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658:, of which there are photographs, were torn down. The bricks may have been reused in the construction of the adjacent townhouses. After serving a variety of other uses, the main building is now used for Freedom House Museum, with exhibits devoted to the slave trade. The second floor houses the offices of the Northern Virginia Urban League.
576:
Franklin and
Armfield sold more enslaved people, separated more families, and made more money from the trade than almost anyone else in the United States. They amassed a fortune equalling billions in today's dollars (2021) and were two of the nation's richest men. Franklin sold slaves from an office
674:
Isaac
Franklin and John Armfield leased this brick building with access to the wharves and docks in 1828 as a holding pen for enslaved people being shipped from northern Virginia to Louisiana. They purchased the building and three lots in 1832. From this location Armfield bought bondspeople at low
476:
The subscribers having leased for a term of years the large three story brick house on Duke Street, in the town of
Alexandria, D.C. formerly occupied by Gen. Young, we wish to purchase one hundred and fifty likely young negroes of both sexes, between the ages of 8 and 25 years. Persons who wish to
641:
discovered that "The firm had fled, and taken with them all but one of the humans that they sold as slaves — an old man, chained to the middle of the floor by the leg." Union forces then took possession of the building until
February 2, 1866, using it as a military prison. Late in the war, it was
520:, Nathaniel Boush, master, on the 1st February. They will continue to leave this port on the 1st and 15th of each month, throughout the shipping season. Servants that are intended to be shipped will at any time be received for safe keeping at twenty-five cents a day. JOHN ARMFIELD, Alexandria."
494:
The property then extended further east, and they added structures for holding and trading in slaves. They also provided, for 25¢ a day, housing in their jail for slaveowners visiting
Washington. The two-story extension to the rear of this house was part of the slave-holding facilities, which
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683:, to be sold at higher prices. By the 1830s they often sold 1,000 people annually, operating as one of the largest slave-trading companies in the United States until 1836. Slave traders continually owned the property until 1861.
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The building was constructed as a residence in the 1810s by Robert Young, a brigadier general in the
District of Columbia Militia. Due to financial reverses, Young was soon afterward forced to sell the house.
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Any letters addressed to the subscribers through the Post Office at
Alexandria, will be promptly attended to. For information, enquire at the above described house, as we can at all times be found there.
383:, on the north side of Duke Street between South West and South Payne streets. It is a three-story brick building, topped by a mansard roof and resting on a brick foundation. Its front facade is laid in
695:
The Office of
Historic Alexandria partnered with the Northern Virginia Urban League in February of 2018 in an effort to maintain and interpret the building. The Urban League received $ 50,000 from the
2213:
589:. His nephew Armfield handled the supply, sending agents door-to-door in Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware looking for enslaved people their owners might like to sell, and arranging transportation.
422:
1245:
1126:(Original publisher: J. H. Fürst Co., Baltimore). Southern Classics Series. Introduction by Michael Tadman (Reprint ed.). Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. p. 59.
387:, while the sides and rear are laid in common bond. It has Federal-period styling, with windows and the entrance door set in segmented, arch openings, with gabled dormers at the roof level.
3076:
2233:
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606:, and Franklin and Armfield were central to that business. "In surviving correspondence, they actually brag about raping enslaved people who they’ve been processing through the firm."
692:
The
Northern Virginia Urban League purchased the building in the 1990s and installed an exhibit in the basement. The rest of the building was used for offices and classroom space.
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The
Freedom House Museum reopened in June of 2022. It houses three exhibits that tell the story of the Black experience in Alexandria and the United States.
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sell will do well to give us a call, as we are determined to give more than any other purchasers that are in market, or that may hereafter come into market.
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1977:
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1455:"How A Once-Notorious Site of Enslavement Became a Bastion of Black History in Alexandria, Virginia | National Trust for Historic Preservation"
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The firm also commissioned three slave ships for use as packets. One of their ads describing these was reprinted in William I. Bowditch's
1440:
http://www.markerhistory.com/Images/Low%20Res%20A%20Shots/e-131%20franklin%20and%20armfield%20slave%20office%20(1315%20duke%20street).jpg
443:, possibly the same coastwise slave ship that later landed in the British West Indies, resulting in the freedom of the prisoners on board
458:
1311:"Out of the Attic: Notorious local slave dealer had hand in Solomon Northup's kidnapping | Alexandria Times | Alexandria, VA"
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Price, Birch & Co. ceased business in 1861. Arriving at the Duke street office of the company on May 14, 1861, the
1998:
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68:
356:). Built c. 1810–1820, it was first used as a private residence before being converted to the offices of the largest
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59:
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Maryland and Virginia had surpluses of slaves and spoke of slaves as an export, like livestock. As portrayed in
1886:
1948:
1713:
1023:
Gudmestad, Robert H. (Fall 2003). "The Troubled Legacy of Isaac Franklin: The Enterprise of Slave Trading".
405:
The City of Alexandria purchased the building in March of 2020 and reopened it as a museum in June of 2022.
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884:
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Franklin left the business, starting in 1835, and Armfield sold the property to their former trading agent
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which operated it as a museum, with exhibits about the slave trading firm and the life of a slave.
2008:
1983:
1902:
1845:
1833:
1649:
1560:
1481:"Reopened Freedom House Museum Focal Point For Exploring Alexandria, Virginia's Rich Black History"
533:
426:
The building was already recognized as Franklin & Armfield's slave pen in September 1829, when
437:
1993:
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included high walls, and interior chambers that featured prison-like grated doors and windows.
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1187:"They were once America's cruelest, richest slave traders. Why does no one know their names?"
917:
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1246:"Alexandria, Virginia, Price and Birch, Armsfield and Franklin, Slave Pen, Historic Photos"
2110:
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The City of Alexandria purchased the building from the Urban League in March of 2020.
292:
17:
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1988:
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455:, who established it as their Washington-area office, and the residence of Armfield.
452:
365:
1973:
1868:
1797:
1592:
1268:"Chapter 2: The 'Uncongenial Air of Freedom': Union Occupation and the Slave Trade"
1055:
523:
Circa 1833–34, Franklin & Armfield had trading agents in at least five cities:
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1938:
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1543:
885:"Alexandria to New Orleans: The Human Tragedy of the Interstate Slave Trade"
463:
2736:
598:, there was a vast, internal forced migration of enslaved people from the
991:"Once a notorious slave pen, it is now a museum on slavery — and freedom"
1036:
1170:(Report). Office of Historic Alexandria - City of Alexandria, Virginia.
614:
508:, Samuel C. Bush, master, will sail as above on the 1st January; brig
1553:"Hidden History: Alexandria's Slave Pen and the Domestic Slave Trade"
769:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Alexandria, Virginia
642:
used as L'Ouverture Hospital for black soldiers, and as housing for
1536:
The Alexandria slave pen : the archaeology of urban captivity
613:
457:
421:
826:
1534:
Artemel, Janice G.; Crowell, Elizabeth A.; Parker, Jeff (1987).
1141:
368:. Another source, using ship manifests (lists of slaves) in the
2202:
1606:
555:
Other agents associated with Franklin & Armfield included:
3012:
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
1228:"Andrew Joseph Russell | Slave Pen, Alexandria, Virginia"
489:
advertisement in the Alexandria Phoenix Gazette, May 17, 1828
3047:
National Register of Historic Places in Alexandria, Virginia
1325:"Franklin and Armfield Office (U.S. National Park Service)"
962:"Alexandria museum of slave trade damaged by winter storms"
398:. The building was formerly owned by the Northern Virginia
675:
prices and shipped them south to his partner Franklin, in
1427:"Congressional series of United States public documents"
1272:
An Unholy Traffic: Slave Trading in the Civil War South
665:
erected the following marker in front of the building:
1557:
The Gettysburg Compiler: On the Front Lines of History
1092:"Slavery and the Constitution. By William I. Bowditch"
1062:
Lies Across America. What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong
360:
trading firm in the United States, started in 1828 by
630:
an American slave trading company founded in 1858 by
462:
The Franklin and Armfield house with its neighboring
1645:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
1588:
Northern Virginia Urban League: Freedom House Museum
502:(1849): "ALEXANDRIA AND NEW ORLEANS PACKETS. — Brig
180:
155:
130:
105:
2976:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
2945:
2744:
2240:
2093:
2070:
2027:
1929:
1772:
1658:
634:, William Birch, J. C. Cook, and Charles M. Price.
514:, William Smith, master, on the 15th January; brig
330:
322:
314:
309:
298:
285:
277:
269:
254:
246:
209:
197:
1059:
779:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
1274:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 45.
918:"NHL nomination for Franklin and Armfield Office"
3077:Buildings and structures in Alexandria, Virginia
1165:1315 Duke Street – Building and Property History
451:and his intimate friend and nephew-by-marriage
759:List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
469:
700:African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund
379:building is located just west of Alexandria's
2214:
1618:
8:
3112:Slave-trading companies of the United States
1239:
1237:
807:. Virginia Department of Historic Resources
551:Thomas M. Jones, Easton, Eastern Shore, Md.
3022:Brick buildings and structures in Virginia
2221:
2207:
2199:
1625:
1611:
1603:
1598:Slave pen in Alexandria, Virginia envelope
855:National Historic Landmark summary listing
697:National Trust for Historic Preservation's
618:"Price Birch & Co Dealers in Slaves",
113:Show map of Alexandria Historical District
80:
2230:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1538:. Washington, D.C.: Engineering Science.
663:Virginia Department of Historic Resources
51:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
27:Historic house in Virginia, United States
1583:City of Alexandria: Freedom House Museum
626:From 1858, the building was occupied by
394:in 1978, and has also been designated a
372:, gives the number as "at least 5,000".
3052:1828 establishments in Washington, D.C.
3017:National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
1342:. London: Chapman and Hill. p. 22.
1185:Natanson, Hannah (September 14, 2019).
1180:
1178:
1050:
1048:
1046:
878:
876:
857:. National Park Service. Archived from
796:
654:After the war, the building's outlying
348:, is a historic commercial building in
3042:Commercial buildings completed in 1820
1593:Freedom House Museum official Web page
1384:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1377:
827:"National Register Information System"
581:, with branch offices in New Orleans,
447:The building was purchased in 1828 by
34:
2116:Burning of Winchester Medical College
2054:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
2038:An act concerning Servants and Slaves
1449:
1447:
1163:Skolnik, Benjamin A. (January 2021).
912:
910:
908:
7:
3072:African-American history of Virginia
3067:African-American museums in Virginia
1563:: On the Front Lines of History. 329
1208:"Retracing Slavery's Trail of Tears"
985:
983:
832:National Register of Historic Places
354:until 1846, the District of Columbia
3092:History of the District of Columbia
565:A. Grimm, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
562:William Hooper, Annapolis, Maryland
3102:Slave markets in the United States
2176:Virginia in the American Civil War
2156:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1280:10.1093/oso/9780197578261.003.0003
25:
2136:District of Columbia retrocession
1402:Jews and the American Slave Trade
754:Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery
3097:Slave jails in the United States
3032:Federal architecture in Virginia
2735:
2728:
2131:Indentured servitude in Virginia
1779:Presidents of the United States
851:"Franklin & Armfield Office"
774:Slave trade in the United States
732:
718:
433:Genius of Universal Emancipation
179:
172:
154:
147:
129:
122:
104:
97:
3057:Museums in Alexandria, Virginia
3027:American Civil War prison camps
2019:List of plantations in Virginia
1338:Conway, Moncure Daniel (1865).
749:Alexandria Black History Museum
671:Slave Office (1315 Duke Street)
60:U.S. National Historic Landmark
3087:History of slavery in Virginia
3037:Houses in Alexandria, Virginia
2188:White House of the Confederacy
2106:African American Burial Ground
1634:History of slavery in Virginia
1340:Testimonies Concerning Slavery
1206:Ball, Edward (November 2015).
1123:Slave Trading in the Old South
1025:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
883:Sweig, Donald (October 2014).
784:List of American slave traders
390:The building was designated a
300:
287:
1:
2166:Memorial to Enslaved Laborers
2151:Human trafficking in Virginia
1830:(1728–1804), freed 450 slaves
805:"Virginia Landmarks Register"
542:& Co., Fredericktown, Md.
188:Show map of the United States
138:Show map of Northern Virginia
2080:Franklin and Armfield Office
1510:www.connectionnewspapers.com
1266:Colby, Robert K. D. (2024).
942:. The Smithsonian Associates
559:John Ware, Port Tobacco, Md.
500:Slavery and the Constitution
342:Franklin and Armfield Office
43:Franklin and Armfield Office
32:United States historic place
3082:Virginia Historic Landmarks
3062:History museums in Virginia
2958:National Historic Landmarks
1892:Randolph family of Virginia
69:Virginia Landmarks Register
3128:
2161:Liberation and Freedom Day
2146:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
2126:First Africans in Virginia
2060:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
2049:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
1405:. Transaction Publishers.
1399:Friedman, Saul S. (2000).
436:with a description of the
396:Virginia Historic Landmark
392:National Historic Landmark
2966:
2726:
1640:
892:Alexandria Gazette-Packet
536:& Co., Warrenton, Va.
286:NRHP reference
91:
79:
75:
66:
57:
48:
41:
37:
1741:(fl. 1630s, living 1640)
1727:Mary and Anthony Johnson
1716:(Greenstead) (1630–1665)
1551:Labbe, Savannah (2018).
530:& Co., Richmond, Va.
278:Architectural style
3107:Franklin & Armfield
1714:Elizabeth Key Grinstead
920:. National Park Service
650:Use after the Civil War
484:FRANKLIN & ARMFIELD
430:annotated this poem in
418:Franklin & Armfield
2971:Keeper of the Register
2883:Poquoson (no listings)
2182:Virginia v. John Brown
2171:Nat Turner's Rebellion
940:"Freedom House Museum"
685:
681:New Orleans, Louisiana
669:Franklin and Armfield
628:Price, Birch & Co.
623:
492:
467:
444:
18:Price, Birch & Co.
2991:Contributing property
2121:Coastwise slave trade
1897:William Barton Rogers
837:National Park Service
740:Modern history portal
667:
617:
461:
425:
250:27 acres (11 ha)
231:38.80389°N 77.05472°W
86:Freedom House in 2022
1822:Robert "King" Carter
1763:Booker T. Washington
1506:"Journey to Freedom"
1244:My Genealogy Hound.
1213:Smithsonian Magazine
861:on December 31, 2007
688:Freedom House Museum
677:Natchez, Mississippi
620:Alexandria, Virginia
610:Price, Birch and Co.
579:Natchez, Mississippi
548:& Co., Baltimore
350:Alexandria, Virginia
346:Freedom House Museum
204:Alexandria, Virginia
163:Show map of Virginia
2141:Gabriel's Rebellion
1903:George Henry Thomas
1846:Robert M. T. Hunter
1834:Thomas Roderick Dew
1650:History of Virginia
1561:Gettysburg Compiler
1313:. November 7, 2013.
966:The Washington Post
344:, which houses the
331:Designated VLR
323:Designated NHL
236:38.80389; -77.05472
227: /
1702:William D. Gibbons
1674:(c. 1620s-d. 1673)
1118:Bancroft, Frederic
624:
587:Vidalia, Louisiana
468:
445:
2999:
2998:
2986:Historic district
2196:
2195:
1857:Richard Bland Lee
1828:Robert Carter III
1733:Dangerfield Newby
1719:Left, husband of
1366:on April 14, 2020
1289:978-0-19-757826-1
1133:978-1-64336-427-8
839:. April 15, 2008.
595:Uncle Tom's Cabin
370:National Archives
338:
337:
310:Significant dates
201:1315 Duke Street,
16:(Redirected from
3119:
2779:Colonial Heights
2739:
2732:
2731:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2200:
2101:The 1619 Project
2094:Related articles
1696:Isabella Gibbons
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1459:savingplaces.org
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1359:. Archived from
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1056:Loewen, James W.
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721:
702:that same year.
583:St. Francisville
490:
377:1315 Duke Street
334:October 16, 1979
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2769:Charlottesville
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2227:
2197:
2192:
2111:Atlantic Creole
2089:
2066:
2023:
1978:enslaved people
1925:
1768:
1745:Gabriel Prosser
1723:(fl. 1704–1727)
1690:Olaudah Equiano
1678:Henry Box Brown
1672:Emanuel Driggus
1668:(fl. 1619–1625)
1659:Enslaved people
1654:
1636:
1631:
1579:
1566:
1564:
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1533:
1530:
1528:Further reading
1525:
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2045:Federal laws
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2020:
2017:
2015:
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1989:Poplar Forest
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1068:The New Press
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528:R. C. Ballard
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453:John Armfield
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366:John Armfield
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2932:Williamsburg
2864:Newport News
2859:Martinsville
2829:Harrisonburg
2804:Falls Church
2705:Westmoreland
2670:Spotsylvania
2620:Rappahannock
2590:Pittsylvania
2495:King William
2350:Chesterfield
2340:Charles City
2180:
2079:
1974:Mount Vernon
1869:George Mason
1773:Slave owners
1565:. Retrieved
1556:
1535:
1515:February 10,
1513:. Retrieved
1509:
1500:
1490:February 10,
1488:. Retrieved
1484:
1474:
1464:February 10,
1462:. Retrieved
1458:
1435:
1421:
1401:
1394:
1368:. Retrieved
1361:the original
1348:
1339:
1333:
1319:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1271:
1261:
1251:February 12,
1249:. Retrieved
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897:February 13,
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891:
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859:the original
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400:Urban League
389:
385:Flemish bond
376:
374:
345:
341:
339:
326:June 2, 1978
318:June 2, 1978
273:Robert Young
29:
2946:Other lists
2764:Buena Vista
2665:Southampton
2560:Northampton
2535:Mecklenburg
2490:King George
2445:Greensville
1931:Plantations
1922:(1806–1876)
1916:(1715–1773)
1914:John Wayles
1910:(died 1642)
1899:(1804–1882)
1883:(1628–1692)
1877:(1798–1871)
1871:(1725–1792)
1865:(1826–1895)
1859:(1761–1827)
1852:Eppa Hunton
1848:(1809–1887)
1842:(1804–1888)
1836:(1802–1846)
1824:(1663–1732)
1818:(1710–1778)
1812:(1797–1871)
1765:(1856–1915)
1759:(1800–1831)
1753:(born 1624)
1747:(1776–1800)
1729:(1600–1670)
1704:(1825–1886)
1102:January 13,
924:January 26,
644:contrabands
604:Lower South
600:Upper South
234: /
210:Coordinates
3006:Categories
2937:Winchester
2927:Waynesboro
2887:Portsmouth
2879:Petersburg
2774:Chesapeake
2754:Alexandria
2700:Washington
2655:Shenandoah
2640:Rockingham
2635:Rockbridge
2545:Montgomery
2480:James City
2425:Gloucester
2370:Cumberland
2320:Buckingham
2275:Appomattox
2072:Slave pens
1969:Mount Airy
1964:Montpelier
1959:Monticello
1949:Brookfield
1944:Berry Hill
1783:Washington
1757:Nat Turner
1739:John Punch
1684:John Casor
1150:1153619151
1096:HathiTrust
1077:1565843444
972:October 5,
946:October 5,
791:References
656:slave pens
639:Union Army
464:slave pens
219:38°48′14″N
2844:Lynchburg
2839:Lexington
2784:Covington
2540:Middlesex
2520:Lunenburg
2500:Lancaster
2430:Goochland
2415:Frederick
2380:Dinwiddie
2375:Dickenson
2345:Charlotte
2310:Brunswick
2305:Botetourt
2280:Arlington
2260:Alleghany
2255:Albemarle
2243:by county
1939:Beall-Air
1881:John Page
1788:Jefferson
1721:Jane Webb
1295:March 23,
1172:pp. 28–29
1120:(2023) .
1003:0190-8286
573:in 1836.
299:VLR
270:Architect
222:77°3′17″W
2912:Staunton
2897:Richmond
2849:Manassas
2834:Hopewell
2809:Franklin
2789:Danville
2690:Tazewell
2675:Stafford
2625:Richmond
2595:Powhatan
2570:Nottoway
2555:New Kent
2470:Highland
2410:Franklin
2405:Fluvanna
2395:Fauquier
2365:Culpeper
2330:Caroline
2325:Campbell
2315:Buchanan
2250:Accomack
2234:Virginia
2014:Woodlawn
2009:Westover
2004:Tuckahoe
1984:Oatlands
1567:April 3,
1544:19028845
1380:cite web
1142:95020493
1058:(1999).
1037:42627764
865:June 26,
712:See also
487:—
466:in 1836.
381:Old Town
305:100-0105
293:78003146
198:Location
2953:Bridges
2917:Suffolk
2902:Roanoke
2892:Radford
2869:Norfolk
2824:Hampton
2799:Fairfax
2794:Emporia
2759:Bristol
2747:by city
2645:Russell
2630:Roanoke
2615:Pulaski
2585:Patrick
2530:Mathews
2525:Madison
2510:Loudoun
2460:Henrico
2455:Hanover
2450:Halifax
2435:Grayson
2390:Fairfax
2335:Carroll
2295:Bedford
2285:Augusta
2270:Amherst
1994:Shirley
1954:Kenmore
1793:Madison
1429:. 1870.
811:May 12,
602:to the
505:Tribune
409:History
281:Federal
260: (
2874:Norton
2695:Warren
2685:Sussex
2575:Orange
2550:Nelson
2515:Louisa
2440:Greene
2355:Clarke
2265:Amelia
2056:, 1808
2040:, 1705
1798:Monroe
1666:Angela
1559:. The
1542:
1485:Forbes
1409:
1286:
1148:
1140:
1130:
1074:
1035:
1001:
679:, and
622:, 1862
585:, and
2907:Salem
2819:Galax
2745:Lists
2715:Wythe
2680:Surry
2660:Smyth
2650:Scott
2465:Henry
2420:Giles
2400:Floyd
2385:Essex
2360:Craig
2300:Bland
2241:Lists
1803:Tyler
1364:(PDF)
1357:(PDF)
1168:(PDF)
1033:JSTOR
888:(PDF)
517:Uncas
440:Comet
438:brig
358:slave
255:Built
2720:York
2710:Wise
2580:Page
2290:Bath
2028:Laws
1569:2021
1540:OCLC
1517:2023
1492:2023
1466:2023
1407:ISBN
1386:link
1372:2019
1297:2024
1284:ISBN
1253:2018
1146:OCLC
1138:LCCN
1128:ISBN
1104:2024
1072:ISBN
1010:2023
999:ISSN
974:2015
948:2015
926:2016
899:2018
867:2008
813:2013
375:The
364:and
340:The
262:1810
258:1810
247:Area
2505:Lee
2232:in
1276:doi
577:in
301:No.
288:No.
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