20:
1573:
90:
167:. He then followed with further such publications in 1893, 1898 and 1903. His efforts, however, were so disruptive that they appear to have benefited his opponents. By the 1900s, the need for a mechanism for the conservation of names was widely accepted, and details of such a mechanism were under discussion. The current system of "modified priority" was essentially put in place at the Cambridge Congress of 1930.
1356:
International Code of
Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code) incorporating the Rules and Recommendations for naming plants in cultivation, Eighth Edition, Adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated
267:
The valid name of a taxon is the oldest available name applied to it, unless that name has been invalidated or another name is given precedence by any provision of the Code or by any ruling of the
Commission . For this reason priority applies to the validity of synonyms , to the relative precedence
156:
During the 19th century, the principle gradually came to be accepted by almost all botanists, but debate continued to rage over the conditions under which the principle might be ignored. Botanists on one side of the debate argued that priority should be universal and without exception. This would
299:
Each family or lower-ranked taxon with a particular circumscription, position, and rank can bear only one correct name. Special exceptions are made for nine families and one subfamily for which alternative names are permitted (see Art. 18.5 and 19.8). The use of separate names is allowed for
280:
Priority of publication is a basic principle of zoological nomenclature; however, under conditions prescribed in the Code its application may be modified to conserve a long-accepted name in its accustomed meaning. When stability of nomenclature is threatened in an individual case, the strict
496:
In zoology, the principle of priority applies to names between the rank of superfamily and subspecies (not to varieties, which are below the rank of subspecies). Also unlike in botany, the authorship of new combinations is not tracked, and only the original authority is ever cited. Example:
175:
By the 19th century, the
Linnaean binomial system was generally adopted by zoologists. In doing so, many zoologists tried to dig up the oldest possible scientific names as a result of which proper and consistent names prevailing at the time including those by the eminent zoologists like
77:(ICN) defines it as: "A right to precedence established by the date of valid publication of a legitimate name or of an earlier homonym, or by the date of designation of a type." Basically, it is a scientific procedure to eliminate duplicate or multiple names for a species, for which
344:
Note that nomenclature for botany and zoology is independent, and the rules of priority regarding homonyms operate within each discipline but not between them. Thus, an animal and a plant can bear the same name, which is then called a
143:
laid the foundations of modern nomenclature, he offered no recognition of prior names. The botanists who followed him were just as willing to overturn
Linnaeus's names. The first sign of recognition of priority came in 1813, when
1472:
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012).
1317:
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012).
352:
There are formal provisions for making exceptions to the principle of priority under each of the Codes. If an archaic or obscure prior name is discovered for an established taxon, the current name can be declared a
67:
in zoology) given to an organism as the correct and acceptable name. The purpose is to select one scientific name as a stable one out of two or more alternate names that often exist for a single species.
268:
of homonyms , the correctness or otherwise of spellings , and to the validity of nomenclatural acts (such as acts taken under the
Principle of the First Reviser and the fixation of name-bearing types ).
291:
73:
1559:
403:
and below. When moves are made to another genus or from one species to another, the "final epithet" of the name is combined with the new genus name, with any adjustments necessary for
959:
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Burdet, H.M.; Demoulin, V.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Marhold, K.; Nicolson, D.H.; Prado, J.; Silva, P.C.; Skog, J.E.; Wiersema, J.; Turland, N.J., eds. (2006).
300:
fossil-taxa that represent different parts, life-history stages, or preservational states of what may have been a single organismal taxon or even a single individual (Art. 1.2).
1479:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
1324:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
455:
who published the specific epithet, and the name after the parentheses cites the author who published the new combination of the specific epithet with the generic name.
255:
365:(zoology), and so conserved against the prior name. Conservation may be avoided entirely in zoology as these names may fall in the formal category of
245:
reported: "The worst feature of this abuse is not so much the bestowal of unknown names of well-known creatures as the transfer of one to another."
1000:
962:
International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code). Adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress Vienna, Austria, July 2005
148:
laid out some principles of good nomenclatural practice. He favoured retaining prior names, but left wide scope for overturning poor prior names.
1486:
1364:
1331:
272:
There are exceptions: another name may be given precedence by any provision of the Code or by any ruling of the
Commission. According to the
196:, etc. came to be challenged. Scientific organisations tried to established practical rules to changing names, but not a uniform system.
157:
have meant a one-off major disruption as countless names in current usage were overturned in favour of archaic prior names. In 1891,
970:
548:, based on a pair of horns. However, it is now thought that his specimen belonged to an unusual individual of an existing species,
1603:
1593:
1598:
333:
281:
application of the Code may under specified conditions be suspended by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
36:. On further investigation, it was established that the move had been incorrect, so the original name was reinstated as the
19:
1347:
Brickell, C.D.; Alexander, C.; David, J.C.; Hetterscheid, W.L.A.; Leslie, A.C.; Malecot, V.; Jin, X.; Cubey, J.J. (2009),
231:. The first meeting was at Darwin's house in London. The committee's report written by Strickland was implemented as the
224:
1608:
501:
522:(Girault, 1913), except that the one published 19 days later was the junior homonym, and its name was replaced with
1292:
161:, one of the most vocal proponents of this position, did just that, publishing over 30000 new combinations in his
220:
163:
24:
332:
Once a name has been used, no subsequent publication of that name for another taxon shall be valid (zoology) or
239:. It was not endorsed by all zoologists as it allowed naming, renaming and reclassifying with relative ease, as
89:
1451:
452:
1158:"Zoological vs. botanical nomenclature: a forgotten BioCode experiment from the times of the Strickland Code"
51:
by which a valid scientific name is established based on the oldest available name. It is a decisive rule in
581:. However, it was realized in 1893 that the organism described by Kaup was in fact the juvenile form of the
78:
56:
199:
The first zoological code with priority rule was first formulated in 1842 by a committee appointed by the
605:
must be considered as a junior synonym and not be used. Today the European eel is classified in the genus
52:
550:
322:
228:
111:
came into common use. However, three relatively unknown names for the genus had been published earlier:
60:
1529:
1102:
866:
658:
318:
204:
37:
1359:, International Association for Plant Taxonomy and International Society for Horticultural Science,
508:, on 10 December 1913, and on 29 December 1913, he published a description of a related species, as
200:
1412:
1224:
1185:
1067:
1017:
941:
890:
814:
768:
721:
485:
355:
326:
48:
1482:
1360:
1327:
1177:
1138:
1120:
1075:
1059:
966:
898:
882:
806:
760:
713:
674:
570:
563:
383:
346:
337:
241:
145:
128:
488:
of the Latin words required a change in ending of the species epithet to the masculine form,
1404:
1216:
1169:
1128:
1110:
1051:
1009:
933:
874:
858:
832:
798:
752:
705:
666:
586:
537:
400:
372:
216:
99:
was published in 1837, but for a long time, it was included in the ambiguously named genus
1503:
1474:
607:
447:
377:
371:. Similarly, if the current name for a taxon is found to have an archaic or obscure prior
1106:
870:
662:
1157:
1133:
1094:
396:
361:
212:
208:
185:
181:
1319:
1587:
594:
367:
189:
177:
140:
1205:"Linnaeus and the Development of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature"
1189:
582:
514:
193:
878:
1380:
1348:
1267:
1242:
1055:
995:
158:
1173:
670:
555:
512:. Eventually, both of these species were later transferred to the same genus,
395:
In botany and horticulture, the principle of priority applies to names at the
1181:
1124:
1115:
1063:
886:
810:
764:
717:
678:
647:"Zoological nomenclature in the century of extinctions: priority vs. 'usage'"
646:
545:
1142:
1079:
1039:
902:
960:
625:
95:
1416:
1228:
1204:
1071:
1021:
945:
894:
818:
786:
772:
740:
725:
693:
1430:
1549:
ICZN 1999 (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1999 Ed.).
1408:
1220:
1013:
937:
802:
756:
709:
404:
314:
88:
313:
The first formal scientific name published for a plant or animal
32:. To avoid having the same name as another snake, it was renamed
1095:"Naming and Necessity: Sherborn's Context in the 19(th) Century"
1297:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
837:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
292:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
74:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
578:
1481:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG.
1326:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG.
139:
The principle of priority has not always been in place. When
1504:"Nomenclatural changes and selected lectotypifications in
916:
D'Arcy, W.G. (1979). "(463) Proposal to Conserve the Name
253:
In zoology, the principle of priority is defined by the
127:
would have priority. These three names have since been
558:
in 1815. The older name, by Ord, takes priority; with
81:
called it "the principle of outlaw in nomenclature".
1299:. GlashĂĽtten, Germany: Koeltz Botanical Books. 2018
839:. GlashĂĽtten, Germany: Koeltz Botanical Books. 2018
859:"Some Points in the Nomenclature-Priority Question"
1040:"The Rule of Priority in Zoological Nomenclature"
317:shall be the name that is to be used, called the
611:(Garsault, 1764,) so its currently used name is
589:for the full story). The European eel was named
451:(Baker) Boiss. The name enclosed in parentheses
1272:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
1247:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
924:Ruiz & Pavon (1794) (Scrophulariaceae)".
518:, at which point they both would have become
256:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
8:
601:is the name to be used for the species, and
965:. Rugell, Liechtenstein: A. R. G. Gantner.
285:In botany, the principle if defined by the
203:. The committee comprising Charles Darwin,
989:
987:
985:
983:
1132:
1114:
741:"Expediency vs. Priority in Nomenclature"
381:(zoology) or the older name suppressed (
18:
1203:Linsley, E. G.; Usinger, R. L. (1959).
1001:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
694:"The Type Concept in Systematic Botany"
637:
504:published a description of a wasp, as
1033:
1031:
996:"A history of botanical nomenclature"
375:, the current name can be declared a
103:. In 1961, the problem with the name
7:
93:The North American wildflower genus
16:Principle of biological nomenclature
1243:"Article 23. Principle of Priority"
857:Underwood, Lucien M. (1892-08-26).
651:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
1156:Minelli, Alessandro (2008-12-05).
14:
1574:"Universal Chalcidoidea Database"
1560:"Universal Chalcidoidea Database"
1293:"SECTION 3: PRIORITY: Article 11"
233:Rules of Zoological Nomenclature,
1038:G. A., Boulenger (1908-10-09).
791:The American Midland Naturalist
1530:"Australian Plant Names Index"
1:
879:10.1126/science.ns-20.499.116
787:"The Code of the Near Future"
1056:10.1126/science.28.719.490-a
645:Dubois, Alain (2010-07-01).
295:) in 2017 in its article 11:
554:, with a name published by
235:and popularly known as the
1625:
1320:"Principle IV; Article 11"
698:American Journal of Botany
603:Leptocephalus brevirostris
575:Leptocephalus brevirostris
459:Orthocarpus castillejoides
309:Priority has two aspects:
1379:Darbyshire, S.J. (1993).
1174:10.11646/zootaxa.1950.1.5
692:Hitchcock, A. S. (1921).
671:10.1007/s13127-010-0021-3
164:Revisio Generum Plantarum
119:C.F.Gaertn. in 1807, and
115:Ruiz & Pav. in 1794,
25:Sanzinia madagascariensis
1502:John Mark Egger (2008).
1116:10.3897/zookeys.550.7399
865:. ns-20 (499): 116–117.
325:in botany (principle of
1604:Zoological nomenclature
1594:Scientific nomenclature
1093:McOuat, Gordon (2016).
739:Rickett, H. W. (1953).
480:was moved to the genus
473:(D.D. Keck) J.M. Egger.
465:D.D. Keck was moved to
443:Iridodictyum danfordiae
419:was moved to the genus
336:(botany) (principle of
123:Raf. in 1837, of which
79:Lucien Marcus Underwood
59:to recognise the first
57:zoological nomenclature
28:was moved to the genus
1599:Botanical nomenclature
994:Nicolson, Dan (1991).
977:Appendix III, page 289
445:(Baker) Nothdurft and
407:grammar, for example:
302:
283:
270:
136:
41:
577:for a new species of
560:Antilocapra anteflexa
551:Antilocapra americana
544:for a new species of
542:Antilocapra anteflexa
524:Aprostocetus fuscosus
297:
278:
265:
229:Hugh Edwin Strickland
92:
22:
920:Raf. (1837) against
797:(5): 143–144. 1909.
506:Epentastichus fuscus
205:John Stevens Henslow
1107:2016ZooK..550...57M
871:1892Sci....20..116U
663:2010ODivE..10..259D
573:published the name
540:published the name
520:Aprostocetus fuscus
510:Neomphaloides fusca
490:Petalochilus alatus
437:Baker was moved to
201:British Association
49:biological taxonomy
1609:Taxonomy (biology)
1209:Systematic Zoology
562:becoming a junior
486:grammatical gender
467:Castilleja ambigua
435:Xiphion danfordiae
423:, its name became
356:nomen conservandum
263:in its article 23:
259:(4th edition, 1999
237:Stricklandian Code
137:
107:was resolved, and
47:is a principle in
42:
1488:978-3-87429-425-6
1366:978-90-6605-662-6
1333:978-3-87429-425-6
615:(Linnaeus, 1758).
613:Anguilla anguilla
571:Johann Jakob Kaup
384:nomen rejiciendum
334:validly published
146:A. P. de Candolle
1616:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1508:(Orobanchaceae)"
1499:
1493:
1492:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1381:"Realignment of
1376:
1370:
1369:
1353:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1118:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1050:(719): 490–491.
1035:
1026:
1025:
991:
978:
976:
956:
950:
949:
913:
907:
906:
854:
848:
847:
845:
844:
829:
823:
822:
783:
777:
776:
736:
730:
729:
689:
683:
682:
642:
599:Muraena anguilla
591:Muraena anguilla
587:eel life history
538:John Edward Gray
453:cites the author
225:Ralph Richardson
217:John O. Westwood
1624:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1572:
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1567:
1558:
1557:
1553:
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1544:
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1528:
1527:
1523:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1409:10.2307/3391460
1389:with the Genus
1378:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1300:
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1290:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1221:10.2307/2411606
1202:
1201:
1197:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1014:10.2307/2399589
993:
992:
981:
973:
958:
957:
953:
938:10.2307/1219765
915:
914:
910:
856:
855:
851:
842:
840:
831:
830:
826:
803:10.2307/2993205
785:
784:
780:
757:10.2307/1216446
738:
737:
733:
710:10.2307/2434993
691:
690:
686:
644:
643:
639:
634:
622:
533:
478:Caladenia alata
448:Iris danfordiae
441:(Baker) Klatt,
439:Juno danfordiae
393:
378:nomen protectum
321:in zoology and
307:
251:
173:
154:
87:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1565:
1551:
1542:
1521:
1494:
1487:
1464:
1443:
1431:"Tropicos.org"
1422:
1403:(3): 239–243.
1371:
1365:
1339:
1332:
1309:
1284:
1259:
1234:
1195:
1148:
1101:(550): 57–69.
1085:
1027:
979:
971:
951:
932:(4): 419–422.
908:
849:
824:
778:
751:(6): 117–124.
731:
704:(5): 251–255.
684:
657:(3): 259–274.
636:
635:
633:
630:
629:
628:
621:
618:
617:
616:
567:
532:
529:
528:
527:
494:
493:
474:
471:humboldtiensis
463:humboldtiensis
456:
432:
392:
389:
362:conserved name
342:
341:
330:
306:
303:
250:
247:
213:William Ogilby
209:Leonard Jenyns
186:Charles Darwin
182:Georges Cuvier
172:
169:
153:
150:
86:
83:
65:binominal name
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1600:
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1402:
1398:
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1388:
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1375:
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1362:
1358:
1350:
1349:"Principle 3"
1343:
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1199:
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1049:
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1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
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1002:
997:
990:
988:
986:
984:
980:
974:
972:3-906166-48-1
968:
964:
963:
955:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
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904:
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641:
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623:
619:
614:
610:
609:
604:
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596:
595:Carl Linnaeus
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:
530:
526:BouÄŤek, 1988.
525:
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1278:2024-08-03
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833:"Glossary"
632:References
556:George Ord
319:valid name
171:In zoology
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