744:
1163:
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989:, dissipated spontaneously. Buridan's position was that a moving object would be arrested by the resistance of the air and the weight of the body which would oppose its impetus. Buridan also maintained that impetus increased with speed; thus, his initial idea of impetus was similar in many ways to the modern concept of momentum. Despite the obvious similarities to more modern ideas of inertia, Buridan saw his theory as only a modification to Aristotle's basic philosophy, maintaining many other
1113:" if it does not carry the moving body towards or away from the center of the Earth, and for him, "a ship, for instance, having once received some impetus through the tranquil sea, would move continually around our globe without ever stopping." It is also worth noting that Galileo later (in 1632) concluded that based on this initial premise of inertia, it is impossible to tell the difference between a moving object and a stationary one without some outside
757:
1086:
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the term "inertia" has come to mean simply the phenomenon itself, rather than any inherent mechanism. Thus, ultimately, "inertia" in modern classical physics has come to be a name for the same phenomenon as described by Newton's first law of motion, and the two concepts are now considered to be equivalent.
1158:
However, Newton's original ideas of "innate resistive force" were ultimately problematic for a variety of reasons, and thus most physicists no longer think in these terms. As no alternate mechanism has been readily accepted, and it is now generally accepted that there may not be one that we can know,
1108:
Galileo writes that "all external impediments removed, a heavy body on a spherical surface concentric with the earth will maintain itself in that state in which it has been; if placed in a movement towards the west (for example), it will maintain itself in that movement." This notion, which is termed
993:
views, including the belief that there was still a fundamental difference between an object in motion and an object at rest. Buridan also believed that impetus could be not only linear but also circular in nature, causing objects (such as celestial bodies) to move in a circle. Buridan's theory was
938:
criticized the inconsistency between
Aristotle's discussion of projectiles, where the medium keeps projectiles going, and his discussion of the void, where the medium would hinder a body's motion. Philoponus proposed that motion was not maintained by the action of a surrounding medium, but by some
918:
to believe that objects would move only as long as force was applied to them. Aristotle said that all moving objects (on Earth) eventually come to rest unless an external power (force) continued to move them. Aristotle explained the continued motion of projectiles, after being separated from their
1150:
Despite having defined the concept in his laws of motion, Newton did not actually use the term "inertia.” In fact, he originally viewed the respective phenomena as being caused by "innate forces" inherent in matter which resist any acceleration. Given this perspective, and borrowing from Kepler,
2106:
This usual statement of Newton's law from the Motte-Cajori translation, is however misleading giving the impression that 'state' refers only to rest and not motion whereas it refers to both. So the comma should come after 'state' not 'rest' (Koyre: Newtonian
Studies London 1965 Chap III, App
1221:
In general relativity, the concept of inertial motion got a broader meaning. Taking into account general relativity, inertial motion is any movement of a body that is not affected by forces of electrical, magnetic, or other origin, but that is only under the influence of gravitational masses.
1054:(published in three parts from 1617 to 1621). However, the meaning of Kepler's term, which he derived from the Latin word for "idleness" or "laziness", was not quite the same as its modern interpretation. Kepler defined inertia only in terms of resistance to movement, once again based on the
2056:
According to
Newtonian mechanics, if a projectile on a smooth spherical planet is given an initial horizontal velocity, it will not remain on the surface of the planet. Various curves are possible depending on the initial speed and the height of the launch. See Harris Benson
1069:
The principle of inertia, as formulated by
Aristotle for "motions in a void", includes that a mundane object tends to resist a change in motion. The Aristotelian division of motion into mundane and celestial became increasingly problematic in the face of the conclusions of
2065:. If constrained to remain on the surface, by being sandwiched, say, in between two concentric spheres, it will follow a great circle on the surface of the earth, i.e. will only maintain a westerly direction if fired along the equator. See "Using great circles"
939:
property imparted to the object when it was set in motion. Although this was not the modern concept of inertia, for there was still the need for a power to keep a body in motion, it proved a fundamental step in that direction. This view was strongly opposed by
864:, or innate force of matter, is a power of resisting by which every body, as much as in it lies, endeavours to persevere in its present state, whether it be of rest or of moving uniformly forward in a right line.
1100:, recognized these problems with the then-accepted nature of motion and, at least partially, as a result, included a restatement of Aristotle's description of motion in a void as a basic physical principle:
98:
122:
2560:
1017:
portion of corporeal matter which moves by itself when an impetus has been impressed on it by any external motive force has a natural tendency to move on a rectilinear, not a curved, path.
1109:"circular inertia" or "horizontal circular inertia" by historians of science, is a precursor to, but is distinct from, Newton's notion of rectilinear inertia. For Galileo, a motion is "
2495:
840:
LAW I. Every object perseveres in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a right line, except insofar as it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed thereon.
3125:
1206:, Einstein's concept of inertia remained at first unchanged from Newton's original meaning. However, this resulted in a limitation inherent in special relativity: the
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1037:' geometrization of space-matter, combined with the immutability of God." The first physicist to completely break away from the Aristotelian model of motion was
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Every body perseveres in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a right line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed thereon.
2552:
1807:
Espinoza, Fernando. "An
Analysis of the Historical Development of Ideas About Motion and its Implications for Teaching". Physics Education. Vol. 40(2).
496:
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is applied; this is called conservation of angular momentum. Rotational inertia is often considered in relation to a rigid body. For example, a
1151:
Newton conceived of "inertia" as "the innate force possessed by an object which resists changes in motion", thus defining "inertia" to mean the
3385:
2685:
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743:
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1720:
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2268:
McCloskey, M & Carmazza, A (1980), "Curvilinear motion in the absence of external forces: naĂŻve beliefs about the motion of objects",
1960:
2522:
922:
Despite its general acceptance, Aristotle's concept of motion was disputed on several occasions by notable philosophers over nearly two
451:
2702:
1820:
2724:
1766:
1021:
Benedetti cites the motion of a rock in a sling as an example of the inherent linear motion of objects, forced into circular motion.
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1935:
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2004:
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that rest was a natural state which did not need explanation. It was not until the later work of
Galileo and Newton unified
372:
1166:
The effect of inertial mass: if pulled slowly, the upper thread breaks (a). If pulled quickly, the lower thread breaks (b).
3015:
1597:
1002:, who performed various experiments which further undermined the Aristotelian model. Their work in turn was elaborated by
914:, both of which tend to decrease the speed of moving objects (commonly to the point of rest). This misled the philosopher
367:
3527:
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2007:. Chalmers does not, however, believe that Galileo's physics had a general principle of inertia, circular or otherwise.
1211:
774:
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and Newton. While this revolutionary theory did significantly change the meaning of many
Newtonian concepts such as
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in the 16th century, who argued that the Earth is never at rest, but is actually in constant motion around the Sun.
1030:
825:
661:
550:
476:
336:
269:
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2128:
845:
Isaac Newton, Principia, The
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Translation by Cohen and Whitman, 1999
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31:
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1976:
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A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at a constant speed unless disturbed.
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2690:
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1618:
1602:...it stops when the force which is pushing the travelling object has no longer power to push it along...
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1408:
1010:
919:
projector, as an (itself unexplained) action of the surrounding medium continuing to move the projectile.
686:
503:
2062:
1478:
934:) stated that the "default state" of the matter was motion, not stasis (stagnation). In the 6th century,
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3328:
3249:
3152:
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2945:
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902:(384–322 BCE). On the surface of the Earth, the inertia property of physical objects is often masked by
887:
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357:
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352:
345:
101:
1999:, eds. Steven French and Harmke Kamminga, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1991, pp. 199–200,
1128:
Concepts of inertia in
Galileo's writings would later come to be refined, modified, and codified by
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could only apply to inertial reference frames. To address this limitation, Einstein developed his
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948:
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362:
237:
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165:
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1214:("The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity", 1916), which provided a theory including
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2008:
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17:
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in one principle that the term "inertia" could be applied to those concepts as it is today.
879:
726:
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651:
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280:
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200:
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Andrew Motte's 1729 (1846) translation translated Newton's "nisi quatenus" erroneously as
1175:
1118:
1045:
935:
833:
721:
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611:
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philosophers who supported
Aristotle. However, this view did not go unchallenged in the
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1314:
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911:
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220:
1526:. Translated by Cohen, I.B.; Whitman, A. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
890:(475–221 BCE) – as having given the first description of inertia. Before the European
3537:
3521:
3085:
2967:
2909:
2369:
2328:
2154:
1705:
1223:
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944:
828:(also known as The Principle of Inertia). It is one of the primary manifestations of
636:
463:
1782:
3425:
2973:
2843:
2652:
2627:
2590:
2432:
1551:
Newton's Principia: the mathematical principles of natural philosophy (3rd edition)
1410:
Newton's Principia: the mathematical principles of natural philosophy (3rd edition)
1129:
982:
961:(Avicenna) claimed that a projectile in a vacuum would not stop unless acted upon.
821:
701:
626:
315:
195:
1085:
1643:
2991:
2600:
2479:
1365:
891:
883:
2303:
Ragep, F. Jamil (2001a). "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context".
1617:, Chapter 1, "Things that Move", Louis Bloomfield, Professor of Physics at the
1505:"Mistranslation of Newton's First Law Discovered after Nearly Nearly 300 Years"
3445:
3435:
3115:
3003:
2396:
2338:"Freeing Astronomy from Philosophy: An Aspect of Islamic Influence on Science"
2320:
2285:
486:
160:
1995:
See Alan Chalmers article "Galilean Relativity and Galileo's Relativity", in
1386:
3296:
3165:
2385:
2280:. Vol. The Lecture Notes in Physics. Volume 897. Heidelberg: Springer.
1271:
1222:
Physically speaking, this happens to be exactly what a properly functioning
1117:
to compare it against. This observation ultimately came to be the basis for
1034:
927:
923:
915:
899:
508:
2278:
Inertia and Gravitation. The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time
2101:
Newton's Principia : the mathematical principles of natural philosophy
1006:
who pioneered the practice of illustrating the laws of motion with graphs.
951:, where Philoponus had several supporters who further developed his ideas.
2203:
1761:(1st ed.). Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. pp. 227–228.
1707:
Gravity's arc: the story of gravity, from Aristotle to Einstein and beyond
1258:), the property that a rotating rigid body maintains its state of uniform
2637:
2578:
2348:(Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions): 49–64 & 66–71.
2245:
Clement, J (1982), "Students' preconceptions in introductory mechanics",
1997:
Correspondence, Invariance and Heuristics: Essays in Honour of Heinz Post
1259:
1203:
958:
955:
940:
931:
907:
427:
310:
285:
1888:
Isaac Beeckman on Matter and Motion: Mechanical Philosophy in the Making
1565:
1464:
1456:
2583:
2471:
1093:
1013:
modified the growing theory of impetus to involve linear motion alone:
976:
903:
400:
170:
1758:
Matter, space and motion : theories in antiquity and their sequel
1274:
uses the property that it resists any change in the axis of rotation.
985:
rejected the notion that a motion-generating property, which he named
3400:
1267:
1199:
805:
459:
305:
215:
1856:
The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
1600:: Loeb Classical Library Cambridge (Mass.) and London, p. 407,
2401:
2361:
1447:
816:
or direction to change. It is one of the fundamental principles in
2204:"inertia | Etymology, origin and meaning of inertia by etymonline"
1161:
1084:
1076:
1055:
813:
809:
295:
290:
232:
1524:
The Principia, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
1195:
829:
808:
to stay in motion and objects at rest to stay at rest, unless a
300:
263:
3169:
2405:
1433:
Hoek, D. (2023). "Forced Changes Only: A New Take on Inertia".
30:
This article is about inertia in physics. For other uses, see
1977:"Galilei's presentation of his principle of inertia, p. 113"
1819:
Jean Buridan: Quaestiones on Aristotle's Physics (quoted at
2190:"Einstein's Theory of Relativity - inertial motion, p. 252"
1914:, Cambridge University Press, 2016, "Inertia.", p. 405
93:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}
2127:, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, archived from
1623:
How Everything Works: Making Physics Out of the Ordinary
1033:, inertia "entered science as a physical consequence of
1155:
of the phenomenon, rather than the phenomenon itself.
57:
1891:, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 105–110,
3479:
3416:
3344:
3260:
3232:
3204:
3139:
3076:
3031:
2954:
2896:
2651:
2571:
2506:
2439:
2153:
2121:The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity
1853:
1704:
92:
3126:Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton
2192:. New York, E. P. Dutton and company, publishers.
2038:"Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, p. 113-114"
2160:. New York: Courier Dover Publications. p.
2080:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
1311:of synchronous generators in an electrical grid
1015:
858:
838:
3181:
2417:
1950:7th paragraph of section 8, book 4 of Physica
832:, one of the core quantitative properties of
782:
8:
1009:Shortly before Galileo's theory of inertia,
1648:. University of Toronto Press. p. 21.
1625:, John Wiley & Sons (2007), hardcover,
1238:The term inertia comes from the Latin word
1139:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
1044:The term "inertia" was first introduced by
853:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
3188:
3174:
3166:
2424:
2410:
2402:
2261:McCloskey, M (1983), "Intuitive physics",
1226:is indicating when it does not detect any
1182:, as proposed in his 1905 paper entitled "
789:
775:
36:
27:Fundamental principle of classical physics
2023:, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1961,
1681:, trans. by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye,
1446:
74:
68:
59:
58:
56:
1645:Aristotle's Science of Matter and Motion
1479:"What Newton really meant | Daniel Hoek"
856:, Newton defined inertia as a property:
2276:Pfister, Herbert; King, Markus (2015).
1962:The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
1860:. Princeton University Press. pp.
1356:
1184:On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
108:
44:
3386:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
2021:The Mechanisation of the World Picture
1503:Pappas, Stephanie (5 September 2023).
1483:IAI TV - Changing how the world thinks
1287:devices which may also be known as an
874:Early understanding of inertial motion
804:is the natural tendency of objects in
2676:Newton's law of universal gravitation
1266:remains unchanged unless an external
1186:", was built on the understanding of
894:, the prevailing theory of motion in
471:Newton's law of universal gravitation
7:
2834:Newton's theorem of revolving orbits
2152:Max Born; GĂĽnther Leibfried (1962).
1566:"No. 2080 The Survival of Invention"
1546:Andrew Motte's English translation:
1405:Andrew Motte's English translation:
1096:, in his further development of the
2782:Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy
2523:standing on the shoulders of giants
2104:, New York: Daniel Adee, p. 83
2096:Andrew Motte's English translation:
1927:Restoring the Bioelectrical Machine
1787:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1554:, New York: Daniel Adee, p. 73
1413:, New York: Daniel Adee, p. 83
1136:(first published in Newton's work,
886:– based on a Chinese text from the
452:Mechanics of planar particle motion
60:
3149:
2397:Why Does the Earth Spin? (YouTube)
25:
2256:Medieval and Early Modern Science
2116:Alfred Engel English Translation:
1250:A quantity related to inertia is
3111:Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
2384:
1924:Biad, Abder-Rahim (2018-01-26).
1711:. John Wiley and Sons. pp.
1218:(accelerated) reference frames.
1051:Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae
756:
755:
742:
75:
3507:Timeline of physics discoveries
3131:Newton International Fellowship
2812:generalized Gauss–Newton method
2725:Newton's method in optimization
2156:Einstein's Theory of Relativity
1912:The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon
1583:Aristotle: Minor works (1936),
1029:According to science historian
18:Principle of inertia (physics)
1:
2272:vol. 210, pp. 1139–1141.
2232:The Origins of Modern Science
1598:University of Chicago Library
954:In the 11th century, Persian
378:Koopman–von Neumann mechanics
2752:Newton's theorem about ovals
1242:, meaning idle or sluggish.
1212:general theory of relativity
446:Non-inertial reference frame
3471:Quantum information science
3121:Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form
2777:Corpuscular theory of light
2703:Schrödinger–Newton equation
2248:American Journal of Physics
1850:Gillispie, Charles Coulston
1642:Byrne, Christopher (2018).
1613:Pages 2 to 4, Section 1.1,
373:Appell's equation of motion
243:Inertial frame of reference
3559:
3302:Classical electromagnetism
2530:Notes on the Jewish Temple
2313:Cambridge University Press
2265:, April, pp. 114–123.
1885:van Berkel, Klaas (2013),
1320:List of moments of inertia
1304:Inertial navigation system
1031:Charles Coulston Gillispie
974:
968:
29:
2336:Ragep, F. Jamil (2001b).
2321:10.1017/S0269889701000060
2286:10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9
2118:Einstein, Albert (1997),
1755:Sorabji, Richard (1988).
1739:(London: Penguin, 1988),
1188:inertial reference frames
1121:to develop the theory of
994:followed up by his pupil
3408:Condensed matter physics
2681:post-Newtonian expansion
2561:Corruptions of Scripture
2553:Ancient Kingdoms Amended
1364:Britannica, Dictionary.
1224:three-axis accelerometer
930:(following, presumably,
536:Rotating reference frame
368:Hamilton–Jacobi equation
32:Inertia (disambiguation)
2871:Absolute space and time
2735:truncated Newton method
2708:Newton's laws of motion
2671:Newton's law of cooling
2230:Butterfield, H (1957),
1737:On the Nature of Things
1703:Darling, David (2006).
1366:"definition of INERTIA"
1330:Newton's laws of motion
1299:Vertical and horizontal
1285:Flywheel energy storage
1208:principle of relativity
869:History and development
477:Newton's laws of motion
337:Newton's laws of motion
3492:Nobel Prize in Physics
3354:Relativistic mechanics
3106:Isaac Newton Telescope
3096:Isaac Newton Institute
2866:Newton–Puiseux theorem
2861:Parallelogram of force
2849:kissing number problem
2839:Newton–Euler equations
2742:Gauss–Newton algorithm
2691:gravitational constant
2389:Quotations related to
2098:Newton, Isaac (1846),
1910:Lawrence Nolan (ed.),
1834:Essays on Galileo etc.
1619:University of Virginia
1548:Newton, Isaac (1846),
1407:Newton, Isaac (1846),
1190:developed by Galileo,
1167:
1148:
1106:
1090:
1082:
1019:
1011:Giambattista Benedetti
866:
848:
504:Simple harmonic motion
417:Euler's laws of motion
211:D'Alembert's principle
94:
3497:Philosophy of physics
3060:Isaac Newton Gargoyle
2970: (nephew-in-law)
2946:Copernican Revolution
2941:Scientific Revolution
2802:Newton–Cotes formulas
2666:Newton's inequalities
2643:Structural coloration
2254:Crombie, A C (1959),
1959:Nicholas Copernicus,
1435:Philosophy of Science
1385:Britannica, Science.
1345:Parallel axis theorem
1165:
1144:
1102:
1088:
1080:
981:In the 14th century,
888:Warring States period
358:Hamiltonian mechanics
176:Statistical mechanics
95:
3456:Mathematical physics
3067:Astronomers Monument
2757:Newton–Pepys problem
2730:Apollonius's problem
2698:Newton–Cartan theory
2611:Newton–Okounkov body
2544:hypotheses non fingo
2533: (c. 1680)
1132:as the first of his
1056:axiomatic assumption
998:(1316–1390) and the
860:DEFINITION III. The
581:Angular acceleration
573:Rotational frequency
353:Lagrangian mechanics
346:Analytical mechanics
102:Second law of motion
55:
3528:Classical mechanics
3431:Atmospheric physics
3270:Classical mechanics
3198:branches of physics
2876:Luminiferous aether
2824:Newton's identities
2797:Newton's cannonball
2772:Classical mechanics
2762:Newtonian potential
2623:Newtonian telescope
2354:2001Osir...16...49R
2263:Scientific American
2134:on 15 November 2015
2067:Using great circles
1930:. Lulu Press, Inc.
1675:, 8.10, 267a1–21;
1587:Mechanical Problems
1522:Newton, I. (1999).
1509:Scientific American
1457:10.1017/psa.2021.38
1335:Classical mechanics
1228:proper acceleration
1072:Nicolaus Copernicus
906:and the effects of
826:first law of motion
820:, and described by
433:Harmonic oscillator
411:Equations of motion
46:Classical mechanics
40:Part of a series on
3487:History of physics
3101:Isaac Newton Medal
2906: (birthplace)
2720:Newtonian dynamics
2618:Newton's reflector
2305:Science in Context
2208:www.etymonline.com
2059:University Physics
2019:Dijksterhuis E.J.
1689:2007-01-29 at the
1661:Extract of page 21
1340:Special relativity
1294:General relativity
1252:rotational inertia
1246:Rotational inertia
1180:special relativity
1168:
1123:special relativity
1091:
1083:
1081:Isaac Newton, 1689
1000:Oxford Calculators
896:western philosophy
749:Physics portal
363:Routhian mechanics
238:Frame of reference
90:
3515:
3514:
3502:Physics education
3451:Materials science
3418:Interdisciplinary
3376:Quantum mechanics
3163:
3162:
3055: (sculpture)
3022:Abraham de Moivre
2976: (professor)
2904:Woolsthorpe Manor
2856:Newton's quotient
2829:Newton polynomial
2787:Newton's notation
2518: (1661–1665)
2295:978-3-319-15035-2
2188:Max Born (1922).
2061:, New York 1991,
2036:Drake, Stillman.
1975:Drake, Stillman.
1809:Medieval thought.
1783:"John Philoponus"
1744:
1722:978-0-471-71989-2
1684:
1655:978-1-4875-0396-3
1631:978-0-471-74817-5
1533:978-0-520-29087-7
1387:"inertia physics"
1309:Inertial response
1256:moment of inertia
1025:Classical inertia
971:Theory of impetus
965:Theory of impetus
850:In his 1687 work
836:. Newton writes:
818:classical physics
799:
798:
546:Centrifugal force
541:Centripetal force
497:Euler's equations
482:Relative velocity
258:Moment of inertia
88:
62:
16:(Redirected from
3550:
3441:Chemical physics
3381:Particle physics
3307:Classical optics
3190:
3183:
3176:
3167:
3151:
3046: (monotype)
3010:William Stukeley
3006: (disciple)
2986:Benjamin Pulleyn
2962:Catherine Barton
2881:Newtonian series
2792:Rotating spheres
2538:General Scholium
2433:Sir Isaac Newton
2426:
2419:
2412:
2403:
2388:
2373:
2332:
2299:
2251:vol 50, pp 66–71
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:inertial motion.
2159:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2126:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2094:
2088:
2075:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2027:
2017:
2011:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1921:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1859:
1846:
1840:
1832:Stillman Drake.
1830:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1710:
1700:
1694:
1682:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1639:
1633:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1450:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1325:Mach's principle
1264:angular momentum
1098:Copernican model
996:Albert of Saxony
880:John H. Lienhard
846:
834:physical systems
791:
784:
777:
764:
759:
758:
751:
747:
746:
652:Johann Bernoulli
647:Daniel Bernoulli
568:Tangential speed
472:
448:
423:Fictitious force
418:
270:Mechanical power
260:
201:Angular momentum
99:
97:
96:
91:
89:
87:
79:
78:
69:
64:
63:
37:
21:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3475:
3461:Medical physics
3412:
3371:Nuclear physics
3340:
3334:Non-equilibrium
3256:
3228:
3200:
3194:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3135:
3091:Newton's cradle
3072:
3027:
3000: (student)
2998:William Whiston
2994: (student)
2950:
2931:Religious views
2892:
2807:Newton's method
2767:Newtonian fluid
2661:Bucket argument
2647:
2567:
2502:
2435:
2430:
2381:
2376:
2335:
2302:
2296:
2275:
2226:
2224:Further reading
2221:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2076:
2072:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2018:
2014:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1743:'all must move'
1734:
1730:
1723:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1691:Wayback Machine
1670:
1666:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1612:
1608:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1432:
1422:
1418:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1289:Inertia battery
1280:
1248:
1236:
1176:Albert Einstein
1173:
1119:Albert Einstein
1089:Galileo Galilei
1046:Johannes Kepler
1027:
979:
973:
967:
936:John Philoponus
926:. For example,
882:points out the
876:
871:
847:
844:
795:
754:
741:
740:
733:
732:
731:
606:
598:
597:
577:
531:Circular motion
525:
515:
514:
513:
470:
440:
437:
416:
395:
387:
386:
383:
382:
340:
330:
322:
321:
320:
279:
275:Mechanical work
268:
252:
190:
182:
181:
180:
135:
127:
104:
80:
70:
53:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3556:
3554:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3520:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
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3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3324:Thermodynamics
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024: (friend)
3019:
3018: (friend)
3013:
3012: (friend)
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2982: (mentor)
2980:William Clarke
2977:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2936:Occult studies
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:Newton fractal
2816:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2747:Newton's rings
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2633:Newton's metal
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2606:Newton polygon
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2540:" (1713;
2534:
2526:
2519:
2510:
2508:
2507:Other writings
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2380:
2379:External links
2377:
2375:
2374:
2362:10.1086/649338
2344:. 2nd Series.
2333:
2300:
2294:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2243:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2195:
2180:
2170:
2144:
2109:
2089:
2070:
2049:
2028:
2012:
1988:
1967:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1916:
1903:
1897:
1877:
1870:
1841:
1825:
1821:Impetus Theory
1812:
1800:
1774:
1768:978-0801421945
1767:
1747:
1728:
1721:
1695:
1664:
1654:
1634:
1606:
1575:
1557:
1539:
1532:
1514:
1495:
1470:
1429:except insofar
1416:
1398:
1377:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:Kinetic energy
1312:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1247:
1244:
1235:
1232:
1172:
1169:
1134:laws of motion
1039:Isaac Beeckman
1026:
1023:
969:Main article:
966:
963:
912:air resistance
875:
872:
870:
867:
842:
797:
796:
794:
793:
786:
779:
771:
768:
767:
766:
765:
752:
735:
734:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
608:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
558:Coriolis force
555:
554:
553:
543:
538:
533:
527:
526:
521:
520:
517:
516:
512:
511:
506:
501:
500:
499:
494:
484:
479:
474:
467:
456:
455:
454:
449:
436:
435:
430:
425:
420:
413:
408:
403:
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
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384:
381:
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375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
349:
343:
341:
334:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
319:
318:
313:
308:
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143:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
126:
125:
120:
115:
109:
106:
105:
100:
86:
83:
77:
73:
67:
49:
48:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3555:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Ocean physics
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3401:Modern optics
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3250:Computational
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:Newton (unit)
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3016:William Jones
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2988: (tutor)
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2968:John Conduitt
2966:
2964: (niece)
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2910:Cranbury Park
2908:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:Personal life
2895:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2844:Newton number
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2713:Kepler's laws
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:parameterized
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:Contributions
2570:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2525:" (1675)
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
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3426:Astrophysics
3240:Experimental
3153:Isaac Newton
3065:
3058:
3050:
3041:
2974:Isaac Barrow
2912: (home)
2653:Newtonianism
2628:Newton scale
2595:
2591:Impact depth
2564: (1754)
2559:
2556: (1728)
2551:
2541:
2528:
2513:
2499: (1711)
2494:
2491: (1707)
2486:
2483: (1704)
2478:
2475: (1704)
2470:
2467: (1687)
2462:
2459: (1684)
2454:
2451: (1671)
2446:
2440:Publications
2393:at Wikiquote
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2231:
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2207:
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2136:, retrieved
2129:the original
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2052:
2041:. Retrieved
2031:
2020:
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1996:
1991:
1980:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1955:
1946:
1926:
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1786:
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1683:'projectile'
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1498:
1487:. Retrieved
1485:. 2023-08-17
1482:
1473:
1465:10919/113143
1441:(1): 60–73.
1438:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1409:
1401:
1390:. Retrieved
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1359:
1288:
1262:motion. Its
1251:
1249:
1239:
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1142:, in 1687):
1137:
1130:Isaac Newton
1127:
1107:
1103:
1092:
1068:
1063:
1059:
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1016:
1008:
986:
983:Jean Buridan
980:
953:
943:and by many
921:
898:was that of
877:
861:
859:
851:
849:
839:
822:Isaac Newton
801:
800:
591: /
587: /
585:displacement
583: /
444: /
406:Displacement
344:
335:
329:Formulations
316:Virtual work
256: /
253:
196:Acceleration
189:Fundamentals
3329:Statistical
3245:Theoretical
3222:Engineering
3053:by Paolozzi
2992:Roger Cotes
2601:Newton disc
2515:Quaestiones
2488:Arithmetica
2315:: 145–163.
1741:pp. 80–85,
1735:Lucretius,
1677:Aristotle,
1671:Aristotle,
1427:instead of
1216:noninertial
991:peripatetic
892:Renaissance
812:causes its
727:von Neumann
394:Core topics
3533:Gyroscopes
3522:Categories
3446:Geophysics
3436:Biophysics
3280:Analytical
3233:Approaches
3140:Categories
3116:XMM-Newton
3033:Depictions
3004:John Keill
2926:Apple tree
2921:Later life
2916:Early life
2496:De Analysi
2213:2023-10-01
2043:2022-07-31
2005:0792320859
1982:2022-07-31
1570:www.uh.edu
1489:2023-09-29
1448:2112.02339
1392:2022-07-08
1371:2022-07-08
1352:References
1260:rotational
1171:Relativity
1111:horizontal
1041:in 1614.
975:See also:
945:scholastic
878:Professor
862:vis insita
662:d'Alembert
642:Maupertuis
605:Scientists
487:Rigid body
161:Kinematics
3396:Molecular
3297:Acoustics
3290:Continuum
3285:Celestial
3275:Newtonian
3262:Classical
3205:Divisions
2955:Relations
2464:Principia
2370:142586786
2329:145372613
2258:, vol. 2.
2085:full text
2077:Galileo,
1615:"Skating"
1591:Mechanica
1272:gyroscope
1234:Etymology
1115:reference
1035:Descartes
928:Lucretius
924:millennia
916:Aristotle
900:Aristotle
707:Liouville
589:frequency
509:Vibration
226:potential
151:Continuum
146:Celestial
123:Textbooks
3543:Velocity
3078:Namesake
3044:by Blake
2638:Spectrum
2579:Calculus
2548: )
2448:Fluxions
2083:, 1632 (
2063:page 268
2009:page 199
1852:(1960).
1687:Archived
1278:See also
1204:distance
959:Ibn Sina
956:polymath
941:Averroes
932:Epicurus
908:friction
843:—
762:Category
687:Hamilton
672:Lagrange
667:Clairaut
632:Horrocks
593:velocity
563:Pendulum
551:reactive
523:Rotation
492:dynamics
442:Inertial
428:Friction
311:Velocity
286:Momentum
166:Kinetics
156:Dynamics
134:Branches
118:Timeline
3480:Related
3364:General
3359:Special
3217:Applied
2596:Inertia
2584:fluxion
2480:Queries
2472:Opticks
2456:De Motu
2391:Inertia
2350:Bibcode
2311:(1–2).
2270:Science
1838:p. 285.
1836:Vol 3.
1793:26 July
1679:Physics
1673:Physics
1192:Huygens
1094:Galileo
1048:in his
987:impetus
977:Conatus
904:gravity
824:in his
802:Inertia
722:Koopman
682:Poisson
677:Laplace
622:Huygens
617:Galileo
462: (
401:Damping
254:Inertia
248:Impulse
221:kinetic
171:Statics
141:Applied
113:History
3391:Atomic
3346:Modern
3196:Major
3051:Newton
3042:Newton
2368:
2342:Osiris
2327:
2292:
2238:
2168:
2138:30 May
2025:p. 352
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1965:, 1543
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1862:367–68
1765:
1719:
1715:, 50.
1652:
1629:
1530:
1425:unless
1268:torque
1202:, and
1200:energy
1064:motion
806:motion
760:
712:Appell
697:Cauchy
692:Jacobi
637:Halley
627:Newton
612:Kepler
464:linear
460:Motion
306:Torque
281:Moment
216:Energy
206:Couple
2886:table
2366:S2CID
2325:S2CID
2132:(PDF)
2125:(PDF)
1443:arXiv
1240:iners
1153:cause
814:speed
810:force
717:Gibbs
702:Routh
657:Euler
296:Speed
291:Space
233:Force
3538:Mass
3317:Wave
3212:Pure
2290:ISBN
2236:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2140:2014
2001:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1795:2012
1763:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1196:mass
1062:and
1060:rest
910:and
884:Mozi
830:mass
301:Time
264:Mass
3312:Ray
2358:doi
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