Tfd›
1378:‹See Tfd›
1344:) of the
1342:Reichstag
1334:‹See Tfd›
1254:in 1648.
1203:billeting
956:, now in
942:Osterholz
918:North Sea
832:‹See Tfd›
688:Rixdollar
626:1811–1813
616:1805–1806
544:1715 and
526:invasion
478:1657–1658
476:1653–1654
320:George IV
242:Christina
204:Catholics
190:Lutherans
185:Religion
175:Low Saxon
142:enfeoffed
73:1813–1823
71:1648–1807
5004:Austrian
4976:Bavarian
4929:Duisburg
4924:Dortmund
4865:Fagnolle
4829:Wickrath
4819:Reckheim
4711:Rietberg
4611:Guelders
4582:Diepholz
4569:Bentheim
4509:Guelders
4481:Arenberg
4265:Austrian
4240:Bavarian
4122:Strelitz
4117:Schwerin
4085:Holstein
4016:Schwerin
3452:See also
3445:Source:
3291:explorer
3229:Warstade
2698:in 1733
2457:in 1664
2094:and the
2029:and the
1972:Bentheim
1864:George I
1636:brought
1474:dominion
1319:and the
1178:Habsburg
1083:and the
1077:Holstein
1058:Holy See
1024:Lutheran
970:Cuxhaven
938:Cuxhaven
877:and the
684:Currency
585:Prussian
520:assigned
503:Hano-ver
384:Landtage
126:Cuxhaven
5021:
4980:Swabian
4947:Warburg
4934:Herford
4919:Cologne
4839:Utrecht
4789:Gimborn
4755:Zutphen
4696:Pyrmont
4668:Hadamar
4587:Drenthe
4473:Secular
4443:Herford
4392:Utrecht
4377:Münster
4354:Cambrai
4244:Swabian
4167:Hamburg
4129:Rantzau
4112:Güstrow
4095:Gottorp
4073:Hanover
4035:Secular
3374:Amtmann
3074:. 1720
3031:Source
3003:vacancy
2929:vacancy
2867:vacancy
2762:Viceroy
2669:Hanover
2622:Hanover
2210:in the
1950:Hanover
1806:convent
1786:exclave
1704:Hamburg
1693:Hamburg
1174:Leipzig
1117:Estates
1089:James I
1014:History
922:Hamburg
916:on the
854:of the
652:•
454:•
224:Monarch
188:mostly
161:Capital
156:in 1733
152:2) the
150:in 1648
146:1) the
62:Swedish
5018:
4939:Verden
4914:Aachen
4906:Cities
4851:Status
4834:Wittem
4774:Anholt
4658:Nassau
4632:Lingen
4550:Counts
4540:Verden
4525:Minden
4500:Jülich
4486:Cleves
4463:Werden
4433:Corvey
4400:Verden
4372:Minden
4362:Corvey
4172:Lübeck
4162:Goslar
4157:Bremen
4149:Cities
4043:Bremen
4001:Lübeck
3986:Bremen
3905:
3886:
3867:
3812:
3742:Sweden
3590:German
3520:Bremen
3488:Wismar
3289:, and
3128:(also
2980:German
2947:German
2938:reeves
2752:Regent
2745:death
2691:death
2687:London
2639:death
2599:Notes
2580:Reign
2508:death
2450:death
2408:death
2301:Notes
2282:Reign
2242:London
2177:German
1881:German
1801:Sweden
1799:As in
1697:Bremen
1450:German
1399:German
1382:German
1338:German
1271:Bremen
1263:Sweden
1136:Bremen
1099:under
1087:under
1062:bishop
966:Bremen
954:Verden
926:Bremen
836:German
667:
659:
637:
634:Battle
607:
602:France
575:
570:French
529:
524:French
518:Hadeln
508:
493:
446:
444:
442:
434:
429:
425:Verden
421:Bremen
418:
378:(also
333:
227:
179:German
134:Status
90:France
78:French
58:
46:German
42:
4880:Lippe
4875:Hesse
4784:Gemen
4650:Moers
4637:Lippe
4619:Horne
4554:Lords
4530:Moers
4488:with
4458:Thorn
4438:Essen
4367:Liège
4063:Celle
3494:Notes
3421:Homer
3377:) in
3364:Stade
3343:Stade
3325:]
3304:]
3263:]
3250:Stade
3242:]
3219:Stade
3184:Stade
3166:, in
3110:Balje
3106:]
3068:]
3012:Hakea
2955:Gräfe
2951:Greve
2900:]
2879:]
2586:Name
2288:Name
2192:]
2015:Zeven
1946:Stade
1810:Zeven
1778:]
1726:]
1715:]
1595:]
1551:Weser
1509:Stade
1501:]
1458:Stade
1301:]
1282:]
986:Stade
950:Stade
936:) of
934:Kreis
928:(the
914:Weser
656:with
618:1807–
612:1803–
539:1712–
482:1675–
392:diets
194:some
165:Stade
4748:and
4741:Wied
4721:Sayn
4663:Diez
4627:Hoya
4504:Berg
4490:Mark
3903:ISBN
3884:ISBN
3865:ISBN
3810:ISBN
3437:and
2727:O.S.
2675:O.S.
2627:O.S.
2546:O.S.
2542:O.S.
2493:O.S.
2489:O.S.
2443:O.S.
2439:O.S.
2399:O.S.
2395:O.S.
2349:Rome
2341:O.S.
2073:Main
2040:The
1970:and
1695:and
1356:was
1329:Diet
1004:seal
968:and
952:and
924:and
912:and
910:Elbe
858:and
675:1823
646:1813
623:1810
620:1810
614:1805
609:1801
552:1757
549:1731
546:1719
541:1715
484:1679
480:1666
202:and
200:Jews
124:and
86:and
3583:In
3409:in
3362:in
3341:in
3248:in
3217:in
3104:nds
2953:or
1808:of
1352:of
1303:).
1217:by
1213:as
423:a.
386:or
216:in
5073::
5014:,
5010:,
5006:,
4994:,
4990:,
4986:,
4982:,
4978:,
4552:/
4282:·
4275:,
4271:,
4267:,
4258:,
4254:,
4250:,
4246:,
4242:,
3828:.
3749:^
3716:^
3661:^
3592::
3323:de
3302:de
3285:,
3261:de
3240:de
3070:,
3066:de
2982::
2961::
2949::
2898:sv
2877:de
2789:,
2743:,
2723:,
2685:,
2671:,
2667:,
2535:,
2482:,
2435:,
2267:.
2224:.
2190:fr
2179::
2025:,
1975:.
1895:.
1883::
1846:.
1838:,
1776:de
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1739:,
1724:de
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1561:.
1499:de
1452::
1401::
1384::
1340::
1299:de
1280:de
1234:.
1165:.
1119:.
1072:.
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885:.
862:.
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664:as
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522:•
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459:•
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144:to
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4502:–
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820:(
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577:(
566:)
562:(
531:(
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510:(
499:)
495:(
394:)
390:(
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60:(
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44:(
20:)
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